Line chart. For construction, a system of rectangular coordinates is used. Variants of the studied indicator (or time) are plotted on the abscissa (horizontal) axis, and the value of the studied indicator is plotted on the ordinate axis. When building a line graph, it is very important to choose the right scale. An important advantage of line charts is that several indicators can be displayed on the same field of the chart, which makes it possible to compare and identify the specifics of their development. An example of a line chart is shown in fig. 2.
A chart is a graph in which statistical information is displayed using geometric shapes. Diagrams are used for visual comparison of socio-economic phenomena in space and analysis of their dynamics. When plotting charts using software (including MS Excel), scaling is performed automatically. The user can additionally configure the formats of the axes and the coordinate grid (the frequency of category labels, in what value the axes should intersect, etc.). Most often in practice, bar charts are used. In MS Excel, bar charts are called histograms.
Bar charts are used to compare statistical indicators characterizing different objects or the same objects in different years. They can be used in flat (two-dimensional) and three-dimensional (three-dimensional) images.
When building bar charts, each value of a statistic is displayed as a vertical bar. The columns are built in a rectangular coordinate system. The bases of the columns are placed along the abscissa axis, the width and distance between which are chosen arbitrarily, but must be the same. The height of the bars varies depending on the value of the statistical indicator. It is possible to simultaneously display several indicators on one chart. An example of a flat bar chart is shown in fig. 3.
A more visual variety of bar charts is a three-dimensional chart, which makes it easy to compare statistical data with each other and at the same time see their development in dynamics. An example of a three-dimensional diagram is shown in fig. 4.
Strip (tape) charts. In strip charts, the bases of the columns are located vertically, and the scale scale is applied to the horizontal axis and determines the size of the strips along the length of the corresponding values of the displayed statistical indicators. When constructing bar charts, the same requirements are met as when constructing bar charts. An example of a bar chart is shown in fig. 5.
Pie (pie) charts. Various types of pie charts are used to depict the structure of one statistical population. The area of the circle is taken as the value of the entire population, and the areas of individual sectors reflect the specific gravity (share) of its constituent parts. It is best to display the structure as a percentage. Then the whole circle is 100%.
The pie chart reflects indicators that are parts of one whole. For example, using a pie chart, you can clearly show the structure of convictions for the main offenses for the required period (Fig. 6 and 7).
Comment. A common mistake is when a pie chart is used to display any values of one or more indicators over a number of years. A bar chart should be used to graphically represent such data.
Radial diagrams. In radial charts, the origin is the center of the circle, and the scale scales are the radii of the circle. In the MS Excel application, this type of chart is called a radar chart, which is an analogue of a chart in a polar coordinate system. An example of a radial diagram is shown in fig. 8.
The values of crime intensity indicators by federal districts are plotted on the radii.
Statistical maps are used to characterize the distribution of a phenomenon in a certain area. Statistical maps are divided into cartograms and cartograms. The difference between them lies in the way the statistics are displayed on the maps.
A cartogram is a geographical map or diagram, which, using some conventional symbols (shading, coloring or dots), shows the degree of distribution of a particular phenomenon in space (for example, the crime rate by district, population density, etc.). Software that allows the user to build cartograms usually includes geographic information systems tools (a set of electronic maps with administrative-territorial divisions) and a tool for setting up the display of a range of data gradations (color palette).
On fig. 9 shows an example of a cartogram for the absolute number of registered crimes in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2008.
Comment. When constructing cartograms, situations are possible when the name of an administrative-territorial division cannot be placed on the cartogram (it goes significantly beyond its boundaries or a very small font must be used). In this case, the names of the labels are taken out as an explanation - the legend. Thus, some of the territories have names on the map, and some are indicated by numbers, the values of which are presented in the table.
