The particle is part of a sentence. Negative particle "not" and "neither": rules, examples

And sentences, but gives them additional meaning, coloring, and in some cases serves to form new word forms. The most common is the particle "not", expressing negation. Often these service parts of speech are used to enhance the emotional coloring: “really”, “even”, “straight”, “exactly”, etc.

If, according to the characteristics given, you could not determine what part of speech is in front of you - a union or a particle - there is one way that can help you. Try to isolate what interests you from the phrase and look at the result. If you remove the union, then either its parts will be inconsistent with each other (for example, remove “either” in this). The isolation of the particle, in most cases, will not lead to a similar matching problem (try to remove the “same” particle here). Also, if you remove the particle, the meaning of the phrase may change to the opposite (in the case of particles “not”, “not at all”, “hardly”, etc.).

There are so-called parts of speech. They are, but spelled differently. For example, the union "too" and the pronoun with the particle "same". In such cases, word replacement comes to the rescue. The union, as a rule, can be replaced with a simple one ("and"): "I was there too" = "And I was there." The combination "the same" cannot be replaced in this way. In addition, the “same” particle in it can be removed without losing the meaning of the sentence: “He re-read the same edition again” = “He re-read that edition again.”

For the first time, students get acquainted with unions in elementary school. Later, when they begin to study the structure of compound and complex sentences, they will need to learn to distinguish between types of unions, as well as - unions from allied words (pronouns and adverbs).

First of all, you need to know that unions are the working parts of speech. They do not answer any questions, unlike independent parts of speech, and do not have any independent meaning (sign, action, state, etc.). Unions are necessary in order to connect homogeneous members or simple sentences into complex . For example, in the sentence "Forests, fields and meadows are covered with a blanket of snow," the union "and" connects homogeneous "fields" and "meadows." But in the sentence “Forests, fields, meadows are covered with a snow blanket, and winter comes into its own,” the union “and” connects simple sentences as part of a compound one. Unions are divided into two main groups: writing (and, or, or, but, yes , but, but, however, etc.) and subordinating (what, to, if, because, etc.). Remember that writing unions are needed both to connect homogeneous members when enumerating, and in compound ones, to connect two independent simple sentences. And here are the subordinates unions and allied help in order to attach a subordinate clause in a complex one. Learn to distinguish between subordinate unions from allied words (and adverbs). Allied words perform the work of unions, but they answer a question, have a certain meaning and perform some kind of syntactic role, like any other independent part of speech (adjective, pronoun, etc.). So, in the sentence “I knew what would be for lunch today,” the word “what” is, because. it is the subject, answers the question "what?", indicates the subject. But in the sentence "I knew that I would not be in time for the station," the word "what" is subordinating. It does not have any specific meaning, it is not, but only attaches a subordinate (explanatory) clause to the main sentence. Keep in mind that all coordinative unions refer to three: connective (and, not only - but and, yes - in the meaning of and), divisive (either, or) and adversative (but, but, but, yes - in the meaning of but). In addition, unions can be simple (consisting of one word) or compound (include two or more words). For example, in the sentence "I could not come to visit them, because I did not calculate my time," the union "because" is subordinating and compound. And in the sentence “The winter turned out to be cold, and we rarely go to the mountains”, the union “and” is coordinating, connecting and simple.

Particles are a service part of speech. They are designed to form word forms or add different shades of meaning to a sentence. Difficulties in the Russian language are caused by homonymous with unions, as well as prefixes and suffixes. You need to learn how to distinguish between them so that when writing you do not make grammatical errors.

Instruction

Particles give statements various modal and emotional shades of meaning (negation, amplification, bewilderment, admiration, limitation, etc.). They never change and are not part of the proposal. According to their meaning and role in the utterance, particles are usually divided into three categories: form-building, negative and modal (or subjective-modal).

Formative particles serve to form the morphological moods of the verb (conditional, subjunctive and imperative). These are the particles “would”, “let”, “let”, “so that” and “-te”, which in writing merges with the verb. For example, “would go”, “let (let) go”, “”; “He would be my friend”, “let's sing”, “to be quiet”. Please note that the particle “would (b)” may not be after, but before the verb to which it refers: “I would learn to draw”, “I would do even better”.

The particles "not" and "neither" are considered negative. They should be distinguished from homonymous prefixes, which are written together with words. The particle “not” gives the sentence or individual words a negative meaning, but sometimes (with double negation) it brings a positive meaning. For example, in the sentence "Don't be this," the particle "not" makes the whole statement negative. And in the sentence "He couldn't help but help," the double negation "not - not" takes on a positive meaning.

