How often have you met people with the prefix in the name, surname or patronymic "ogly". Have you ever wondered what "ogly" means? Today we will answer this question from a historical and legal point of view.
The origin of the name "Ogly" from the ancestors
The ancient Turks are the ancestors of many eastern peoples. It was among them that it was customary to call the first-born male "ogly", which in translation meant "son". In the future, the name was transformed into a patronymic or surname for future generations. Thus, the reprimand of the boy with the name "Ogly" meant that it belonged to a man, the son of his father.
How did the surname "Ogly" come about?
If we talk about the Azerbaijani people, then their surnames appeared not so long ago. Back in the 19th century, an Azerbaijani had only his own name and a prefix in the form of his father's name. Usually there were such options here: "oglu" (or "ogly" in its modern form), "-zade" (means "offspring", has Persian roots of the origin of the name), they were used for male names. For example, Ibrahim Sattar oglu, Suleimanbek Hasanzade. What does "ogly" mean, we figured it out. And what about women's names? Here, by analogy with male names, “kyzy” was added to female names, which meant “daughter”. For example, a woman's name will look like this: Reyhan Kurban kyzy.
What does the surname "ogly" or "zade" mean, we already know. But in the modern world, if you meet a person with the prefix "oglu", it will be transformed to a patronymic, but the last version "-zade" is firmly entrenched in the name of the father, from which the family name of subsequent generations of descendants comes from.
Among the living eastern peoples, the surname endings with suffixes of the old forms have been preserved: -oglu, -ly, -li, -zade, more often -ov (a), -ev (a), less often -skiy (aya). For example, Selimzade, Juvarly, Kasumbeyli, Tagiev, Muganlinsky.
The origins of the formation of patronymics in Russia
Even in the ancient annals of Russia, one could meet people bearing a patronymic. But the modern interpretation, for example, Sergeev Nikolai Petrovich, was only in the circles of the highest nobility and among representatives of the royal family. The opportunity to wear a patronymic was like the favor of the sovereign. And for a peasant, the name could look like this: Nikolai, the son of Peter or Petrov's son. By these signs, the historian can determine the time when the chronicle or document was created.
How did the middle name appear among other peoples
Among the Arabs, after the main name, the patronymic is indicated in the form of the prefix "ibn" (for men) and "bint" (for women) before the name of the father. For example, Khairat ibn Rashid (Khairat son of Rashid). Despite the fact that a patronymic is a rare occurrence among women, there are exceptions: Abia bint Rashid (Abia Rashid's daughter).
Among the Jews, the patronymic is indicated by the prefix "ben" or "bar". For example, Aaron ben Solomon (Aaron son of Solomon), Yochai bar David (Yochai son of David).
We know what the prefix "ogly" means among Azerbaijanis. But the modern generation of people had a patronymic only in the 20th century, with the advent of Soviet power, so you can often find, for example, such a name sound: Huseyn Israfil oglu Aliyev. What does Aliyev Huseyn Israfilovich mean.
What does "ogly" mean in a patronymic (patronymic) in the modern world
"Ogly" means that a man belongs to one or another clan. After all, his father can have several sons. Thus, it served as an obligatory compound to a man's name. At present, "ogly" or "uly" is not an important component in the formation of the name, but it has been preserved among many eastern men. This prefix is more of a tribute to the ancestors. In documents, "ogly" is written with a hyphen, a space, with a lowercase or capital letter. When applying for a Russian passport, a citizen can keep the "ogly" or "Russify" name with the usual prefix in the patronymic -vich.
Europeans do not have the concept of "patronymic", therefore, such a prefix is not translated and is not fixed when drawing up documents in foreign languages.
What does "ogly" mean in terms of the law
Increasingly, the younger generation of Eastern nations are resorting to drawing up their documents without prefixed forms to the patronymic "oglu", "oglu", "uly", kyzy, "gyzy", since when leaving their republic or abroad, legal difficulties arise with paperwork. How are things going with this issue in specific regions today? Consider below:
- The Republic of Tuva - in 1996, a law was adopted approving the use of "oglu (u)", "kyzy" in the names of citizens. And since 2010, at the legislative level, it is allowed to add these prefixed forms to European names.