A chart diagram is a combination of a geographical map or its scheme with a diagram. At the same time, various figures are not placed in a row, as in a regular diagram, but are spaced on a certain scale throughout the map in accordance with the area they represent. The cartogram not only gives an idea of the value of the studied indicator in different territories, but also depicts the spatial distribution of the studied indicator. With the help of cartograms, more complex statistical and geographical comparisons can be reflected in comparison with cartograms. An example of a chart diagram is shown in fig. 10.
The chart shows statistical data for 2002 for the Urals Federal District: in terms of industrial output - in terms of territory coloring, and in terms of wages - in the form of a bar chart in share terms. Comparison is carried out visually both between sectors of the economy within the region and between regions, while the values themselves are not displayed.
Basic chart types
At present, due to the widespread use of personal computers and specialized application packages, there are virtually no restrictions that were previously dictated by the complexity of creating certain types of diagrams.
Curly charts it is most expedient to use it when demonstrating any data for a wide audience that does not have special training (sanitary and educational work, mass agitation, etc.) (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. Pathological prevalence (number of diseases) per 1000 students of the KrasSMU according to the medical examination in 2009
Line charts
- the most common type of charts. It is used to display almost any statistical value. This type of graphic images refers to coordinate diagrams, i.e. diagrams using a coordinate system. For a more visual display of differences, in addition to the usual coordinate axes, it is recommended to use a coordinate grid (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Population dynamics in Russia from 1897 to 2004
Bar charts are images of various sizes in the form of rectangles arranged in height of the same thickness and different heights. Building a bar chart requires only one scale bar, which specifies the height of the bar. Such charts are used to display almost all absolute and derived statistical indicators (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. Dynamics of morbidity in the adult population
Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2001-2006.
A special type of bar charts, which is used to illustrate the plan, schedule of work for any project is strip chart(Gantt chart). At the same time, each section of the plan is depicted as a column proportional in size to its duration.
To reflect changes in extensive indicators, it is more appropriate to use intra-bar charts (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. Structure of physician visits to polyclinics in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1999-2003
Indicative for displaying extensive indicators is pie chart (Fig. 5).
Figure 5. Structure of causes of death in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 2006
For displaying seasonal and cyclical phenomena, the best option is radial diagram(Fig. 6).
Figure 6. Dependence of the distance of residence from the Yenisei River and the number of visits for diseases of the ENT and respiratory organs per 1000 children in Krasnoyarsk (in 2005)
The main criterion for choosing one or another diagram for displaying statistical indicators is the visibility and convenience of analyzing the results. For example: if the comparative incidence of men and women is analyzed, then it is more appropriate to present pairwise grouped indicators of men and women.
Cartogram- this is a geographical map or its scheme, which shows certain statistical data (using colors or different shading of territories).
Cartogram is a combination of a geographical map or its scheme with various charts representing statistical data related to certain territories.
boxplot called "box with a mustache", "box with a mustache", and in English boxplot. This type of data visualization simultaneously depicts five values that characterize the variation series: the minimum value, the first quartile (or 25th percentile), the median, the third quartile (75th percentile), the maximum value. Thus, the use of the box plot is that it not only presents the main characteristics of the distribution, but also the range of variation and its asymmetry is available for assessment. Box plots are very compact, and can be used to compare distribution patterns across multiple series.
A box plot can be either vertical or horizontal. Its basis is a rectangle, the lower (left, if the graph is horizontal) side is the lower quartile (Q1), and the upper (right) side is the upper quartile (Q3). The height (length) of the rectangle is thus equal to the interquartile range (IQR). The line across the rectangle is the median of the distribution (Fig. 7).
Figure 7. Box Plot Features
The histogram characterizes the distribution of a quantitative trait, it is used for a graphical representation of the interval series of the distribution. Outwardly, it is a polygon built using adjacent quadrangles. The width of the base of each quadrilateral corresponds to the borders of the variant group. The height of the bar is determined by the frequency of the group. On the scale "X" in the selected scale, the intervals of the values of the variable are plotted. The intervals must not overlap or have gaps in the possible values of the variable. The x-axis indicates the center or boundaries of each interval. The "Y" axis serves as a density scale, i.e. absolute (number of observations) or relative values (share, percentage of observations) per step unit of the variable value are plotted on it. In the simplest version (assuming the same width of the intervals on the X axis), the step of the whole interval is taken as 1.
