Included in medications

ATH:

D.08.A.G.03 Iodine

R.02.A.A Antiseptics

Pharmacodynamics:

Elementary has pronounced antimicrobial properties. Elemental iodine preparations are characterized by a pronounced local irritating effect on tissues, and in high concentrations - a cauterizing effect. Local action is due to the ability of elemental iodine to precipitate tissue proteins. Preparations that split off elemental have a much less pronounced irritant effect, and iodides have local irritating properties only at very high concentrations.

The nature of the resorptive action of preparations of elemental iodine and iodides is the same. The most pronounced effect in the resorptive action of iodine preparations is on the function of the thyroid gland. With iodine deficiency, iodides contribute to the restoration of impaired synthesis of thyroid hormones. With a normal content of iodine in the environment, iodides inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones, the sensitivity of the thyroid gland to thyroid-stimulating hormone pituitary gland and blocking its secretion by the pituitary gland. Protection of the thyroid gland from radioactive learning: The absorption of iodine by the gland when taken orally, the drug prevents the capture of radioactive isotopes of iodine by the gland.

The effect of iodine preparations on metabolism is manifested by an increase in dissimilation processes. In atherosclerosis, they cause some decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and beta-lipoproteins in the blood; in addition, they increase the fibrinolytic and lipoproteinase activity of blood serum and slow down the rate of blood clotting.

Accumulating in syphilitic gums, it contributes to their softening and resorption. However, the accumulation of iodine in tuberculous foci leads to an increase in the inflammatory process in them. The excretion of iodine by the excretory glands is accompanied by irritation of the glandular tissue and increased secretion. This is due to the expectorant effect and stimulation of lactation (in small doses). However, in large doses, iodine preparations can cause lactation suppression.

Pharmacokinetics:Upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes, 30% turns into iodides, and the rest into active. Partially absorbed. The absorbed part penetrates into tissues and organs and is selectively absorbed by the thyroid gland. It is excreted mainly by the kidneys, intestines, sweat and mammary glands. Indications:

For outdoor use: infectious and inflammatory skin lesions, injuries, wounds, myalgia.

Disinfection of the surgical field, pre- and postoperative treatment of the surgical field - wipe the skin twice with a sterile gauze swab dipped in a solution. Total processing time - 4-6 minutes; carrying out injections, punctures, catheterization, treatment of the edges of wounds, fingers of the surgeon.

For topical use: chronic tonsillitis, atrophic rhinitis, purulent otitis media, trophic and varicose ulcers, wounds, infected burns, fresh thermal and chemical burns of I-II degree.

Endemic goiter (prevention).

For oral administration: prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, tertiary syphilis.

IX.I70-I79.I70 Atherosclerosis

IX.I80-I89.I83.2 Varicose veins of the lower extremities with ulcers and inflammation

X.J30-J39.J31 Chronic rhinitis, nasopharyngitis and pharyngitis

X.J30-J39.J35.0 Chronic tonsillitis

XIII.M70-M79.M79.1 Myalgia

XIX.T08-T14.T14.0 Superficial injury to an unspecified region of the body

XIX.T08-T14.T14.1 Open wound of an unspecified area of ​​the body

XIX.T20-T32.T30 Thermal and chemical burns of unspecified localization

Contraindications:

Hypersensitivity to iodine. For oral administration - pulmonary tuberculosis, nephritis, nephrosis, adenomas (including the thyroid gland), furunculosis, acne, chronic pyoderma, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, pregnancy, children under 5 years of age.

Vaginally during and before childbirth (transient hypothyroidism was found in newborns after vaginal application to mothers of a typical iodine solution during childbirth).

Carefully:lactation period. Pregnancy and lactation:

Penetrates into milk when used topically or ingested and may cause hypothyroidism and goiter in a child. Nevertheless, lactating women need iodine, their need is 200 micrograms per day.

Dosage and administration:

When applied externally, iodine is used to treat damaged areas of the skin.

For oral administration, the dose is set individually, depending on the indications and the age of the patient.

Locally used for washing lacunae and supratonsillar spaces - 4-5 procedures at intervals of 2-3 days, for irrigation of the nasopharynx - 2-3 times a week for 2-3 months, for instillation into the ear and washing - for 2-4 weeks; in surgical practice and in case of burns, gauze wipes applied to the affected surface are moistened as needed.

