GS material

Continues the game that hasn’t really started yet Natalia Denisova.

Natalia Denisova

Natalya Denisova is ready to start the game

Replacement topic: All about dogs

Round 1 (RUB 1,000)

Question 1. What is the French name for a ceremonial passage, a procession of troops?

Parade

Question 2. Which Austrian writer is the author of the novel Mary Stuart?

The player passes. Correct answer: Stefan Zweig

Question 3. Name the peninsula on which the city of Murmansk is located?

Correct answer: Kola

Time left: 3:36
Replacements left: 3

Round 2 (RUB 2,500)

Question 1. What organic substances are synonymous with the word “proteins”?

Correct answer: Squirrels

Question 2. Translate from English the expression “Made in...” that appears on product packaging?

Correct answer: "Made in…"

Time left: 3:16
Replacements left: 3

Round 3 (RUB 5,000)

Question 1. What French word refers to a long covered corridor connecting two buildings?

The player passes. Correct answer: Gallery

Question 2. Name the city in Germany where Karl Marx was born.

Correct answer: Trier

Question 3. What is the name of the official note in a passport indicating permission to enter a state?

Correct answer: Visa

Question 4. What are the names of commercial organizations that provide Internet access to individuals?

Correct answer: Providers

Time left: 2:45
Replacements left: 3

Round 4 (RUB 15,000)

Question 1. What is the name of the layer of the Earth's atmosphere in which cyclones and anticyclones develop?

Player response: Atmosphere
Correct answer: Troposphere

Winning in the gong game: RUB 3,495
Total winnings: RUB 3,495

Alexander Vitebsky

Alexander Vitebsky

Replacement topic: Reptiles of the Mesozoic era

Round 1 (RUB 1,000)

Question 1. What is the name of the traditional Egyptian drink - tea made from Sudanese rose petals?

The player passes. Correct answer: Hibiscus

The player passes. Correct answer: I. P. Martos

Question 3. What is the name and patronymic of Kisa Vorobyaninov from the novel by Ilf and Petrov “The Twelve Chairs”.

The player passes. Correct answer: Ippolit Matveevich

Question 4. What phrase is used to describe the temperature point equal to minus 273.15 degrees Celsius?

Correct answer: Absolute zero

Time left: 3:16
Replacements left: 3

Round 2 (RUB 2,500)

Question 1. Which Turkish city is located in both Europe and Asia?

Correct answer: Istanbul

Question 2. Which politician was appointed Prime Minister of Russia immediately after the 1998 default?

Player response: Kasyanov
Correct answer: Primakov

Winning in the gong game: 1,000 rub.
Total winnings: 1,000 rub.

Larisa Lebedeva

Larisa Lebedeva

Replacement topic: Artists Vrubel and Vasnetsov

Round 1 (RUB 1,000)

Question 1. Which celestial body influences the tides on Earth more than others?

Correct answer: Moon

Time left: 3:54
Replacements left: 3

Round 2 (RUB 2,500)

Question 1. Which of the heroes of Krylov’s fables got himself “half a dozen points”?

Correct answer: Monkey

Question 2. What Latin word meaning “manual labor” was used to call textile factories in Russia?

The player passes. Correct answer: Manufactories

Question 3. On which continent is Mount Kilimanjaro located?

Correct answer: In Africa

Time left: 3:31
Replacements left: 3

Round 3 (RUB 5,000)

Question 1. When, according to the title of the popular TV series, do shadows disappear?

Correct answer: At noon

Question 2. Which Moscow university has been headed by Viktor Sadovnichy since 1992?

The player passes. Correct answer: Moscow State University

Question 3. Remember the name of the general who started the rebellion in Spain in 1936.

Correct answer: Franco

Question 4. What is the second title after pope in the hierarchy of the Catholic Church?

The player passes. Correct answer: Cardinal

V. G. Korolenko

Replacing the question. What animal does Ivan Tsarevich ride on in the famous painting by Vasnetsov?

Correct answer: On the wolf

Time left: 2:34
Replacements left: 2

Round 4 (RUB 15,000)

Question 1. What is the name of a military unit that consists of 4-5 companies?

The player passes. Correct answer: Battalion

Question 2. Bratislava has been the capital of which state since 1993?

Correct answer: Slovakia

Question 3. Which English writer is the author of the short story “The Last Inch” and the novel “The Diplomat”?

The player replaces the question. Correct answer: James Aldridge

Replacing the question. For which work of Lermontov did Mikhail Vrubel write the most book engravings?

The player replaces the question. Correct answer: To the "Demon"

Replacing the question. lush clusters of which plant did Vrubel depict in his painting of 1900?

Correct answer: Lilacs

Question 4. What are unsterilized canned fish called?

Correct answer: Preserves

Question 5. In what year did Russia enter World War I?

Correct answer: In 1914

Time left: 0:48
Replacements left: 0

Round 5 (RUB 50,000)

Question 1. Who, according to Confucius, is difficult to find in a dark room, especially if she is not there?

Correct answer: Black cat

Question 2. How many columns are there on the facade of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow?

Player response: Four
Correct answer: Eight

Winning in the gong game: RUB 8,677
Total winnings: RUB 8,677

Oksana Vladimirova

Oksana Vladimirova

Replacement topic: Musical certificate

Round 1 (RUB 1,000)

Question 1. What class of animals do penguins belong to?

The player passes. Correct answer: To the class of birds

Question 2. The name of which secret organization is translated from French as “free masons”?

Correct answer: Frank Masons

Time left: 3:49
Replacements left: 3

Round 2 (RUB 2,500)

Question 1. On which tree did the Crow perch from Krylov’s fable “The Crow and the Fox”?

The player passes. Correct answer: On spruce

Question 2. What is the name of paired punctuation in Russian that is used to highlight quotations in the text?

The player passes. Correct answer: Quotes

Question 3. What is the name of the city of Oranienbaum in the Leningrad region now?

The player passes. Correct answer: Lomonosov

Question 4. What is the name of the mixture of bitumen, sand and gravel used for road surfaces?

Correct answer: Asphalt

Question 5. How many heads did the dog Cerberus have when he was captured by Hercules?

The player passes. Correct answer: Three

Replacing the question. What term is used to describe a very loud sound, denoted by two Latin letters F?

Correct answer: Fortissimo

Time left: 2:46
Replacements left: 2

Before the third hour the siren sounded. This means that Oksana Vladimirova will continue playing in the next program.

In this lesson we will talk about another means of conveying emotions - dynamics (volume) of music.

We have already said that musical speech is very similar to speech in our traditional understanding. And one of the ways to express our emotions (besides the pace of reproduction of words) is another, no less powerful one - the volume with which we pronounce the words. Tender, kind words are pronounced quietly, commands, indignation, threats and calls are pronounced loudly. Like the human voice, music can also “scream” and “whisper”.

What do you think the explosives called “dynamite”, the Dynamo sports team and tape “speakers” have in common? They all come from one word – δύναμις [dynamis], translated from Greek as “strength”. This is where the word “dynamics” comes from. The shades of sound (or nuances in French) are called dynamic shades, and the strength of a musical sound is called dynamics.

The most common dynamic nuances, from quietest to loudest, are listed below:

• pp – Pianissimo – pianissimo – very quiet
• p – Piano – piano – quiet
• mp – Mezzo piano – mezzo piano – moderately quiet
• mf – Mezzo forte – mezzo-forte – moderately loud
• f – Forte – forte – loud
• ff -Fortissimo – fortissimo – very loud

To indicate even more extreme degrees of loudness, additional letters f and p are used. For example, the designations fff and ppp. They do not have standard names, they usually say “forte fortissimo” and “piano pianissimo”, or “tri forte” and “three piano”.

The designation of dynamics is relative, not absolute. For example, mp does not indicate an exact volume level, but rather that this passage should be played somewhat louder than p and somewhat quieter than mf.

Sometimes the music itself tells you how to play. For example, how do you play a lullaby?

That's right - quiet. How to play an alarm?

Yes, loud.

But there are times when it is not clear from the musical notation what character the composer put into the musical work. This is why the author writes hints in the form of dynamics icons under the musical text. Like that:

Dynamic nuances can be indicated both at the beginning and at any other place in a musical work.

There are two more dynamics signs that you will encounter quite often. To me they look a bit like bird beaks:

These icons indicate a gradual increase or decrease in sound volume. So, in order to sing louder, the bird opens its beak wider (<), а чтобы спеть потише – прикрывает клюв (>). These so-called “forks” appear below the musical text, as well as above it (especially above the vocal part).

In this example, a long dynamic “fork” (<),означает, что фрагмент нужно играть все громче и громче, пока не закончится знак крещендо.

And here the tapering “fork” (>) under the musical phrase means that the fragment needs to be played quieter and quieter until the diminuendo sign ends, and the initial volume level in this example is mf (mezzo forte), and the final volume is p (piano).

For the same purposes, the verbal method is often used. The term “” (Italian crescendo, abbreviated cresc.) means a gradual increase in sound, and “ Diminuendo"(Italian diminuendo, abbreviated dim.), or decrescendo(decrescendo, abbreviated decresc.) - gradual weakening.

