Isolation - this is the intonation and semantic separation of the members of the sentence in order to give them relative independence, special significance in the statement.

Separate members of the proposal are divided into the following groups:

1. Detached minor members with an additional message value:

separate definitions and applications;

special circumstances;

separate additions;

Separate comparative turns.

2. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

The most common are the secondary members with the meaning of an additional message that complements the main message expressed by the main members. Detached minor members with an additional message value have:

1)semantic features: they introduce additional meaning into the sentence and, in terms of their semantic role in the sentence, approach the predicate, the subordinate clause;

2) grammatical features: are only secondary members of the proposal (separate definitions, circumstances or additions);

3) intonation signs: are pronounced with a special excretory intonation (intonation of isolation);

4) punctuation marks: on the letter are separated by commas on both sides.

PUNCTUATION RULE!

Definitions and applications are separated in the following cases:

Separation conditions	Examples
1. If they refer to a personal pronoun (in all cases)	But, betrayed and abandoned, almost unarmed, he was still terrible(D. S. Merezhkovsky)
2. If agreed common definitions and applications (as well as two or more agreed non-common definitions) are after the defined noun	Between the clouds and the sea, the Petrel flies proudly, like a black lightning(M. Gorky); The sun, which has not yet entered the force, warms carefully and gently(V. Soloukhin); On the road, winter, boring, three greyhounds run(A. S. Pushkin)
3. If the agreed definitions or applications have an additional circumstantial value; they can be replaced by a subordinate clause (because, because...) or concessive (even though...)	Exhausted by efforts and hardships, the old man went to bed (A. I. Herzen). Wed: The old man went to bed because he was exhausted from his efforts. Wounded by a shrapnel in the shoulder, Captain Saburov did not leave the ranks (K. M. Simonov) Compare: Although Captain Saburov was wounded in the shoulder, he did not leave the ranks.
4. If the application (common and non-common) is after the proper name and specifies it (application with a qualifying value)	Olenka, the daughter of retired collegiate assessor Plemyannikov, was sitting on her porch in her yard.(A.P. Chekhov).
5. If application with union how matters cause (because, because...)	Gerasim, as an excellent worker, was immediately given a scythe in his hand(I. S. Turgenev)

There is often a hyphen between the single application and the word being defined: mechanical engineer, hero storyteller, medical student, Moskva River, Ilmen Lake(cf.: Moscow river, Ilmen lake).

Single and common applications are separated, standing after the word being defined, which is expressed by a proper name:

It is important that Igor , son, was bold from birth(V. Panova); Lev Ivanovich Popov , a nervous person, unhappy in the service and in family life, pulled the abacus to him and began to count again(A.P. Chekhov).

Thus, to determine whether a definition or an application is standalone, one needs to find out:

1) the way of expressing the defined word (personal pronoun, noun);

2) the composition of the definition and application (common or non-common);

3) place (position) relative to the word being defined (it stands before the word being defined or after it);

4) clarifying the meaning of one member of the sentence in relation to another.

PUNCTUATION RULE!

Special circumstances can be expressed as:

single adverbs;

adverbial turnovers;

nouns in indirect cases with prepositions;

adverbs.

Circumstances are isolated in the following cases:

1. if they are expressed by gerunds and single gerunds (with the exception of gerunds used in speech as adverbs of mode of action).

Trembling with pain,lightning ran over the world ...(N. A. Zabolotsky); The rain was pouring , evenly and monotonously rustling through the grass and trees (A. S. Pushkin); small locomotive, puffing, dragged the long-awaited second echelon onto the siding(K. M. Simonov).

But: Tatyana loves not joking (= seriously) (A. S. Pushkin);

2. if they are expressed by nouns with prepositions in spite of, according to, due to, in spite of, in the presence of, in the absence of, in the absence of, due to, due to, due to:

From early morning , despite the prohibition to approach the chain, the boss could fight off the curious(L. N. Tolstoy).

Single gerunds are isolated if they retain the meaning of verbality, indicating the time of action, its reason, condition: An owl hooted nearby, and Weasel startled, began to listen(L. N. Tolstoy).

If a single gerund is close in meaning to adverbs of mode of action (how? in what way?), then it, as a rule, is not isolated: Until two o'clock classes were supposed to go without interruption (=continuously) (L. N. Tolstoy).

Do not separate:

single circumstances expressed by adverbs: standing, sitting, lying down, silently, reluctantly, jokingly, not looking and etc.;

Phraseological combinations, which include gerunds: listen with your mouth open, work with your sleeves rolled up etc.

PUNCTUATION RULE!

Comparative turns with unions as if, exactly, as if separated by commas, for example: Trees , exactly in the picture, stood still and quiet(M. Volkonsky).

Comparative turnover with union how it is separated by commas in the letter if:

1) union how correlates in a sentence with demonstrative words that, such, so and etc.: I've never seen a forest so beautiful like this night (A. Green);

2) the construction conveys the meaning of similarity (similarity): The air still smoked with light, thick , like lime dust(A. Green);

3) union how appears in combination as a rule, as usual, as always, as now, as and etc.: cinder, like willow, ended, giving way to a lush thicket of the banks(A. Green);

4) union how used in combination nothing but; none other than a comma is put on the letter: My challenge to the Marquis was nothing more than joke(A. Tolstoy).

Comparative turnovers with the union how not separated by commas, if:

1) comparative turnover is part of the predicate: Our yard is like a garden. He became like a child;

2) comparative turnover is included in the phraseological combination: red like cancer, runs like mad, alike as two drops of water, needed like air, cunning like a fox, jumped up like a scalded and etc.;

3) turnover has the meaning "as": I take you with me as a witness(N. Smirnov);

4) the turnover has the meaning of the mode of action and is easily replaced by an adverb or a noun in the form of instrumental case: Like a shadow now you stand before me(Yu. Verkhovsky) = Now you stand before me like a shadow;

5) comparative turnover is preceded by words like, exactly, almost, absolutely etc. or negative particle not, for example: They looked at him exactly as a person obliged to cure(A. Green).

PUNCTUATION RULE!

standalone add-ons conditionally called verbal constructions with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution. With additions, they are related by the use of a noun in the indirect case with a verb. Restrictive or expansive meaning helps convey prepositions except for, instead of, besides, except for, excluding, including, along with, in addition to, over, in contrast to, compared to etc. As a rule, phrases with these prepositions are isolated, for example: In addition to the pictures there were many flowers in the room (K.G. Paustovsky).

If an excuse instead of is used in the meaning of "in return", then usually such a construction is not isolated: Instead of a suitcase, it is better to take a travel bag.

Clarifying isolated members of a sentence specify or explain the meanings of different members of the sentence - main and secondary.

Most often, clarifications require circumstances of place and time, since they can be indicated in a sentence in a very generalized and vague way by the words there, there, from there, in front, behind, everywhere, everywhere, then, then, now it. n. It is these general indications of space and time that usually need to be specified: Now , after the flood, it was six fathoms(A.P. Chekhov); There , below , skinny moss, gray shrub(A. S. Pushkin).

An additional question can be posed to the clarifying isolated member: where exactly? when exactly? how exactly? Who exactly? where exactly? etc.

The clarifying members of the proposal can be:

1) circumstances of the place (g d e?) and time (when?): And so today , after at years, closet opened to free him(A. Bitov);

2) members of the sentence (main and secondary), attached with the help of words that is, or(= that is), including, for example, in particular, mainly, by name, nickname, especially, namely: At that time , exactly a year ago, I also collaborated with the magazine(F. M. Dostoevsky).

Sometimes there are no connecting words, but they can be mentally substituted: Even the favorites of the king , transfigurators, felt like they were abandoned by their sovereign leader(D. Mordovtsev) = Even the king's favorites namely the transfigurators, felt as if abandoned by their sovereign leader(The subject is specified).