- The Republic of Sakha - in connection with the problems that arose with the local prosecutor's office regarding prefixed forms, a state program and a directory of names were developed, the purpose of which was to resolve conflict issues in the patronymics of citizens.
- The Republic of Tatarstan - in the "family code" of the republic there is an opportunity for the child's parents to independently make decisions on the education of the full name of the future citizen.
- The Republic of Buryatia - here in 1999 a law was approved allowing names to be worn according to national traditions. It should be noted that not all Buryats have this opportunity. Residents of the Aginsky Autonomous Okrug, which was annexed to the Chita Region, are deprived of this. Researchers note that ancient names are typical here, which have reached the depths of 25 generations. It is very difficult to interpret them. Double surnames, borrowed from Tibetan and Sanskrit, have become especially popular.
- - residents of the republic increasingly began to resort to changing patronymics without prefixed forms. The local bill has a plan for the correct spelling of names, surnames, patronymics in accordance with national traditions.
Nevertheless, today any citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to independently decide on their full name, starting from national traditions, religion or beliefs.
Patronymics are a very remarkable component of the Russian naming system; not every language has them. No, this is not such an exceptional phenomenon as is commonly thought. Some other peoples also used or still use patronymic names. For example, for Icelanders, patronymics even replaced surnames. However, this is not a common occurrence.
It is not known whether patronymic names were used in colloquial speech before the 10th century, but at least the first written source to confirm their existence was a list of ambassadors dating from 945. The middle names of that time did not look quite the way we are used to - the endings -ovich / -evich did not yet exist. Instead, the names were written something like this: Golovnya Ostromyslov son, Vsevolod Shchukin son, etc.
The next few centuries were a time of experimentation, the time of the formation of patronymics. Sometimes they were not used at all, and sometimes attempts were made to add to the personal name not only the name of the father, but also the grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather. Thus, the descendant of a noble family bore in his name a whole genealogical tree. Even patronymics are known, if you can call them that, formed from the mother's name. For example, at the end of the 12th century, a prince named Oleg Nastasievich ruled in Galicia. Traces of matronymic names are still found in some Russian and Ukrainian surnames: Motrich, Khivrich, Katrichenko, Mashkov, Annenkov.
By the 12th century, patronymics were firmly in use. Probably, not least, Christianity contributed to this, narrowing the range of names used to those that were indicated in the calendar. Many bore the same personal names, and additional insignia were required to correctly identify the individual. In addition, the patronymic was, as it were, a clear embodiment of the pedigree, assuring the property and inheritance rights of the bearer.
Patronymics were formed with the help of several different suffixes. Sometimes they wrote in the old fashioned way, for example, Demid Alekseev son, sometimes the word "son" was discarded, and an abbreviated form was used: Alekseev, Ilyin, Sergeev. Modern forms appeared in -evich / -ovich, -ich. The old suffix -l, now out of use, was also used - in modern Russian it can only be found in the names of some cities, such as Pereyaslavl.
Addressing by patronymic was flattering and honorable, it made a person feel that he was not alone, behind him was the whole strength of the family. Therefore, even ignoble people sought to include the names of their fathers and grandfathers in their own name. For example, Peter, the son of Ivan and the grandson of the Wolf, was called like this: Peter Ivanov, son of the Wolves. It should be noted that there were patronymics formed not only from baptismal names, but also from worldly, nicknames. The origin of surnames usually goes back to them.
However, addressing by patronymic was given such importance that, in the end, commoners were simply forbidden to use it. The boyars wanted to have the exclusive right to the pedigree. So, patronymics could only be granted to people who were not noble by birth only for special merits personally by the sovereign. Catherine II finally put things in order in this discriminatory system. According to the government order, only representatives of the first 5 ranks had the right to write with a full patronymic (that is, -ovich / -evich). Persons of the 6th-8th rank could use a less honorable semi-patronymic (in -ov / -ev, -in), all others should be written down only by their first and last names.
In spoken language, the rules, of course, were not as strict as in official documentation. Even ordinary peasants could be called by their patronymic. Often, not even the first name-patronymic, but only the patronymic was used, which emphasized the respectful and at the same time very warm and friendly attitude of the speaker. By the end of the 18th century, however, such treatment began to be considered bad manners.