Designations cresc. and dim. may be accompanied by additional instructions:

• poco – poko – a little
• poco a poco - poco a poco - little by little
• subito or sub. – subito – suddenly
• più – drink – more

Here are some more terms related to dynamics:

• al niente – al ninte – literally “to nothing”, to silence
• calando – calando – “lowering”; slowing down and lowering the volume
• marcato – marcato – emphasizing every note
• morendo – morendo – fading (fading down and slowing down the pace)
• perdendo or perdendosi – perdendo – losing strength, wilting
• sotto voce - sotto voce - in a low voice

Well, in conclusion, I would like to draw your attention to another dynamic nuance - this accent. In musical speech it is perceived as a separate sharp cry.

In the notes it is indicated:

• sforzando or sforzato (sf or sfz) - sforzando or sforzato - sudden sharp accent
• forte piano (fp) – loud, then immediately quiet
• sforzando piano (sfp) – indicates sforzando followed by piano

Another “accent” when writing is indicated by a > sign above or below the corresponding note (chord).

And finally, here are a couple of examples where, I hope, you will be able to apply all the knowledge you have acquired in practice:

It depends on which alphabet... In Russian it is one, but, for example, in the sacred language of Ancient India, Sanskrit, it is completely different. And this despite the fact that both writings originate from the same source.

Everything is simple with the Russian alphabet. Slavic writing is only a little over a thousand years old, and its history is known. In the second half of the 9th century, the brothers Cyril and Methodius decided to bring Christianity to the Slavic world, and since Christianity is the religion of the book, Cyril came up with an alphabet for the Slavs, the Glagolitic alphabet.

Kirill came up with original styles (albeit based on the Greek minuscule, which was widespread at that time), and retained the order in general terms. Maybe so that it is still convenient to use letters to denote numbers. Maybe because I didn’t know any other order. Perhaps because the alphabetical order of the language of the Bible is sacred - it is said in the Bible: “I am alpha and omega,” that is, the beginning and the end.

The only thing was that it was necessary to give some place to the letters that denoted sounds that were absent in Greek: B, Zh, Ts, Ch, Sh, etc. And they were placed either next to the letters that denoted the most similar sounds (B - next to V, Zh - next to Z), or at the end of the alphabet. When the Cyrillic alphabet, which was more similar to Greek letters, began to be used instead of the Glagolitic alphabet, the alphabetical order was generally preserved, although some rare letters occupy different places in different lists, and some are present only in part of the lists.

The Greek alphabet took its order of letters from the Semitic script. There is a legend about the Phoenician Cadmus, who taught the Greeks writing. Like the Slavs, the Greeks needed additional letters, so at the end of the Greek alphabet we see phi (Φ), chi (Χ), psi (Ψ) and omega (Ω), which were absent from the Phoenicians. By the way, these letters are not in the early lists; the alphabet ends either with ipslon (Y) or even with tau (T).

Ultimately, the Latin alphabet also goes back to the same source, which is why the order of the letters in it differs so little from the Russian one we are used to. Perhaps the most noticeable thing is that in place of G in front of the letter D (D) we see C (read as “k”). But if you look at the Latin letter G, you can see that it is derived from C (and was produced quite late - that is why the name Guy was abbreviated for a long time by the letter C - have you ever heard of “Caius” by Julius Caesar?).

But where the order of letters in the Semitic script came from is not known exactly. The signs themselves most likely arose not without the influence of Egyptian writing, but the Semites came up with the order themselves. Moreover, even before the appearance of the Semitic letter itself: it was first found in the Ugaritic letter, and it was cuneiform.

If the Europeans simply copied the order of the letters (perhaps in order to preserve, at least basically, their numerical values ​​for the letters), then the ancient Indians, who had a good linguistic tradition, having received the Semitic letter at their disposal, arranged the letters in accordance with pronunciation: first vowels, then consonants, and within these groups the order is also not random. But the Indians came up with separate numbers for themselves. Then, through the Arabs, these numbers reached Europe, and we know them under the name “Arab” - but that’s another story.

Sanskrit and Old Church Slavonic script - KARUNA are essentially the same thing. Also, the Saga of the Ingliings was written in a more ancient language than the Book of Perun’s wisdom and the book of Veles, which are more reminiscent of SANSKRIT. Sanskrit in India is our Old Church Slavonic and even Old Slavic writing, which came to the HIMAVAT MOUNTAINS after the second flood from Egypt at least. The VEDAs were given
on wooden tablets to the Hindus so that they would stop worshiping and making bloody sacrifices to the Goddess KALI. Cyril and Mifodiy only simplified the Glagolitic alphabet and united the Indo-European Languages ​​(the root of which was always the ANCIENT SLAVIC LANGUAGE OF THE ARIANS, images of Letters such as Yus disappeared... So this article is nonsense and an attempt by a Jew to mislead the Slavs. RULE No. 1 YOU CANNOT TRUST A JEW! Rule No. 2 IF YOU MET A KIKE YOU CAN TRUST, SEE RULE #1.