Task 1. Rewrite the sentences, put in the missing punctuation marks, explain the reason for their staging

1. Ahead, a fire was burning near the road.

2. The rest of the brothers Martyn and Prokhor are similar to Alexei to the smallest detail.

3. Frightened by the despair of my father, my mother did not dare to cry in front of him.

4. Exhausted, dirty and wet, we finally reached the shore.

5. The bread remaining on the root burned and spilled out.

6. Common sense, firmness and freedom, ardent participation in other people's troubles and joys, in a word, all her virtues were exactly related to her.

7. Only the three of us, my father and Evseich, were not sad to look at the gray sky.

8. Levinson stood a little listening to the darkness and smiling to himself walked even faster.

9. Two people dreamed of rocking in a boat on the water and looking thoughtfully around them.

10. The britchka runs and Yegorushka sees all the same sky, plain, hills.

11. The wind threw handfuls of leaves on the table on the bed on the floor on the books.

12. Silence reigned everywhere in the field in the grove on the river.

13. He rushed at the enemy like a lion.

14. It seems to me that he is an interesting and independent person.

15. He, like a man of action, immediately approached the machine.

Introductory phrases

Introductory phrases - these are introductory words, combinations of words, sentences, with the help of which the speaker (writer) expresses his attitude to what he reports.

They, like appeals, are not members of the sentence and have no grammatical connection with any member of the sentence.

There are several groups of introductory words based on the meanings they express in the sentence.

1. The degree of reliability of the message: high degree of certainty (certainly, of course, without a doubt, without a doubt, of course, without a doubt, indeed, of course) lower degree of certainty, guess (probably, it seems, maybe, perhaps, probably, perhaps, probably, probably, probably, probably, probably, apparently, apparently, apparently, apparently

2. Different feelings: joy, pleasure (fortunately, to joy, to common joy, to joy, to pleasure), regret, grief unfortunately astonishment (to surprise, to amazement, strange thing), fear, apprehension (horror, what good, uneven hour).

3. Message source: the speaker himself ( With my point of view, in my opinion, I think, I see, I remember, I know, in my opinion, in my opinion), other people (according to you, they say, according to rumors, according to legend, heard, according to observation, ..., according to expression ..., according to ..., according to ..., from the point of view ...).

4. Appeal to the interlocutor: to attract attention (let me, have mercy, understand, listen, agree, understand, know, you see, you see, imagine, notice (to yourself), remember), courtesy (sorry, sorry, please be kind, thank you, be kind).

5. Making thought: connection of thoughts, order (enumeration: for example, firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally, next; opposition: on the contrary, on the contrary, however, on the one hand, on the other hand; consequence, conclusion: therefore, so, therefore, in general, therefore, therefore, therefore) way of thinking (in other words, in other words, in short, in short, by the way, by the way, it is better to say, between us, so to speak, in a word, in other words, I emphasize).

Unlike introductory words, phrases, sentences, insert structures(sentences, phrases) convey additional, optional information, explain the described speech situation, amend the main text, for example: Almost daily these people read their compositions to each other. (they never stopped working hard) discussed them passionately(K. I. Chukovsky).

PUNCTUATION RULE!

Introductory constructions are distinguished in writing by punctuation marks (most often commas): Perhaps, the task is not so difficult. A task, perhaps, not so complicated. The task is not so difficult perhaps.

Many words in Russian can play both the role of introductory words and the role of sentence members. In this case, you need to be especially careful when writing a sentence and placing punctuation marks:

It was must be too late. - Letter should be promptly delivered to the addressee.

Chess game seemed to could no longer be saved. The traveler's face seemed very tired.

It was already dawn, the sky , but, remained grey.– Tough but necessary measures(Union but between homogeneous members of the sentence).

The following words are never introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, after all, hardly, even, as if, just, just, only, supposedly, therefore, usually, necessarily, moreover, as if and etc.

Plug-in constructions in a letter are distinguished by a dash or brackets: And you, dear Nightingale (you know how your voice seduces everyone) you would lull them with your song(I. A. Krylov).

Plug-in structures can be:

a) word or phrase: But it turned out that the unfortunate (or happy?) it is impossible to eradicate the passion for versification from me.(Yu. Drunina);

b) offers of various types:The rain stood all the way ml completely silent (at altitude, the rain does not make noise) (K. G. Paustovsky);

in) part (subordinate) of a complex sentence:We will follow him there and take a last look at the life of our father (lest the lips of poets praise the world!) (A. A. Blok);

G) a separate independent sentence-statement:Griboyedov involuntarily looked at his shot through hand. (This hand was shot by Yakubovich in a duel) (Yu. N. Tynyanov).

Appeal

Appeal - this is a word or phrase denoting the one to whom or to what the speech is addressed (addressed). Appeals are not members of the sentence and are pronounced with a special, vocative, intonation.

According to its composition, the appeal can be uncommon(consists of one word) and common(has dependent words): Oh you , rye, sing well! What are you singing about , golden rye? (A. Alien); Blessed time of hope! Yes! The past and you have already become(N. A. Nekrasov).

The appeal has grammatical, intonation and punctuation features.

PUNCTUATION RULE!

Appeal in writing is distinguished by punctuation marks, most often by commas. An emotionally colored appeal at the beginning of a sentence is highlighted with an exclamation point.

In poetic texts, an intensifying particle is often used to give solemnity before an appeal. about, and colloquial speech is characterized by repeated handling of the particle a before the second one: So this is the fate of your sons , O Rome, O resounding power! (A. S. Pushkin); Death, and death Will you let me say one more word?(A. T. Tvardovsky).

Task 2. Rewrite the sentences, punctuate where necessary. Graphically explain the presence or absence of punctuation marks.

1. Unfortunately, heavy rains continued to flood the field.

2. Unfortunately, no one remained indifferent to him.

3. On that day, I was already at Nikitin's apartment, the name of my son-in-law.

4. Are you still alive, my old lady?

5. Friends rejoice in their successes.

6. Friends, I rejoice in your success.

7. My young friends, I rejoice in your success.

8. One evening it was at the beginning of 1773, I was sitting at home alone listening to the howling of the autumn wind and looking out the window at the clouds running past the moon.

9. In my opinion, the weather will soon settle down.

10. Frightened by the cry of an owl, the boys ran headlong.

The general concept of isolation.

The secondary members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation, are called isolated.

Compare: 1) There was a shot who awakened the silence of the forest. 2) A shot rang out, waking the silence the woods. 3) resounded loud shot. In these sentences, with the word shot there are definitions. In the first sentence, the definition awakened the silence of the forest expressed by a subordinate clause; this subordinate attributive sentence is distinguished by intonation: there is a pause and a rise in voice before it, it has a logical stress on the word woke up. In the second sentence, the definition awakened the silence of the forest expressed by the participial phrase behind the word being defined; this definition stands out intonationally in exactly the same way as the subordinate clause; before it there is a pause and a rise in voice, it has a logical stress on the word woke up. In the third sentence, the definition loud, expressed by the adjective in front of the word being defined, is not isolated.

Different members of the sentence are isolated for different reasons. In one case, the members of the sentence are isolated because, in their meaning in the sentence, they approach the predicate, they are, as it were, secondary, weakened predicates. Approaching in meaning to the predicate, they have greater semantic independence, which is expressed in pronunciation. In terms of meaning, gerunds are closest to the predicate; therefore, they are usually isolated, for example: clouds, redea, crawled lazily across the sky. (M. G.) In the yard, reflected in the puddles between the stones, the spring sun shines joyfully. (M. G.) Agreed definitions and applications are often isolated, since participles, adjectives and nouns act in the sentence and as predicates. Compare: 1) Michael- blacksmith(blacksmith- predicate). Michael, blacksmith, working today in the field (blacksmith - separate application). 2) March night was cloudy and foggy(cloudy and foggy - predicates).- March night cloudy and foggy enveloped the earth (cloudy and foggy - separate definitions).

