Qualitative adjectives designate such a sign (quality) of an object, which may be in this object to a greater or lesser extent: And a bright night is walking on the ground, spreading white sheets along the slopes (V. Shukshin); Tonight the night is brighter; Yesterday was the brightest night.
--- shape (straight, angular, curve, round)
size (narrow, low, huge, large)
color (red, lemon, purple)
Qualitative adjectives denote a feature of an object according to
property (durable, tough, brittle)
¦- taste (bitter, salty, sour, tasty)
weight (heavy, weighty, weightless)
smell (fragrant, odorous, cloying)
temperature (warm, cool, hot)
sound (loud, deafening, quiet)
general assessment (important, harmful, useful)
And etc.
Most quality adjectives have full and short forms: cheerful - cheerful; cheerful - cheerful; fun - fun; cheerful - cheerful.
The full form changes according to cases, numbers and genders.
Adjectives in short form change by number and gender. Short adjectives are not declined; in a sentence are used as predicates.
When forming short forms of masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel o or e may appear in their stems (if the stem of a full adjective has a consonant sound at the end of d * i): long - dblog, strong - strong, warm - warm, smart - smart, etc.
The adjective worthy has a short masculine form worthy.
From adjectives ending in -n, short masculine forms are formed in -en and -enen, however. In modern Russian, forms in -enen are actively replaced by forms in -en: essential - essential (not "essential"), painful - painful (not "painful"), related - related (not "related"), limited - limited (not "limited"). Only in some cases is the correct form in -enen: sincere - sincere, low - low, frank - frank.
Some short adjectives do not have a masculine form, less often - feminine, even less often there is a plural form.
Some adjectives are used only in a short form: glad, much, must, necessary: ​​Ah, Chatsky, I am very glad to see you (A. Griboyedov); But is the handsome Lel really good at songs? (A. Ostrovsky); In the morning I must be sure that I will see you in the afternoon (A. Pushkin); Where you can’t take it by force, you need a grip (I. Krylov).
Some quality adjectives do not have a corresponding short form: adjectives with suffixes (comradely, efficient, advanced, skillful, crow, lilac), denoting a high degree of attribute (strongest, tiny), and adjectives that are part of terminological names (deep rear, fast train ).
stupid - stupid - stupid - stupid - stupid, dbbry - kind - good - ddbro - good, green - green - green - green - green, right - true - right - right - you, empty - empty - empty; - empty - empty, sharp - sharp - cutting - sharp - sharp.
Qualitative adjectives can be combined with an adverb very (very swarthy, very cheerful), have antonyms (long - short).
Qualitative adjectives have comparative and superlative degrees of comparison. Each in shape

the degree can be simple (consists of one word): I have become more modest in my desires (S. Yesenin); Here, each piece of the coast was already known to him to the smallest detail (V. Kataev) in a compound (consists of two words): This first sound was followed by another, painfully hard and lingering (I. Turgenev); It's been five hours. Morning is the quietest hour of the day (K. Simonov).
COMPARATIVE
The comparative degree shows that in one or another subject the sign manifests itself to a greater or lesser extent than in another, for example: Conversations became louder, more incoherent and more fun (A. Pushkin); Further experiments were more complex than the previous ones (Academician I. Pavlov).
Comparative Degree Education

The initial form of the adjective, from which the comparative degree is formed	Facilities education comparative degrees	Comparative adjective
Adjectives with	-e + truncate suffixes
suffixes -k-, -ok-
(-ЄК-)	¦k-, -ok-(-ek-)	.
short		A below
high		A higher
long thin	/V , -she + truncation of the final consonant stem r, k	* L longer A thinner
high	pd- + -she(-e)	- taller \
big		"more
good bad small	from other bases	better worse less
	Composite form
solid weak- sweet	more or less words	harder less weak more sweet

Should be correctly pronounced:
boring - duller, light - lighter, beautiful - more beautiful, greenish - greener, strong - stronger, uglier - scarier.

1. A simple comparative degree is an invariable form of an adjective: The clouds have become, as it were, thinner and more transparent (M. Gorky).
2. A comparison of two objects on some basis can be expressed in different ways: The left bank of the river is steeper than the right; The left bank of the river is steeper than the right; The left bank of the river is steeper than the right.