Skin disinfection - 2% alcohol solution is comparable to 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol; 0.7% solution of iodine in 74% isopropyl alcohol - inferior to 2% chlorhexidine in 70% isopropyl alcohol; iodine solution is superior to povidone-iodine (for skin disinfection before venipuncture for the purpose of taking blood for blood culture).

Side effects:

For external use: rarely - skin irritation; with prolonged use on extensive wound surfaces - iodism (rhinitis, urticaria, Quincke's edema, salivation, lacrimation, acne).

When taken orally: skin allergic reactions, tachycardia, nervousness, sleep disturbances, excessive sweating, diarrhea (in patients over 40 years of age).

Overdose:

If concentrated solutions are ingested - severe burns of the digestive tract of the esophagus (with subsequent development of strictures), hemolysis, hemoglobinuria; lethal dose - about 3 g.

In case of accidental ingestion of non-concentrated solutions: abdominal pain, anuria, bloody diarrhea, severe thirst, fever, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste in the mouth. Shock, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis, renal failure. Death is possible due to vascular insufficiency, epiglottis edema and asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary edema.

Treatment (if the patient is conscious) is to ingest milk every 15 minutes or a starch/flour solution (at the rate of 15 mg of starch or flour per 500 ml of water) to absorb unabsorbed iodine. You can also use sodium thiosulfate (usually 1% solution) orally to convert iodine to less toxic iodides. Gastric lavage is not recommended, since there is no certainty that even sufficiently weak solutions of iodine cannot cause a burn of the esophagus. To maintain the basic functions of the body - oxygen therapy, antihistamines, and corticosteroids - in anaphylactic shock.

Interaction:

Acetone - the formation of a highly irritating mixture.

Means with an antithyroid effect (lithium) - increased hypothyroid and strumagenic effects, monitoring of thyroid function is necessary.

Alkaline or acidic environment, the presence of fat, pus, blood - a weakening of antiseptic activity.

Essential oils, ammonia solutions, white precipitated mercury (an explosive mixture is formed), salts of bismuth, copper, iron, lead, mercury, potassium chlorate and other oxidizing agents, inorganic acids, strychnine hydrochloride, quinine and other alkaloid salts are incompatible.

Special instructions:

With prolonged use, iodism phenomena are possible.

To improve solubility, the drug often contains, in connection with this, overdose may develop potassium intoxication (anxiety, irregular heartbeat, numbness, tingling, tingling or pain, weakness in the arms and legs, unexplained fatigue, feeling of heavy legs).

Very slightly soluble in water (1:5000), soluble in 10 parts of 95% ethanol, soluble in aqueous solutions of iodides (K+ and Na + ).

May change tests to determine thyroid function.

When used together with yellow mercury ointment, mercury iodide may form in the lacrimal fluid, which has a cauterizing effect.

Instructions

Iodine I (lodum, I)

chemical element of group VII of the periodic system D.I. Mendeleev: refers to halogens. I. actively affects substances that are closely related to the function of the thyroid gland; in the human body is contained in the form of inorganic iodide and an integral part of thyroid hormones and their derivatives. Elemental Y., inorganic and organic Y. compounds are used as medicines and as reagents in laboratories, incl. clinical diagnostic.

The atomic number of iodine is 53, the atomic mass is 126.9045. Natural Y. consists of one stable isotope with a mass number of 127. There are 24 radioactive isotopes of Y. with mass numbers of 117 to 139, including two isomers (121m I and 126m I). Four radioisotopes of iodine are used in medicine: 123 I, 125 I, 131 I and 132 I. Iodine-131 (later iodine-132) was the first of the artificial radioactive isotopes to find wide clinical use, but then in radiodiagnostics these isotopes began to be gradually replaced by radiopharmaceuticals with iodine-123 (for in vivo studies) and with iodine-125 (mainly for in vitro radioimmunochemical studies).

Elementary Y. is a dark gray crystals with a purple metallic luster, t sq. 113.6° t bale 184.35°. When heated slowly, Y. evaporates (sublimes) with the formation of violet vapors, which have a sharp specific.