In another case, the members of the sentence - circumstances - are isolated because, being common, they have semantic independence, stand out in pronunciation, in meaning and in pronunciation they approach the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, for example: Luckily , due to unsuccessful hunting, our horses were not exhausted. (L.)(An isolated circumstance of a reason. Compare the expression of the same thought using the subordinate clause of a complex sentence: Since the hunt was unsuccessful, our horses, fortunately, were not exhausted ..)

In the third case, the members of the sentence are isolated because they are used in the sentence as something additional, introduced to clarify any member of the sentence or to report something additional about it. The pronunciation indicates the additional nature of these members of the sentence, for example: 1) a little way off, around the fire , fighters stretched like a fan. (BUT.) (Separate clarifying circumstance of place.) 2) There was something new in that look, and indeed in Lydia's whole behavior. (M. G.)(Separate connecting addition.)

Separation of agreed definitions.

Agreed definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are separated in the following cases:

1. Definitions expressed by participles and adjectives are usually isolated if they are after the words being defined and have dependent members with them.

EXAMPLES. We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous secular forest, equal in size to a good principality.(Cupr.)

small night bird inaudibly and low rushing on its soft wings, almost bumped into me and timidly ducked to the side. I often think of this dark river now. shaded by rocky mountains, and this living light. (Kor.)

2. Two or more uncommon definitions are separated when they appear after the word being defined, especially if there is already a definition before this word.

EXAMPLES. I like his calmness and flat speech, simple and clear.(M. G.) Then spring came, bright , sunny.(M. G.)

In two cases, definitions expressed by participles or adjectives and standing after the word being defined are not isolated.

1) When the word being defined requires the obligatory addition of a definition, then there is no separation.

In a sentence His face had an expression pleasant , but pretty picaresque(P.) definitions are pleasant, but rather picaresque; the expression cannot be isolated from the noun being defined, since it will be nonsense; the lexical meaning of this word requires the obligatory addition of definitions. It is impossible to isolate the definitions in the following sentence: A young officer with a swarthy face and remarkably ugly.(P.) And here the separation of definitions swarthy and perfectly ugly face from the word creates nonsense.

2) When the whole combination of the definition with the defined is important for the speaker, he does not isolate the definition.

In a sentence Who made you such a sonorous violin and weird?(M. G.) important for the author violin by itself, and the violin is so sonorous and sensitive, therefore the author does not isolate the definitions.

In a sentence On the way to winter, boring three greyhound runs (P.) definitions are not separate. For the author, it is not important road by itself, and the road is winter, boring.

3. Definitions, common and single, standing in front of the defined subject, stand apart if there are other members of the sentence between them and the subject niya, for example: Illuminated by hidden reflectors multi-colored drops of fire burn. (Cupr.) On the bench, scattered, there were pistons, a gun, a dagger, a bag, a wet dress, rags. (L.T.)

4. Definitions, common and single, standing directly before the subject, stand apart only when they have an additional circumstantial value (causal, concessive, temporary); these definitions apply not only to the subject, but also to the rest of the content of the sentence.

Encouraged by signs of universal pleasure, the hawker was completely flustered. (T.) Definition to the subject hawker at the same time serves as a circumstance of reason to the rest of the content of the sentence. (Why totally screwed up?)

wide, free, the alley leads into the distance. (V. B.)(Which alley? Why does the alley lead into the distance?

Notes. 1. Definitions that have circumstantial significance arose in speech under the influence of adverbial phrases, consisting of passive participles or adjectives with a verbal copula being, type Being naturally unforgiving I sincerely forgave him and our quarrel, and wound. (P.) When skipping a bunch, adjectives and passive participles retained their adverbial meaning.

2. Serving to clarify the predicate, isolated definitions that have adverbial significance are often placed away from the subject:

Mitya put on a cap with a cockade and, triumphant, joyful, ran out into the street. (Ch.)

5. Definitions are always isolated if they refer to personal pronouns (common and single, standing in front of and behind the word being defined). Definitions related to personal pronouns usually have an additional adverbial meaning and at the same time explain the predicate.

EXAMPLES: Tired, she fell silent. (M. G.) (Since she was tired, she fell silent.) No one will go to you, angry. (Sharp) (To you, when you are angry, no one will go.)

Notes. 1. The peculiar meaning of some categories of pronouns causes features in the isolation of definitions with them. As a rule, definitions are not isolated for indefinite pronouns; in these combinations, the definition, complementing the meaning of the pronoun, merges with him into one, for example: In his eyes was something disturbing and very sad.

As a rule, definitions after the definitive pronoun are not separated. all, meaningful generalization, for example: All those present at the meeting The pioneers were warmly welcomed.

But if the definitive pronoun is used in the meaning of a noun, then the definition with it can be isolated, for example: Everything, blooming, fragrant, young, made me happy.

2. Adjectives and participles, regardless of any conditions, are not isolated if they are part of a compound predicate: He came especially excited and cheerful.(L.T.) It is not said that "he came", but that "he came especially excited and cheerful." The predicate is came excited and cheerful.

Separation of inconsistent definitions.

1. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives are usually isolated, since they are close in meaning to a weakened predicate; they usually come after the word they define and have dependent words, for example: short beard, slightly darker hair slightly shaded the lips and chin. (ACT.)

2. Definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, as a rule, are after the words being defined.

They are usually not isolated, uniting with the word being defined into a phrase-naming, for example: Find a lady there in a gray hat with a white bird and tell me I'm here. (Ch.) They are isolated if they only supplement and clarify the idea of ​​​​an already known object or person, for example:

Mother came out majestically in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around her neck.(M. G.) Defining noun mother denotes an already known person, the definitions only complement our idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mother at the moment; so the definitions are separate.

Attributes expressed by nouns in oblique cases are usually isolated when they refer to personal pronouns and proper names: Today she in a new blue hood, She was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M. G.) Ferapontov, in a vest, in a cotton shirt, stood by a shop that overlooked the street. (L.T.)

Personal pronouns indicate a person already known from the previous presentation. Proper names accurately designate a person or object in order to distinguish it from a number of similar ones.

Finally, definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are usually isolated:

a) when they follow isolated definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, for example: This rotting man skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, burning with an insatiable greed for the game of deeds (M. G.);

b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions, for example: poor guest, with a torn hem and scratched to the point of blood, soon found a safe corner. (P.)

Exercise 97 Put the definitions together with their dependent words (where they are) so that they are separate, and write. Insert the missing letters.

1) Autumn ... tree-lined road meanders ... around the mountain. 2) The sun rose over the mountains and burned down the in...th still lying in the shadow. 3) In the yard there was a cart ... harnessed by two oxen. 4) A brook writhed silently near the half-naked trees in autumn. 5) All the walls were full of cutouts from magazines of pictures. 6) His long thick hair did not hide the bulges of a spacious skull.

98. Write off. Explain punctuation; Explain the spelling of the endings of adjectives and participles.

1) She met her son with a joy unexpected for him. (M. G.) 2) And on the deserted seashore there was nothing left in memory of the little drama that played out between two people. (M. G.) 3) Her questions, loud and clear, seemed to wake people up. (M. G.) 4) On a gentle Indian summer day, Artamonov, tired and angry, went out into the garden. (M. G.) 5) Large trees, devoid of branches below, rose from the water, muddy and black. (A.N.T.) 6) Pale, he was lying on the floor, holding a pistol in his right hand. (L.) 7) The detachment that left early in the morning has already covered four miles. (L.T.) 8) Shaken by a night storm, the sea turned white to the very horizon with lambs. 9) At the sight of Kalinovich, the footman, stupid in appearance, but in a livery with galloons, stretched himself into a duty pose. (Pisemsk and y.) 10) The whole village, quiet and thoughtful, with willows, elderberries and mountain ash looking out from the yards, had a pleasant appearance. (Ch.)