Attitudes towards patronymic names began to change from the second half of the 19th century. The state finally allowed all segments of the population to use them. And not just allowed, but made it an obligation - a corresponding column appeared in the documents, which must be filled out. And it was this that first shook the status of patronymics.
Nowadays, we are increasingly neglecting them, following the Western model. Will patronymics remain in the future? Depends on us.
Take a look at our other articles on the history of the genus:
Today, every Russian has a patronymic in his passport. But it was not always so. It is believed that patronymics in Russia appeared only around the middle of the 10th century.
How "dignified" in Russia
Historians found the first mention of patronymics in the lists of Russian ambassadors dating back to 945. True, they were not written in the same way as they are now, but for example: “Vladimir, son of Gleb”, or: “Svyatoslav, son of Igor”.
In Russia, the saying has survived to this day: “What is your name, magnification?” The word "dignify" meant "to exalt, honor." Patronymic allowed a person to exalt his family. At the same time, it was customary to call the ancient Russian princes not only after their father, but also to mention their grandfathers and great-grandfathers. So, Kyiv Prince Vladimir Krasno Solnyshko was officially called: "Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, grandson Vsevolozh, great-grandson Oleg." The use of patronymics emphasized the connection with the family.
Patronymic as a privilege
The very word "patronymic" appeared in the XI century. The first patronymics in Russia ended with the suffix "-ich": Svyatoslavich, Yaroslavich, Izyaslavich. From the 15th century, patronymics of the modern type with the suffix "-ovich" or "-evich" came into use: Glebovich, Evseevich. But they originally had the right to be worn exclusively by representatives of the highest nobility. The boyars of the middle class and representatives of other classes called themselves simply: "Mikhail Arkhipov, son of Vasiliev." This meant that Mikhail's grandfather's name was Vasily, and his father's name was Arkhip.
People of humble origins were granted the privilege of wearing patronymics with a suffix only for special merits. They were called "eminent", as they received the right to glorify the names of their ancestors.
The order of using patronymics was fixed in official documents, such as the “Table of Ranks” of Peter I and the “Official List” of Catherine II. Depending on the rank, a person could wear a patronymic on "-ov" or "-ovich". So, a simple peasant could be called Peter Mikhailov, and a high-ranking official - Pavel Sidorovich. Representatives of the merchant class received the right to be called by their patronymic only in the Petrine era.
Ordinary people began to give middle names much later. They were usually named after their father. So, Ivan, the son of Peter, became Ivan Petrovich. Vasily, son of Athanasius - Vasily Afanasyevich.
In the old days, patronymics could be formed not only on behalf of the father, but also of the mother. This probably happened in cases where the child did not have a father or, for some reason, a woman became the head of the family. Then the children were given patronymics - Nastasyevich, Avdotevich, Efrosinevich. Such patronymics are called matronyms. Subsequently, many of them turned into surnames: for example, Katin or Mashkov. Today, patronymics are given only by the name of the father.
What has changed in the 20th century?
However, addressing by patronymic came into wide use only in the 18th-19th centuries among the intelligentsia. Many peasants had surnames and patronymics only after the abolition of serfdom. And after the October Revolution, patronymic names became mandatory, regardless of the social affiliation of citizens.
It is curious that in Russia the tradition has been preserved to address friends or acquaintances without a name, only by patronymic: Ivanych, Trofimych, Petrovna, Andreevna ... Most often this is observed in rural areas or small towns.
What is the function of the patronymic today? First of all, it contributes to a more accurate identification of a person: after all, there are a lot of people with the same names and surnames, and sometimes you can somehow distinguish them only by patronymic.
In Ancient Russia, even the rulers had one name (Rurik, Oleg, Igor, Olga), the patronymic appeared only a few centuries later. True, in relation to rulers, it was not patronymics that were more common, but nicknames that arose mainly in memory of military victories (Alexander Nevsky, Dmitry Donskoy), but some nicknames were formed not only from military victories: Vsevolod the Big Nest, Ivan Kalita (Kalita - a bag or belt with money), Vasily the Dark, Ivan the Terrible...