Iodine is soluble in most organic solvents; it is much less soluble in water. It exhibits negative and positive valency, but compounds in which iodine is positively valent are not very stable and are almost never found in nature. In compounds, iodine can have valencies - 1 (iodides), + 5 (iodates) and + 7 (periodates), Y. compounds with a valence of + 1 (hypoyodites) are also known. Y. possesses biological activity and antiseptic properties only in a positively valence form.

In nature, Y. is distributed almost everywhere; it is found in all living organisms, water, mineral waters, minerals, and soil. There is little of it in the earth's crust (4․10 -5% by weight). The greatest amount of Y. is concentrated in sea water (0.06 mg/ml), air and soils of coastal areas. In the same areas, the highest content of Y is noted in plant products (cereals, vegetables, potatoes, fruits) and in products of animal origin (meat, milk, eggs). Relatively much Y. is contained in the meat of some marine fish and oysters. Y. marine and sponges are especially rich. A lot of Y. in fish oil. J. content in 1 l drinking water is on average 0.2-2.0 mcg. The dependence of the content of Y. in the environment on the content of organic substances in the soil is noted, which is of great importance for the occurrence of foci of endemic goiter.

According to its importance for the life of the organism, Y. refers to the true microelements (Microelements) . The main physiological significance of Y. is determined by its participation in the function of the thyroid gland (thyroid gland) . Y. entering the thyroid gland undergoes oxidation and is included in the process of biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (thyroid hormones) . Insufficient intake of Y. leads to dysfunction of the gland, its hyperplasia and the development of endemic goiter (Goiter endemic) . The body of an adult contains 20-30 mg iodine, and about 10 mg - in the thyroid gland. Y. in the blood is normally 669.8 ± 275.8 nmol/l(8.5 ± 3.5 mcg/100 ml), 35% of this amount of Y. is in the blood plasma (three quarters - in the form of organic compounds). Y.'s content in tissue fluids does not exceed 1/3 - 1/4 of its content in blood plasma. Besides, Y. is partially deposited in lipids. With hyperthyroidism, the content of Y. in the blood can increase up to 7.9 µmol/l (100 mcg/100 ml). An increase in the concentration of Y. in the blood is also noted in certain diseases of the liver and pregnancy. With hypothyroidism, the content of Y. in the blood can drop sharply, mainly due to its organic compounds.

Quantitative determination of Y. is carried out by titrating the test solution with silver nitrate in the presence of an indicator or by titrating such a solution in an acidic environment with sodium thiosulfate in the presence of starch paste (see Titrimetric analysis) .

Iodine preparations. In medical practice, preparations containing elemental iodine are used - alcohol iodine solution, Lugol's solution (see Antiseptics) , preparations capable of releasing elemental iodine - iodinol, iodoform, calcium iodide; drugs that dissociate with the formation of iodine ions (iodides) - potassium iodide and sodium iodide; preparations containing tightly bound iodine - yodolipol, and others; radioactive iodine preparations.

Elementary Y. has pronounced antimicrobial properties. By the nature of the antimicrobial action, Y. is identical to other halogens (chlorine, bromine), but due to its lower volatility, it acts for a longer time. Preparations capable of releasing elemental iodine (iodoform, etc.) have an antimicrobial effect only upon contact with tissues and microorganisms that cause the reduction of bound iodine to elemental iodine. Unlike elemental Y., iodides are practically inactive against bacterial flora.

For preparations of elementary Y. the expressed local irritating effect on fabrics is characteristic. In high concentrations, these drugs cause a cauterizing effect. Local action of elemental Y. is due to its ability to precipitate tissue proteins. Preparations that split off elemental iodine have a much less pronounced irritating effect, and iodides have local irritating properties only in very high concentrations.

The nature of the resorptive action of elemental iodine preparations and iodides is the same. The most pronounced effect in the resorptive action of drugs Y. have on the function of the thyroid gland. In small doses ("microiodine"), Y. preparations inhibit the function of the thyroid gland (see Antithyroid drugs) , and in large doses stimulate.

Influence of preparations Y. on a metabolism is shown by strengthening of processes of dissimilation. With atherosclerosis, they cause a slight decrease in the concentration of cholesterol and β-lipoproteins (see Lipoproteins) in the blood; in addition, they increase fibrinolytic and lipoproteinase serum levels and slow down the rate of blood clotting.