The total number (or proportion) of observations characterizes not the height of the column, but its area. The height of the column reflects the distribution density of the feature in a certain range of its values. The area of all histogram bars must equal 100% (on a relative density scale) or the total sum of observations (on an absolute density scale).
Simultaneous display of the normal distribution curve on the histogram allows you to visually assess how the empirical distribution differs from the normal one (Fig. 8).
Figure 8. An example of a histogram with a normal distribution curve: a histogram of the age of the examined persons
Curly diagrams are a special variety, in which the ratios of objects are shown in the form of conditionally artistic figures (ear, tuber, animal head, tractor, etc.). When they are well executed, they draw attention to themselves, make the information more intelligible.
If, for example, you decide to use a figure chart to depict the structure of unemployed women, among which 57% are young women (20-24 years old) and. girls 16-19 years old with no work experience 28% - engineering and technical workers and employees with special education aged 25-49 years and 15% - skilled and unskilled workers aged 50 years and older, you must depict three female
As with bar charts, you can trace price support and resistance levels on figure charts. In addition, the figure chart especially clearly demonstrates the breakout moment (Fig. 2 at the top of the page).
Many analysts use shape charts to predict how far an increase or
According to those who use shape charts, the more often a stock's price moves at a certain level, the more likely it is to rise or fall from that level. As seen in fig. 1 (turning step 1 pip), the target buy price is set at 21 pip, as the price crossed the 24 pip level 6 times (shaded line). Just six lines below is the target price of 21 pips. Similarly, the target sell price is set at 23 1/2 points due to the fact that the price crossed the 21 1/2 level 4 times (shaded line). The beginning of the breakout is always taken as the basis for calculating the target price, regardless of whether the target price is to be determined - the price of buying or selling.
Fed) 195, 200, 225, 229-233 Shape charts 298-300 Financial responsibility 16 Financial statements 21, 65, 66, 68-
Curly comparison diagrams are intended mainly for popularization purposes. The indicators in them are drawn in the form of a certain number of standard figures, which are simplified images of objects characteristic of the corresponding phenomena. Their disadvantage should be considered some inaccuracy associated with the need to round off the displayed indicators.
The main forms of graphs that are used in AHD are diagrams. Charts in their form are bar, strip, circular, square, linear, figured.
The diagram of dynamics is intended for representation of change of the phenomena for the corresponding intervals of time. For this purpose, bar, circle, square, curly and other graphs can be used. But line charts are more commonly used. The dynamics on such a graph is presented in the form of a line that characterizes the continuity of the process. To build line graphs, a coordinate system is used on the abscissa axis to plot periods, and on the ordinate axis - the level of indicators for the corresponding periods of time, based on the accepted scale.
Curly (or picture) diagrams enhance the visibility of the image, as they include a picture of the displayed indicator. The size of the figure corresponds to the size of the indicator (Fig. 4.9).
Graphs can be very different. More often than others, diagrams and cartograms are used. In turn, charts can be line, bar, pie, ribbon, curly, distribution histograms
Digital data can also be shown using combined charts, which simultaneously use curly lines, columns, circles, symbols, images of objects, etc. However, it is difficult to read digital material using such charts.
With EA, tabular and graphical reflection of analytical data is used. Moreover, each table must have a common heading, a system of horizontal lines and vertical columns. The subject of the tables shows what is at stake (it contains a list of indicators characterizing the phenomenon), and the predicate indicates what features the subject is characterized by. Tables are simple, group and combined (subject material is divided into groups and subgroups). Graphical reflection of information is carried out using diagrams (bar, circular, figured, etc.), distribution curves, correlation field graphs, statistical cartograms, which allows you to get a general picture of the state of affairs in statics and dynamics.