11) Barefoot, in one shirt, she quickly went downstairs. (M. G.) 12) One of the Cossacks spoke, dusty and on a sweaty horse. ("L. T.) 13) Varvara Pavlovna, in a hat and shawl, hastily returned from her walk. (T.) 14) In a white dress, with braids not untwisted over her shoulders, she quietly approached the table. (M. G.) 15) In front of me, in a long blue overcoat, stood an old man of medium height, with white hair, a kind smile and beautiful blue eyes. (T.)

99. Read, indicate isolated and non-isolated definitions; explain why the definitions are separate; then copy by inserting the missing letters and punctuation marks

1) The young month ... that shone first ... went ... over the mountains. 2) Soft ... steps of people shod not in boots were approaching. 3) The soldiers now n ... only heard but also saw ... two shadows passing in the span between the trees. 4) Hadji Murad restrained his white horse, which was panting heavily and turned gray with sweat, and stopped. 5) One of the people sitting by the fire quickly got up and went up to Hadji Murad. 6) Hadji Murad took out one of the Khozyrs, took out a bullet from the gag ... and from under the bullet a note folded into a tube. 7) Hadji Murad raised his head and looked at the sky in the east, already shining through the trunks of trees, and asked the murid, who was sitting at some distance from him, about Khan Magom. 8) He was awakened by the cheerful voice of Khan-Magoma, who was returning ... going with Bata from his embassy. 9) The sun shone ... and on the newly blossomed ... foliage and on the young virgin grass and on the shoots of bread and on the ripples of the fast river visible ... to the left of the road.

(L. N. T o l s t o y.)

100. Write with punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters and explain their spelling.

IN STATION

It was the busiest time. The entire population of the villages swarmed on watermelon melons and vineyards. On the dusty road leading to the gardens, creaky carts stretched on horseback ... filled with black ... grapes. Brushes were scattered on the dusty road, crumpled by the wheels. Boys and girls ... in shirts stained with grape juice ... with tassels in their hands and in their mouths ran after their mothers. Tied up to the eyes with handkerchiefs, mamuks led bulls harnessed to carts highly overlaid with grapes. There was a stench in the air above the gardens. A warm strong wind passing through the branches did not bring coolness, but only monotonously bent the tops of the pear-peach and mulberry trees scattered through the orchards. The working time had already begun... two weeks ago, and hard... barking n... incessant work occupied... the whole life of a young girl. But as soon as the dawn went out, she was already walking into the hut and, having had dinner in a dark hut with her father, mother and brother, a carefree healthy woman entered the hut, sat on the stove and half-asleep listened to the conversation of the guest. Sometimes she was affectionate, but for the most part, every look, every word, every movement of her expressed this indifference, not conspicuous ... visual, but ... influencing and bewitching.

(According to L. N. T o l s t o m u.)

101. Write with punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions. Insert missing n or nn.

Behind the house there was an old garden, already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass... .the th door one could see a room with a parquet floor, it must have been a living room.... Only peonies and poppies survived from the former flower beds, which raised their white and bright red heads from the grass; along the paths, stretching out, interfering with each other, grew young maples and elms already plucked by cows. It was dense, and the garden seemed impassable, but it was only near the house, where there were still poplars, pines and old lindens of the same age that had survived from the former alleys, and further behind them the garden was cleared for haymaking. The farther inland, the more spacious, and spreading apple trees, disfigured by props, and old pears so tall that they could not even believe that they were pears, were already growing in the expanse of cherry plums. The garden, more and more thinned, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a deep and fishy pool, a small mill angrily roared frogs furiously. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally went round and river lilies trembled, alarmed by cheerful fish. A quiet stretch beckoned to itself, promising coolness and peace.

(A.P. Chekhov)

102. Write off, inserting separate definitions placed in brackets, agreeing them with the nouns to which they should be attributed in meaning. Break out the commas.

1) Dark blue patches of the sky shone affectionately between the clouds (decorated with golden dots of stars). 2) The air was saturated with the pungent smell of the sea and the greasy fumes of the earth. (shortly before evening, abundantly moistened with rain).

3) A wide cloud began to grow and appear from behind the tops of the trees (for a long time lying like a lead veil on the very edge of the sky). 4) The desert surrounding hillocks sparkle (showered with swan down of young snow). 5) Lukashka sat somewhat sideways on his well-fed bay horse (lightly stepping on a hard road and throwing up his beautiful head with a glossy thin withers). 6) After driving a few steps, they saw a Cossack (sitting behind a sandy mound and loading a gun).

Separation of applications.

1. A common application is always isolated if it refers to a common noun or a pronoun. If it refers to a proper name, then it stands apart when it stands behind it.

In all these cases, the application is, as it were, a weakened secondary predicate.

EXAMPLES. light rain, harbinger of autumn sprinkles the earth. (M. G.) Unfortunately faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken cheerfulness and fun. (P.) I, your old matchmaker and godfather, came to make peace with you. (Cr.)

4) A. S. Pushkin, great Russian poet, was born in Moscow. (Compare: Great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was born in Moscow.)

2. A proper name (common and non-common), standing after a common noun, is isolated if it serves to clarify. In this case, it is sometimes attached with the help of words by name, nickname, surname, nickname etc.

EXAMPLES. my father Andrey Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Munnich. (P.) At the second boy, Pavlushi, hair was tousled. (T.) One of Troekurov's hounds. named Paramoshka , offended by the words of Dubrovsky.

3. An uncommon application, expressed by a common noun, is isolated in the following cases:

1) If it refers to a personal pronoun, for example:

kind, he could not refuse anyone's request. We, gunners, fussed about the guns. (L.T.)

Note. A defined personal pronoun may be absent: eka, bum, how he paints! (G.)(Application loafer refers to the missing pronoun he.)

2) If it refers to proper nouns and stands after them, for example: There was a captain, and a lieutenant, and Onisim Mikhailovich, sergeant major.(L.T.)

Note. The application in front of a proper name is isolated only when it has an additional adverbial value (causal) and at the same time explains the predicate, for example: Between topics rustic mechanic, Zaretsky condemned millstones (P.)(i.e. "being a village mechanic ...").

3) If it refers to a common noun, common explanatory words, for example: Then on a wide street they met the cook of General Zhukov, old man.(Ch.)

If both the application and the word it explains are common nouns and do not have dependent words, then they merge in meaning and in pronunciation, as it were, into one word and are combined in writing with a def and with m, for example: And here she goes sorceress-winter.(P.) The street winds snake. (V. M.)

In some cases, a common noun, standing after its own, also merges with it, as it were, into one word and a def is added to the letter, for example:

Go to the yard hut, or else to Agrafena- housekeeper. (T.) Stenka Razin went to Astrakhan- city. (P.)

Note. The hyphen is not put if the application denoting the profession, rank, social affiliation, etc., refers to the words citizen and comrade: citizen judge, comrade professor. The names of classes of objects or creatures are also written separately with the names of the types of these objects and creatures: shark fish, poltavka wheat.

4. Applications joined by union how, are isolated if they indicate a reason, for example: Pine, like a resinous tree, hard to rot. (A.) (Pine, because she is a resinous tree, hard to rot.)

Separate applications are separated by commas and or dashes: In the hut, singing, the maiden spins, and, winter friend nights, a splinter crackles in front of her. (P.) Senior officer - gallant elderly Cossack with stripes for extra-long service- commanded "to build". (Shol.)