However, in the light of the dominance of the structure of the patriarchy in medieval Russia, patronymics became more and more common. The short form of the adjective on behalf of the father dominated everywhere: Petrov, Matveev, Ilyin, Nikitin. And then "Ivan Petrov" meant "Ivan, the son of Peter", and not a combination of a name and a surname (the latter did not exist yet). With fatherlessness and even under some circumstances that put the mother in the first place, there appeared, as it were, matriarchal names: Maryin, Nadezhdin, Marfin. However, in some cases, the second element turned out to be not a patronymic, but a nickname: Daniil Zatochnik, Dmitry Shemyaka, Ivan Mozhaisky, Nikita Kozhemyaka ... Gradually, short forms of patronymics and nicknames took root and passed into the name of descendants, i.e. turned into surnames in the future . Stretching for several centuries, the formation and rooting of surnames caused many changes. Short patronymics ended up next to direct nicknames, and then it turned out, as it were, two surnames. In the life of theological educational institutions, it has become a habit to remake the “banal” surnames of students (mainly peasant ones) into more “elevated” ones, taken from the religious area: from here came the Rozhdestvensky, Paskhalov, Holy Cross, Trinity, etc. But not necessarily from religious life . The father of V. G. Belinsky had the surname Trifonov, but was renamed Belinsky in the seminary (after his native village of Belyn), and this surname apparently seemed dissonant to his son, and he replaced “s” with “i”. Rarely, but there were personal, nominal borrowings: my Minsk colleague A. L. Renansky said that his grandfather, a seminarian, was very fond of reading Renan's works and from here he got his nickname. The origin of some of the names is mysterious: my father was baptized in 1884 by the priest A. Gibraltarsky (how to connect a resident of the county town of Balashov with the famous strait?!). From the middle of the 19th century, mass name changes were prohibited, but in fact they continued until the 20th century inclusive: during the First World War, many Germans changed their surnames to Russians, in the Soviet years the same can be said about a significant group of Jewish intelligentsia. All these perturbations made the surname in Russia a very unreliable historical source (the extreme ease of changing all the elements of the “troika” in the first Soviet decade, as well as the inventing of new “ideological” names, often led to completely anecdotal combinations: my father had a student, Barrikada Ivanovna Lepeshkina) .
And the transformation of short forms of adjectives into full ones created the third (according to the account, it is the second) element of the name: the “normal” patronymic, standing between the given name and surname. Full patronymic forms for -ovich, -evich, -ich (Petrovich, Matveevich, Ilyich) and the corresponding feminine suffixes, apparently, naturally appeared in the upper social strata of medieval Russian society as an imitation of Western Slavic (mainly Polish) constructions, as well as , psychologically, as
A more solid and respectful form of the name. In order to be able to use full forms of patronymics in the following social strata (court officials, rich merchants and industrialists), special personal decrees were required. Then one more additional meaning was added to the concept of “exaltation” (praise, exaltation): naming not only by name, but also by patronymic.
Simple bourgeois and peasants were not supposed to have a full patronymic, and only with the gradual consolidation of surnames and with constantly arising confusion due to the frequent similarity of the forms of a short patronymic and surname (Ivan Petrov Maksimov), the full patronymic penetrated without any decrees into the common people's world of modern times, but all However, it was used selectively: in relation to respectable old people, wealthy people, in special ritual cases (for example, naming young people at a wedding), ordinary citizens were called by their first name, and even often with a diminutive suffix - k-. V. G. Belinsky, in a famous letter to Gogol, was indignant at these suffixes, seeing in their use a disrespect for the common people or even self-disrespect: “... people call themselves not by names, but by nicknames: Vanki, Steshki, Vaska, Palashki.” "Furious Vissarion" exaggerated: the suffix - k - when naming a name characterizes in folk life not contempt, but rather a sign of close acquaintance and relative equality or seniority in age (a young man could not call an old man Vanka). It is characteristic that in the school (and even in the university) life of Russia, diminutive names are still used in relation to comrades.
A funny case was recently published in Rossiyskaya Gazeta. The following sidebar is attached to V. Vyzhutovich's interview with our wonderful dancer N. Tsiskaridze: “Once Tsiskaridze was walking along the corridor of the Bolshoi Theater with his teacher Marina Timofeevna Semenova. And some corps de ballet dancer called out to him: "Kolka!" Semyonova stopped and asked her pupil: “What is your middle name?” He said. Then she turned to his colleague (he was ten years older than Tsiskaridze): “Remember: this man's name is Nikolai Maksimovich. He is the leading soloist of the Bolshoi Theatre. And for you, he is not Kolka. “And then,” Tsiskaridze recalls, “she gave me a big lecture on theatrical subordination. Never, - she said, - do not let the corps de ballet dancers talk to you in a familiar way. You are a soloist, you have a different position. On the street - please: Kolya, Seryozha ... And in the theater there should be a distance ””5.