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1. Some adjectives do not form a simple form of the comparative degree: bulky, emaciated, superfluous, brittle, massive, sloping, advanced, early, timid, etc.

For adjectives in the form of a compound comparative degree, the second word changes in cases, numbers and gender, for example: After the first goal, the game became more interesting. After the first goal, the opponent became more aggressive. The braver player managed to score a goal. After the first goal, the Spartacists became more determined.
Notes. 1. When forming a composite form of a comparative degree after the word more (less), you cannot use an adjective in a simple comparative degree: The stern face of the father became even gloomy (V. Korolenko); The stern face of the father became even more sullen. You can not say "more gloomy."

1. Forms of the comparative degree of adjectives formed with the prefix po- (meaning "a little more") are more often used in colloquial speech.

Superlatives
A superlative degree shows that one or another subject is superior to other subjects in some way, for example: Labor is the best, most radical medicine (K. Simonov); In the morning, he spent a long time choosing among the printed pictures the most distinct ones. Finally, two of the best were postponed (JI. Radishchev); I want to make the most majestic word shine again - the Party (V. Mayakovsky); Even now Lenin is more alive than all the living. Our knowledge, strength and weapons (V. Mayakovsky).
Formation of superlative adjectives

The initial form of the adjective from which the superlative degree is formed	Facilities education excellent degrees	Superlative adjective
brave wonderful	-eysh-	bravest miraculous
high Beautiful і і	nai + -sh- (truncation of the suffix -ok) pai + -eysh-	highest most beautiful
good bad small	from other bases	best worst less
hard accessible faithful cheerful sad) smart gt; interesting)	Compound form of the word most words most, least comparative adjective + genitive pronoun all - all	the hardest the most accessible the most faithful the least cheerful the saddest of all the smartest of all the most interesting of all

An adjective is an independent part of speech that combines words that denote non-procedural features of an object and answer the questions, which one? whose? This meaning is expressed in non-independent inflectional categories of gender, number and case (perform the grammatical function of agreement). In a sentence, adjectives act as a definition or nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Types and categories of adjectives (qualitative, relative,possessive adjectives)

Ways of forming adjectives

1. Full adjectives are formed by adding to the noun, any part of the word: prefix, suffix or prefix and suffix together. They can also be formed by adding two bases. For example, a swamp is a swamp "ny (suffixal), small (attached), underwater (attached-suffixal),

cleansing (complex suffixal), Adjectives can also be formed by compounding: pale pink, three years old.

2. Short adjectives are formed from full qualitative adjectives and correlate with them semantically. Short adjectives are those that in the masculine singular have zero endings (black, beautiful), in the feminine singular - endings -a, -ya (black, beautiful), in the singular neuter - endings -o, -e (black, beautiful), and in the plural of all genders - endings -i, -ы (black, beautiful). Short adjectives in a sentence act as a predicate. ("How good, how fresh were the roses...")

Lexico-grammatical categories of adjectives

1. Qualitative adjectives - denote a sign of an object directly, that is, without relation to other objects (red, beautiful, kind), have comparison forms and short forms; .

2. Relative adjectives - indicate a sign through relation to another object, they are derived from nominal bases (laboratory, wooden);

3. Possessive adjectives - denote belonging to a person or animal, that is, they contain an indication of the owner (foxes, fathers).

Most Russian surnames were also formed from possessive adjectives with the help of suffixes - in the Zimin ov type - Popov, Ivanov, etc. e. All masculine surnames are inclined, except for those that end in o or even have a foreign language origin. The female surnames are not declined.

Features of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives name signs of objects that are usually perceived by the senses. For example: (sweet, bitter; white, black, blue; sonorous, quiet; soft, smooth; wide, narrow, high, etc.); designate character traits and features of a psychological warehouse (wise, kind, insidious, cunning, etc.); express an assessment (excellent, wonderful, bad, disgusting, etc.). These symptoms may appear in varying degrees. Compare: very bitter, more bitter, the most bitter, the bitterest, etc.

Only a few short adjectives express the absolute sign of an object that is unchanging, constant: deaf, lame, married, on foot, brown, black, etc.