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In Italian terms, language affiliation is not indicated.
AUTHENTIC - 1) authentic cadence in the major-minor system: sequence of dominant and tonic chords; 2) in the medieval modal system - a mode, the range of which is built from the fundamental tone an octave upward.
Adagio (adagio) - 1) tempo designation: slow (slower than andante, but more agile than largo); 2) part of a work or a separate piece at a given tempo.
Adagissimo (adagissimo) - tempo designation: very slow.
Ad libitum (ad libitum) - “at will”: an indication that allows the performer to freely vary the tempo or phrasing, as well as skip or play part of a passage (or other fragment of musical text); abbreviated ad. lib.
Agitato (agitato) - a designation of expressiveness: “excitedly.”
A cappella is a term referring to choral music intended to be performed without instrumental accompaniment.
ACCOLADE - a curly brace that combines several musical staves.
CHORD - the combined sound of several interconnected tones.
CHORD SEQUENCE - The movement of chords according to certain principles.
Aleatorics is a modern method of composition based on introducing elements of chance into the structure of a work.
Alla breve (alla breve) - designation of time signature (): fast performance of two-beat meters, in which the counting is not in quarters, but in half notes.
Allargando (allargando) - “expanding”. A designation that refers both to tempo (some slowing down) and to expressiveness (emphasizing each sound).
Allegretto (allegretto) - 1) tempo designation: slower than allegro, and faster than andante; 2) a fairly moving small piece or part of a cycle.
Allegro (allegro) - “fun, joyful”; 1) tempo designation: soon; 2) a piece in allegro tempo, part of a cycle, the first part of a classical sonata-symphonic cycle (sonata allegro).
HALLELUJAH (Hebrew - “praise God”) is an expression often found in sacred music and psalms; sometimes - an independent part of music in the liturgical cycle;
ALBERTIAN BASS - an accompaniment to a melody, consisting of “broken”, “decomposed” chords, i.e. chords in which the sounds are not played simultaneously, but in turn. The technique is typical for clavier music of the late 18th century.
ALTO - 1) the second voice from the top in a four-voice choral or instrumental score. The alto was originally performed by a male falsetto - hence the name, which literally means “high”; 2) a low female voice, often called “contralto”; 3) an instrument that corresponds in height to the position of the viola in the score - for example, a string instrument viola, alto saxophone, alto flute, etc.
EMBUCHURE - the position of the lips when playing wind instruments.
CORN anglais - an alto oboe pitched a fifth lower than a regular oboe.
Andante (andante) - 1) tempo designation: moderate; 2) a piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.
Andantino (andantino) - 1) tempo designation: more agile than andante; 2) a short piece in andante tempo or part of a cycle.
Animato (animato) - a designation of expressiveness: “animately”.
ENSEMBLE - 1) a combination of voices or instruments (antonym - solo); 2) in opera - a fragment for two or more soloists or for a soloist (soloists) with a choir.
Anticipation (English) - 1) a sound performed slightly earlier than the rhythmic beat to which it belongs; 2) playing one of the chord tones a little earlier than the chord itself.
ANTIPHON - a form that provides for the alternate participation of two groups of performers. The term goes back to the name of one of the genres of ancient liturgical singing - the antiphon, which was performed alternately by two choirs.
Appoggiatura is an embellishment or unprepared suspension, usually dissonant in relation to the main chord and resolving into one of its constituent tones. The long appoggiatura falls on the strong beat of the bar and resolves on the weak beat. A short appoggiatura (Italian acccaciatura, accachatura; in Russian the term “foreshlag” is used) is performed briefly before the downbeat (in the music of Bach’s era - also briefly, but on the downbeat).
ARRANGEMENT (arrangement, processing) - adaptation of a musical composition for a cast of performers other than the original (or than intended by the author).
ARIOSO - small aria; the adjective "ariot" refers to a vocal style that is more melodically rich than recitative but less developed than aria.
Arco (arco) - literally "bow": the instruction coll "arco for performers on string instruments is to play with a bow, not pizzicato.
ARPEGGIO - a chord in which the tones are not played simultaneously, but sequentially.
ARTICULATION - the way sound is presented when playing instruments or singing, similar to pronunciation in speech communication.
Assai (assai) - “very”; for example, adagio assai - very slowly.
Attacca (attack) - 1) an indication at the end of a part, ordering the next part to begin without interruption; 2) distinctness, clarity with which the soloist takes the tone, or precision, clarity of the simultaneous entry of members of the ensemble, orchestra, choir.
A tempo (a tempo) - returning to the original tempo after changing it.
ATONALITY - the term is applied to music in which there is no specific tonal center and the associated relationships of consonances.
Affettuoso (affettuoso) - a designation of expressiveness: “with feeling.”
AEROPHONE, wind instrument - an instrument in which the sound arises as a result of vibration of the air column in the tube.
BARITONE - 1) male voice of middle register, between tenor and bass; 2) an instrument from the group of saxophones with a baritone range.
BAS 1) the lower voice of an instrumental or vocal score; 2) male voice of low register; 3) a low-range musical instrument (for example, a bass viol).
Basso continuo (basso continuo) (also general bass, digital bass) - “continuous, general bass”: a tradition of Baroque music, according to which the lower voice in the ensemble was performed by a melodic instrument of the appropriate range (viola da gamba, cello, bassoon) , while another instrument (keyboard or lute) duplicated this line along with chords, which were indicated in the notes by conventional digital notation, implying an element of improvisation.
Basso ostinato (basso ostinato) - literally “constant bass”: a short musical phrase in the bass, repeated throughout the entire composition or any section of it, with free variation of the upper voices; in early music this technique is especially typical for the chaconne and passacaglia.
BEKAR - a sign indicating that a given tone does not rise or fall; often used as an indication of the cancellation of a previously made increase or decrease in tone in a given measure; bekar is only a random sign and is never placed with the key.
Bel canto (bel canto) is a style of singing associated with Italian opera; the beauty of sound production and technical perfection prevail in it over dramatic expressiveness.
FLATT (and double-flat) - signs indicating a decrease in sound by a semitone or two semitones, i.e. a whole tone.
Burden (English) - a refrain or a separate choral piece sung in meaningless syllables.
Beat (English) - rhythmic pulsation, rhythmic emphasis.
Blue note (English) - in jazz, the performance of the third or seventh degree in a major scale with a slight decrease (the term is associated with the blues genre).
Bop (English) is a jazz style: associated with a small ensemble, it was popular in the late 1940s.
BREVIS - note duration, mainly in ancient music: equal to two whole notes.
Battery (English) - a drum group in a symphony or brass band.
Variation is a composition technique consisting of a modified repetition of previously presented material.
LEADING TONE is the seventh step in the scales of major, harmonic and melodic (with an upward movement) minor: a semitone is formed here, which gravitates towards the tonic located a semitone above (for example, in C major, the sound B gravitates towards the higher C).
VIBRATO is a slight oscillatory change in the pitch or volume of a sustained tone in order to create an additional colorful effect.
Vivace (vivache) - a designation of tempo and expressiveness: fast, lively.
A virtuoso is a performer with outstanding abilities and brilliant technique.
VOCALISIS - 1) singing to vowel sounds (exercise); 2) a piece for voice (without words) and accompaniment.
VOCAL CYCLE is a concept similar to a poetic cycle: a group of romances or songs united by a common idea, as well as musical themes. Pitch is the relative pitch of a tone, determined by the number of vibrations per second.
GAMMA, SOUND SERIES - a set of sounds belonging to one or another modal system and arranged in a certain order (usually in a progressive ascending or descending movement - in the form of a scale). In everyday use, the terms "scale" and "scale" are used interchangeably, but the scale does not have to be written in scale form.
HARMONIC RHYTHM - the speed at which chords change each other.
HARMONY - 1) simultaneous sound - consonance of several tones (chord); 2) connections within chord progressions; 3) the science of the laws of chord relationships; 4) the “vertical” (harmonic) aspect of a musical composition, interacting with its “horizontal” (melodic) aspect.
Gebrauchsmusik (German) - 1) a direction in music (mainly German) of the 20th century, which consciously focused on the performance and taste needs of amateur music-making; 2) applied, functional music (for example, dance music, theater music, film music, etc.).
Gesammtkunstwerk (German) - “total work of art”: a term proposed by R. Wagner and implying the unity of stage action, music and decoration in his musical drama.
Hexachord - a diatonic scale of six tones; used in the theory of Guido d'Arezzo.
HETEROPHONY - a type of polyphony in which the same melody is performed by two or more voices with slight differences. This ancient type of polyphony is characteristic of a number of Asian and African cultures, as well as some genres of Russian folklore and the folklore of other European peoples.
Glissando (glissando) is a performing technique when playing instruments, which consists of lightly sliding a finger along a string along the neck of string instruments, sliding one or more fingers along the keyboard (most often along the white keys), etc. GOKET - a type of polyphonic technique in medieval music, consisting of the distribution of individual sounds or segments of a melodic line among different voices.
HEAD REGISTER is the highest register of the human voice; when used, the cranium serves as a resonator.
VOICE - 1) sounds produced by the human vocal cords; 2) a melodic line or part of the texture of a given composition, instrumental or vocal.
HOMOPHONY is a type of musical writing in which there is a melodic line and its harmonic accompaniment.
Grave (grave) - a designation of tempo and expressiveness: slowly, solemnly.
Grand opera (French) - “big opera”: a genre of French opera of the 19th century, distinguished by its large scale, vivid drama, and entertainment.
GREGORIAN CHANT - liturgical monodic (one-voice) singing of the Western Christian Church; was named after Pope Gregory I (c. 540-604), who regulated church singing.
NECK - in a violin and similar instruments - a wooden (or plastic) plate over which the strings are stretched and on which the performer's fingers are located during playing.
CHEST SOUND - the use of the lower register of the voice, when the chest serves as a resonator for the extracted sound.
GRUPPETTO is a type of melisma (decoration) in vocal or instrumental music, consisting of surrounding, singing the main tone from below and above: for example, with the main tone to C, the groupetto will look like re - do - si - do. Denoted as (da capo) - “from the beginning”; an instruction requiring a fragment or an entire part of a work to be repeated from the beginning; abbreviated as D.C.
Dal segno (dal seño) - “starting from the sign”; an instruction instructing to repeat a fragment from a sign; abbreviated as D.S.
DOUBLE TRILL - simultaneous trill at two high levels.
DOUBLE METER - a meter for which two main stresses per measure are typical - a stronger and a weaker one. For example, in 6/8 there are two accents: the first eighth is strong, the fourth is weak.
DOUBLE TONG is a sound production technique on some wind instruments (for example, trumpet, horn, flute), in which double sounds are produced by a quick movement of the performer's tongue (similar to the rapid pronunciation of the sounds "t-k").
DOUBLE NOTES - the simultaneous combination of two or more sounds on stringed instruments (for example, a violin).
JAZZ is one of the musical styles of the 20th century that originated in the USA; Jazz is characterized by a large role of improvisation and complexity of rhythm.
Giocoso (jocoso) - fun, playful.
RANGE - 1) in medieval music theory - octave; 2) the name of one of the organ’s flute pipes; 3) volume of sound of a voice, instrument, etc.
Diatonic is a seven-tone scale within an octave that does not have altered tones.
Divisi (divisi) - an instruction for ensemble members, warning about the division of the party into several independent voices.
SHARP (and double-sharp () - signs indicating an increase in tone by a semitone or two semitones, i.e. by a whole tone.
Diminuendo (diminuendo) is a dynamic indication similar to decrescendo.
Dynamic symbols are words (for example, forte), letter abbreviations (for example, f or p), and symbols (for example, forks) that indicate the dynamic level of performance and its changes.
DISCANT - 1) a type of polyphony of the 12th-15th centuries; 2) the highest voice in a choir or in a group of instruments (in Russia - in a choral score for a boys’ choir, sometimes together with a male choir, mainly in sacred music).