Modal or subjective-modal particles introduce various semantic shades into the sentence, and also serve to express the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.

Particles that serve to introduce semantic shades into a sentence are divided into four groups: interrogative (“a”, “whether”, “”, “really”); demonstrative ("here", "out"); clarifying (“precisely”, “just”) and restrictive (“only”, “only”, “exclusively”, “almost”).

Particles expressing feelings are also divided into four groups: exclamatory (“what for”, “how”); amplifying (“same”, “even”, “neither”, “because”, “already”, “everything”), indicating doubt (“hardly”, “hardly”) and mitigating (“-ka”).

It is necessary to distinguish between particles and other parts of speech homonymous to them. For example, the union “to” from the pronoun “what” with the particle “would”: “We are in the forest to get some fresh air” and “What would you like?”. By the union "to" it is possible to add the expression "in order to" according to the meaning. Particle “would”, it can be separated and rearranged to another place without loss of meaning: “What would you like?” or "What would you like?"

In the same way, one can distinguish between the unions “too”, “also” and the particle “same”, standing after the pronoun “that” and the adverb “so”. For example, in the sentence "The same as yesterday", the particle "same" with the demonstrative pronoun "that". It can be omitted, and the meaning of the sentence will not change: "What was yesterday." The unions “too” and “also” are close in meaning to the union “and”. For example, in the sentence "He also came" the union "too" can be replaced: "And he came."

note

Particles "-taki", "-s", "-ka", "-something" are written with a hyphen: "wrote the same", "go-ka", "no-s", "he".

Sources:

Spelling particles in Russian
how to distinguish conjunction from pronoun

A particle can sometimes be confused with other service particles. Although it is not a full member of the sentence, it can introduce confusion, which can, for example, put an extra comma. From time to time it is worth repeating the school curriculum and refreshing the basic things in your memory in order to avoid simple mistakes.

The particle refers to the service parts of speech and serves to express various semantic shades of words and, as well as to form word forms. They are not members and do not change. All existing particles can be divided into two categories: semantic and formative.

Although particles are not members of a sentence, it is customary in school to emphasize a particle not along with the word to which it refers; As a rule, such a word is a verb.

Semantic particles, as the name implies, are necessary to express semantic shades, subtleties, and nuances. Depending on the value, they are classified into the following groups:
1) negative: not, nor, not at all, far from, not at all;
2) interrogative: is it really, is it (l);
3) index: here, out;
4) clarifying: exactly, directly, just, exactly, exactly exactly;
5) restrictive / excretory: only, only, almost, only, then;
6) exclamatory: what for, how, well (and);
7) amplifying: even, same, no, after all, really, all the same, well;
8) emollients: -ka, -that, -s;
9) with the meaning: hardly (whether), hardly (whether).

Form-building - these are the particles necessary for the formation or conditional inclination: would, let, let, come on, yes. Such particles are always components of the verb form, and therefore are part of the same member of the sentence as .
Some researchers distinguish an additional group of particles that do not fall under any of the above categories: they say, supposedly, they say.

Classifications

Particles are also by origin into primitive and non-primitive. The first group includes, basically, colloquial and little-used particles bish, vish, let them, they say, I suppose you see, those, tea, well, sir, in, de, and also yes, no, no, still. All other particles belong to the second group.

Please note that many particles in their properties are close to adverbs, conjunctions, interjections and introductory words.

There is a division and: into simple, composite, dissected and non-segmented particles. The first include all particles consisting of one, the second - formed from two or more words, the third - all particles that can be separated by other words (no matter how, if only not, let it be, rather, if only, at least, almost (it was), almost (if not), etc.), to the fourth - those that cannot be separated in any way. There is also a small group of so-called phraseologized particles: whatever (on) is, exactly the same, whether it’s the case, not otherwise (how), there is no such thing (look / wait).

Types of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

When making a morphological analysis of the union, it is necessary to indicate its meaning and morphological features (composing or subordinating; an invariable word), as well as designate its syntactic role.

Coordinating conjunctions are divided into:

1) Connectives, which include “and”, “yes”, “not only ... but also”, “like ... and”. For example: "As it is, it is snowing today."
2) Opposite: “but”, “a”, “yes” (meaning “but”), “but”, “however”. For example: “We were born in different countries, but we all do not want war!”
3) Dividing, this group includes unions “or”, “either”, “that ... then”, “not that ... not that”. For example: “To the right, then to the left, the rumble of falling trees.”