Accumulating in syphilitic gums, Y. contributes to their softening and resorption. However, the accumulation of Y. in tuberculous foci leads to an increase in the inflammatory process in them. Y. excretory glands is accompanied by irritation of the glandular tissue and increased secretion, so Y. preparations (in small doses) have an expectorant effect and stimulate lactation. However, in large doses, they can cause lactation suppression.

Y.'s preparations are used for external and internal use. Externally prescribed mainly preparations of elemental Y. as irritating and distracting agents. In addition, these preparations and preparations that split off elemental Y. are used as antiseptics.

Inside drugs Y. prescribed for hyperthyroidism, endemic goiter, tertiary syphilis, atherosclerosis, chronic intoxication with mercury and lead; Iodides are used as expectorants.

Potassium iodide(kalii iodidum; synonym: iodine, Kalium iodatum) is a colorless or white cubic crystals or white, odorless, fine-crystalline, salty-bitter taste. Soluble in water (1:0.75), alcohol (1:12) and glycerin (1:2.5).

Used for the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter, hyperthyroidism, syphilis, eye diseases (and others), actinomycosis of the lungs, candidiasis, bronchial asthma and as an expectorant. administered orally (in solutions and mixtures) at the rate of 0.3-1 G at the reception, 3-4 times a day after meals; with tertiary syphilis - in the form of 3-4%. solution of 1 tablespoon 3 times a day after meals. With actinomycosis of the lungs, 10 - 20% solutions of the drug, 1 tablespoon 4 times a day. Intravenous administration of potassium iodide solutions is contraindicated due to the inhibitory effect of potassium ions on.

Release form: powder: tablets containing 0.5 G potassium iodide and 0.005 each G potassium carbonate. Storage: in well-closed orange glass jars.

Potassium iodide is also available in the form of special Antistrumine tablets used to prevent endemic goiter. Tablets contain 0.001 G potassium iodide.

Calcium one(Calciiodinum; synonym: calcium iodobehenate, sayodin) is a mixture of calcium salts of iodobehenic acid and other iodinated fatty acids. It has a large yellowish, greasy to the touch powder, odorless or with a slight odor of fatty acids. Practically insoluble in water, very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, freely soluble in warm anhydrous chloroform. Contains at least 24% iodine and 4% calcium.

It is better tolerated than inorganic preparations Y.: it does not irritate the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, practically does not cause iodism.

It is used for atherosclerosis, neurosyphilis, bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis and other chronic diseases in which it is indicated by drugs Y. Assign inside 0.5 G 2-3 times a day after meals, the tablet should be crushed well. repeated courses lasting 2-3 weeks. with two-week breaks between individual courses.

Release form: tablets of 0.5 G. Storage: in well-closed dark glass jars.

sodium iodide(Natrii iodidum: synonym: iodide, Natrium iodatum) is a white crystalline powder, odorless, salty taste. In the air it becomes damp and decomposes with the release of Y. Let's dissolve in water (1:0.6), alcohol (1:3) and glycerin (1:2). By properties and indications for use, it corresponds to potassium iodide.

Release form: powder. Storage: in well-closed orange glass jars, in a dry place.

Sodium iodide and potassium iodide are part of the anti-asthma mixture prescribed by Traskov (Mixtura antiasthmatica Trascovi).

Alcohol iodine solution 5%(Solutio lodi spirituosa 5%, synonym: iodine 5%, Tinctura lodi 5%, list B) is a clear red-brown liquid with a characteristic odor. Contains iodine 50 G, potassium iodide 20 G, water and 95% alcohol equally to 1 l.

It is used externally as an antiseptic, for example, for treating the surgical field and the surgeon's hands, for toileting and surgical treatment of wounds, and also as an irritant and distraction. Inside taken for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis, as well as in the treatment of syphilis. For the prevention of atherosclerosis, 1-10 drops are prescribed 1-2 times a day in courses of 30 days 2-3 times a year, for the treatment of atherosclerosis - 10-12 drops 3 times a day, syphilis - from 5 to 50 drops 2-3 times a day. The drug is taken in milk after meals.

Children over the age of 5 years can be given 3-6 drops 2-3 times a day (as indicated). Children under 5 years of age are not prescribed the drug.

Higher doses for adults inside: single - 20 drops, daily - 60 drops.

Release form: in orange glass bottles of 10, 15 and 25 ml: in ampoules 1 ml. Storage: in a place protected from light.