DISSONANCE - discordant, unmerged sound of two or more tones. Dissonance often resolves into consonance. Dissonance, like consonance, is a historically changing concept.
ADDITIONAL RULERS - Short rulers that are placed above or below the staff to indicate sounds that are above or below the range covered by the staff.
Doloroso (doloroso) - indication of expressiveness: “sorrowful.”
Dolce (dolce) - an indication of expressiveness: “gently”, “affectionately”.
Dominant is the fifth degree of a major or minor scale (for example, G in C major).
Decrescendo (decrescendo) - dynamic indication: gradual weakening of the volume. Also indicated by a fork.
HOLDING - one or more sounds of a chord that are sustained while other voices move into a new chord; arrests are usually dissonant with a new chord and then resolved into it.
ZATKT - one or more sounds at the beginning of a phrase, which are written before the first bar line of the composition. The beat always falls on the weak beat and precedes the strong beat of the first full measure.
SOUND NOTE - a direct associative connection between music and text in vocal music; for example, an ascending scale movement on the words “and ascended into heaven.”
Idee fixe (French) - literally “obsession”: a term associated primarily with the symphonic music of G. Berlioz and denoting the presence in a work of a cross-cutting theme associated with extra-musical concepts (for example, the lover’s theme in the Symphony Fantastique, Harold’s theme in the Harold Symphony in Italy).
IDIOPHONE - an instrument in which the source of sound is a vibrating body (for example, a gong, a triangle).
IMITATION - repetition of a musical idea, exact or slightly modified, in different voices of polyphonic texture.
IMPRESSIONISM is an artistic movement in the visual arts and music that arose at the end of the 19th century; What is typical for him is an appeal primarily to feelings, and not to the intellect, a desire for colorfulness, for the embodiment of fleeting impressions, for spiritual landscapes. In music, the most prominent representative of impressionism is C. Debussy, as well as authors who were influenced by his style.
IMPROVISATION is the art of spontaneously creating or interpreting music (as opposed to strictly following pre-recorded text).
INVERSION, reversal - 1) in a melodic sense, the presentation of a motive or theme in reverse motion: for example, instead of do - re - mi * mi - re - do; 2) in a harmonic sense, the construction of a particular chord not from the first (lower) degree, but from some other: for example, the first inversion of the triad do - mi - sol is the sixth chord mi - sol - do.
Instrumentation, orchestration - the art of distributing the voices of the musical texture between the members of the ensemble, see ORCHESTRATION.
INTERVAL - musical and mathematical (acoustic) distance between two tones. Intervals can be melodic, when the tones are taken one after the other, or harmonic, when the tones are played simultaneously.
INTONATION - 1) the degree of relative acoustic accuracy with which sounds are reproduced by a soloist or ensemble (vocal or instrumental); 2) the initial melodic motive of medieval formulas for psalmody (singing psalms with melodic recitative).
CABALETTA - 1) a small virtuoso opera aria; 2) the final fast section of the operatic aria.
CAVATINA is a short lyrical aria of song type.
CADANCE is a harmonic sequence that ends a musical phrase. The main types of cadence are authentic (dominant - tonic), plagal (subdominant - tonic).
CADENZA - in an instrumental concerto for soloist and orchestra - a virtuoso solo section, usually placed towards the end of the movement; cadenzas were sometimes composed by composers, but were often left to the discretion of the performer.
Chamber music is instrumental or vocal ensemble music intended for performance primarily in small halls. A common chamber instrumental genre is the string quartet. Cantabile (cantabile) - a melodious, coherent style of performance.
CANTILEN - a vocal or instrumental melody of a lyrical, melodious nature.
Cantus firmus (lat.) (cantus firmus) - literally "strong tune": a leading melody, often borrowed, which forms the basis of a polyphonic composition.
Cantus planus (lat.) (cantus planus) - rhythmically smooth monophonic singing, characteristic of Gregorian chant.
CASTRATO - male voice, soprano or alto, used in Italian opera, mainly of the Baroque era.
Quasi (quasi) - like, like; quasi marcia - like a march.
QUARTET - string quartet: ensemble of two violins, viola and cello; piano quartet: an ensemble of violin, viola, cello and piano.
QUARTER - dividing a rhythmic beat into four equal parts.
Quintet - string quintet: an ensemble usually consisting of two violins, two violas and a cello. Some works by Boccherini and Schubert are written for two violins, a viola and two cellos; piano quintet: an ensemble consisting of a string quartet (two violins, viola, cello) and piano; Schubert's Trout Quintet is a rare exception to the rule, as it is composed of violin, viola, cello, double bass and piano.
QUINTOL - dividing a rhythmic beat into five equal parts.
Quodlibet is a comic musical piece that combines several well-known melodies, often borrowed from folk or popular songs.
The harpsichord is a stringed keyboard instrument from the 16th to 18th centuries, in which small plectrums engage the strings when the keys are pressed.
CLAVICHORD - A small keyboard instrument from the Renaissance and Baroque eras, in which small metal pins struck the strings when the keys were pressed, producing a low, gentle sound.
CLAVIER is the general name for stringed keyboard instruments (clavichord, harpsichord, piano, etc.).
Klangfarbenmelodie (German) is a concept related to the field of dodecaphony, in particular to the work of A. Schoenberg and his followers: each note or each short motive in the score is intended for different instruments.
CLUSTER - dissonant consonance, consisting of several sounds adjacent to each other.
KEY - 1) the main scale of a particular composition, named after its main pillar - the tonic and indicated by signs at the key; 2) a sign at the beginning of the staff that determines the pitch position of the subsequent musical notation (for example, bass, violin, alto, etc.); 3) a device in some keyboards and wind instruments for tuning the instrument.
KEY SIGNS - flats and sharps, placed at the beginning of each staff on which music is recorded, and indicating the key: for example, one sharp at the key refers to the keys G major and E minor, one flat indicates the keys F major and D minor
CODA - the final section of a musical composition, sometimes developing a final cadence. The coda contributes to the completeness of the essay; in some cases it reaches its main culmination.
Coloratura is a virtuoso style of singing, usually including fast scales, arpeggios, and embellishments; Typically, coloratura is associated with a high, light soprano voice, especially in opera.
Con brio (con brio) - a designation of expressiveness: “lively”.
Con moto (con moto) - a designation of tempo and expressiveness: “with movement.”
Con fuoco (con fuoco) - a designation of expressiveness: “with fire.”
CONSONANCE - consonance, consonant sound of two or more tones; the concepts of consonance vary in music of different eras and styles.
CONTRALTO is the lowest register female voice.
Counterpoint is a type of musical writing in which voices (two or more) move with relative independence.
CONTRA BASSOGON - A large bassoon that plays an octave lower than a regular bassoon.
A countertenor is a very high male voice (above a tenor).
Concertino - in a baroque instrumental concert (concerto grosso) a group of soloists, usually two viols and a basso continuo.
CONCERTMAIST - 1) first violin in the orchestra: this performer plays solo fragments of the score and, if necessary, replaces the conductor; 2) a musician leading a group of orchestra instruments; 3) a pianist who studies a piece (part) with vocalists, instrumentalists, ballet dancers and performs with them at concerts.
Concertato (concertato) - a style characteristic of Baroque music and implying “competition” between orchestra groups, choirs, etc.
Cornetto (cornetto), zinc - a woodwind or brass instrument of the late Renaissance and Baroque era, the predecessor of the cornet; It has a conical barrel, a bowl-shaped mouthpiece, and a chromatic scale.
Crescendo (crescendo) - designation of dynamics: gradual increase in volume. Also indicated by a fork.
MODES - 1) scales such as major or minor; 2) in the Middle Ages, a system of diatonic (“white keys”) modes (modes, scales), originating from ancient Greek modes and forming the basis of medieval church singing and the genres that developed on its basis; in this regard, medieval modes are often called church modes. Each medieval mode has an octave range and can be represented in two forms - authentic and plagal. The four main authentic modes are Dorian from D, Phrygian from E, Lydian from F and Mixolydian from G. The parallel plagal modes have the same fundamental tone, but the range is usually a fourth lower. During the Renaissance, the following modes were added to the described modes: the Aeolian mode from A and the Ionian mode from C with corresponding plagal forms. See Frets; 4) vein, bone or wooden plates located on the neck of a lute, guitar and other similar instruments and marking the location of certain sounds for the performer.
Larghetto (larghetto) - 1) designation of tempo: slow, but somewhat more agile than largo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.
Largo (largo) - literally “wide”: 1) designation of tempo; in the generally accepted sense, the slowest possible tempo; 2) a piece or part of a cycle at a given tempo.
Legato (legato) - a designation of expressiveness: coherently, without breaks between sounds.
Leggiero (leggiero) - a designation of expressiveness: easily, gracefully.
Leitmotif - in the operas of Richard Wagner (and other authors who use the leitmotif technique in works of different genres) is a melodic, rhythmic, harmonic motif associated with a character, subject, time and place of action, as well as with certain emotions and abstract ideas. See LEITMOTHIO.
Lento (lento) - tempo designation: slow.
Libretto is the text of an opera and oratorio, often in poetic form.
League - a curved line under or above the notes that links them into a phrase; if a league connects two notes of the same pitch, then the second note is not played, and its duration is added to the duration of the first note.
Lied (German "song") is a term referring to the romance lyrics of German composers of the 19th century.
Lyric opera (opera lyrique) is a term referring to 19th century French opera. and denoting a type of genre, located, as it were, between “grand opera” and “comic opera” (opera comique).
L "istesso tempo (listesso tempo) - “at the same tempo": the designation indicates that the tempo is maintained, even if other note durations are used in the future.
Lute is a plucked string instrument. See LUTNE.
Ma non troppo (ma non troppo) - not too much; allegro ma non troppo - not too fast.
MADRIGAL - 1) secular vocal two- or three-voice genre in Italian music of the 14th century; 2) secular polyphonic choral play in Italy and England in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
MAJOR and MINOR - the terms are used: 1) to designate the quality of certain intervals (seconds, thirds, sixths, sevenths) - for example, there may be two thirds: major, or major (C - E) and minor, or minor (C - E- flat), i.e. the major interval is a semitone wider than the corresponding minor interval; 2) to designate two main types of triads and chords built on them: a triad, the first interval of which is a major third - major (C - E - G), a triad with a minor third at the base - minor (C - E-flat - G); 3) to designate the two most common scales in European music after 1700 - major (with a major third between the I and III degrees) and minor (with a minor third between the I and III degrees). The major scale from note C looks like: do - re - mi - fa - sol - la - si - do. The minor scale has three forms: natural minor, in which semitone relationships are formed between II and III and between V and VI degrees, as well as harmonic and melodic minors, in which the VI and VII degrees change (alter).
See MUSICAL SCALES.
MANUAL - keyboard; in Russian usually refers to organ and harpsichord keyboards.
Marcato (marcato) - a designation of expressiveness: clearly, with emphasis.
MEDIANTA - III degree of the scale: for example, E in C major.
MELISM (decoration) - 1) melodic passages or entire melodies performed on one syllable of the text. The melismatic style is characteristic of ancient church singing of various traditions (Byzantine, Gregorian, Old Russian, etc.); 2) small melodic decorations in vocal and instrumental music, indicated by special conventional signs or small notes.
SMALL NOTE - a note (or group of notes) written smaller than the rest. Such a notation can have two meanings: 1) in music created before the 19th century, and sometimes later, a “small note” was an ornament that did not have its own rhythmic duration, but borrowed, “subtracted” it from the subsequent duration; in Russian in this case the borrowed term “foreshlag” is used; 2) in 19th-century music, especially in the works of Liszt, Chopin and Anton Rubinstein, a series of “small notes” are often used in cadences and phrases similar in style, and the passage as a whole has some designated length (for example, a bar or two bars and etc.), and the duration of each of the “small notes” is determined by the performer (usually such passages are performed rubato, i.e. “freely”).