In turn, subordinating unions are divided into:

1) Temporary: “when”, “before”, “while”, “only”. For example: "We were still sleeping when the phone rang".
2) Explanatory, this group includes: “what”, “to”, “how” and others. For example: "He said that a friend visited him."
3) Causal: “because”, “because”, “due to the fact that”. “Since the sun has set, it has become chilly.”
4) Conditional: “if”, “time”, “how soon”, “whether”, “if”. For example: "If you only wanted to, if you only knew."
5) Concessive: “although”, “despite the fact that”. “Although it was already morning, the city was still sleeping.”
6) Target: "to", "in order to", "in order to". For example: "To love music, you need to listen to it."

Particles

All parts of speech are usually divided into two large groups. The first includes independent words. They have their own meaning and are the basis of our speech. However, it would be difficult for us to compose a text using only this group. Therefore, the so-called service particles come to their aid. They also include a negative particle. However, this is not the only species in this group.

There are also the following:

Forming the form: let, would, come on.
Interrogative: is it, is it, is it.
Exclamatory: how, what for.
Requirement: then, ka, s.
Doubt: whether.

Each of them has its own specific purpose and a special role in the Russian language. It would be difficult to express emotions without using particles.

"Ni"

Difficulties often arise in writing negative particles. It turns out that "not" and "neither" have completely different meanings. Each of the rules has a historical basis.

We will write "ni":

When we want to reinforce an existing denial. Let's compare two sentences:

There were no fish in the lake. 2. We didn't see any fish in the lake.

In the second sentence, the negation is stronger than in the first. Emphasis is placed on the fact that in the reservoir the fishermen did not observe any fish at all, absolutely none.

In complex sentences. This particle is very often used in the dependent part.

For example: Wherever I went, everywhere I thought about the sea.

I can't learn the rules no matter how hard I try.

When using homogeneous and enumerated members.

Neither mathematics, nor biology, nor physics were done by Petya in time.

The predicate is missing. Very often you can substitute the words “no” or “no” to them.

For example: No fire, no smoke (no).

Neither lie down nor rest (it is impossible).

The main function that this negative particle conveys is amplification.

"Not"

This official part of speech carries a slightly different meaning. Usually we use "not" when we want to refuse something or give the word an antonymous meaning. Consider other cases where "not" is a negative particle:

The double "not" is pronounced when asserting.

For example: I couldn't help but talk about it. I understood that it was impossible not to confess.

In some exclamatory sentences denoting surprise, we also write “not”:

How can you not love this city! What color did the sky shimmer during a thunderstorm!

It is worth distinguishing between the spelling "not" and "neither" in pronouns. In this situation, it all depends on the accent. In a strong position we write "E": nobody, NOT with anyone, NOT with anyone. We use “I” without stress: No way, NONE, NONE about anyone.

and gerunds

It is not easy for schoolchildren to memorize the spelling rules of a given particle with different groups of speech. Each of them has its own orthographic features. How is the particle "Not" spelled with gerunds? The answer to this question is simple: always separate. Immediately recall its similar spelling with the verb. The participle is formed just from it. Hence the same principle of their writing. For example: do not do - do not do, do not sunbathe - do not sunbathe.

However, there are times when a word without this important particle is simply not used. In this case, we will write it together. Consider an example: Resent about the rain - shout, indignant about the rain. Both with a verb and with a similar gerund, the negative particle is written together.

This rule is most easily remembered by students, since there are very few exceptions to it.

Particle "not" with nouns

The rules for spelling words are not always simple. For example, im.noun, as well as im.adj. and adverbs have their own scheme of using them with the particle “not”.

We will write it together in the following cases:

Antonym formations with "not". For example: friend - foe, weather - bad weather, beautiful - ugly, little - a lot.
Impossibility of using words without "not": Clumsy, scoundrel, slob, violently.

Separately, “not” is written if:

There is a clear contrast. It is usually expressed with the union "a". For example: The man turned out to be not a friend, but an enemy. Not luck, but complete collapse and disappointment awaited us.
The denial is emphasized: It was not my mother who called on the phone (but someone else). We did not come in the evening, but at night.
There is reinforcement. For example: Our neighbor is not tall at all. My sister is by no means a snitch.

We have presented the main cases when the particle “not” with nouns is written both together and separately. Do not forget that adverbs with adjectives also fall under this rule. If you keep this important feature in mind, then you don’t have to remember the spelling “not” for each part of speech separately.