Alcoholic iodine solution 10%(Solutio lodi spirituosa 10%, synonym: iodine tincture 10%, Tinctura lodi 10%, list B) is a red-brown liquid with a characteristic odor. Contains iodine 100 G, 95% alcohol up to 1 l. When water is added to the preparation, a finely crystalline precipitate of iodine precipitates.

By properties, indications for use (with the exception of the treatment of syphilis) and dosage, it corresponds to a 5% alcohol solution of iodine. Children inside the drug is not prescribed.

Higher doses for adults inside: single - 10 drops, daily - 30 drops.

Release form: in orange glass bottles of 10, 15 and 25 ml. Storage: in a place protected from light. The drug is prepared for a short period (up to 1 month) and released only according to special requirements.

Bibliography. Zilva J.F. and Pannell P.R. Clinical chemistry in diagnostics and treatment, from English, p. 186, M., 1988; Monach V.O. Iodine and problems of life, L., 1974, bibliogr.

II (lodum, I)

chemical element of group VII of the periodic system of elements D.I. Mendeleev, at. number 53, at. weight 126.9045; refers to halogens; Y.'s lack in an organism leads to disturbance of activity of a thyroid gland.

1. Small medical encyclopedia. - M.: Medical Encyclopedia. 1991-96 2. First aid. - M.: Great Russian Encyclopedia. 1994 3. Encyclopedic dictionary of medical terms. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. - 1982-1984.

Everyone has ever used an alcohol solution of iodine, some are familiar with it from chemistry lessons. Someone faced a lack of iodine in the body, and someone confuses it with brilliant green. In this article, we have collected answers to the most frequently asked questions about iodine, we hope it will be useful!

When and by whom was iodine discovered

The chemical element "Iodine" was included in the periodic table in 1871.

Like many chemical elements, iodine was discovered by accident in 1811 by the Frenchman Bernard Courtois while obtaining saltpeter from seaweed. As a chemical element, the substance was named "iodine" two years later, and officially entered into the periodic table in 1871.

Where and how is iodine obtained?

In its pure form (free form), iodine is extremely rare - mainly in Japan and Chile. The main production is made from seaweed (5 kg are obtained from 1 ton of dry kelp), sea water (up to 30 mg per ton of water) or from oil drilling waters (up to 70 mg per ton of water). There is a method for obtaining technical iodine from saltpeter and ash production waste, but the content of the substance in the source materials is not more than 0.4%.

The method of obtaining iodine has two directions.

1. Seaweed ash is mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated. After evaporation of the moisture, iodine is obtained.
2. Iodine in liquids (sea or lake salt water, petroleum water) is bound with starch, or silver and copper salts, or kerosene (an outdated method, as it is expensive) into insoluble compounds, and then the water is evaporated. Later they began to use the coal method for extracting iodine.

How iodine affects the human body

Iodine and its derivatives are part of the hormones that affect the metabolism of the human body, its growth and development, so the average person needs to consume up to 0.15 mg of iodine daily. Lack of iodine or its deficiency in the diet leads to thyroid diseases and the development of endemic goiter, hypothyroidism and cretinism.

An indicator of iodine deficiency in the body is fatigue and depressed mood, headache and the so-called "natural laziness", irritability and nervousness, weakening of memory and intelligence. There is arrhythmia, high blood pressure and a drop in the level of hemoglobin in the blood. Very toxic - 3 g of the substance is a lethal dose for any living organism.

In large quantities causes damage to the cardiovascular system, kidneys and pulmonary edema; there is a cough and a runny nose, lacrimation and pain in the eyes (if it gets on the mucous membrane); general weakness and fever, vomiting and diarrhea, increased heart rate and pain in the heart.

How to replenish iodine in the body?

1. The main source of natural iodine is seafood, but extracted as far as possible from the coast: in the coastal strips, iodine is washed out of the soil, and its content in products is negligible. Eat seafood - this can restore the content of the substance in the body to a certain extent.
2. You can artificially add iodine to table salt, eat foods containing this trace element - sunflower oil, food additives.
3. Pharmacies sell tablets with a high content of iodine - relatively harmless drugs (for example, iodine-active, antistrumine).
4. A lot of iodine is found in persimmons and walnuts.

Where is iodine found?