MELODY is a musical thought expressed monophonically and having a certain pitch and rhythmic contour.
Meno (meno) - “less”; meno mosso (meno mosso) - designation of tempo: calmer, not so fast.
METER - a rhythmic form consisting of alternating stressed and unstressed (strong and weaker) beats, like a foot in poetry. The main types are: bi-beat meter (with one stressed and one unstressed beat per bar) and tri-beat meter (with one stressed and two unstressed beats per bar).
Meter and size designation - the meter is usually indicated by two numbers set at the beginning of the musical notation: the upper number indicates the number of beats in a bar, the lower one - the rhythmic unit of counting. So, the 2/4 time signature shows that the measure has two beats, each with a quarter.
METRONOME - a mechanical device for determining the tempo of a piece, invented in the 19th century.
Mezza voce (mezza voce) - in a low voice.
Mezzo forte (mezzo forte) - not very loud.
Mezzo-Soprano is a female voice of medium height, between soprano and contralto.
MICROTONE - an interval less than a semitone (in tempered scale).
MINIMALISM is a musical style of the second half of the 20th century, based on the long repetition, perhaps with minor changes, of very laconic musical material.
MODALITY is a method of pitch organization, which is based on the principle of scale - in contrast to the tonal major-minor principle. The term applies to ancient church monodic music of various traditions, as well as to Eastern and folk cultures (in this case, the term “modality” may correspond to the term “mode”).
Moderato (moderato) - designation of tempo: moderate, between andante and allegro.
MODULATION - in the major-minor system, a change in key.
Molto (molto) - very; tempo designation: molto adagio - tempo designation: very slow.
MONODY - 1) solo or one-voice choral singing without accompaniment; 2) the style of Italian music of the early 17th century, which is characterized by the predominance of melody over simple chord accompaniment.
MORDENT - decoration (melisma), designated as () or () and consisting of a rapid movement one step up or down and immediate return; double mordent up and down is also possible.
MOTIVE is a short melodic-rhythmic figure, the smallest independent unit of the musical form of a work.
Musica ficta (ficta music), musica falsa (false music) - a practice widespread in the late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, following which, during performance, chromatic alterations were introduced into the music that were absent in the written musical text - in order to avoid the dissonant interval of the tritone or increase the VII step (introductory tone).
See MUSICAL SCALES.
Musique concrete (French) is one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which originated in France: here, both musical and natural sounds are used as the main material, recorded on film and then subjected to various kinds of acoustic and other transformations.
TUNING - the process of adjusting the pitch of different instruments (for example, strings or piano), in which the sound acquires the pitch characteristic of a given temperament system, and the sound of this instrument is consistent with the tuning of other instruments.
NON-CHORD SOUND - a sound that is not part of a given chord, but sounds along with it.
NEUMATIC STYLE - in medieval art, a method of vocal writing in which there are several tones for each syllable of the text - in contrast to the syllabic style, where each syllable corresponds to one tone, and the melismatic style, where each syllable corresponds to a more extended chant.
NEUMS - signs of ancient notations, similar to hieroglyphs; nevma can mean either a single tone or a fairly long melodic structure. Old Russian neumas are called hooks.
Neoclassicism is one of the trends in music of the 20th century, which is characterized by the use of genres, forms, melodic models, etc., rethought in a modern spirit. eras of Baroque and Classicism.
Non troppo (non troppo) - not too much; allegro ma non troppo - tempo designation: not too fast.
NOTE is a graphic designation of a musical sound, as well as the sound itself.
NOTE STAVE - a set of five horizontal lines in musical notation.
OVERTONES are overtones that are included in the spectrum of sound produced by a vibrating object, a vibrator (for example, a string or a column of air), and are located above the fundamental tone. Overtones are formed as a result of vibrations of parts of the vibrator (its halves, thirds, quarters, etc.), each of them has its own height. Thus, the sound produced by the vibrator is complex and consists of a fundamental tone and a set of overtones.
Obligato (obbligato) - 1) in music of the 17th and 18th centuries. the term refers to those instrument parts in a piece that cannot be omitted and must be performed; 2) fully written accompaniment in a musical work for voice or solo instrument and clavier.
OCTAVE - the interval between two sounds, the frequency ratio of which is 1: 2.
OCTET is an ensemble of eight performers, as well as a chamber instrumental work for this composition.
Opus (Latin opus, “work”; abbreviated as op.): the designation has been used by composers since the Baroque era and usually refers to the serial number of a given work in the list (most often chronological) of the works of a given author.
ORGAN POINT, PEDAL - a sound (or several sounds) sustained in the bass, against which other voices move freely; This technique is often used in organ music; in the classical style, organ points usually appear before the final cadence.
ORGANUM - a form of early Western polyphony (from the 9th century), which uses melodies borrowed from church monody.
The fundamental tone is the main (most often lower) sound within a given group of sounds (intervals, chords, modes, etc.).
Ostinato (ostinato) - repeated repetition of a melodic or rhythmic figure, harmonic turn, or individual sound (especially often in bass voices).
PANDIATONICA is a style of harmonic writing in which diatonic harmonies are used freely, often outside the rules of traditional harmony.
Parallel movement is an ascending or descending parallel movement of two or more voices, in which the same intervallic distance is maintained between these voices (for example, movement in parallel thirds or parallel fourths).
PARALLEL CHORDS - ascending or descending movement of chords of the same or similar structure, without the resolutions prescribed by traditional harmony.
PARALLEL MAJOR and MINOR - major and minor having the same key signs and spaced apart by a minor third (for example, C major and A minor).
Patter song (English) - a humorous song in which the words are set to a simple melody consisting of repeated repetition of the same sounds; words must be pronounced quickly and clearly.
PAUSE - the term is used to designate both the pause itself - a break in the sound, and the signs that prescribe it.
Pesante (pesante) - a designation of expressiveness: hard.
Pentatonic scale - five-step scales; the main type is a half-tone pentatonic scale (“on black keys”); Similar modes are often found in the music of the Far East; they are also typical for a number of European folk traditions, in particular Russian.
CROSS RHYTHM - the simultaneous use of different meters (rhythmic patterns) in different voices, for example, bipartite and tribeat.
VERIFICATION - close proximity (or simultaneous sound) in the score of a tone and its altered form - for example, B and B-flat. In some styles, talking is strictly prohibited.
Perpetuum mobile (Latin for “perpetual motion”): a piece built on continuous fast rhythmic movement from beginning to end.
Pianissimo (pianissimo) - very quiet; abbreviated: pp.
Piano (piano) - quiet; abbreviated: p.
Piu (piu) - more; piu allegro - tempo designation: faster.
Pizzicato - plucking: a way of playing stringed instruments by plucking the strings with your fingers.
PLAGAL - 1) in music based on the major-minor system, a cadence in which the subdominant chord resolves to the tonic (movement from degree IV to I, or from the triad F - F - C to the triad C - E - G in C major) ; 2) in medieval church singing - a mode located a fourth lower than the corresponding authentic mode and having a common fundamental tone with it.
POLYMODALITY - the simultaneous use of several (for example, major and minor) scales (modes) in a work.
POLYRHYTHM - the simultaneous use of distinctly contrasting rhythmic patterns in different voices.
POLYTONALITY - the simultaneous sound of two or more tones.
POLYPHONY - a type of writing that involves the independent movement of each of two or more voices. See POLYPHONY.
A semitone is half a tone, or 1/12 of an octave.
Portamento (portamento) is a sliding transition from one sound to another, used in singing and playing the strings.
Portato (portato) is a method of sound production, between legato and staccato.
Postlude - an instrumental piece performed after the end of the service in a Western Christian church (usually on the organ), as well as an independent instrumental or orchestral piece, reminiscent of an "afterword".
DRIMA DONNA is the leading performer of female roles in the opera house.
PROGRAM MUSIC - instrumental and orchestral music associated with the embodiment of ideas borrowed from the extra-musical sphere (literature, painting, natural phenomena, etc.). The name comes from the program - the text with which composers often accompanied works of this type.
PASSING SOUND - a sound that is not part of the chord structure, but linearly connects two consonant harmonies (usually appears on the weak beat of a bar).
Prestissimo (prestissimo) - designation of tempo: extremely fast; faster than presto.
Presto (presto) - tempo designation: very fast.
Psalm tones are relatively simple melodic formulas - models according to which psalms and other liturgical texts were performed in the medieval Western Christian church.
DOTTED RHYTHM - a rhythmic pattern formed by increasing a beat by half the duration by halving the next weaker beat. Indicated by a dot to the right of the note.
DEVELOPMENT - development of a musical idea by isolating fragments of themes, changing the keys of themes, expanding them, various combinations with each other, etc. Development is also called the second, developing section of the sonata form (sonata allegro).
RESOLUTION - movement from dissonance to consonance.
ROCKWALK - a reversible movement of a theme from end to beginning.
Rallentando (rallentando) - designation of tempo: gradually slowing down.
RASPEV, ROSPEV - a system of monodic vocal music, mainly church singing of different denominations.
REGISTER - 1) a group of organ pipes that create a certain timbre; 2) a certain section of the range of a voice or instrument that has distinct coloristic and timbre qualities (for example, the “head register” - falsetto).
REPRISE - the final section of a work in sonata form, where the themes of the exposition are repeated; reprise also refers to the repetition of musical material in the final section of various forms - for example, three-part.
RESPONSORY - a chant of the Western Church, in which the singing of the soloist and the choral refrain alternate; the definition "responsor" can refer to a similar technique in music of different styles.
REFRAIN - 1) in the form of a rondo - unchangeable musical material that appears after contrasting sections; 2) chorus - the second, unchangeable half of the verse in verse form (for example, in a song).
Ripieno (ripieno) - in instrumental music of the Baroque era, the designation of the playing of the entire orchestra; same as tutti.
Ritardando (ritardando) - designation of tempo: gradually slowing down.
Ritenuto (ritenuto) - a designation of tempo: gradually reducing the tempo, but over a shorter period than ritardando.
RHYTHM - temporary organization of music; specifically, a sequence of sound durations.
RITURNELLE - literally "return". In early opera, the term referred to repeated returns of a melody (such as a refrain); in a Baroque concert, the ritornello was the periodic return of variations of the first theme, which were performed by the entire orchestra (as opposed to the intermediate sections performed by solo instruments).
ROCOCO - style of art of the first half of the 18th century, including music; Rococo is characterized by an abundance of ornamental motifs and whimsical lines.
Rubato (rubato) is a flexible interpretation of the tempo-rhythmic side of the work, deviations from a uniform tempo in order to achieve greater expressiveness.
ROW, SERIES - the main structure in dodecaphony (12-tone composition technique); in its pure form, the series consists of 12 non-repeating sounds that appear in the order determined by the composer; in practice, a series can consist of a different number of non-repeating sounds.
SWING is a style of jazz dance music for big band orchestra, popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s.
LINK - a fragment of secondary content, often modulating, which serves as a transition from one section of the musical form to another.
SEQUENCE - repetition of a motive or phrase at a different pitch level.
SEXTET - an ensemble of six performers or a composition for this composition.
SEXTOL - dividing a rhythmic beat into six equal parts.
SEPTET - an ensemble of seven performers (each has their own part) or a composition for this composition.
SERIALISM, SERIALISM - a composition technique in which a set of non-repeating sounds is used as a basis (the classic version is 12 sounds, but there may be less) and the entire composition consists of a continuous repetition of this set - a series or several series; Rhythm, dynamics, timbre, etc. are organized according to the same principle. The simplest, original version of seriality is dodecaphony, in which only the pitch factor is taken into account.