Usually short adjectives have both full and short forms. For example: beautiful - beautiful, beautiful, beautiful, beautiful. However, some groups of adjectives. they do not form short forms: words with suffixes - sk -, -oe- friendly, ordinary, advanced, etc.

Such are also some verbal formations with suffixes - l - (burnt, faded, etc., but: stunted - stunted, hoarse - hoarse, etc.); Short adjectives with suffixes - usch-(-yusch-), -enn- and the prefix times-, denoting a high degree of manifestation of the trait (cunning, amiable, etc.). Short adjectives on - sh (s), ascending to the forms of the comparative degree and having lost their former meaning (greater, younger, etc.); quality adjectives. colors derived from nouns (chocolate, lilac, etc.); adjectives denoting the colors of animals (bulan, black, etc.), etc.

In its bulk, Qualitative adjectives change in degrees of comparison. For example: beautiful - more beautiful, more (less) beautiful, most beautiful, most beautiful, but qualitative adjectives do not form a comparative degree. with suffixes -sk-, -oe-, -l. Some adjectives do not have short forms. For example: friendly emaciated, etc. This can also include some adjectives such as fusible, heavy (with the suffix - to -), as well as all words denoting animal colors (brown, savrasy, etc.), separate non-derivative words (flat, dilapidated, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of degree (very neat, well-mannered, etc.).

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by the following derivational features: adjectives can be non-derivative (gray, black, etc.); most of the quality adjectives. forms adverbs on - o, - e, - and it is light, it seems, fatherly. The vast majority of such adjectives also form abstract nouns, that is, quality names, for example: courage, beauty, blue.

Many qualitative adjectives form evaluation forms (white, white, whitish, white-white, cheerful, kind). They easily enter into antonymic pairs (stingy - generous, cheerful - sad, tall - short), but at the same time, they realize these properties in different ways. For example: quality adjectives. poor, rich have all the listed features, and adjectives like bay have only one feature - non-production.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Degrees of comparison of adjectives is a grammatical category of adjectives that expresses the relative difference or superiority in quality inherent in objects. In Russian, three forms are opposed:

Positive

Comparative

Excellent.

1. A positive degree names a feature without any opposition to another feature.

2. Comparative degree indicates a feature that a given subject has to a greater or lesser extent. The superlative indicates the highest degree

3. Manifestations of this quality in comparison with other subjects (cf .: kind - kinder - kindest).

Formation of forms of comparison

1.Simple shape

2.Complex shape

1. Comparative degree

The basis is laid. step. + suffix - her (faster, kinder)

The basis is laid. step. + suffix - e (harder)

the basis is laid. step. + suffix - she (before)

Form posit. step.

(more beautiful, less interesting)

2. Superlatives

base position step. + suffix -eysh -, -aysh - (after g, k, x): fastest, closest

most + form gender. step. (fastest, closest)

Declension of adjectives and their types

Adjectives are declined, i.e. change in gender, case and number, but their form depends on the form of the word on which they depend.

The gender, case and number of an adjective depend on the respective characteristics of the noun with which it agrees. Indeclinable adjectives are usually in postposition with respect to the noun, their gender, number, and case are determined syntactically by the characteristics of the corresponding noun: red jacket, beige jackets.

There are three types of adjective declension depending on the basis:

1. Solid: red, red, red

2. Soft: blue, blue, blue

3.mixed: big, big, big.

According to the solid type, adjectives with a base on a solid consonant are inclined, except for G, K, X, C and hissing ones: thin, white, straight, native, tedious, stupid, gray, bald, cool, well-fed.

The declension of adjectives includes a change in numbers, and in the singular - in cases and genders.

The form of the adjective depends on the noun to which the adjective refers and with which it agrees in gender, number and case.

Short adjectives change only by gender and number.

The masculine and neuter forms differ in the nominative and accusative cases, and in other forms they coincide.

There are different forms of the accusative case of adjectives in the singular masculine and in the plural, referring to animate and inanimate nouns:

V.p. = I.p. with inanimate nouns:

“Their villages and fields for a violent raid he doomed to swords and fires” (A. Pushkin);

“The bandura players quietly sing glorious songs about you” (D. Kedrin);

V.p. = R.p. with animate nouns:

“Masha did not pay attention to the young Frenchman” (A. Pushkin);

“And the whole earth should forever praise ordinary people, to whom I would pour stars for orders for victories” (V. Sysoev).

