It is very difficult to reconcile the “whites” and “reds” in our history. Every position has its own truth. After all, only 100 years ago they fought for it. The struggle was fierce, brother went to brother, father to son. For some, the heroes of Budennov will be the First Cavalry, for others, the volunteers of Kappel. Only those who, hiding behind their position on the Civil War, are wrong, they are trying to erase a whole piece of Russian history from the past. Whoever draws too far-reaching conclusions about the "anti-people character" of the Bolshevik government, denies the entire Soviet era, all its accomplishments, and in the end slides into outright Russophobia.

***
Civil war in Russia - armed confrontation in 1917-1922. between various political, ethnic, social groups and state formations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, which followed the coming to power of the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917. The Civil War was the result of a revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war on a national scale between the Soviet and anti-Bolshevik armed forces. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

The main struggle for power during the Civil War was carried out between the armed formations of the Bolsheviks and their supporters (Red Guard and Red Army) on the one hand and the armed formations of the White Movement (White Army) on the other, which was reflected in the stable naming of the main parties to the conflict "Red ' and 'white'.

For the Bolsheviks, who relied primarily on the organized industrial proletariat, the suppression of the resistance of their opponents was the only way to maintain power in a peasant country. For many participants in the White movement - the officers, the Cossacks, the intelligentsia, the landowners, the bourgeoisie, the bureaucracy and the clergy - the armed resistance to the Bolsheviks was aimed at returning the lost power and restoring their socio-economic rights and privileges. All these groups were the pinnacle of the counter-revolution, its organizers and inspirers. Officers and the rural bourgeoisie created the first cadres of white troops.

The decisive factor in the course of the Civil War was the position of the peasantry, which accounted for more than 80% of the population, which ranged from passive waiting to active armed struggle. The fluctuations of the peasantry, reacting in this way to the policy of the Bolshevik government and the dictatorships of the white generals, radically changed the balance of power and, ultimately, predetermined the outcome of the war. First of all, we are certainly talking about the middle peasantry. In some areas (the Volga region, Siberia), these fluctuations raised the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks to power, and sometimes contributed to the advancement of the White Guards deep into Soviet territory. However, with the course of the Civil War, the middle peasantry leaned towards Soviet power. The middle peasants saw from experience that the transfer of power to the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks inevitably leads to an undisguised general dictatorship, which, in turn, inevitably leads to the return of the landowners and the restoration of pre-revolutionary relations. The strength of the swings of the middle peasants in the direction of Soviet power was especially manifested in the combat readiness of the White and Red armies. White armies were essentially combat-ready only as long as they were more or less homogeneous in terms of class. When, as the front expanded and moved forward, the White Guards resorted to mobilizing the peasantry, they inevitably lost their combat capability and fell apart. And vice versa, the Red Army was constantly strengthened, and the mobilized middle peasant masses of the countryside staunchly defended Soviet power from the counter-revolution.

The basis of the counter-revolution in the countryside was the kulaks, especially after the organization of the Kombeds and the beginning of a decisive struggle for grain. The kulaks were only interested in liquidating large landlord farms as competitors in the exploitation of the poor and middle peasants, whose departure opened wide prospects for the kulaks. The struggle of the kulaks against the proletarian revolution took place both in the form of participation in the White Guard armies, and in the form of organizing their own detachments, and in the form of a broad insurrectionary movement in the rear of the revolution under various national, class, religious, up to anarchist, slogans. A characteristic feature of the Civil War was the willingness of all its participants to widely use violence to achieve their political goals (see "Red Terror" and "White Terror")

An integral part of the Civil War was the armed struggle of the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire for their independence and the insurrectionary movement of the general population against the troops of the main warring parties - the "red" and "white". Attempts to declare independence were rebuffed both by the "whites", who fought for a "united and indivisible Russia", and by the "reds", who saw the growth of nationalism as a threat to the gains of the revolution.

The civil war unfolded under conditions of foreign military intervention and was accompanied by military operations on the territory of the former Russian Empire, both by the troops of the countries of the Quadruple Alliance and the troops of the Entente countries. The motives for the active intervention of the leading Western powers were the realization of their own economic and political interests in Russia and assistance to the whites in order to eliminate the Bolshevik power. Although the possibilities of the interventionists were limited by the socio-economic crisis and political struggle in the Western countries themselves, the intervention and material assistance to the white armies significantly influenced the course of the war.

The civil war was fought not only on the territory of the former Russian Empire, but also on the territory of neighboring states - Iran (Anzelian operation), Mongolia and China.