SYLLABIC - a style of vocal writing in which there is one sound per syllable (without intrasyllabic chants).
STRONG BEAT - the main metrical stress in a measure, usually on its first beat.
SYNCOPA - shifting emphasis from a stressed beat to an unstressed beat.
SYNTHESIZER is an electronic musical instrument.
A scherzo is a piece or part of a cycle at a fast tempo.
Warehouse, writing - a type of interaction of voices in the musical fabric. Main types: monody (single voice); polyphony, or counterpoint (several freely interacting lines); homophony (melody with accompaniment).
Scordatura (scordatura) is a temporary change to the usual tuning of a string instrument.
Scherzando (scherzando) - playfully.
RANDOM SIGNS - signs used to indicate a rise or fall in tone. The sharp () sign gives an increase of a semitone; flat sign () - lowered by a semitone. The double-sharp () sign raises the sound by two semitones, the double-flat () sign lowers the sound by two semitones. The bekar () sign cancels the previous random sign. The random sign is valid for the note before which it is placed and for all its repetitions within the boundaries of a given measure.
Solo (solo) - a composition or a fragment thereof for one performer or for a soloist from an ensemble, orchestra, etc.
SOLMISATION - a system of syllabic naming of notes: do, re, mi, fa, salt, la, si.
SOLFEGIO - 1) vocal exercises sung on vowels or syllables; 2) one of the disciplines of the music theory course.
SOPRANO - 1) the top part in the choral score; 2) the highest register female voice (or boy’s voice); 3) a variety of certain instruments - for example, a soprano saxophone.
Composite bipartite meter is a meter (size) characterized by a grouping of metric beats in threes (6/4 or 6/8).
COMPOSITE TRIPLE METER - a meter (size) characterized by three groups of three metric beats each (9/6 or 9/8).
Sostenuto (sostenuto) - a designation of expressiveness: restrained; sometimes the designation can also refer to tempo.
Sotto voce (sotto voce) - a designation of expressiveness: “in a low voice,” muffled.
SOUL is one of the styles of American popular music, based on black folklore and spiritual singing.
SPINET - in the 17th and 18th centuries. a type of harpsichord of small size, as well as a small piano.
Spiritoso (spiritoso) - with enthusiasm.
Staccato (staccato) - abruptly: a manner of sound production in which each sound is, as it were, separated by a pause from the other; the opposite way of sound production is legato (legato), coherently. Staccato is indicated by a dot above the note.
Stile rappresentativo (style rappresentativo) is an opera style of the early 17th century, the main principle of which is that the musical principle should be subordinated to the expression of dramatic ideas or reflect the content of the text.
STRETTA - 1) in a fugue, especially in its final section, a presentation of a polyphonic theme in the form of a simple or canonical imitation, in which the imitating voice enters before the end of the theme in the beginning voice; 2) acceleration of the tempo of action and tempo of music in the finales of Italian operas.
SUBDOMINANT - literally “below the dominant”: IV degree in major or minor (for example, F in C major).
SUBMEDIANTA - literally “below the mediant”: VI degree in major or minor (for example, A in C major).
Sul ponticello - literally "on a stand": an instruction for a stringed instrument player to play close to the stand to produce a stronger, more brilliant sound.
Sul tasto (sul tasto) - literally "on the fretboard": an instruction for a stringed instrument performer to play near the fretboard to produce a softer, covered sound.
MURDE - a device that allows you to muffle and soften the sound of some instruments.
Sforzando (sforzando) - sudden emphasis on a sound or chord; abbreviated as sf.
Segue (segue) - continue as before: an instruction that, firstly, replaces the attacca instruction (i.e., orders the next part to be performed without interruption), and, secondly, orders the performance to continue in the same manner as before (in this case the designation sempre is more often used).
Semibreve (semibreve) - a whole note.
Semplice (sample) - a designation of expressiveness: simple.
Sempre (sempre) - constantly, always; sempre pianissimo - very quiet all the time.
Senza (senza) - without; senza sordino - remove the mute.
TABULATURE - common Renaissance and Baroque notation systems for instruments such as the organ, harpsichord, lute and guitar; Tablatures do not use five-line notation, but a variety of characters - numbers, letters, etc.
TACT is a unit of musical meter, which is formed from the alternation of stresses of different strengths and begins with the strongest of them. Measures are separated from each other by a vertical line on the staff.
THEATER MUSIC - music to be performed during the performance of a dramatic play; in the 19th century An overture and intermission were usually composed.
THEME - the main melodic idea of ​​the work; the term is often used to designate the main theme of a fugue and other polyphonic works, as well as the main part in sonata form.
TIMBRE is a specific color characteristic of a particular voice or instrument.
TEMP - the speed of movement in music.
TEMPERATION - equalization of interval relationships in a musical structure, in which some intervals differ from their pure acoustic values. Nowadays the most common is the so-called equal temperament, in which the octave is divided into 12 equal semitones. Characteristic of the second half of the 20th century. the movement towards the revival of ancient music led to the revival of different methods of temperament belonging to the Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, etc.).
TENOR - 1) the second part from the bottom in a four-voice letter; 2) high male voice; 3) a variety of instruments of the corresponding register - for example, a tenor saxophone; 4) in medieval polyphony, a tenor was a voice in which the main (often borrowed) theme of the composition (cantus firmus) was stated in large durations.
CLOSE LOCATION - the arrangement of a chord in which its constituent tones are as close to each other as possible.
TESSITURA - the main range of a voice or instrument (without the extreme registers).
TETRACHORD - a four-step scale in the range of fourths.
TONE - 1) a single sound of a certain height and duration; 2) an interval consisting of two semitones (for example, major second C - D).
TONALITY - 1) pitch position of the fret - for example, C major; 2) a system of high-altitude connections centralized around the main consonance - the tonic. The term "key" is used as an antonym of the term "modality", associated with modes other than classical major and minor.
Tonic is the basic foundation of a mode or key, expressed in the form of one sound (for example, C in C major) or chord (for example, the triad C - E - G in C major).
TRANSCRIPTION, PROCESSING, ARRANGEMENT - adaptation of a work for another instrument or for a different cast of performers than in the original - for example, transcription of a choral work for an instrumental ensemble. Transcription can also be called the processing of a work for the same instrument as in the original - for example, in order to give it greater virtuosity.
TRANSPOSITION, TRANSPOSITION - transfer of an entire work or its fragment into another key.
TREESON - a chord consisting of three sounds arranged in thirds, for example do - mi - sol.
TRILL - very rapid alternation of two adjacent sounds; abbreviated: tr.
TREMOLO - rapid repetition of a tone, sometimes in a range of two steps, sometimes at one pitch level.
TRIPLE METER, SIZE - a size for which it is typical to have one strong beat and two weak ones in each measure (3/4, 3/2).
TRIO - string trio: ensemble of violin, viola and cello; piano trio: ensemble of piano, violin and cello.
TRIPLE - dividing a rhythmic beat into three equal parts.
TRITON - an interval consisting of three whole tones and formed in the diatonic scale between degrees IV and VII; in the Middle Ages, the tritone was considered a forbidden interval.
TRIPLE REED - a sound production technique on some wind instruments (trumpet, horn, flute), similar to a double reed, but similar to the pronunciation of “t-k-t” sounds in fast triplet passages.
TROUBADOUR - in Southern France 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.
TRUVER - in Northern France 12th and 13th centuries. court poet-musician.
Tutti (tutti) - all together; in baroque ensemble music the term refers to all performers, including solo parts; in later orchestral music, the term refers to sections performed by the entire orchestra.
Tempus perfectum, tempus imperfectum (lat.) - designations of trilobed and bilobed sizes in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Tenuto (tenuto) - sustained: the designation prescribes maintaining the full duration of the note; Sometimes this means a slight excess of duration.
Terraced dynamics (English) - sudden changes in dynamic level, typical of Baroque music.
INCREASE - the presentation of a motive or theme when they are repeated in larger durations.
DECORATIONS - one note or group of notes, which are written in small print and added to the main melody for the purpose of “coloring” it, “decorating it”.
DECREASE - a reduction, usually by half, of durations when repeating a motive or theme.
UNISON - 1) theoretically - zero interval, the distance between two tones of the same height; 2) practically - the performance of a sound or melody by all performers at the same height.
Falsetto is the highest register of the male voice, which uses a head resonator and is located above the main range.
FANFARA - 1) a more or less extended melody performed by trumpets or other instruments of the same type; in fanfare, moves on triads are usually used; 2) brass instrument.
FERMATA - a free pause or delay of a sound or chord; Fermata is indicated by the symbol or.
FINAL - the last part of a multi-part instrumental cycle (in the classical tradition - fast and lively) or the final ensemble section of the entire opera or its individual act.
Fine - end (traditional designation in the score).
Forte (forte) - a designation of expressiveness: loud; abbreviated f.
Piano is the name of the most common modern keyboard string instrument, referring to its varieties - piano and grand piano.
See PIANO.
Fortissimo (fortissimo) - very loud; abbreviated as ff.
FORSHLAG - a decoration consisting of the performance of a very short additional sound before the main sound.
PHRASE - a fragment of a melody, which in meaning can be compared with a speech sentence (or with a subordinate clause in a complex sentence).
PHRASING - clear, expressive performance of a musical phrase and all elements that determine the meaning of musical speech, using flexible changes in tempo, dynamics, placement of accents, etc.
FUGUED - using some fugue techniques, most often imitations, for example fugue allegro.
CHEMIOLA - a rhythmic technique in which a three-beat meter changes to a two-beat one by shifting accents in the beat. This technique was widespread in the 15th century and was used later, especially to enlarge the rhythmic movement in the final sections, before the final cadence.
CHORUS - 1) an ensemble of singers, usually divided into four parts (sopranos, altos, tenors, basses); 2) a group of instruments in a symphony or brass orchestra, combining instruments of the same type (for example, a “string choir”).
CHORDOPHONE, string instrument - an instrument in which sound arises as a result of string vibration.
CHROMATISM - the use of altered (not belonging to the main scale) sounds.
CHROMATIC GAMMA - a scale consisting only of semitones (12 in an octave).
WHOLE TONE GAMMA - a scale consisting of whole tones, i.e. representing an octave divided into six equal parts.
CYCLE - a musical composition consisting of several parts, where the parts are combined dramaturgically and thematically.
DIGITAL BASS - a shortened recording of chord accompaniment adopted in the Baroque era using numbers that were placed above or below the notes of the bass voice. A performer on harmonic type instruments (harpsichord, organ, lute) could reproduce the full harmonic texture of the work using digital recording.
Chantey, shanty (English) - work songs of English and American sailors, performed in a certain rhythm to make work easier.
PART - a relatively independent section of a large musical form, usually with a clearly defined beginning and ending.
QUARTER TONE - an interval equal to half a semitone.
Shape-note notation is an early American type of notation that used four different shapes of notes: triangle, circle, oval and asterisk.
Sprechstimme (German) - “reciting”, Sprechgesang - “declamatory singing” - a vocal writing technique developed by A. Schoenberg and his followers and consisting in the fact that the singer does not reproduce sounds of an exact height, but seems to glide, glissand from one sound to another; when notating on stems, notes are placed instead of “heads” - “crosses” ().
EXPOSITION - the first section of a number of forms, primarily fugue and sonata form, in which the thematic material of the entire composition is presented (exhibited).
EXPRESSIONISM is a style of visual art of the first decades of the 20th century, which is usually associated with atonal and dodecaphonic music.
ELECTRONIC MUSIC - music whose sound material is created using a synthesizer.
Empfindsamer Stil (German) - a style of performing Baroque music that ignores the conventions inherent in this era and whose goal is to directly and freely convey the emotional content of the work. Wikipedia