Masculine adjectives are declined in -oy in the same way as in -y, but always have a stressed ending: gray, young - gray, young - gray, young - about gray, about young.

The literal designation of the endings of adjectives in some cases sharply diverges from the sound composition: white - white [th], summer-his - summer [th].

Syntactic function of the adjective

In a sentence, an adjective is basically a definition, or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Transition to other parts of speech

Most often, participles pass into the category of adjectives. Pronouns can also act as adjectives (there is no artist from him).

Adjectives, in turn, can be substantivized, that is, pass into the category of nouns: Russian, military.

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Part of speech - an independent part of speech (indicates a sign of an object)

Initial form. The initial form of the name of the adjective is the form of Unit. h., m.r., Im. n. (blue).

Permanent signs: rank (qualitative adjective).

Non-permanent features: used in short/full (only in quality); degree of comparison (only for quality); number, gender, case (blue - pr. in full f., singular h, m. p., Im. p.).

syntactic role in a sentence.

Case endings for adjectives

Adjectives have endings similar to the endings of the interrogative word what: with a good (kak and m?) mood, about an interesting (kak o th?) book, etc.

Possessive adjectives na - y, -ya, - ye, -i (fox, fox, fox, fox) in all cases, except for the nominative and the accusative case of the masculine singular, similar to it, are written with ь: fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, fisherman, about fisherman; fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, fishermen, about fishermen.

Note 1. Possessive adjectives are formed from nouns with the help of the suffix -j- (yot), the indicator of which in indirect forms is the dividing b.

Note 2. Possessive adjectives in -y should be distinguished from adjectives in -chy of the recumbent, combustible type, in which ь is not written in oblique cases, since they do not have the suffix -j-; cf .: recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, recumbent, etc.

Adjectives suburban, intercity, suburban change according to the solid variety of declension and are written with the endings -th, -th, -th, -th, etc .; adjectives boundless, out-of-town change according to a mild variety of declension and are written with the endings -y, -ya, -ee, -ye, etc. The forms long-distance and out-of-town, endless are obsolete and are not currently recommended for use.

Adjectives ending in na - yny have a short form na - en in the nominative case of the masculine singular: sultry - sultry, calm - calm, slender - slender.

What makes a person's speech (even written, even oral) the most understandable? Without what would she be poor and inexpressive? Of course, no adjectives. For example, if you read the word "forest" in the text without definitions, you will never understand which one is meant. After all, it can be coniferous, deciduous or mixed, winter, spring, summer or autumn. The Russian language is great. A qualitative adjective is a direct confirmation of this. In order to vividly and accurately represent any picture, we need this wonderful part of speech.

Meaning and main features

An adjective is a name that indicates a sign of an object, that is, its properties, which contain a characteristic of quality, quantity, belonging. For example, they give a definition by color, taste, smell; denote an assessment of the phenomenon, its nature, etc. Usually, questions are asked to it: what (th, -th)? what is (-a, -o)? whose (-s, -e)? This is a significant (independent) part of speech.

Grammar includes:

• variability by gender (for example, red is masculine, yellow is feminine, green is neuter);
• declension by cases (check: nominative - sandy, genitive - iron, dative - morning; instrumental - evening; prepositional - about night);
• the possibility of a short form and degree of comparison (qualitative adjectives);
• variability by numbers (for example, blue - singular, blue - plural).

Syntactic role

• The most common position for an adjective in a sentence is a definition. It most often depends on the noun and is fully consistent with it. Consider the sentence: There were deep footprints in the snow. Traces (what?) are deep. An adjective is a definition that depends on the subject expressed by the noun. Graphically indicated
• The ability allows the adjective to be the main member of the sentence - the subject. ( For example: The patient was admitted to the hospital in serious condition.)
• Quite often, what adjectives are found in the composition of the predicate in the form of a nominal part? Quality in a nutshell. ( Compare: He was weak from illness. - The boy was weak. In the first case, the main member is the verb, in the second - the adjective in the compound nominal predicate.)