Note: Instead of commas, a common application may use dashes in the following cases:

1) If before the application it is possible to imply a union without changing the meaning of speech namely: The main directive is product quality improvement- is executed successfully.

2) If the application is at the end of the sentence and is attached as would in in order of adding to what has been said: I had a cast iron kettle my only joy in traveling through the Caucasus.(L.)

3) If there are several applications, to establish a line between applications and the noun being defined: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - Pestilence rages in the forests. (Cr.)

4) If the application belongs to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse applications with a homogeneous member: My grandmother was sitting in the room, my brother - five-year-old Petya, sister Nina and me.

Exercise 103. Write off. Explain punctuation marks.

1) My little sister Lyubochka was sitting in front of the piano. (L.T.) 2) The owner of the sakli, Sado, was a man of about forty. (L.T.) 3) Malasha, a six-year-old girl, remained in the hut. (L.T.) 4) He thought about his life in comparison with the life of Ivan Matveyevich, captain. (L.T.) 5) Vladimir recognized Arkhip the blacksmith. (P.) 6) Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already dancing. (L.T.) 7) Her father, a botanist, was sent to the Canary Islands and died there. (M. G.) 8) Marya Vasilievna, together with her son, a six-year-old handsome, curly-haired boy, met Hadji Murad in the drawing room. (L.T.) 9) He laid a new garden and a new building, a building for courtyards. (L. T.) 10) We, doctors, are struck by this truly boundless patience. (N. O.) 11) I quarreled with Alexei Ivanovich, and I ask him, Ivan Ignatich, to be my second. (P.) 12) This student, named Mikhalevich, an enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky. (T.) 13) Olenin looked at Vanyusha only as a servant. (L.T.)

104. Write with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1) Funny ... fussy jumper Uncle Alex. 2) Her cozy house is filled with her daughter's friends, girls of the best families of the city. 3) The second son Yakov, round and ruddy, looked like his mother. 4) The fat coachman Yakim, a meek man, kindly and timidly soothes ... the horses. 5) My cousin works there as a foreman. 6) In the far corner, a yellow spot of fire shone in Seraphim's apartment. 7) Just five years ago, he was burned ... a handsome, healthy man came to the factory with his lively wife. 8) Pomyalov and Voropaev asked me to persuade you brothers to sell the factory to them. 9) In a gray cloud ... lightning flashed across the Moscow River. 10) In anger ... thunder, a clear demon, he has long heard fatigue ... that is.

(From the works of M. G o r k o g o.)

Isolation of the circumstances expressed by the participle.

Participles denote additional actions that explain the main action or state expressed by the predicate. The relationship between the action expressed by the predicate, on the one hand, and the action expressed by the participle, on the other hand, can be different. These relations are close to those that exist between the predicates of the main and subordinate clauses, and in some cases between homogeneous predicates in a simple sentence. The participle alone or with dependent words can denote the preceding action, for example: Zakarkav, a gang of black ravens flew off. (P.) It can denote an action at the same time, for example: Boy, looking out the car window smiling happily. In these cases, gerunds answer the question when? and are conditions of time. A gerund or participle can express an action that is the cause of the main action, for example: Vasilisa Yegorovna left me alone,seeing my perseverance . In this example, the adverbial phrase answers the question why? and is the circumstance of the cause.

The participle can denote the way (image) of the main action, for example: Trezor ran ahead waving his tail.(BUT.) Here the adverbial phrase answers the question

as? how? and is a condition of the mode of action.

The adverb can also have other meanings. Approaching in meaning to the predicate of a subordinate clause or to a homogeneous predicate, single gerunds and with dependent words, as a rule, are isolated and separated by commas in writing: 1) Leaning on the velvet of the lodge, the girl did not move. (T.) 2) She sat by the window turning away and looked pale. (T.) 3) Chertophanov, without stopping and without looking back walked with big steps. (T.)

The independence of the participle is indicated by the fact that it can be attached, as a subordinate clause, by a comparative union, for example: An invisible brook chattered peacefully with iridescent and booming sounds, as if flowing into an empty bottle.(T.)

N o t e. After the union and there is no pause before the adverbial turnover (or gerund), and a comma is placed to show the beginning of the adverbial turnover in writing: 1) Khor sat down on a bench and, calmly stroking his curly beard, entered into a conversation with me. (T.) 2) Hadji Murad stopped throwing the reins and, unfastening the rifle case with the usual movement of the left hand, took it out with his right hand. (L.T.)

The participle is not isolated when it merges with the verb-predicate into one semantic whole. For example, in a sentence Walked Nikonov bending back(M. G.) the author wants to say something Nikonov walked, but what he walked with a bent back.

2. A group of homogeneous members is not isolated, consisting of a gerund and an adverb connected by a coordinating conjunction, for example: 1) Klim Samghin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people.(M. G.) 2) He answered him not embarrassed and frankly. (Rem.)

3. Single gerunds that are directly adjacent to the predicate and have the meaning of the circumstances of the mode of action are not isolated, for example: 1) You enter the hall dancing(L.T.) (dancing, i.e. fun, with movements resembling dances). 2) Until two o'clock classes were supposed to go without interruption(L.T.) (without interruption, i.e. nonstop). 3) Why, sir, are you crying? live laughing(Gr.) (laughing, i.e. without worries, fun). In this case, gerunds begin to acquire the meaning of adverbs. (Compare: In the towns we began to play, having bathed, where having bathed - gerund, adverb of time.)

In some cases, gerunds and participles finally turn into adverbs or into whole adverbial combinations that are not isolated, for example: reluctantly, lying, standing, sitting; arms folded, sleeves down, headlong, mouth open.

EXAMPLES. one) He began to mend feathers, yes sitting fell asleep. (T.) 2) Gregory is standing bowing my head.(N.)

Note. If the gerund is preceded by an adversative union a, which refers to this gerund, then a comma is not placed between the union a and the gerund, for example: He did not think about meeting Sofya Antonovna, but unexpectedly colliding with her at the entrance to the theater, he was at a loss.

Exercise 105. Read. Explain punctuation marks. Specify the meaning of adverbs. Explain the merged and separate spelling of the particle not .

1) Waving a silver ax in the sun, he deftly chop the stake and hummed softly. 2) He left reluctantly, shuffling heavily with his feet. 3) With a squeal and laughter, pushing, the girls ran into the garden and, surrounding the table with a bright wreath of sarafans, sang a magnificence. Pyotr chuckled cautiously, glancing at the girls and tugging at his ear. 4) He spoke without agitation and, remembering suitable proverbs, generously smeared his speech with the fat of wisdom. 5) Baimakov listened, silently looking into the corner. 6) Thoughts interfered with him, suddenly arising at inconvenient hours, attacking during work. 7) Yakov Artamonov walked slowly, putting his hands in his pockets, holding a stick under his arm. 8) Zinaida walked behind the coffin frowning, but without tears. 9) You can live without showing off your mind, without these conversations. 10) A golden web flutters in the air, weaving into transparent flame patterns, and freezes, admiring its beauty reflected in the water.

(M. Gorky.)

106. Write with punctuation marks; underline gerunds together with dependent words (if any); orally indicate which additional actions denote gerunds.

The sun was setting behind the mound. The bitter wormwood smell of the mowed steppe intensified in the evening, but became softer and more desirable, having lost its half-day suffocating sharpness. The heat subsided. The bulls walked willingly, and the insipid dust whipped up by their hooves on the couch rose and settled on the bushes of the roadside Tatar. The tops of the tartar with blooming crimson tops shone fieryly. Bumblebees circled above them. To a distant steppe pond, calling to one another, lapwings flew. Daria lay face down on the swaying wagon, leaning on her elbows, occasionally glancing at Natalya. She was looking at the sunset, thinking about something, on her calm, clean face, copper-red reflections wandered.