One of the favorite accessories for every woman is, of course, a bag. A handbag is an integral attribute of almost every representative of the fair sex, because this accessory performs not only a decorative, but also a very important practical function, serving as a spacious storage for a thousand and one little things. There are never too many handbags, so every woman will always have at least a couple of them in stock - and often the number of bags of all types and sizes even reaches several dozen. Today we invite lovely ladies to watch a short tutorial that tells you how to add another wonderful handbag to your wardrobe for the spring-summer season.

DIY bags master class

The authors of the lesson called “Bright spring bag in 15 minutes” talk about how to make a stylish handbag with your own hands with minimal time and money. Even a novice needlewoman can cope with this task, so this video lesson will be of interest to all representatives of the fair sex, regardless of the level of their artistic abilities and design skills. For work, you will need an old handbag, which, due to long-term use, has lost its original appearance, as well as unnecessary leather boots (for example, if they have become small or simply gone out of fashion). Don't rush to throw away these outdated things - you can give them a new life! The authors of this lesson show how you can completely transform an old bag with the help of simple decor, made with your own hands from everything that was at hand. One of the “highlights” of the handbag model shown in this master class is, of course, the stylish leather fringe, which has been considered one of the leading fashion trends for several seasons now. As a result of the work of the craftswomen, the result was an extremely fashionable and original ladies' bag in ethno-style, which has a universal purpose: it can be taken for a walk, to work, and while shopping.

Sew a bag with your own hands from fabric

We hope that this master class will help our viewers discover new resources for handmade crafts, have a good time doing needlework and, as a result, get something new in their wardrobe - a stylish handbag for spring

Every resident of a big city knows firsthand what a lack of natural environment and fresh air means. The same applies to many food products: if rural residents have most of the vitamins in fresh vegetables and fruits at hand, then city dwellers have a more difficult time in this matter - they have to buy everything, risking running into nitrates and other not very useful additives. Therefore, of course, everything that can be grown independently is better - it is cheaper, more environmentally friendly, and healthier. The short video presented on our website is dedicated to this issue.

DIY vegetable garden on the windowsill

Video lesson entitled “How to make a vegetable garden at home? Growing greens and seedlings." This video will be interesting to a very wide range of viewers, since the issues of growing healthy seedlings at home are of equal interest to the inhabitants of both large cities and small villages. The invited expert in this video talks about how, with minimal financial investment, you can create a special structure at home in which you can successfully grow both high-quality seedlings for planting in the country and any greens for everyday consumption. What are the advantages of the method of growing seedlings proposed in this video lesson? Firstly, this method is extremely economical, both from the financial side (does not require large monetary outlays) and from the point of view of rational expenditure of time and effort. Setting up such a unique indoor “bed” will not take much time, caring for it is also not at all difficult, and will not interfere with other daily activities. In addition, the advantage of the above method, such as the compact design, which is used for growing greenery and seedlings, is especially important for residents of city apartments. The mentioned design has small dimensions, is easy to fold and carry, so it will not be at all difficult to choose a suitable corner for it even in a small apartment or small house.

What can you grow on a windowsill in winter?

We are confident that all our viewers who are interested in gardening and want to provide their family with fresh, environmentally friendly greens will definitely learn a lot of useful things from this video.

All kinds of fraud and deception of gullible citizens have flourished at all times, and usually scammers show enviable ingenuity, constantly coming up with more and more new ways to illegally seize other people's property. In full accordance with the latest trends in the development of society in the twenty-first century, virtual and mobile fraud is now particularly flourishing. It is the latter that is discussed in this video lesson, which we recommend that everyone watch without exception - regardless of gender and age.