Arrest of the emperor and his family. Nicholas II with his wife in Alexander Park. Tsarskoye Selo. May 1917

Arrest of the emperor and his family. Daughters of Nicholas II and his son Alexei. May 1917

Dinner of the Red Army at the fire. 1919

Armored train of the Red Army. 1918

Bulla Viktor Karlovich

Civil War refugees
1919

Distribution of bread for 38 wounded Red Army soldiers. 1918

Red squad. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Exhibition of trophies of the Civil War near the Kremlin, dedicated to the II Congress of the Communist International

Civil War. Eastern front. Armored train of the 6th regiment of the Czechoslovak Corps. Attack on Maryanovka. June 1918

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Red commanders of the regiment of the rural poor. 1918

Soldiers of the First Cavalry Army of Budyonny at a rally
January 1920

Otsup Petr Adolfovich

Funeral of victims of the February Revolution
March 1917

July events in Petrograd. Soldiers of the Scooter Regiment, who arrived from the front to suppress the rebellion. July 1917

Work on the site of a train wreck after an anarchist attack. January 1920

Red commander in the new office. January 1920

Commander-in-Chief Lavr Kornilov. 1917

Chairman of the Provisional Government Alexander Kerensky. 1917

Commander of the 25th Rifle Division of the Red Army Vasily Chapaev (right) and commander Sergei Zakharov. 1918

Sound recording of Vladimir Lenin's speech in the Kremlin. 1919

Vladimir Lenin in Smolny at a meeting of the Council of People's Commissars. January 1918

February Revolution. Checking documents on Nevsky Prospekt
February 1917

Fraternization of the soldiers of General Lavr Kornilov with the troops of the Provisional Government. 1 - 30 August 1917

Steinberg Yakov Vladimirovich

Military intervention in Soviet Russia. The command structure of the White Army units with representatives of foreign troops

Station in Yekaterinburg after the capture of the city by parts of the Siberian army and the Czechoslovak corps. 1918

Demolition of the monument to Alexander III near the Cathedral of Christ the Savior

Political workers at the staff car. Western front. Voronezh direction

Military portrait

Date of shooting: 1917 - 1919

In the hospital laundry. 1919

Ukrainian front.

Sisters of mercy of the Kashirin partisan detachment. Evdokia Aleksandrovna Davydova and Taisiya Petrovna Kuznetsova. 1919

Detachments of the Red Cossacks Nikolai and Ivan Kashirin in the summer of 1918 became part of the consolidated South Ural partisan detachment of Vasily Blucher, who raided the mountains of the Southern Urals. Having united near Kungur in September 1918 with units of the Red Army, the partisans fought as part of the troops of the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front. After the reorganization in January 1920, these troops became known as the Army of Labor, the purpose of which was to restore the national economy of the Chelyabinsk province.

Red commander Anton Boliznyuk, wounded thirteen times

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

Grigory Kotovsky
1919

At the entrance to the building of the Smolny Institute - the headquarters of the Bolsheviks during the October Revolution. 1917

Medical examination of workers mobilized into the Red Army. 1918

On the boat "Voronezh"

Red Army soldiers in the city liberated from the whites. 1919

Overcoats of the 1918 model, which came into use during the civil war, originally in the army of Budyonny, were preserved with minor changes until the military reform of 1939. The machine gun "Maxim" is mounted on the cart.

July events in Petrograd. The funeral of the Cossacks who died during the suppression of the rebellion. 1917

Pavel Dybenko and Nestor Makhno. November - December 1918

Employees of the supply department of the Red Army

Koba / Joseph Stalin. 1918

On May 29, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR appointed Joseph Stalin in charge in the south of Russia and sent him as an extraordinary representative of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the procurement of grain from the North Caucasus to industrial centers.

The defense of Tsaritsyn is a military campaign of the "red" troops against the "white" troops for control of the city of Tsaritsyn during the Russian Civil War.

People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs of the RSFSR Lev Trotsky greets soldiers near Petrograd
1919

Commander of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General Anton Denikin and Ataman of the Great Don Army Afrikan Bogaevsky at a solemn prayer service on the occasion of the liberation of the Don from the troops of the Red Army
June - August 1919

General Radola Gaida and Admiral Alexander Kolchak (left to right) with officers of the White Army
1919

Alexander Ilyich Dutov - ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army

In 1918, Alexander Dutov (1864-1921) declared the new government criminal and illegal, organized armed Cossack squads, which became the base of the Orenburg (southwestern) army. Most of the White Cossacks were in this army. For the first time the name of Dutov became known in August 1917, when he was an active participant in the Kornilov rebellion. After that, Dutov was sent by the Provisional Government to the Orenburg province, where in the fall he fortified himself in Troitsk and Verkhneuralsk. His power lasted until April 1918.

homeless children
1920s

Soshalsky Georgy Nikolaevich

Homeless children transport the city archive. 1920s

Ivanov Sergey

"Red" movement of the civil war 1917-1922

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1 slide. "Red" movement of the civil war 1917 - 1921.

2 slide V.I. Lenin is the leader of the "red" movement.

The ideological leader of the "red" movement was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, known to every person.

V.I Ulyanov (Lenin) - Russian revolutionary, Soviet politician and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), main organizer and leader of the October Revolution of 1917 in Russia, first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, creator the first socialist state in world history.

Lenin created the Bolshevik faction of the Social Democratic Party of Russia. It was determined to seize power in Russia by force, through revolution.

3 slide. RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement.