Adjectives: qualitative, relative, possessive

This part of speech has three categories, differing both in form and in meaning. Consider all their features for comparison in the table.

quality	relative	Possessive
This feature of the subject has a different degree of manifestation in it. One may be redder or whiter, while the other may be smaller or larger. Only they can compose phrases with such adverbs as "not enough" and "extremely", "very" and "unusually", "too". Able to have a short form: strong, invincible, glorious. Only qualitative adjectives can form degrees of comparison. Examples: nicer, kindest, tallest. Compound words can be obtained from them by repetition: cute-cute, blue-blue.	The attribute they designate does not contain a greater or lesser degree, like qualitative adjectives. Examples: one nail cannot be ironer than another, and there is no single clay pot in the world. They indicate the material of which the object is made or consists: a wooden floor, a sandy shore, a golden decoration. Show location or proximity to something: seaside. Evidence of time: February blizzards, evening promenade, the year before last. The quantity is determined: a three-year-old child, a one and a half meter pointer. Reveal the purpose of the item: sewing machine, regular bus, cargo platform. They do not have a short form and degrees of comparison.	Indicate that someone or something belongs to this item. If a fox has a tail, then it is a fox, the hat can be grandmother's or father's. The main distinguishing feature is the question "whose"?

Quality varies

It is worth dwelling in more detail on the most flexible definitions in use and word formation, which are known as qualitative adjectives. The examples of their meanings are extraordinarily varied. They may indicate:

• on the shape of the object: multifaceted, round, angular;
• its size: tall, wide, huge;
• color: orange, dark green, purple;
• smell: stinking, fragrant, odorous;
• temperature: cold, warm, hot;
• the level and characteristics of the sound: quiet, loud, booming;
• overall assessment: necessary, useful, unimportant.

Additional exclusivity

There are other distinguishing features that you need to know in order not to confuse qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. So, the first of them have features:

• the formation of new words using the prefix "not": a sad person, an expensive product; or diminutive suffixes: gray - gray - grayish;
• the possibility of selecting synonyms: cheerful - joyful; bright - brilliant; antonyms: cold - hot, evil - kind;
• adverbs in -o, -e originate from quality adjectives: white - white, tender - gently.

Learn more about degrees of comparison

They also have only qualitative adjectives. Examples of the formation of a simple comparative degree: more visible, darker, longer. A compound comparative degree is a phrase: “less” or “more” is added to the adjective: less hard, softer.

The superlative degree is called so because it indicates the predominance of a feature in one object over other similar ones. It can be simple: it is a formation with the help of suffixes -eysh-, -aysh-. For example: the most faithful, the lowest. And compound: the adjective is used in combination with the word "most": the most wonderful, the deepest.

Can adjectives change their rank?

And again, it is worth remembering the broad abilities of the Russian language. Everything is possible in it. Therefore, there is nothing surprising in the fact that qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives in a certain context change their meaning by category.

For example, in the phrase "glass beads" everyone understands that we are talking about beads made of glass. But "glass arguments" - this is already a metaphor, these are completely fragile, fragile arguments. We can conclude: the relative adjective (the first example) turned into a qualitative one (the second).

If we compare the expressions “fox hole” and “fox character”, then we can see how the belonging of animal housing turns into the quality of human nature, which means that the possessive adjective has become qualitative.

Take for example two more phrases: “hare footprint” and “hare hat”. The prints of the little animal are not at all like the headdress from it. As you can see, a possessive adjective can turn into a relative one.

In Russian, the adjective plays a very important role. This part of speech got its name from the fact that it is usually “attached” to a noun. In other words, the adjective depends on the name of the noun and denotes its attribute. These signs can be different: the quality of the object (what?), the material from which the object is made (what?) and the belonging of the object (whose?).

Adjectives are divided into three categories, depending on what attribute of the object they designate. So, for example, relative ones are “wooden”, “glass”, “brick”. Possessive - "mother", "grandmother", "dog". But most of all in the Russian language there are quality adjectives. They are widely used in fiction as epithets. They are also remarkable in that they have degrees of comparison. Relative and possessive adjectives have no degrees of comparison, because you can’t say “the most brick” or “the most mother’s”.