The dynamics diagram is designed to depict the change in phenomena over appropriate time intervals. For this purpose, histograms, linear, curly and other graphs can be used. Line charts are the most commonly used. The dynamics on such a chart is presented in the form of a line, which is characteristic
Shape comparison charts are mainly for promotional purposes. The indicators in them are drawn in the form of a certain number of standard figures, which are simplified Oi
There is another method of technical analysis that is completely different from the construction of bar charts, which is to build figure charts. Although the x and o signs used do not accurately indicate the timing and volume of trade on the chart - the two most important components of bar charts - figure charts still have their merits. After learning the simple rules for constructing curly charts, an investor, as in the case of bar charts, should practice analyzing already built modelsbefore applying the theory in their own practice.
Before building a curly chart, it is necessary to study the previous range of fluctuations and the degree of instability in the stock price. In addition, you should select the appropriate scale, or rotation step, of the movement, which will be used when plotting the diagram. For high value stocks (eg $50 and up) a step of 2, 3 or maybe 5 points is usually appropriate. Stocks with an average price (say, $20 to $50) may be better suited to move 1, 11/2, or 2 points. To analyze low-cost stocks, as a rule,
Point-and-figure charts (tic-tac-toe) are characterized by m, that there is no time axis, and only one axis is used - for the target, the chart reflects only price changes (Fig. 3.6). The chart is filled from left to right, if there is a change in the direction of prices, it is customary to mark the price increase with a cross, and its decrease with a zero,
The simplest interpretation of the scatter chart is to buy (go long) if a cross appears above the top cross of the previous column of crosses, and sell (go short) if there is a but-j so below the zero of the previous column of zeros. . I
The most common way to graphically represent data is through charts. They come in different types - linear, radial, point, planar, volumetric, curly. The type of charts depends on the type of data presented (one variable or one indicator, several variables or indicators, quantitative or non-quantitative) and the task of plotting.
There are many types of charts. The most commonly used are line charts, pie charts, radial charts, figure charts, volume charts, and planar charts. Cartograms and cartograms are used to show the geographical distribution of data.
The use of new types of visualizations in reports or always carries the risk of misleading users or reducing the readability of data. The square (or waffle) chart, without distorting the understanding of the data, is an interesting alternative to the standard Excel charts.
As you can see, the waffle chart is a 10x10 square, where 1 cell corresponds to one percent of 100. The number of filled cells corresponds to the value of the indicator you are trying to visualize. This type of chart will be of interest to those who want to add a new type of chart without distorting the data and without taking up much space on the dashboard.
There are several ways to implement diagrams of this type. The method described below uses the tools of embedded charts and although it is more difficult to implement (than creating similar charts with ), it is more flexible and allows you to embed square charts of any size anywhere in your dashboard.
In today's article, we'll walk through the steps to create a wafer chart and learn how to quickly duplicate them to visualize as many metrics as you need.
Preparing Data for a Waffle Chart
First, you need to create three data ranges that will play a role in building the chart:
Horizontal lines: This range is necessary for drawing horizontal lines. In our case, it will be a series from 1 to 10.
Vertical lines: The range will help us build vertical lines and is filled with zeros.
Cell value: This range will determine which cells will be shaded. It will contain the formula.
To range cells Cell value insert the formula =MAX(MIN(E$3*100-($B6-1)*10;10);0) and drag it down.
Pay attention to (marked with $ sign). This will allow you to quickly copy and paste formulas when it comes time to duplicate charts.
The formula we inserted into the range cell values, breaks the KPI indicator into groups, each with a size of 10 units. Note that after we stretched the formula, the 45% figure broke into 5 groups, consisting of 4 groups with whole tens and one group of incomplete tens (5%).
If you change the indicator to another value, for example, 67%, the formula will break it into 7 groups (6 - whole ten, 1 - incomplete).
At this stage, we have all the data to build a square chart.
Building a Waffle Chart
Creating a waffle chart will require some effort from you. But there is good news. Once you have created a chart, you can easily duplicate it. So, the algorithm of actions in steps.