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party of the Bolsheviks RSDLP (b),in October 1917, during the October Revolution, it seized power and became the main party in the country. It was an association of intelligentsia, adherents of the socialist revolution, whose social base was the working classes, the urban and rural poor.

In different years of its activity in the Russian Empire, the Russian Republic and the Soviet Union, the party had different names:

1. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) RSDP(b)
2. Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks RCP(b)
3. All-Union Communistparty (Bolsheviks) VKP(b)
4. Communist Party of the Soviet Union CPSU

4 slide. Program goals of the "Red" movement.

The main goal of the red movement was:

• Preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia,
• suppression of anti-Soviet forces,
• strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat
• world revolution.

5 slide. The first events of the "Red" movement

1. On October 26, the “Decree on Peace” was adopted , who called on the warring countries to conclude a democratic peace without annexations and indemnities.
2. 27 October adopted "Land Decree"which took into account peasant demands. The abolition of private ownership of land was proclaimed, the land passed into the public domain. The use of hired labor and the lease of land were prohibited. Equalized land use was introduced.
3. 27 October adopted "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars"Chairman - V.I. Lenin. The composition of the Council of People's Commissars was Bolshevik in composition.
4. Jan. 7 The Central Executive Committee decided todissolution of the Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks demanded the approval of the "Declaration of the Rights of the Working and Exploited People", the assembly refused to approve it. Dissolution of the constituent assemblymeant the loss of the possibility of establishing a multi-party political democratic system.
5. November 2, 1917 adopted "Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia", which gave:

• equality and sovereignty of all nations;
• the right of peoples to self-determination up to secession and formation of independent states;
• free development of the peoples that make up Soviet Russia.

1. July 10, 1918 adopted Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.It determined the foundations of the political system of the Soviet state:

• dictatorship of the proletariat;
• public ownership of the means of production;
• federal structure of the state;
• the class character of the right to vote: the landowners and the bourgeoisie, priests, officers, policemen were deprived of it; workers compared with peasants had advantages in the norms of representation (1 vote of the worker was equal to 5 vote of the peasants);
• election order: multistage, indirect, open;

1. Economic policywas aimed at the complete destruction of private property, the creation of a centralized government of the country.

• nationalization of private banks, large enterprises nationalization of all types of transport and means of communication;
• introduction of a monopoly of foreign trade;
• introduction of workers' control in private enterprises;
• the introduction of a food dictatorship - the prohibition of the grain trade,
• the creation of food detachments (food detachments) to seize "grain surpluses" from wealthy peasants.

1. December 20, 1917 created All-Russian Extraordinary Commission - VChK.

The tasks of this political organization were formulated as follows: to persecute and eliminate all counter-revolutionary and sabotage attempts and actions throughout Russia. As punitive measures, it was proposed to apply to enemies such as: confiscation of property, eviction, deprivation of food cards, publication of lists of counter-revolutionaries, etc.

1. September 5, 1918 adopted "Decree on Red Terror",which contributed to the deployment of repression: arrests, the creation of concentration camps, labor camps, in which about 60 thousand people were forcibly kept.

The dictatorial political transformations of the Soviet state became the causes of the Civil War

6 slide. Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement.

The Reds have always paid great attention to agitational propaganda, and immediately after the revolution they began intensive preparations for the information war. We created a powerful propaganda network (political literacy courses, propaganda trains, posters, movies, leaflets). the slogans of the Bolsheviks were relevant and helped to quickly form the social support of the "Reds".

From December 1918 to the end of 1920, 5 specially equipped propaganda trains operated in the country. For example, the propaganda train "Krasny Vostok" served the territory of Central Asia throughout 1920, and the train "Named after V. I. Lenin" launched work in Ukraine. The steamship "October Revolution", "Red Star" sailed along the Volga. They and other agitation trains and agitation. about 1,800 rallies were organized by paratroopers.

The duties of the collective of agitation trains and agitation steamships included not only holding rallies, meetings, talks, but also distributing literature, publishing newspapers and leaflets, and showing films.

7 slide. Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

Propaganda materials were published in large quantities. These included posters, appeals, leaflets, cartoons, and a newspaper was published. The most popular among the Bolsheviks were humorous postcards, especially with caricatures of the Whites.

8 slide Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA)

January 15, 1918 . Decree SNK was createdWorkers' and Peasants' Red Army, January 29 - Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet. The army was built on the principles of voluntariness and a class approach only from workers. But the voluntary principle of manning did not contribute to the strengthening of combat capability and the strengthening of discipline. In July 1918, a Decree was issued on the general military service of men aged 18 to 40 years.

The size of the Red Army grew rapidly. In the autumn of 1918, there were 300 thousand fighters in its ranks, in the spring - 1.5 million, in the autumn of 1919 - already 3 million. And in 1920, about 5 million people served in the Red Army.

Much attention was paid to the formation of command personnel. In 1917–1919 short-term courses and schools were opened for the training of the middle command level from distinguished Red Army soldiers, higher military educational institutions.