How to define a quality adjective

This part of speech can denote a variety of signs of objects, for example:

• Positive qualities of character ("kind");
• Negative qualities of character ("cruel");
• Age ("old");
• Shades ("dark");
• Taste and aroma ("sweet").

It is quite easy to define it in the text. In order to find out what category an adjective belongs to, you need to try to put it in the degree of comparison. If it worked out (for example, “kind - kinder - the kindest”), then it belongs to the category of quality ones.

Name signs

Signs of qualitative adjectives help to easily determine whether this part of speech really belongs to this category. They change depending on the gender and number of the noun. This is done with endings. Among the main features are the following:

• Have a genus(male, female, or neuter). In a phrase or sentence, they take on the gender of the noun with which it is associated. Examples: "dark dress", "dark room", "dark window";
• Have a number. The number also depends on the number of the noun. Examples: "delicious sweets", "delicious chocolate bar";
• Agree with the noun in the case, have case endings. For example, “I see a kind mother” is the accusative case, “I am pleased with the old grandfather” is the instrumental case;
• In the proposal, they perform the function of defining, are underlined with a continuous wavy line during parsing.

Adjectives are very important for the literary Russian language. Without them, the idea of ​​an object or phenomenon will be incomplete. For example, rain can be "hard" or "weak", a person can be "smart" or "stupid", and a story can be "boring" or "interesting". Proper use of adjectives in oral and written speech makes speech figurative, beautiful, expressive. It is especially important to use them correctly in poetry and prose. The type of text in which qualitative adjectives predominate is traditionally called "description". The purpose of the description is to make the most complete picture of a particular phenomenon or object, so that readers can “see” this image, capture it in their minds.

The sign of the object denoted by this part of speech, for example, “age”, “shade”, “quality of character”, can be expressed strongly or weakly. For this, in Russian and in many other Indo-European languages ​​there is such a thing as degrees of comparison. There are two types of degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative.

The formation of degrees of comparison can occur in two ways: by adding a special comparative suffix or by adding the words "more", "less", "most". For example: “kind - kinder - kindest” or “kind - more (less) kind - the kindest”. Most adjectives can be successfully used in both ways.

However, the first method is more often used in oral speech, and the second method - in writing, especially in scientific, journalistic and official business style. The art style uses both methods.. Also, both methods are considered correct and acceptable from the point of view of the Russian literary language. Adjectives that belong to other categories (relative and possessive) do not have degrees of comparison.

Quality adjectives: examples

“Cheerful”, “boring”, “sad”, “fragrant”, “sweet”… The list is endless. In any literary text, from a school textbook to poems by the classics of Russian poetry, there are bound to be at least a few of these adjectives. But relative and possessive adjectives are not found in every text.

Almost every adjective has many synonyms- different words denoting the same sign. These synonyms form synonymous series. Here is an example of such a synonymous series: "happy - cheerful - joyful." Or, for example: "evil - cruel - harsh - ferocious." In such rows, synonyms can be arranged in ascending or descending order of the severity of a particular feature, for example: “boring (the feature is slightly expressed) – tiring (the feature is more pronounced) – dreary (the feature is most pronounced).

Proper use of synonyms and knowledge of their gradations, depending on the degree of expression of a particular quality, makes written and oral speech capacious, figurative, expressive. Such synonyms are very often used in literary descriptions.

Qualitative adjectives in fiction

The most expressive artistic means can appear in poetic and prose fiction as epithets. An epithet is an artistic definition. Usually, with the help of an epithet, a poet or prose writer expresses his unusual view of familiar things. For example, the word "pale" in the phrase "pale moon" can hardly be called an epithet, it's just a definition of color.

However, a poet or writer, describing the moon, can pick up such epithets as “magic”, “young”, “wise” for this subject. Epithets help to look at many familiar things from an unusual point of view. Many works of art, which have long detailed descriptions, are characterized by a large number of various epithets. Well-chosen epithets help to describe the appearance and character of a person, features of a natural phenomenon (for example, rain, thunderstorms or snowfall), a place (village, city or room).