How to avoid becoming a victim of SMS scammers

A short video called “How to avoid becoming a victim of scammers” is worth watching for all visitors to our website, because none of us are immune from the possibility of sooner or later becoming a victim of SMS fraud. In addition, the information heard in this video must be conveyed to your friends and relatives, especially to children and elderly family members, since they are the ones who most often fall for the bait of mobile scammers, sometimes transferring very large sums of money to them. In this video lesson, invited experts briefly, but very informatively and clearly talk about the most common methods of SMS fraud, and how to behave in such situations so as not to lose your savings. In addition, our viewers will probably be interested in general recommendations on how to minimize the risk of falling into one of the fraudulent schemes. An extremely important nuance that experts emphasize is maintaining composure and a sober view of things. Very often, scammers use the so-called “shock effect” - they try to stun the victim with unexpected information and demand immediate action (for example, urgently transfer money) so that the person does not have time to come to his senses and understand the situation. Therefore, in no case should you do hasty actions - it is better to think ten times before doing what your mobile interlocutor requires of you.

How to avoid becoming a victim of scammers on the Internet

We hope that this video lesson will help reduce crime rates and help our viewers successfully resist SMS scammers in any circumstances.

One of the most important events in the life of every young girl is, of course, the school prom. This event marks the end of an entire school era and is a kind of “bridge” to adulthood. In addition, this is one of the few holidays when you can give free rein to your imagination in choosing an outfit and turn, at least for one evening, into a real princess for your family and classmates. And, of course, what prom is complete without a prom dress? Our lesson is dedicated to him.

How to choose a dress for prom 2017

Thanks to this video lesson “How to choose a prom dress,” future graduates, as well as their mothers, grandmothers and girlfriends, will be able to familiarize themselves with the recommendations of leading stylists regarding exactly what factors need to be taken into account when choosing a prom dress and what rules should be followed. It's no secret that many young ladies begin to think about choosing an outfit for prom long before the event itself - sometimes even a year in advance. There is no single point of view on what a dress for a prom should be, because all girls are different, each with their own style, character and features of appearance. Therefore, it is extremely important not just to blindly follow fashion trends, but to try to ensure that the graduation dress is in harmony with the graduate’s personality, reflects her individuality and emphasizes her external advantages. Many girls prefer to follow traditional rules in choosing a dress - they choose pastel colors, light fabrics, feminine silhouettes. Of course, this is already a classic, so such outfits will always be appropriate for a prom. However, if a girl wants to show off her originality, then it is quite possible to get creative - choose more unusual colors and styles. As a rule, black is considered an undesirable color - it may be too heavy and gloomy for a young girl during the prom.

How to choose a dress according to your figure

We hope that this video lesson will help each of our viewers make the right choice in favor of the most beautiful and stylish prom outfit that will allow the girl to feel like a true lady.

How to remove belly fat for a girl

It's no secret that one of the most problematic areas for most women is the tummy and sides, because that's where all those "goodies" with which we actively pamper ourselves begin to be deposited first. However, the situation is not critical, and you shouldn’t completely give up your favorite foods - just eat them in moderation and don’t neglect physical activity. The authors of this video dwell in detail on the last question, telling and showing which physical exercises will be most effective for getting rid of fat folds on the stomach and sides. It turns out that you don’t have to exhaust yourself with hours of training in the gym - such exercises can be successfully performed even at home, and it doesn’t take that much time. All these exercises can be done, for example, while watching a television series - and thus, you can combine business with pleasure. The authors of the lesson offer five of the most effective exercises that will help you quickly and reliably make your waist thinner and your figure as a whole slimmer. Of course, to achieve a good result, you must adhere to several rules when performing such exercises: firstly, you need to do each exercise correctly, strictly following all the trainer’s recommendations; secondly, you should exercise regularly, preferably daily, or at least every other day. With constant training, after a short period of time (1-2 weeks), the first improvements will be noticeable and your waist size will begin to decrease.

How to remove belly fat at home

This video lesson will be useful and interesting to almost every woman who wants to have a good figure with minimal effort, time and money.

It’s no secret that human health is the most important thing, so taking care of your own health and your body should start from a very early age. As they say, many diseases are much easier to prevent in time than to treat later, when the disease has already begun to develop intensively.

High-quality medical services are in demand everywhere and always: both a thousand years ago and today. It is well known that the profession of an aesculapian does not tolerate unprofessionalism and amateurism, therefore you should seek medical help only from highly qualified specialists. Otherwise, poor-quality medical care may not only fail to bring the desired improvement, but, on the contrary, may further aggravate the situation and harm health.

Today, the services of large general medical centers, so-called family medical centers (or clinics), which will provide high-quality medical services to all family members: both adults and children, are in great demand.

Among the many advantages of such medical centers, I would especially like to highlight the following:

• Extremely high quality of medical services offered. The entire staff of a large center - from the head physician to the nurse - is highly qualified, has rich practical experience and an impeccable reputation, so specialists of this kind of medical institutions successfully cope with even the most complex tasks;
• Versatility. Clients of the above-mentioned private family-type clinics can safely come here with diseases of a wide variety of profiles - from therapeutic to gynecological. At the same time, an integrated approach to each patient is provided, his previous complaints and requests are taken into account.
• Comfort. One of the main disadvantages of public hospitals - the lack of necessary amenities for comfortable treatment - has been completely eliminated in private medical institutions. Both outpatients and inpatients can stay in pleasant conditions and enjoy all the necessary amenities.
• Availability of the most modern medical equipment;
• Reasonable pricing policy, fixed cost of services and the absence of any extortions, additional payments and demands for “thank you” in envelopes, which patients of so-called “free” clinics constantly face.

All of the above advantages are fully possessed by the well-known German-Ukrainian medical center Aurora, which offers everyone first-class medical services, consultations and assistance from highly qualified world-class specialists.

Every representative of the fair sex strives to be beautiful and attractive, while following the latest trends in the world of fashion and beauty. It turns out that not only clothes or a handbag can be fashionable - but also eyebrows! Over the past years, well-groomed natural eyebrows of sufficient thickness and width have remained a trend all over the world. Such eyebrows make the look more expressive, and the whole face more vibrant and memorable. However, what to do if nature has deprived you of thick eyebrows? Don’t be upset, there is a way out - and you can learn about it in this video lesson “How to grow thick eyebrows.”

How to quickly grow eyebrows

This short video is dedicated to such an interesting issue for any woman as eyebrow care, in particular - how to become the owner of sable eyebrows without extensions, in a natural way. This is quite possible if you use certain traditional medicine products to care for your eyebrows, namely bodyagu. Many people have already heard about its beneficial properties in cosmetology. Now it can be successfully used as an effective means for improving the growth and appearance of eyebrows. Qualified experts will tell you in this video how exactly to use bodyagu for the above purpose, how often such procedures need to be carried out and what precautions to take. A very important nuance is the availability of this method of eyebrow care. Bodyaga is a completely inexpensive, publicly available drug that can be purchased at any pharmacy. Therefore, every representative of the fair sex gets a wonderful opportunity to become even more beautiful at minimal financial costs. By carefully following the beauty tips and recommendations voiced in this video, every woman can see positive changes in the condition of her eyebrows in a short period of time - they will become thicker, healthier, and it will be possible to give them a new shape in accordance with the latest world trends in the issue of eyebrow styling.

How to quickly grow eyebrows at home

We hope that this video lesson will be useful for our viewers and will help to replenish the arsenal of beauty products with another very effective one.

The violin is a wonderful musical instrument that has won millions of hearts thanks to its lyrical sound. However, violinists (both beginners and professionals) are well aware that the violin not only has a delicate and fragile sound. It is also a rather intricate instrument in itself, which requires a special approach and care.

First of all, it is worth protecting the violin from direct sunlight to avoid drying out. Under no circumstances should this musical instrument be left under the scorching sun. The same applies to severe frosts: the violin generally does not like significant temperature changes, so you need to try to maintain a favorable temperature regime in the place where the instrument is stored. Remember that you should not leave the violin near open heat sources: fireplaces, air heaters, stoves, and so on.

Second, no less important advice: the violinist must constantly monitor the level of humidity in the environment where the violin is stored. This musical instrument does not like either excessive humidity, since it causes the wood to become damp and possibly even mold, or too dry air, because in the latter case, cracks and other damage may appear on the wood - and the instrument will become completely unsuitable for use. Experts recommend maintaining an optimal indoor humidity level of 45-60 percent.

An extremely important responsibility of the violinist is also the regular cleaning of the instrument, which should preferably be cleaned and wiped after each use. Do not neglect this responsibility in order to avoid the appearance of dirt, abrasions and other unpleasant signs of use on the body of the violin. To avoid this, we suggest using online stores, for example,

However, even if you fully comply with all the basic recommendations for caring for a violin, its owner is not insured against damage to the instrument. Both as a result of natural wear and tear (if the violin was used for a sufficiently long period of time), and as a result of some unforeseen accidents (blows, falls, other mechanical damage).

If such troubles occur, you should not hesitate, but contact a qualified violin maker who can offer an extensive range of instrument repair services - from replacing strings to restoring the varnish.