In March 1918, a notice was published in the Soviet press about the recruitment of military specialists from the old army to serve in the Red Army. By January 1, 1919, about 165,000 former tsarist officers had joined the ranks of the Red Army.

9 slide. Biggest wins for the Reds

• 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power on the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia.
• The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov.
• Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds".
• The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia.
• February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army.
• November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea.
• By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The Civil War ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

10 slide Commanders of the Red Movement.

Like the "whites", in the ranks of the "reds" there were many talented commanders and politicians. Among them, it is important to note the most famous, namely: Lev Trotsky, Budeny, Voroshilov, Tukhachevsky, Chapaev, Frunze. These commanders showed themselves excellently in battles against the White Guards.

Trotsky Lev Davidovich was the main founder of the Red Army, which was the decisive force in the confrontation between the "whites" and "reds" in the Civil War.In August 1918, Trotsky formed a carefully organized “train of the Pre-Revolutionary Military Council”, in which, from that moment, he basically lives for two and a half years, continuously driving around the fronts of the Civil War.As the "military leader" of Bolshevism, Trotsky shows undoubted propaganda skills, personal courage and obvious cruelty. Trotsky's personal contribution was the defense of Petrograd in 1919.

Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich.one of the largest commanders of the Red Army during the Civil War.

Under his command, the Reds carried out successful operations against the White Guard troops of Kolchak, defeated the Wrangel army in the territory of Northern Tavria and Crimea;

Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. He was the commander of the troops of the Eastern and Caucasian Fronts, with his army he cleared the Urals and Siberia from the White Guards;

Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich. He was one of the first marshals of the Soviet Union. During the Civil War - Commander of the Tsaritsyn Group of Forces, Deputy Commander and member of the Military Council of the Southern Front, Commander of the 10th Army, Commander of the Kharkov Military District, Commander of the 14th Army and the Internal Ukrainian Front. With his troops, he liquidated the Kronstadt rebellion;

Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich. He commanded the second Nikolaev division, which liberated Uralsk. When the whites suddenly attacked the reds, they fought courageously. And, having spent all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev started running across the Ural River, but was killed;

Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich. In February 1918, Budyonny created a revolutionary cavalry detachment that acted against the White Guards on the Don. The First Cavalry Army, which he led until October 1923, played an important role in a number of major operations of the Civil War to defeat the troops of Denikin and Wrangel in Northern Tavria and the Crimea.

11 slide. Red Terror 1918-1923

On September 5, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the beginning of the Red Terror. Harsh measures to retain power, mass executions and arrests, hostage-taking.

The Soviet government spread the myth that the Red Terror was a response to the so-called "White Terror". The decree that initiated the mass executions was a response to the murder of Volodarsky and Uritsky, a response to the assassination attempt on Lenin.

• Shooting in Petrograd. Immediately after the assassination attempt on Lenin, 512 people were shot in Petrograd, there were not enough prisons for everyone, and a system of concentration camps appeared.
• The execution of the royal family. The execution of the royal family was carried out in the basement of the Ipatiev house in Yekaterinburg on the night of July 16-17, 1918, in pursuance of the decision of the executive committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers', Peasants' and Soldiers' Deputies, headed by the Bolsheviks. Together with the royal family, members of her retinue were also shot.
• Pyatigorsk massacre. On November 13 (October 31), 1918, the Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, at a meeting chaired by Atarbekov, issued a decision to shoot 47 more people from among the counter-revolutionaries and counterfeiters. In fact, most of the hostages in Pyatigorsk were not shot, but hacked to death with swords or daggers. These events were called the "Pyatigorsk massacre."
• "Human slaughter" in Kyiv. In August 1919, the presence in Kyiv of the so-called "human slaughterhouses" of the provincial and district Extraordinary Commissions was reported: ".

« The whole ... the floor of the large garage was already covered with ... several inches of blood, mixed into a terrifying mass with brains, skull bones, tufts of hair and other human remains .... the walls were spattered with blood, brain particles and pieces of head skin stuck to them next to thousands of bullet holes ... a chute a quarter of a meter wide and deep and about 10 meters long ... was filled with blood all the way to the top ... Next to this place of horrors in 127 corpses of the last massacre were hastily buried in the garden of the same house ... all the corpses had their skulls crushed, many even had their heads completely flattened ... Some were completely headless, but their heads were not cut off, but ... came off ... we came across another older one in the corner of the garden a grave containing about 80 corpses…there were corpses with their bellies torn open, others had no limbs, some were completely chopped off. Some had their eyes gouged out… their heads, faces, necks and torsos were covered with stab wounds… A few had no tongues… There were old people, men, women and children.”

« In turn, the Kharkiv Cheka under the leadership of Saenko reportedly used scalping and “removing the gloves from the hands”, the Voronezh Cheka used to skate naked in a barrel studded with nails. In Tsaritsyn and Kamyshin "bones were sawn". In Poltava and Kremenchug, the clergy were impaled. In Yekaterinoslav, crucifixion and stoning were used, in Odessa, officers were tied with chains to boards, inserted into the furnace and roasted, or torn in half by winch wheels, or lowered in turn into a cauldron of boiling water and into the sea. In Armavir, in turn, “mortal whisks” were used: a person’s head on the frontal bone is girded with a belt, the ends of which have iron screws and a nut, which, when screwed, squeezes the head with a belt. In the Oryol province, freezing of people by dousing them with cold water at low temperatures is widely used.

• Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings.Anti-Bolshevik uprisings, especially uprisings of peasants who resisted surplus appraisal, were brutally suppressed by special forces of the Cheka and internal troops.
• Shootings in Crimea. Terror in Crimea concerned the widest social and public groups of the population: officers and military officials, soldiers, doctors and employeesRed Cross , sisters of mercy, veterinarians, teachers, officials, zemstvo figures, journalists, engineers, former nobles, priests, peasants, even the sick and wounded were killed in hospitals. The exact number of those killed and tortured is unknown, according to official data, from 56,000 to 120,000 people were shot.
• Narrative. On January 24, 1919, at a meeting of the Orgburo of the Central Committee, a directive was adopted that marked the beginning of mass terror and repression against the wealthy Cossacks, as well as "towards all Cossacks in general who took any direct or indirect part in the fight against Soviet power." In the autumn of 1920, about 9 thousand families (or approximately 45 thousand people) of the Terek Cossacks were evicted from a number of villages and deported to the Arkhangelsk province. The unauthorized return of the evicted Cossacks was suppressed.
• Repressions against the Orthodox Church.According to some historians, from 1918 to the end of the 1930s, during the repressions against the clergy, about 42,000 clergymen were shot or died in prison.

Some of the killings were carried out in public, combined with various demonstrative humiliations. In particular, the clergyman elder Zolotovsky was previously dressed in a woman's dress and then hanged.

On November 8, 1917, Archpriest Ioann Kochurov of Tsarskoe Selo was subjected to prolonged beatings, then he was killed by dragging the railroad tracks along the sleepers.

In 1918, three Orthodox priests in the city of Kherson were crucified on a cross.

In December 1918, Bishop Feofan (Ilmensky) of Solikamsk was publicly executed by periodically dipping into an ice hole and freezing, being hung up by his hair.

In Samara, the former Bishop of St. Michael Isidor (Kolokolov) was put on a stake, as a result of which he died.

Bishop Andronik (Nikolsky) of Perm was buried alive in the ground.

Archbishop Joachim (Levitsky) of Nizhny Novgorod was executed by public hanging upside down in the Sevastopol Cathedral.

Bishop of Serapul Ambrose (Gudko) was executed by tying a horse to the tail.

In Voronezh in 1919, 160 priests were simultaneously killed, led by Archbishop Tikhon (Nikanorov), who was hanged on the Royal Gates in the church of the Mitrofanov Monastery.

According to information published personally by M. Latsis (chekist), in 1918-1919, 8,389 people were shot, 9,496 people were imprisoned in concentration camps, 34,334 in prisons; 13,111 people were taken hostage and 86,893 people were arrested.

12 slide. Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War

1. The main difference between the "reds" and "whites" was that the communists from the very beginning of the war were able to create a centralized government, to which the entire territory they conquered was subordinate.

2. The Bolsheviks skillfully used propaganda. It was this tool that made it possible to inspire the people that the “Reds” are the defenders of the Motherland and Fatherland, and the “Whites” are supporters of the imperialists and foreign invaders.

3. Thanks to the policy of “war communism”, they were able to mobilize resources and create a strong army, attracting a huge number of military specialists who made the army professional.

4. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.

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"Red" movement 1917 - 1922 Completed by a student of 11 "B" class MBOU "Secondary School No. 9" Ivanov Sergey.

Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Soviet state (1870–1924) "We fully recognize the legitimacy, progressiveness and necessity of civil wars"

RSDP (b) - the party of the "Red" movement. Period Transformation of the party Numbers Social composition. 1917-1918 RSDLP(b) Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) 240,000 Bolsheviks. Revolutionary intelligentsia, workers, urban and rural poor middle strata, peasants. 1918 -1925 RCP(b) Russian Communist Party of Bolsheviks From 350,000 to 1,236,000 Communists 1925-1952 VKP(b) All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) 1,453,828 communists Working class, peasantry, working intelligentsia. 1952 -1991 CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union as of January 1, 1991 16,516,066 communists 40.7% factory workers, 14.7% collective farmers.

The goals of the "Red" movement: the preservation and establishment of Soviet power throughout Russia; suppression of anti-Soviet forces; strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat; World revolution.

The first events of the "Red" movement Democratic Dictator October 26, 1917. adopted "Decree on Peace" Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly. October 27, 1917 The Decree on Land was adopted. In November 1917, a Decree on the prohibition of the Kadet Party was adopted. October 27, 1917 adopted the "Decree on the establishment of the Council of People's Commissars" Introduction of food dictatorship. November 2, 1917 The Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia was adopted on December 20, 1917. The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission of the Cheka was created July 10, 1918 The Constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was adopted Nationalization of land and enterprises. "Red Terror".