(M. S o l o h o v.)

107. Read, indicate from which work of M. Gorky this passage is taken. Indicate sentences with adverbial phrases and the meaning of these phrases. Write with missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

Pretending, pulling at his yellow shirt, the Gypsy was cautiously going out into the middle of the kitchen as if on nails... The guitar rang furiously, the heels on the table rattled and the dishes rattled in the closet, and in the middle of the kitchen the Gypsy was on fire with a kite, waving his arms, like wings, moving imperceptibly legs; hiccupping, squatted ... gave it to the floor and m ... thrashed about with a golden swift, illuminating everything around with the brilliance of silk, and the silk was shivering ... shaking and

flowing as if warm ... rel and melted ...

Suddenly she [grandmother] got up young, straightened her skirt... lifted up her heavy head and went through the kitchen... Uncle threw himself up, stretched out, closed his eyes and began to play more slowly;

The gypsy stopped for a minute and jumped ... chiv went crouching around grandmother and she floated silently on the floor, as if on air, spreading her arms, raising her eyebrows, looking somewhere into the distance with her dark eyes ... Grandmother did not dance, but seemed to be telling something. Here she goes quietly thinking, swaying, looking around from under her arm, and her whole large body sways indecisively, her legs feel the road carefully. She suddenly stopped, frightened of something, her face trembled, frowned, and immediately covered with a kind, friendly smile. She rolled aside, giving way to someone, moving someone away with her hand; lowering her head, she froze, listening, smiling more and more cheerfully - and suddenly she was torn from her place, spun in a whirlwind, she became slimmer and taller, and it was already impossible to take her eyes off her: she was becoming so violently beautiful and sweet ... she was growing at that moment wonderful return to youth!

(M. Gorky.)

Separation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions.

The isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is caused by the following reasons: the meaning of the circumstance, the presence of explanatory words under the circumstance, its position in front of the predicate and the intention of the speaker. The circumstance of the mode of action and the circumstance of the place are separated less often than the circumstances of the cause and concessions. Circumstances that are common with explanatory words stand apart more often than non-common circumstances, for example: 1) Petya in the evening went to a friend. 2) Petya, after receiving a decisive refusal, he went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly. (L.T.) In the case of isolation, common circumstances in meaning and pronunciation are close to subordinate clauses.

1. The circumstance with the preposition is always isolated and highlighted with commas in spite of, concessive meaning, for example: Despite all my efforts, I couldn't sleep at all. (T.)

2. Separation of other circumstances depends on stylistic tasks, on the intention of the author. Authors usually separate them if they attach special importance to them or, on the contrary, consider them as incidental remarks, for example: cruisers, due to lack of space in the bay, kept out to sea. (New-Rev.)

The following are especially common:

a) the circumstances of the case with the words owing to, owing to, owing to, due to lack of and etc.;

b) concessive circumstances with a preposition contrary to;

c) circumstances in the condition and I with the words in the presence, in the absence and etc.

EXAMPLES: 1) Old and gray-bearded Janusz, per lack of apartments, sheltered in one of the cellars of the castle. (Kor.) 2) If the weather is favorable, Tomorrow we leave for Kazan. 3) Contrary to my companion's prediction, the weather cleared up. (L.)

Separation of add-ons.

Of the additions, very few are isolated, namely the following:

a) additions with prepositions except, besides, excluding etc., denoting items excluded from a number of other items: All, except for the wife consider him guilty of everything (M. G.);

b) additions with prepositions besides, beyond, including, besides, denoting items included in a number of other items: Besides Velenchuk, Five more soldiers were warming themselves near the fire.(L. T.)

Exercise 108. Find circumstances, indicate what these circumstances are, how they are expressed, and think about why they are isolated or not isolated. Write out examples with isolated circumstances, underline the prepositions in them.

1) Forests, despite the tropical heat, did not differ in tropical splendor. (New-Rev.) 2) I was riding on the postal ones, and he, due to the heavy luggage, could not follow me. (L.)

3) My Cossack, contrary to orders, slept soundly. (L.)

4) Savelich, in accordance with the opinion of the coachman, advised to return. (P.) 5) Despite the abundance of fuss in the store and work at home, I seemed to fall asleep in heavy boredom. (M. G.) 6) Nothing was visible for a long time, except for the rain and a long man lying on the sand by the sea. (M. G.) 7) No one, except the valet, saw him unpowdered. (T.) 8) In addition to his handsome and pleasant appearance, he had good manners. (T.)

109. Write with punctuation marks. Explain spelling not and neither.

1) The occupation of the hunter Noskov could not be known to anyone except you and me. (M. G.) 2) In addition to the useful, Safron also cared about the pleasant. (T.) 3) Instead of her former credulity, confusion appeared in her. (T.) 4) Everyone got up and went to the terrace with the exception of Gedeonovsky. (T.) 5) Everyone, not excluding the coachman himself, came to his senses only when a carriage with six horses jumped on them. (G.) 6) I think except for Russia in the month of September there are no such days anywhere. 7) She came to the meeting instead of Osip and began to scold. (Ch.) 8) Despite all my efforts, I could not sleep at all. (T.) 9) In the absence of a room for travelers at the station, we were given an overnight stay in a smoky hut. (L.) 10) Pyotr Vasilyevich liked to see guests at his place and treat them despite the scarcity of his funds. (T.) 11) Verochka's small bedroom overlooked the garden, and besides her clean bed and a washstand with a mirror and one chair, there was no furniture in it. (T.)

Separation of clarifying members of the proposal.

A clarifying member is a member of a sentence that answers the same question as the other member after which it stands, but is not homogeneous with it, but serves to clarify. Qualifier members can be common. The clarifying members of the sentence are, as it were, incomplete sentences introduced into the main one.

In a sentence Here, on the field of Borodino, the Russian army covered itself with unfading glory qualifying circumstance of place on the field of Borodino answers the same question (where?) as the circumstance of place here, after which it stands; it serves to clarify the content: here(namely), on the field of Borodino.

Clarifying members can join the words they refine by means of explanatory unions that is, or(meaning i.e.), namely and others, for example: They before , that is, before arriving in the village lived in great harmony. (T.) When there are no explanatory conjunctions, they can be implied, for example:

Alexey fights famously, these are his own(namely), city, beat. (M.G.)

The qualifying member may belong to the same part of speech as the word being specified, but may also be expressed in another part of speech: 1) Sometimes, very rarely, Peter was joking (M. G.) - adverb sometimes specified by adverbs very rarely. 2) He spoke for a long time, ten minutes(M. G.) - adverb for a long time is specified by combining a numeral with a noun: ten minutes.

Clarifying members can refer to both the main and minor members of the sentence.

EXAMPLES. 1) Clarifying member to the predicate: He did I'm honored visited me (P.); 2) clarifying member to the subject: Onegin, my good friend, born on the banks of the Neva (P.); 3) clarifying member to the addition: He always wished with all the strength of his soul one is to be quite good(L. T.);

4) qualifying member to definition: If you please, I mine bring a glass special(L. T.); 5) clarifying member to the circumstance: she felt as if she lived in these parts a long time ago, a hundred years.(Ch.)

When qualifying members are joined using explanatory unions, commas are separated and: Until six o'clock in the evening that is, three hours in a row, Sevastopol, in the excitement of the struggle, did not lag behind the enemy in terms of firepower. (S.-C.) If they join without unions, then they are distinguished by commas and, dashes or brackets: 1) I now I'm talking about myself calmly, without any gall.(T.) 2) He himself spoke to the students and tried to seem completely his own, simple - soul wide open.(S.-Ts.) 3) Rich deposits of selenite (varieties of gypsum) we have in the Urals.