Iodine is present almost everywhere. The highest content of iodine is in products of marine origin, in sea water itself and in salty lake water.
In free form - as a mineral - iodine is present in the thermal springs of volcanoes and natural iodides (lautarite, iodobromite, embolite, myersite). It is found in oil drilling waters, sodium nitrate solutions, saltpeter and potash liquors.

What foods contain iodine

In seafood: fish (cod and halibut) and fish oil, crustaceans and mollusks (scallops, crabs, shrimp, squid, oysters, mussels), seaweed. This is followed by dairy products and chicken eggs, feijoa and persimmon, sweet peppers, walnut peel and kernels, black grapes, cereals (buckwheat, corn, wheat, millet), river fish and red beans. Iodine is found in orange and red juices.

There is even less iodine in soy products (milk, sauce, tofu), onions, garlic, beets, potatoes, carrots, beans, strawberries (about 40-100 times less than in seaweed), but it is.

What foods do not contain iodine

Iodine is not found in baked goods (homemade) using regular iodine-free salt, peeled potatoes, unsalted vegetables (raw and frozen), peanuts, almonds, and egg whites. There is practically no iodine in cereals, poor in natural salts; pasta, cocoa powder, white raisins and dark chocolate. This applies to vegetable oils, including soybean.

Almost all known seasonings in dried form (black pepper, herbs) also do not have iodine-containing components - iodine quickly decomposes (volatilizes) in the open air, which is why iodized salt is usable for only 2 months (if the pack is open).

Carbonated drinks - Coca Cola and its derivatives, wine, black coffee, beer, lemonade - all this also does not contain iodine.

Linen fabrics:

Option 1. Cover the stain with baking soda, pour vinegar on top and leave for 12 hours, and then wash in warm clean water.

Option 2. Dissolve a teaspoon of ammonia in 0.5 liters of water, and wipe the stain with the resulting solution. Next, wash in warm soapy water.

Option 3. A thick gruel is made from starch in water, applied to the stain and the stain is expected to turn blue. If necessary, repeat again, and wash the product in warm soapy water.

Option 4. Rub the stain with raw potatoes and wash the item in warm soapy water.

Option 5. You can wipe the stain with liquid ascorbic acid (or dissolve the tablet in water), and then wash it in soap and water.

Woolen, cotton and silk fabrics:
The stain should be wiped with a hyposulfite solution (a teaspoon per glass of water) and washed in warm water. You can wipe the stain with ammonia and wash in the usual way.

How to wash iodine from the skin

There are several options:

1. Olive oil or a fat cream is applied to the skin, which will absorb iodine. After an hour, the iodine is washed off with a body sponge and soap.
2. They take a bath with sea salt, and at the end they use a washcloth and baby (household - in extreme cases) soap.
3. You can use a scrub instead of a washcloth for delicate skin, and massage the spot with a stain. After that, you can lubricate the skin with a nourishing cream or milk.
4. You can apply cotton wool with alcohol, moonshine or vodka for 5 minutes to the stain, and then rub it. The procedure can be repeated several times.
5. Removes iodine stains by hand washing things or a regular bath with powder or lemon juice.

How to gargle with iodine

The method is quite simple - you need to add a few drops of iodine to a glass of warm water until a light brown solution is obtained. But the effect will be better and stronger if you add a teaspoon of soda and table salt to the water. The method has proven itself in the treatment of purulent tonsillitis and chronic tonsillitis. The procedure can be repeated 3-4 times a day (with purulent tonsillitis - every 4 hours) for 4 days.

An alcoholic solution of iodine cannot be used to lubricate the throat with angina, such as Iodinol. Otherwise, you will simply burn the mucous membrane.

How to make an iodine grid, how often can you make an iodine grid

You need to take a thin stick with cotton wool, moisten it in a 5% alcohol solution of iodine and draw on the skin intersecting horizontal and vertical stripes in the form of a plate with 1x1cm squares. This is the ideal geometry for the uniform distribution of iodine: it is absorbed quickly and efficiently.

It can be done within a week only two or three times for any diseases.

At what age can you smear with iodine

Doctors do not recommend smearing skin with iodine even in adolescence - iodine burns the skin. But the iodine grid (once) can be done from the age of five. But there is a more "advanced" and safer version of iodine that can be used and.

Why is iodine in the periodic table, but no brilliant green?