Agitation propaganda of the "Red" movement. "Power to the Soviets!" "Long live the world revolution." "Peace to the nations!" "Death to World Capital". "Land to the peasants!" "Peace to the huts, war to the palaces." "Factories for workers!" "The Socialist Fatherland in Danger". Agitation train "Red Cossack". Agitation steamer "Red Star".

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Propaganda posters of the "Red" movement.

Creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (RKKA) On January 20, 1918, a decree on the creation of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army was published in the official organ of the Bolshevik government. On February 23, 1918, the appeal of the Council of People's Commissars of February 21 “The socialist fatherland is in danger” was published, as well as the “Appeal of the Military Commander-in-Chief” N. Krylenko.

The biggest victories of the "Reds": 1918 - 1919 - the establishment of Bolshevik power in the territory of Ukraine, Belarus, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia. The beginning of 1919 - the Red Army goes on the counteroffensive, defeating the "white" army of Krasnov. Spring-summer 1919 - Kolchak's troops fell under the blows of the "Reds". The beginning of 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the northern cities of Russia. February-March 1920 - the defeat of the rest of the forces of Denikin's Volunteer Army. November 1920 - the "Reds" ousted the "Whites" from the Crimea. By the end of 1920, the "Reds" were opposed by scattered groups of the White Army. The civil war ended with the victory of the Bolsheviks.

Budyonny Frunze Tukhachevsky Chapaev Voroshilov Trotsky Commanders of the "Red" movement

The Red Terror of 1918-1923 The shooting of the elite in Petrograd. September 1918 The execution of the royal family. On the night of July 16-17, 1918. Pyatigorsk massacre. 47 counter-revolutionaries were hacked to death with swords. "Human massacres" in Kyiv. Suppression of anti-Bolshevik uprisings. Shootings in the Crimea. 1920 Cossackization. Repressions against the Orthodox Church. September 5, 1918 The Council of People's Commissars adopted a resolution on the Red Terror.

Reasons for the victory of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War. Creation of a powerful state apparatus by the Bolsheviks. Agitation and propaganda work among the masses. Powerful ideology. Creation of a powerful, regular army. Finding in the hands of the Bolsheviks the industrial base of the country and a significant part of the reserves.

History of the Red Army

See main article History of the Red Army

Personnel

In general, the military ranks of junior officers (sergeants and foremen) of the Red Army correspond to the tsarist non-commissioned officers, the ranks of junior officers correspond to chief officers (the statutory address in the tsarist army is “your honor”), senior officers, from major to colonel - headquarters officers (the statutory address in the tsarist army is “your excellency”), senior officers, from major general to marshal - general (“your excellency”).

A more detailed correspondence of ranks can only be established approximately, due to the fact that the very number of military ranks varies. So, the rank of lieutenant roughly corresponds to a lieutenant, and the royal rank of captain roughly corresponds to the Soviet military rank of major.

It should also be noted that the insignia of the Red Army of the 1943 model were also not an exact copy of the royal ones, although they were created on their basis. So, the rank of colonel in the tsarist army was designated by shoulder straps with two longitudinal stripes, and without asterisks; in the Red Army - two longitudinal stripes, and three medium-sized stars arranged in a triangle.

Repressions 1937-1938

battle banner

The battle flag of one of the units of the Red Army during the Civil War:

The imperialist army is an instrument of oppression, the Red Army is an instrument of liberation.

For each unit or formation of the Red Army, its Battle Banner is sacred. It serves as the main symbol of the unit, and the embodiment of its military glory. In the event of the loss of the Battle Banner, the military unit is subject to disbandment, and those directly responsible for such disgrace - to the court. A separate guard post is established to guard the Battle Banner. Each soldier, passing by the banner, is obliged to give him a military salute. On especially solemn occasions, the troops carry out the ritual of the solemn removal of the Battle Banner. Being included in the banner group directly conducting the ritual is considered a great honor, which is awarded only to the most distinguished officers and ensigns.

Oath

Mandatory for recruits in any army in the world is to bring them to the oath. In the Red Army, this ritual is usually performed a month after the call, after completing the course of a young soldier. Before being sworn in, soldiers are forbidden to be trusted with weapons; there are a number of other restrictions. On the day of the oath, the soldier receives weapons for the first time; he breaks down, approaches the commander of his unit, and reads out a solemn oath to the formation. The oath is traditionally considered an important holiday, and is accompanied by the solemn removal of the Battle Banner.

The text of the oath has changed several times; The first option was as follows:

I, a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, joining the ranks of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, take an oath and solemnly swear to be an honest, brave, disciplined, vigilant fighter, strictly keep military and state secrets, implicitly comply with all military regulations and orders of commanders, commissars and chiefs.

I swear to conscientiously study military affairs, to protect military property in every possible way, and to my last breath to be devoted to my people, my Soviet Motherland and the workers' and peasants' government.

I am always ready, on the orders of the Workers' and Peasants' Government, to defend my Motherland - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and, as a soldier of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, I swear to defend it courageously, skillfully, with dignity and honor, not sparing my blood and life itself. to achieve complete victory over the enemy.