Circumstances may or may not be isolated, depending on whether or not the speaker wishes to emphasize their clarifying meaning; compare: 1) Before the fire, on an overturned boat, the miller's wife was sitting. (T.) 2) We decided to rest at the edge of a birch.

Clarifying definitions may not be highlighted on both sides, but only separated by a comma from the definitions they refine: Thick brands stuck out, remnants of the former, burnt baths. (M. G.)

Exercise 110. Write by opening brackets and inserting missing letters. Underline the qualifying parts of the sentence.

1) (AT) gave, closer to the groves ..., muffled thumping ... then. 2) This is the bedroom, and there, behind it, is still a girl's. 3) He (neither) when he ... laughed, but sometimes, very rarely, he laughed hysterically. 4) We walked for quite a long time, until evening. 5) Straight (before) me, in the corner, figurative ... of that cliff and river ... in the valley, near the river, which stood in this place (not) a mobile, dark mirror, under the very steep of the hill, a red flame ... it glowed ... two lights burned and smoked next to each other. 6) About five years ago, in the autumn, on the road ... from Moscow to Tula, I had to spend the whole day ... in the post office ..., (per) lack of horses.

(From the works of I. S. Turgenev a.)

Repeat exercise 111. Read. Write with punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

Below, under the iron network of the "air road" in the dust and mud of the pavements, silently moving ... children, silently, although they laugh ... and shout, like the children of the whole world, but their voices are drowned in a roar ... over them, like raindrops in the sea.... They seem to be flowers that some rough hand has thrown out of the windows of the houses into the dirt of the street. Feeding their bodies with the greasy fumes of the city, they are pale and yellow, their blood is poisoned, their nerves are irritated by the ominous scream of rusty metal, the sullen howl of enslaved..th lightning.

Do healthy, bold, proud people grow out of these children? - you ask yourself. In response, an angry squeal rattles laughter from everywhere.

Cars rush... past the East Side of the poor quarter of the city's compost pit... All these people flock there... and there they boil gold out of them. The ditches of the streets are teeming with children.

I have seen a lot of poverty, I am well acquainted with her green, white, bony face. Her eyes are dull with hunger and burning with greed ... cunning and vindictive or slavishly submissive and always n ... human I have seen everywhere but the horror of East Side poverty is darker than anything I know.

In these streets filled with people like sacks of cereals, children eagerly look for rotten vegetables in boxes with garbage standing at the panels and devour them, along with mold, right there in caustic dust and stuffiness.

When they find a crust of rotten bread, it arouses ... wild enmity among them; seized by the desire to swallow it, they fight like little dogs. They cover the pavements in flocks, like voracious pigeons; at one o'clock in the morning at two and later they are still rummaging in the mud, miserable microbes of poverty, living reproaches of the greed of the rich slaves of the Yellow Devil.

(M. Gorky, City of the Yellow Devil.)

Separation of connecting words.

Attaching words and combinations are separated, which are additional comments and explanations. They are somewhat reminiscent of introductory words, but differ from them in meaning: introductory words express the speaker's attitude to the thought expressed, and connecting words, being additional remarks, either clarify any member of the sentence, or highlight it; they are the same members of the sentence as the members of the sentence that they single out or explain. Attaching words and combinations are usually attached using the following words and particles: for example, in particular, including, in general, and in general, even, especially, in particular, mainly, mainly, primarily, primarily etc. Attaching words and combinations are separated by commas.

EXAMPLES. one) His eyes were sunk deep into his dry face, like the heads of machine nails into soft wood. for example in lime.(M. G.) 2) Never, even during a fistfight, he did not speed up his movements. (Kor.) 3) All three of them especially the old Cossack, were redder than usual. (L.T.) 4) Other weak-character natures, if they keep their notes, do it in fits and starts, in illegible handwriting, without adding words, generally careless.(S.-C.)

An exercise 112. Read and write the isolated connecting words. Write by inserting the missing letters.

1) The next day, from early morning, the view of the boulevard, in general the appearance of Paris, n ... occupied by insurgents, changed, as if by magic. (T.) 2) Ba...ikads arose...kali everywhere, especially...on the other side of the Seine. (T.) 3) On the northern side closest to the Inkerman heights, all, even the smallest, huts were long and firmly occupied by officers from the headquarters. (S.-C.) 4) Sick and wounded ... were treated by their own Cossack ... doctors, mostly k ... shevars. (S.-C.)

113. Write by punctuating and inserting missing letters.

1) As soon as the water trembles ... that is, it starts to wane, the fish turns back and with the same fear ... rolls down ... with which it has so far gone up. (BUT.) 2) It was still early around noon. (M. G.) 3) He dined merrily and after dinner he wrote nothing on ... no papers. (G.) 4) He immediately spoke about it in the very first minutes. (M. G.) 5) I have always and everywhere a special ... but in the Caucasus I noticed a special ... tact in our soldier. (L.T.) 6) My inclination to intellectual pleasures, for example, to the theater and reading, was developed in me to a passion. (Ch.) 7) We did various outdoor work, mainly painting the roofs. (Ch.) 8) She wanted to work and live independently on her own account (Ch.) 9) The conveniences of life can be combined with anything, even with the most difficult and dirty work. (Ch.)

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What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When do members of a sentence separate, and when not? In this article, we will deal with what separate members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, and also what are the rules for separation.

The concept of isolated members of the proposal

So, let's start, as is customary in such cases, with a definition. Separate members of a sentence are such secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the framework of the entire phrase.

How are isolated members of a sentence distinguished?

Isolation in oral conversation occurs with the help of intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different there. Commas are used to separate separate members of a sentence in the text.

Comparing Detached Members to Non-Detached Members

It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, the stylistic expressiveness also increases. It is impossible not to say about the logical selection.

What can be isolated in Russian?

Of all the members of the proposal, only secondary ones can be isolated. The main terms in the proposal have never been separated, and this is not expected in the near future.

Why is segregation necessary?

It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of the proposal have more weight and greater independence. We immediately note that isolation can be very different. These are additions, and circumstances, and definitions. Next, we will try to deal with each of these categories, give specific examples for each group.

Isolation of clarifications

First of all, let's look at what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such secondary members of the sentence serve to specify, clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.

When are qualifying members of a sentence separated?

1. Separate clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark all around, very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world just turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.

It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted with a dash when writing. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”

2. Circumstances that are relevant are singled out. They can be expressed as nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:

• “Just a second passed - and somewhere nearby an explosion thundered, right behind him.”
• “Once upon a time here, in a quiet, little-known village, life flowed.” The third example: “It happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”

Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of a place. In the third - the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the place.

3. Clarifications are isolated, attached with the help of the words “or”, “that is”, “precisely”. For example:

• “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a magician, or a mage, or a superhuman.”
• “It was a balanced, individual, that is, not imposed on him by anyone, decision.”
• “A lot was said about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and fragments of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shells.”

4. The clarifying members of the sentence are separated, which are joined with the help of such words as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:

• “Everyone remembers that no one could defeat a magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
• “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
• “Another second - the detachment went on a breakthrough, including him.”
• “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”

Separation of add-ons

The types of separate members of the proposal include a group of additions. This is nothing but case forms applied to nouns. They are used with combinations such as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be seen that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.

Separation occurs depending on what is the semantic load, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:

• “He was already feeling more or less stable, except that his leg was still a little sore.”
• “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, leaving their bright mark on the retina for a moment.”
• “Along with the questions that were waiting to be resolved at work, something had to be done with household chores.”
• “In addition to all this, there was another significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
• “And everything was fine, except, of course, some points.”