Because brilliant green is a synthetic antiseptic, an aniline dye. The periodic table includes only chemical elements and compounds that exist in nature in their pure form.

Iodized salt should replace ordinary salt for people living in regions of iodine deficiency.

Because this salt helps to restore balance in case of iodine deficiency in the human body, it is the prevention of iodine deficiency diseases in children, pregnant and lactating women, adolescents. Salt with iodine helps prevent the absorption of radioactive components of iodine by the thyroid gland and is a protection against radiation, inflammation and diseases.

How is iodized salt made?

Iodine is added in a certain concentration to sea or lake salt water, mixed with water and only then evaporated.

Since childhood, a well-known helper for scratches, abrasions and cuts to all children and their parents. It is a fast and effective agent that cauterizes and disinfects the wound surface. However, the scope of the substance is not limited to medicine, because the chemical properties of iodine are very diverse. The purpose of our article is to get to know them in more detail.

Physical characteristic

A simple substance has the appearance of dark purple crystals. When heated, due to the peculiarities of the internal structure of the crystal lattice, namely the presence of molecules in its nodes, the compound does not melt, but immediately forms vapors. This is sublimation or sublimation. It is explained by a weak bond between the molecules inside the crystal, which are easily separated from each other - a gaseous phase of the substance is formed. The number of iodine in the periodic table is 53. And its position among other chemical elements indicates that it belongs to non-metals. Let's dwell on this issue further.

Place of an element in the periodic system

Iodine is in the fifth period, group VII, and, along with fluorine, chlorine, bromine and astatine, forms a subgroup of halogens. Due to the increase in the nuclear charge and atomic radius, the representatives of halogens have a weakening of non-metallic properties, therefore iodine is less active than chlorine or bromine, and its electronegativity is also lower. The atomic mass of iodine is 126.9045. A simple substance is represented by diatomic molecules, like other halogens. Below we will get acquainted with the structure of the atom of the element.

Features of the electronic formula

Five energy levels and the last of them almost completely filled with electrons confirm that the element has pronounced signs of non-metals. Like other halogens, iodine is a strong oxidizing agent, taking away from metals and weaker non-metallic elements - sulfur, carbon, nitrogen - the electron missing before the completion of the fifth level.

Iodine is a non-metal, in the molecules of which there is a common pair of p-electrons that binds atoms together. Their density at the place of overlap is the highest, the common electron cloud does not move to any of the atoms and is located in the center of the molecule. A non-polar covalent bond is formed, and the molecule itself has a linear shape. In the halogen series, from fluorine to astatine, the strength of the covalent bond decreases. There is a decrease in the enthalpy value, on which the decay of element molecules into atoms depends. What consequences does this have for the chemical properties of iodine?

Why is iodine less active than other halogens?

The reactivity of non-metals is determined by the force of attraction to the nucleus of their own atom of foreign electrons. The smaller the radius of an atom, the higher the electrostatic attraction forces of its negatively charged particles of other atoms. The higher the number of the period in which the element is located, the more energy levels it will have. Iodine is in the fifth period, and it has more energy layers than bromine, chlorine and fluorine. That is why the iodine molecule contains atoms that have a radius much larger than that of the previously listed halogens. That is why I 2 particles attract electrons weaker, which leads to a weakening of their non-metallic properties. The internal structure of a substance inevitably affects its physical characteristics. Let's give concrete examples.

sublimation and solubility

A decrease in the mutual attraction of iodine atoms in its molecule leads, as we said earlier, to a weakening of the strength of the covalent nonpolar bond. There is a decrease in the resistance of the compound to high temperature and an increase in the thermal dissociation of its molecules. A distinctive feature of halogen: the transition of a substance when heated from a solid state immediately to a gaseous state, i.e. sublimation is the main physical characteristic of iodine. Its solubility in organic solvents, such as carbon disulfide, benzene, ethanol, is higher than in water. So, in 100 g of water at 20 ° C, only 0.02 g of a substance can dissolve. This feature is used in the laboratory to extract iodine from an aqueous solution. Shaking it with a small amount of H 2 S, one can observe a violet coloration of hydrogen sulfide due to the transition of halogen molecules into it.