If, by malicious intent, I violate this solemn oath of mine, then let me suffer the severe punishment of Soviet law, the general hatred and contempt of the working people.

Late variant

I, a citizen of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, joining the ranks of the Armed Forces, take an oath and solemnly swear to be an honest, brave, disciplined, vigilant warrior, strictly keep military and state secrets, unquestioningly comply with all military regulations and orders of commanders and superiors.

I swear to conscientiously study military affairs, to protect military and national property in every possible way, and to my last breath to be devoted to my people, my Soviet Motherland and the Soviet government.

I am always ready, on the orders of the Soviet government, to defend my Motherland - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and, as a soldier of the Armed Forces, I swear to defend it courageously, skillfully, with dignity and honor, not sparing my blood and life itself in order to achieve complete victory over enemy.

If, however, I break this solemn oath of mine, then let me suffer the severe punishment of Soviet law, the general hatred and contempt of the Soviet people.

Modern version

I (surname, name, patronymic) solemnly swear allegiance to my Motherland - the Russian Federation.

I swear to sacredly observe its Constitution and laws, strictly comply with the requirements of military regulations, orders of commanders and superiors.

I swear to honorably fulfill my military duty, courageously defend the freedom, independence and constitutional order of Russia, the people and the Fatherland.

Russian Civil War(1917-1922 / 1923) - a series of armed conflicts between various political, ethnic, social groups and state entities on the territory of the former Russian Empire, following the transfer of power to the Bolsheviks as a result of the October Revolution of 1917.

The Civil War was the result of a revolutionary crisis that struck Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, which began with the revolution of 1905-1907, aggravated during the World War and led to the fall of the monarchy, economic ruin, and a deep social, national, political and ideological split in Russian society. The apogee of this split was a fierce war throughout the country between the armed forces of the Soviet government and the anti-Bolshevik authorities.

White movement- military-political movement of politically heterogeneous forces, formed during the Civil War of 1917-1923 in Russia with the aim of overthrowing the Soviet regime. It included representatives of both moderate socialists and republicans, and monarchists, united against the Bolshevik ideology and acting on the basis of the principle of "Great, United and Indivisible Russia" (ideological movement of whites). The White movement was the largest anti-Bolshevik military-political force during the Russian Civil War and existed alongside other democratic anti-Bolshevik governments, nationalist separatist movements in Ukraine, the North Caucasus, the Crimea, and Basmachi in Central Asia.

A number of features distinguish the White movement from the rest of the anti-Bolshevik forces of the Civil War:

The White movement was an organized military-political movement against the Soviet regime and its allied political structures, its intransigence towards the Soviet regime ruled out any peaceful, compromise outcome of the Civil War.

The White movement was distinguished by the installation of the priority in wartime of individual power over collegial, and military - over civil. White governments were characterized by the absence of a clear separation of powers, representative bodies either played no role or had only advisory functions.

The White movement tried to legalize itself on a national scale, proclaiming its continuity from pre-February and pre-October Russia.

The recognition by all regional white governments of the all-Russian power of Admiral A. V. Kolchak led to a desire to achieve a commonality of political programs and coordination of military operations. The solution of agrarian, labor, national and other basic issues was fundamentally similar.

The white movement had a common symbolism: a tricolor white-blue-red flag, the official anthem "Glorious be our Lord in Zion."

Publicists and historians who sympathize with the whites name the following reasons for the defeat of the white cause:

The Reds controlled the densely populated central regions. There were more people in these territories than in the territories controlled by whites.

The regions that began to support the Whites (for example, the Don and Kuban), as a rule, suffered more than others from the Red Terror.

The inexperience of white leaders in politics and diplomacy.

Conflicts of whites with the national separatist governments because of the slogan of "One and indivisible." Therefore, the whites repeatedly had to fight on two fronts.

Workers' and Peasants' Red Army- the official name of the types of armed forces: the ground forces and the air force, which, together with the Red Army MS, troops of the NKVD of the USSR (Border Troops, Internal Guard Troops of the Republic and the State Escort Guard) made up the Armed Forces of the RSFSR / USSR from February 15 (23), 1918 year to February 25, 1946.

February 23, 1918 is considered to be the day of the creation of the Red Army (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). It was on this day that the mass enrollment of volunteers in the Red Army detachments began, created in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army", signed on January 15 (28).

L. D. Trotsky actively participated in the creation of the Red Army.

The supreme governing body of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army was the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (since the formation of the USSR - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR). The leadership and management of the army was concentrated in the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs, in the special All-Russian Collegium created under it, since 1923 the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR, since 1937 the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In 1919-1934, the Revolutionary Military Council carried out direct command of the troops. In 1934, to replace it, the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR was formed.

Detachments and squads of the Red Guard - armed detachments and squads of sailors, soldiers and workers, in Russia in 1917 - supporters (not necessarily members) of leftist parties - Social Democrats (Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and "mezhraiontsy"), Socialist-Revolutionaries and anarchists, as well as detachments Red partisans became the basis of the Red Army detachments.