Note that if the preposition “instead of” is used in the meaning of “instead of”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money promised, as he thought, by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”

Separation of circumstance

Separate members of the sentence are called, as we found out earlier, secondary members, distinguished intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances separate? This is what will be discussed further.

1. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a participial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further, past them.” Explanation: here “with bated breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by adverbial turnover. There is an exception to this rule. The adverbial turnover is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
2. The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single participle. Example: "He left without looking back, although he understood what he had just done." Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was saying something to me, I stood thinking.”
3. Usually two gerunds connected by the union “and” (as well as two single gerunds) are separated as one turn. Example: “I, despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, continued to persistently trample my own path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “not listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. However, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
4. A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative turnover. Usually in comparative terms, words like “exactly”, “as if”, “like” are used. There are some exceptions to the separation of comparative turns, they are not separated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked over it.”

There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. It means "at the discretion of the author". So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:

1. If the circumstance is presented as a noun. In this case, the pretext may or may not be present. But most of all, when circumstances are isolated, which are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary”, “according to”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:

   - "Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems."
   “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
   - "Despite the threats, he did not change his policy in the slightest."
   - “According to the plan, all tasks were completed on time.”
   - "Depending on what decision will be made, a different fate awaited him."
   - "In order to avoid a fight, the people who were nearby parted them in different corners."
   “Due to unforeseen circumstances, it was necessary to decide something quickly, but thoughtfully.”

2. If there is a specification of the place, time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this place forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and prospered.”

How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it really is separated by punctuation marks. After that, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. It is easiest to start the search with gerunds, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no worse visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of a person's action. There is a questionnaire called the “Separate Members of a Sentence Test”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task according to which it is necessary to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by a participial phrase. It is logical that there will be not one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in oblique cases. Next to them there should be adverbs, prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances expressed by clarifications of place and time.

Signs of isolation

According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of the sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammar. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and highlighting intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation marks. As mentioned earlier, punctuation marks such as commas are most often used as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be carried out with the help of a dash. Copyright punctuation is a rather complicated thing.

The role of isolation in Russian

Isolation often allows you to endow this or that fragment of a text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to achieve attention to these fragments, they play some special role in this or that situation. It may make some clarifications as well. Thus, summing up, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.

Test “Isolated members of a sentence”

Before proceeding to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own, unique test with suggestions to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of secondary members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this kind of tasks that are used to identify knowledge in students of secondary educational institutions. Next, there will be a task to which you need to give an answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.

1. What numbers correctly represent ALL the commas that should be in the text? “He went to the lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”

Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.

Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial revolutions. Participle turnover is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. So there is no comma between them.

Correct answer: a.

2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be written immediately in which commas must be correctly placed. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that a group of clouds (4) gathered into one whole was already looming on the horizon (3) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”

Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.

Explanation: “except” is an example of a stand-alone object. It does not stand at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, therefore it is isolated from two sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered together” is a common definition, which is expressed by participial turnover. There will be no isolation at the checkpoint (3). But between the “clouds” and the “predicting” necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “shower” are two equal complements that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.

Correct answer: Mr.

3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminating with forks of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) thunder was heard (6) foreshadowing bad weather.”

Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.

Clarification: omissions 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Sometimes illuminating with ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance, expressed by adverbial turnover. It will separate from two sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It separates on one side.

Correct answer: c.

Conclusion

So, what did we find out in the course of this article?

• Firstly, the use of isolated members of the sentence is done in order to endow the isolated fragment with independence and increased information load.
• Secondly, commas and dashes are used to isolate punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
• Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.

Separate members of the proposal, the table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. Often they are also expressed by gerunds, participles and turnovers. Comparisons are not ruled out at all.

One of the sections of the syntax is precisely the isolated members of the sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

• good (what?) heart;
• gold (what?) nugget;
• bright (what?) Appearance;
• old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

• the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
• mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
• my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
• father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, a definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

• "Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
• "The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

• "Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about the subject or clarify its belonging to any person are considered isolated. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

• "Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

• "Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

• adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
• pronoun - my dog ​​(whose?) got off the leash;
• numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
• communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

• "Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
• "We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
• "People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in the plural and the nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

It was shown that it was isolated) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

1. Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
2. Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

• A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), in chalk, but satisfied with her grade. ("in mele" is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
• A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
• with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

• from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
• adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
• from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news told.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle with this type of definition, if it comes after the word that defines.

• The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
• The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

• The frightened girl silently walked forward.
• Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

• when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yushch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
• when creating in present. real participle time 2 sp., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
• in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
• passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - driven, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

• The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

• Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

• Frustrated, she went into the yard.
• They were tired and went straight to bed.
• He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

• The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

• Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, additional messages about the object are carried.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

Separation of minor members

Punctuation in a sentence with isolated members

Isolation- this is the selection of two characters (commas or dashes) of any constructions. It is with two signs - this separation differs from the separation, for example, of homogeneous members, where the sign is not double.

Secondary members differ from the "primary" ones (subject and predicate) in that they are not included in the grammatical basis. That is, without them, the sentence as a unit of the message can exist. Usually, the distinction between the main and secondary members of the sentence does not cause difficulties. However, there are cases when a seemingly “quite minor” member turns out to be actually part of the predicate or subject, since without it the sentence is uninformative, meaningless.

Planes are ready to take off.

Telepathy is an unsolved and alluring phenomenon.

Type basics Planes stand or Telepathy is a phenomenon do not allow you to understand what the speaker wanted to say, so it is necessary to expand the composition of the predicate. In this case, there are no secondary members in the proposal, and there is simply nothing to apply the rules for their isolation.

So, if we managed to separate the basis of the sentence from the secondary members, then the next task is to determine which of the secondary members is in front of us: definition(or its variation - application), addition or circumstance. There are typical ways of expressing minor members: definition is usually an adjective or participle, addition- noun, circumstance - adverb. However, not always one part of speech appears only in a single syntactic role.

For example, a noun can also be a definition ( plaid dress, house around the corner), and addition (letter to sister), and circumstance ( write to the village).

The members of the proposal are reliably determined only by questions:

definition: what? whose?

app: which one? (expressed by noun)

addition: who? what? and other questions of indirect cases

circumstance: where? where? when? why? for what purpose? in spite of what? as? how? in what degree? to others

Why is there reliability? Then, in order to accurately select the necessary rule: for a circumstance - the rule of isolating exactly the circumstances (and not additions, for example).

Given that the isolation of additions is optional in most cases, let us dwell on the rules for the isolation of the remaining secondary members.

Definitions can be agreed (red dress, flying birds) and inconsistent (what dress? - polka dots, man - what? - in Hat). Inconsistent definitions are optionally isolated, the absence of a sign, as a rule, is not qualified as an error. For agreed definitions, the rule is more strict. It is difficult to imagine a text, for example, an essay, in which there would be no separate definitions. Therefore, knowledge of this rule is absolutely necessary.

1. To decide whether to isolate or not, two factors (or conditions) are most relevant:

1) the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined;

2) how the definition and the word being defined are expressed.

After the defined word, the following are separated:

a) common definitions;

b) single homogeneous definitions.

Compare: The dawn, which broke out in the east, was shrouded in clouds. The dawn that broke out in the east was shrouded in clouds. The world, sunny and fragrant, surrounded us. A sunny and fragrant world surrounded us.

Notice how the punctuation changes depending on the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined.

2. Always (i.e., regardless of position) stand apart:

a) definitions related to the personal pronoun;

b) definitions “torn off” from the word being defined (there are other members of the sentence between them);

c) definitions that have an additional meaning, for example, reasons (you can ask them a question from the verb-predicate why?)

Thrilled by the experiences of the day I didn't sleep for a long time. Them, exhausted didn't even want to talk. Narrow and transparent hatches in the sky for a month. Blinded by darkness The old man stood motionless for a long time. (why?)