Building a grouped bar chart based on range data Cell values.
Copy ranges horizontal and vertical lines, select the chart and paste the data.
We paint over the construction area in gray color, for this we right-click on the construction area. In the drop-down menu, select the item Construction area format. In the panel that appears Construction area parameters, go to tab fill and indicate the shade of gray you like in paragraph Color.
The next step is to convert the bar charts Horizontal and vertical lines into dots. To do this, right-click on any data series, select from the drop-down menu Change the chart type for a series. In the dialog box that appears Change the chart type select for data series horizontal lines And vertical lines from the drop down list Chart type- point.
For a series of data horizontal lines you need to add x-axis values. Right-click on the data series horizontal lines, select from the dropdown menu Select data. And add a range vertical lines, consisting of zeros.
At this stage, the graph should look like this.
Set the maximum value of the horizontal and auxiliary vertical axes to 10. To do this, right-click on the axis scale, select from the drop-down menu Axis format. In the pop-up panel on the right Axis parameters set the fixed maximum value to 10. Do the same for the vertical minor axis.
Delete all axis scales. Select the axis and press the Delete key.
The next step is necessary, they will play the role of separators. To do this, select a series of data horizontal lines, click on the plus sign that appears to the right of the diagram. In the pop-up window, check the box next to the field Error limit. We do the same for the data series. vertical lines.
We will not need all the error bars, so we select the diagram, go to the tab Working with charts –> Format to the group The current fragment. Select an item from the dropdown list Y and press the key Delete. In the same way, we select the element of the chart X and delete it too.
Select an item from the list Series "Horizontal lines" error limit along the axisx, in the same tab group Format press Selected Format. In the panel that appears Horizontal Error Parameters set values Direction - Plus, Edge Style - No point, Error value - Fixed value - 10. In the same panel, go to the tab Shading and Borders and set the line color White.
We do the same for the element. Series "Vertical lines" error limit along the axisY.
Next, right-click on the row of data horizontal lines, select from the dropdown menu data series format, in the panel Row parameters set the presence of the marker to the position No.
At this stage, the appearance of our square chart should look like this.
Right click on a row of data cell value, choose an item from the drop-down menu Data series format. In the panel that appears Row parameters install Side clearance equal to 0.
Stretch the plotting area so that you get a square, you can also set a different color for the data series Cell values.
Optionally, you can display the indicator value in the chart title. To do this, click on the chart name field, in the formula bar specify the address of the cell that contains the value of the indicator.
At this stage, you have a finished waffle chart.
Cloning a Waffle Chart
As we said earlier, although you will need some effort to create a square chart, you will not need to create it from scratch every time to visualize the rest of the indicators. It is enough to copy it and specify a new data set.
First you will need to duplicate the ranges Cell values.
In medical practice, graphic images are used to illustrate statistical data characterizing health and healthcare indicators.
When constructing graphic images, the following requirements must be observed:
1) data on the chart should be placed from left to right or from bottom to top;
2) the scales on the diagrams must be provided with size indicators;
3) the values depicted graphically must have numerical designations on the graph itself or in the table attached to it;
4) geometric signs, figures, colors, shading should be explained;
5) each graph should have a clear, concise, if possible, short title that reflects its content.
There are the following types of graphic images:
1. Charts - are a way of displaying statistical data using lines and shapes.
2. Cartograms and cartograms - are a way of displaying the territorial distribution of statistical indicators using geographical maps.
The most common type of graphic images are diagrams, which, according to the method of construction, are divided into:
Linear;
planar;
Volumetric;
Curly.
Line charts are used both in studying the relationship between phenomena and in characterizing changes in phenomena over time. They are built in a rectangular coordinate system: horizontal (abscissa axis - x-axis) and vertical (y-axis - y-axis). The point of intersection of the axes serves as the reference point.