Initially, the main unit of the formation of the Red Army, on a voluntary basis, was a separate detachment, which was a military unit with an independent economy. At the head of the detachment was a Council consisting of a military leader and two military commissars. He had a small headquarters and an inspectorate.

With the accumulation of experience and after the involvement of military experts in the ranks of the Red Army, the formation of full-fledged units, units, formations (brigade, division, corps), institutions and institutions began.

The organization of the Red Army was in accordance with its class character and the military requirements of the early 20th century. The combined arms units of the Red Army were built as follows:

The rifle corps consisted of two to four divisions;

Division - from three rifle regiments, an artillery regiment (artillery regiment) and technical units;

Regiment - from three battalions, an artillery battalion and technical units;

Cavalry Corps - two cavalry divisions;

Cavalry division - four to six regiments, artillery, armored units (armored units), technical units.

The technical equipment of the military formations of the Red Army with fire weapons) and military equipment were basically at the level of modern advanced armed forces of that time

The USSR Law "On Compulsory Military Service", adopted on September 18, 1925 by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, determined the organizational structure of the Armed Forces, which included rifle troops, cavalry, artillery, armored forces, engineering troops, signal troops, air and naval forces, troops united state political administration and escort guards of the USSR. Their number in 1927 was 586,000 personnel.

The Reds played a decisive role in the civil war and became the driving mechanism for the creation of the USSR.

With their powerful propaganda, they managed to win the commitment of thousands of people and unite them with the idea of ​​​​creating an ideal country of workers.

Creation of the Red Army

The Red Army was created by a special decree on January 15, 1918. These were voluntary formations from the worker-peasant part of the population.

However, the principle of voluntariness brought with it disunity and decentralization in the command of the army, from which discipline and combat effectiveness suffered. This forced Lenin to declare universal military service for men aged 18-40.

The Bolsheviks created a network of schools for the training of recruits, who studied not only the art of war, but also underwent political education. Commander training courses were created, for which the most outstanding Red Army soldiers were recruited.

The main victories of the red army

The Reds in the civil war mobilized all possible economic and human resources to win. After the annulment of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Soviets began to expel German troops from the occupied regions. Then the most turbulent period of the civil war began.

The Reds managed to defend the Southern Front, despite the considerable efforts it took to fight the Don Army. Then the Bolsheviks launched a counteroffensive and won back significant territories. On the Eastern Front, a very unfavorable situation developed for the Reds. Here the offensive was launched by very large-scale and strong troops of Kolchak.

Alarmed by such events, Lenin resorted to emergency measures, and the White Guards were defeated. Simultaneous anti-Soviet speeches and the entry into the struggle of the Volunteer Army of Denikin became a critical moment for the Bolshevik government. However, the immediate mobilization of all possible resources helped the Reds win.

War with Poland and the end of the civil war

In April 1920 Poland decided to enter Kyiv with the intention of liberating Ukraine from illegal Soviet rule and restoring its independence. However, the people took this as an attempt to occupy their territory. The Soviet commanders took advantage of this mood of the Ukrainians. The troops of the Western and Southwestern fronts were sent to fight against Poland.

Soon Kyiv was liberated from the Polish offensive. This revived hopes for an early world revolution in Europe. But, having entered the territory of the attackers, the Reds received a powerful rebuff and their intentions quickly cooled. In the light of such events, the Bolsheviks signed a peace treaty with Poland.

reds in civil war photo

After that, the Reds concentrated all their attention on the remnants of the Whites under the command of Wrangel. These fights were incredibly furious and cruel. However, the Reds still forced the Whites to surrender.

Notable Red Leaders

• Frunze Mikhail Vasilievich. Under his command, the Reds carried out successful operations against the White Guard troops of Kolchak, defeated the Wrangel army in the territory of Northern Tavria and Crimea;
• Tukhachevsky Mikhail Nikolaevich. He was the commander of the troops of the Eastern and Caucasian Fronts, with his army he cleared the Urals and Siberia from the White Guards;
• Voroshilov Kliment Efremovich. He was one of the first marshals of the Soviet Union. Participated in the organization of the Revolutionary Military Council of the 1st Cavalry Army. With his troops, he liquidated the Kronstadt rebellion;
• Chapaev Vasily Ivanovich. He commanded a division that liberated Uralsk. When the whites suddenly attacked the reds, they fought courageously. And, having spent all the cartridges, the wounded Chapaev started running across the Ural River, but was killed;
• Budyonny Semyon Mikhailovich The creator of the Cavalry Army, which defeated the Whites in the Voronezh-Kastornensky operation. The ideological inspirer of the military-political movement of the Red Cossacks in Russia.

• When the workers' and peasants' army showed its vulnerability, former tsarist commanders who were their enemies began to be recruited into the ranks of the Reds.
• After the assassination attempt on Lenin, the Reds dealt particularly cruelly with 500 hostages. On the line between the rear and the front, there were barrage detachments that fought desertion by shooting.