"Not" with participles

Another case when the negative particle “not”, and not “neither”, is written is its use with participles. Many confuse its spelling with gerunds. These parts of speech were formed from verbs, but with “not” they are written in completely different ways.

Everyone knows that participles have the ability to form turns with the help of dependent words. In the case when it is used precisely as part of a turnover, we will write it separately from “not”. Example: A student who did not complete the exercise received a deuce. As you can see, the participle "not fulfilled" is written separately from "not", since it has the dependent word "exercise" with it. In this case, it is included in which explains its spelling with a negative particle.

However, there is another side to this rule. In the case when there is no turnover, the participle changes its spelling. Consider an example: The exercise remained unfulfilled.

It would seem that the meaning of the sentence has not changed. However, the syntax is completely different. Now the sacrament does not carry any dependent words. This means that there is no reason to write it separately with the particle.

Let's change this example with just one word: The exercise remained unfulfilled by the students. We note the difference: now a word has appeared that forms a participial turnover (by the students). In such a situation, we will already write it separately from “not”.

Well, of course, as with every rule, there are exceptions. If the participle without this particle is not used, then we will write it together, regardless of whether there is a turnover or not. For example: The raging wind did not subside until dawn.

Conclusion

In this article, we examined the main cases when "not" is a negative particle, but when it performs other roles. Do not confuse it with "neither": they have different spelling features. However, the main function of "not" is still negation. In some interrogative-exclamatory sentences, we can use it as an affirmative. Also, do not forget that with each part of speech it is written differently.

A particle is a service part of speech, which, without having its own completely independent lexical meaning, gives different shades to words and sentences or serves to create word forms.

Particles do not change, do not have an independent lexical meaning and are not members of sentences, but may be part of the members of a sentence.
The main sphere of particle use is oral speech, fiction and journalism with elements of colloquial speech. The use of particles in speech gives the statements greater expressiveness, emotionality. Excessive use of particles leads to clogging of speech and loss of semantic accuracy.

The main role of particles (general grammatical meaning) is to add additional shades to the meanings of other words, groups of words or sentences. Particles clarify, highlight, strengthen those words that are necessary for a more accurate expression of the content: « Already the sky breathed in autumn, Already the sun shone less.» ( Pushkin A.S.) Already is a particle with an amplifying value.

Particles arose later than other parts of speech. By origin, particles are associated with different parts of speech: with adverbs ( just, just, just, just, just and etc.); with verbs ( let, let, come on, give, it would, after all, you see and etc.); with unions (and, yes, and and etc.); with pronouns ( everything, it, what for, then, this, yourself etc.), with interjections ( out, well and etc.). Some particles are not related to other parts of speech in origin: here, is it and etc.

There are few particles in Russian. In terms of frequency of use, they are in the first hundred most used words (as well as , conjunctions and some pronouns). This hundred of the most frequent words includes 11 particles ( not, well, here, only, yet, already, well, not, even, whether, after all ).

Comparison with other parts of speech

In their structure and functions, the particles are close to adverbs, conjunctions and interjections.

Particles differ from significant parts of speech in that they do not have lexical meanings, therefore particles are not members of a sentence, but can be part of members of a sentence. Particles differ from prepositions and conjunctions in that they do not express grammatical relationships between words and sentences, i.e. the particle never binds anything.

When parsing the particle is singled out together with the word to which it refers or not singled out at all.

In the science of the Russian language, there is no consensus on the classification of particles. Different authors have different classifications.

Discharges of particles.

According to the meaning and role in the sentence, the particles are divided into categories.

shaping,
negative,
semantic (modal).

Shaping particles

- particles that are involved in the formation of certain forms of various parts of speech (verbs, adjectives, adverbs, state names, pronouns).

Particles that serve to form the mood forms of the verb:
- imperative mood - yes, let (let), come on (let's) :long live, let him go, let's (let's) go;
- subjunctive (conditional) mood - would(b): said would, helped would , put on b ; what would did not happen.
  Particle would(b) can stand before the verb to which it refers, after the verb, can be separated from the verb in other words: I b went to work. I wanted would live in Moscow. I made more would it is better. I would did even better.
Particles would, let, let, yes, let's (let's) are part of the verb form and are part of the same member of the sentence as the verb, are underlined with it. The formative particle is a component of the verb form and is written out with the verb in the morphological analysis of the verb as a part of speech.
Particles that form forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, adverbs, state names - more, less : more important, less important; more interesting, less boring.
The value of the comparative degree can be enhanced by particles more and all : more scarier all more interesting.