Chemical properties of iodine

When interacting with metals, the element always behaves in the same way. It attracts the valence electrons of the metal atom, which are located either on the last energy layer (s-elements, such as sodium, calcium, lithium, etc.), or on the penultimate layer containing, for example, d-electrons. These include iron, manganese, copper and others. In these reactions, the metal will be the reducing agent, and iodine, whose chemical formula is I 2, will be the oxidizing agent. Therefore, it is this high activity of a simple substance that is the reason for its interaction with many metals.

Noteworthy is the interaction of iodine with water when heated. In an alkaline medium, the reaction proceeds with the formation of a mixture of iodide and iodic acids. The latter substance exhibits the properties of a strong acid and, upon dehydration, turns into iodine pentoxide. If the solution is acidified, then the above reaction products interact with each other to form the initial substances - free I 2 molecules and water. This reaction belongs to the redox type, it manifests the chemical properties of iodine as a strong oxidizing agent.

Qualitative reaction to starch

In both inorganic and organic chemistry, there is a group of reactions that can be used to identify certain types of simple or complex ions in the interaction products. To detect macromolecules of a complex carbohydrate - starch - a 5% alcohol solution of I 2 is often used. For example, a few drops of it are dripped onto a slice of a raw potato, and the color of the solution becomes blue. We observe the same effect when a substance enters any starch-containing product. This reaction, which produces blue iodine, is widely used in organic chemistry to confirm the presence of a polymer in a test mixture.

The beneficial properties of the product of the interaction of iodine and starch have long been known. It was used in the absence of antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of diarrhea, gastric ulcers in remission, diseases of the respiratory system. Starch paste, containing about 1 teaspoon of an alcohol solution of iodine per 200 ml of water, was widely used due to the cheapness of the ingredients and ease of preparation.

However, it must be remembered that blue iodine is contraindicated in the treatment of young children, people suffering from hypersensitivity to iodine-containing drugs, as well as patients with Graves' disease.

How non-metals react with each other

Among the elements of the main subgroup of group VII, iodine reacts with fluorine, the most active non-metal with the highest degree of oxidation. The process takes place in the cold and is accompanied by an explosion. With hydrogen, I 2 interacts with strong heating, and not completely, the reaction product - HI - begins to decompose into the starting substances. Hydroiodic acid is quite strong and although similar in characteristics to hydrochloric acid, it still shows more pronounced signs of a reducing agent. As you can see, the chemical properties of iodine are due to its belonging to active non-metals, however, the element is inferior in oxidizing ability to bromine, chlorine and, of course, fluorine.

The role of the element in living organisms

The highest content of ions I - is in the tissues of the thyroid gland, where they are part of the thyroid-stimulating hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine. They regulate the growth and development of bone tissue, the conduction of nerve impulses, and the metabolic rate. Especially dangerous is the lack of iodine-containing hormones in childhood, since mental retardation and the appearance of symptoms of a disease such as cretinism are possible.

Insufficient thyroxine secretion in adults is associated with water and food. It is accompanied by hair loss, the formation of edema, and a decrease in physical activity. An excess of an element in the body is also extremely dangerous, as Graves' disease develops, the symptoms of which are excitability of the nervous system, tremor of the limbs, and severe emaciation.

Distribution of iodides in nature and methods for obtaining a pure substance

The bulk of the element is present in living organisms and the Earth's shells - the hydrosphere and lithosphere - in a bound state. There are salts of the element in sea water, but their concentration is insignificant, therefore it is unprofitable to extract pure iodine from it. It is much more efficient to obtain a substance from the ashes of brown sargassum.

On an industrial scale, I 2 is isolated from groundwater in oil production processes. During the processing of some ores, for example, potassium iodates and hypoiodates are found in it, from which pure iodine is subsequently extracted. It is quite cost-effective to obtain I 2 from a solution of hydrogen iodine, oxidizing it with chlorine. The resulting compound is an important raw material for the pharmaceutical industry.

In addition to the already mentioned 5% alcohol solution of iodine, which contains not only a simple substance, but also a salt - potassium iodide, as well as alcohol and water, in endocrinology, for medical reasons, drugs such as "Iodine-active" and "Iodomarin" are used.

In areas with a low content of natural compounds, in addition to iodized table salt, you can use a remedy such as Antistrumine. It contains the active substance - potassium iodide - and is recommended as a prophylactic drug used to prevent the symptoms of endemic goiter.