The teacher, justly indignant at amikoshonstvo, is clearly trying to revive the pre-revolutionary class subordination, and herself, as it were, demonstrates her belonging to the hierarchical world: she refers to a not very close student as “you” (she does not know his patronymic!). The extended "poking" is an ingrained echo of the early Soviet custom of deliberately opposing "bourgeois" politeness and inequality; we will talk about this further below. (Absolutely wild appeals to strangers: “Man!”, “Woman!”, which have become widespread in recent years, I also explain by the latent protest opposition to all previous appeals: both the pre-revolutionary “master”, and the Soviet “citizen” and “comrade” ).
Need to download an essay? Press and save - "The emergence of a name-patronymic in Russia. And the finished essay appeared in the bookmarks.Ivanovich, Petrovich, Andreevna, Sergeevna - each of us has our own patronymic. This is one of our distinguishing features compared to the rest of the world. In the West, for example, they quite calmly manage only with a first and last name. True, there is also a second or middle name, but this is not our patronymic, because it is given to a child at baptism and does not depend on the name of the father in any way. So how and when did patronymics begin to appear in Russia?
Remember, in fairy tales and historical books, a person is often asked not just with the question “what is your name” or “what is your name”, but “what is your name - to magnify you, good fellow” or something like that? The word "dignify" meant precisely "according to the father", that is, a patronymic. In Ozhegov, the first meaning of the word "dignify" is mentioned in the context:
GROW, -ay, -ayesh; nesov. 1. whom (what) by whom or by what or (when asked) how. Call, call (by name, patronymic, rank) (obsolete). He is called Ivan (Ivam). How are you? (what is your name?). V. according to the father (by patronymic).
Names in different countries are given differently, this is not a secret. There are countries where they get by with just a name. In most countries, they also use a surname. There are countries where the name of the father, grandfather and great-grandfather is added to the name of a person. But among Thais, for example, names are such an individual thing that neither names nor surnames are repeated twice. There are even countries in which a name can consist of a dozen names, among which both female and male names may be present.
By the way, in Russia sometimes patronymics were also given after the mother. For example, Ivan Aksinich, Pyotr Nastasyevich and so on. This is also where “female surnames” such as Natalevich and others come from. But these cases are rather isolated, since for the most part patronymics were still given by the name of the father, as the head of the family, breadwinner and breadwinner. The tradition of patronymics in Russia originates in antiquity. The only difference was their then spelling. For example, Olegovich was written as "son of Oleg", Yaroslavich - "son of Yaroslav", and so on. In the lists of Russian ambassadors from 945, similar ways of writing names were already mentioned.
After about the fifteenth century, the prefixes in the form of the words "son" and "daughter", which were used in front of a similar patronymic, gradually "moved" to its end and began to be used after the patronymic. Over time, the need for their use disappeared, patronymics of this kind turned into surnames and were firmly entrenched in the representatives of the genus.
Patronymic was one of the ways to show your family tree, as well as the antiquity of the family, if any. For the same reason, patronymics often gradually turned into surnames. For example, the names of many glorious ancestors were added to the names of ancient Russian princes. For example, Prince Vladimir, son of Svyatoslav, grandson of Vsevolod, great-grandson of Oleg, great-great-grandson of Svyatoslav, great-great-great-grandson of Yaroslav, ancestor of the great Vladimir. Difficult, right? But this is official, in everyday life we used more familiar patronymics - Vladimirovich, Svyatoslavich, etc.
A pair of name - patronymic in addressing a person has always meant an expression of respect or a way to express respect for the origin, position or simply age of a person. Although it was recorded in documents immediately after birth, along with the name, it is mostly adults who prefer to call both then and now by patronymic.
So I thought, but really, I know a lot of Artemov, but I have never met Artemovich or Artemovna in my life! And you?
- Body art or the human body as an object of art I have always envied creative people, artists, sculptors, singers, writers with “white envy”. By the way, a rather strange phrase, in my opinion. If accept...