On the abscissa axis, on a chosen scale, time or other factor signs are plotted; then, from the points corresponding to certain moments or periods of time, the ordinates are restored, reflecting the dimensions of the studied effective feature. The vertices of the ordinates are connected by straight lines (Fig. 1).
Figure 1. An example of a line chart.
Several line charts can be built on one chart at the same time, which allows them to be visually compared (it is not recommended to build more than 4 charts, since more of them make it difficult to perceive).
A variety of line charts are radial diagrams (diagrams in polar coordinates). This type of diagram is used to depict seasonal fluctuations in phenomena that have a closed cyclical nature.
The number of axes corresponds to the number of parts into which a period of time is divided (for example, a year - with a monthly division of the year, 12 axes are taken). The average value is taken as the length of the radius of the circle, then the value corresponding to the level of the phenomenon is plotted on each axis. The obtained points are connected by straight lines (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. An example of a radial chart.
Planar charts are divided into: columnar; pyramidal; sector; intracolumnar.
Bar charts are built on the same principle as dynamic curves, but in them rectangles correspond to vertically or horizontally drawn lines. These diagrams are especially convenient when it is not the dynamics of phenomena that are illustrated, but their comparative magnitude in a certain period of time (Fig. 3).
Figure 3. An example of a bar chart.
Pyramidal charts are bar graphs, rotated bases to each other, resulting in bars are horizontal. Pyramid charts are often used to depict the age and sex structure of a population (Fig. 4).
Figure 4. An example of a pyramid chart.
Pie charts - represent a circle that is taken as a whole (360 o - 100%), and its individual sectors correspond to parts of the depicted phenomenon (Fig. 5).
Figure 5. An example of a pie chart.
Sectors must be arranged in ascending or descending order clockwise from 12 o'clock. Such charts are used to illustrate extensive indicators.
intracolumnar(bar, stacked, strip) charts are a rectangle or square, divided into parts. In this case, the length of the ribbons (columns) is taken as 100%, and their constituent parts correspond to the percentages of the phenomenon. This type of chart is used, as a rule, to compare the structure of a phenomenon (for example, incidence) in several teams or in one team for different periods of time (Fig. 6).
Figure 6. An example of an intra-bar chart.
3D charts. When constructing this type of diagram (Fig. 7), statistical data is depicted in the form of geometric figures of three dimensions (cube, ball, pyramid).
Figure 7. An example of a 3D chart.
Curly charts. In this type of chart, statistical quantities are depicted using symbolic figures characteristic of a given phenomenon (for example, hospital beds; auxiliary vehicles). To build a diagram, a certain scale is set, for example, the image of one bed corresponds to 200 thousand actual beds.
Curly charts are built in two ways:
1) compared statistical values are depicted either by figures of different sizes (see the figure on the left), or by a different number of figures of the same size (see the figure on the right).
In this case, rounded numerical data are usually used, therefore figure charts serve mainly to popularize statistical data, and are usually used to illustrate visibility indicators (Fig. 8).
Figure 8. An example of a shape chart.
Cartogram a geographical map or its scheme is called, on which the degree of distribution of a phenomenon in different parts of the territory is depicted with different colors or hatching, and the coloring or hatching becomes the more intense, the greater the distribution of the phenomenon under study (Fig. 9, 10).
Distinguish:
1) background cartograms - where the differences in the value of the statistical indicator in different areas are expressed by the feature of the background given to each territory. In monophonic - the degree of hatching density, in color - the degree of color intensity, and they use only one color, but different shades - from the lightest to the darkest.
Figure 9. An example of a background cartogram.
2) dot cartograms - where the value of the statistical indicator is represented by the number of points placed on the contour map of a particular territory. Each dot denotes a certain (conditional) number of units of this characteristic (for example, 1000 inhabitants).
Figure 10. An example of a dot chart.
Cartogram such a graphic image is called when statistical data are plotted on a geographical map or its scheme in the form of bar, sector, curly and other charts (Fig. 11).
Figure 11. An example of a chart.