Classical Russian poetry and prose is characterized by the active use of various epithets. It is epithets that give poetry and prose naturalness and brightness, help the reader to visualize a particular phenomenon (or object, place, image of a person) in the mind.

But also modern speech is unthinkable without adjectives. They are of great importance in modern Russian. Without their use, it is impossible to get a complete picture of the subject (phenomenon, person). In order to develop literate oral and written speech in secondary school students, teachers of the Russian language and literature should pay special attention to the correct use of all parts of speech. It is also necessary to consider in detail the problem of the epithet in the Russian language on the example of fragments from the works of Russian classics.

Renowned linguist Yu.S. Stepanov believed that the difference quality And relative meanings of adjectives is one of the most difficult. This division is carried out not even in all languages. In Russian, secondary school students are already learning to distinguish between these categories of adjectives.

As you probably remember, adjectives answer questions Which? which? which? which?

Which? –small yard, school teacher, bear claw.

Which? –wonderful weather, wooden bench, fox face.

Which? –excellent mood, pearl necklace, horse hoof.

Which? – polite students, district competitions, bunny ears.

Each row contains examples. qualitative, relative and possessive adjectives. How to distinguish them? As it has already become clear, simply asking a question to an adjective will not give a result, the discharge cannot be determined in this way.

Grammar will come to the rescue semantics(meaning of the word). Consider each category of adjective names by value .

quality adjectives

It is clear from the name that these adjectives mean item quality. What kind of quality could it be? Color(lilac, burgundy, bay, black), form(rectangular, square), physical characteristics of living beings (fat, healthy, active), temporal and spatial signs (slow, deep), general qualities, inherent in an animated object ( angry, funny, happy) and etc.

Also, most (but not all!) quality adjectives have a range of grammatical features, by which they are quite easy to distinguish from other adjectives. These features may not necessarily be a whole set for each quality adjective, but if you find that at least some sign is suitable for this adjective - in front of you is a quality adjective. So:

1) Qualitative adjectives designate a feature that can appear to a greater or lesser extent. Hence the possibility of forming degrees of comparison.

Thin - thinner - thinnest. Interesting – less interesting – most interesting.

2) form short forms. Long - long, small - small.

3) Compatible with adverbs of measure and degree. Very beautiful, extremely entertaining, completely incomprehensible.

4) From quality adjectives can be formed adverbs in -o (-e) And nouns with abstract suffixes -ost (-is), -out-, -ev-, -in-, -from- :magnificent - magnificent, clear - clarity, blue - blueness, blue - blueness, thick - thickness, beautiful - beauty.

5) It is also possible to form words with diminutive or augmentative suffixes: evil - furious, dirty - dirty, green - green, healthy - hefty.

6) Can have antonyms: large - small, white - black, sharp - dull, stale - fresh.

As you can see, there are many signs, but it is absolutely not necessary to use all of them. Remember that some quality adjectives no degrees of comparison some do not form abstract nouns, some cannot be combined with adverbs of measure and degree, but they fit in other ways.

For example, the adjective bay. This adjective does not fit any grammatical criteria, but denotes color = item quality, means it quality.

or adjective beautiful. Can't say very lovely, but you can form an adverb Wonderful. Conclusion: adjective quality.

Relative adjectives

designate sign through relation to the subject. What kind of relationships can these signs be? Material from which the object is made ( iron nail - iron nail, stone cellar - stone cellar, velvet dress - velvet dress); place, time, space (today's scandal - the scandal that happened today; intercity bus - a bus between cities; moscow region - region of moscow); appointment(parent meeting - meeting for parents, children's shop - shop for children) and etc.

Signs et and not temporary, but permanent, That's why all the features inherent in qualitative adjectives do not have relative ones. This means that they do not form degrees of comparison(can't say that this house is wooden and that one is more wooden), incompatible with adverbs of measure and degree(can't say very gold bracelet) etc.

But phrases with relative adjectives can convert, replacing the adjective. For example, villager - villager, milk porridge - porridge with milk, plastic cube - plastic cube.

We hope that it has become clearer to you how to distinguish between qualitative and relative adjectives. And we will talk about possessive adjectives and some traps in the next article.

Good luck in learning Russian!

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