When forming forms, particles approach morphemes: more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a suffix) - more important (the degree of comparison is formed with the help of a particle).

Postfixes are not particles -sya (s), -something, -either, -something and no, neither as part of negative and indefinite pronouns and adverbs, participles and adjectives, regardless of continuous or separate spelling. Particle should be distinguished -then and -then : which -then, where -then ( ) - I -then I know everything. (particle)

Comment.

In the complex of Babaitseva in the Russian language, some other authors (Glazunov, Svetlysheva) proposed a different approach, where something, something, something - referred to derivational particles and form pronouns and adverbs : who - someone, someone, someone, anyone; some - some, some etc. Negative particles are also classified as word-forming particles. not and neither : who - no one, no one; when never, never etc. In this case, the particles are converted into .
With a particle not Words with the opposite meaning are formed: friend - foe, happiness - misfortune.
Some words without not no longer exist: bad weather, slob, ignorant, impossible and etc.
These questions should be clarified with your teacher.

negative particles

No, neitherare the most frequent particles. Besides: no, not at all, not at all.

Particle NOT plays the main role in the expression of negation, attaches the following meanings:

negative value for the whole sentence: Do not be this.
negative value to a separate member of the sentence: Before us was not a small, but a large clearing.
positive value, assertion (via double negation with not): could not help but help, i.e. should have helped; could not say.

Most often a negative particle not is included in the predicate: At night did not have rain. ( did not have- predicate) I Don't know. (Don't know- saying)

Particle NI gives:

negative meaning in a sentence without a subject: Neither from place!
strengthening of negation in sentences with the word not (no), which expresses the main negation: Around No neither souls. Not it is seen neither zgi. In the sky No neither cloud. Sometimes neither used without not : In the sky neither cloud.
strengthening and generalization of any statement made in the main clause (for this, the particle is used in the subordinate clause neither ): What neither (= everything) would do, everything worked out for him. Where neither (= everywhere) look, there are fields and fields everywhere.
When repeating a particle neither becomes important coordinating (connecting) union : Neither sun, neither air won't help me. ( neither - union)
Negative particles include the words no. It is used in the negative answer to the expressed or unspoken question: Want? Not . To reinforce the negation word No repeated or used before a negative predicate: No, I don't want to.
Particle No corresponds in its role in the sentence to the affirmative particle Yes : Will you go? Yes .
not at all, not at all, not at all .

It is necessary to distinguish nor (not) prefix, particle and union. The prefix is written together ( someone, no one, no one). Particle and union are written separately: no not a soul (particle, reinforces negation); Neither (union) rain, neither The (union) snow couldn't stop him.

Sense Particles

Semantic (modal) particles are particles that introduce various semantic shades into the sentence (clarify, emphasize, reinforce), express the feelings and attitude of the speaker.

Groups of particles by value:

Contribute semantic shades:
- interrogative —whether (l), is it, really :
  Really This is true? Truth whether This? Is don't you agree with me?
  Is and really often act as synonyms: Is it (is it) did not you recognize me? But, they can also have different meanings.
  In offers with unless doubt is expressed, the speaker seems to argue with the interlocutor, he is sure of the inadmissibility of the fact: Is can you lie?
  In offers with really there is doubt and surprise: Really did he deceive us?
- index — here (and here), out (and out), here and, there and .
  Highlight the subject to which you need to pay attention: Here my village.
- specifying — exactly, just, almost, almost, exactly, exactly, exactly : Exactly she told me about it. Just he knew about it.
  Particles exactly , just serve to highlight the most important information.
- express selection, limitation(restrictive-excretory) - only, only, exclusively, almost, exclusively : I am not sick, only) tired a little.
particles that express the feeling and attitude of the speaker:
- exclamatory particles - what the how , Well: What a soul! That's lovely! oh well!
  These particles express admiration, surprise, indignation.
  Particle as has a homonym as - pronoun as and union as .
  Particle as usually used in exclamatory sentences: how delightful evenings in Russia!
  Pronoun-adverb as used in interrogative sentences and is a member of the sentence : How do you feel? how - circumstance.
  Union as - in complex sentences: I will tell you, as to live on.
- express doubt —hardly, hardly Barely whether it will do. Unlikely he will agree.
- amplifying particles - even, even, not, well, really, after all, after all, only, only and etc.
  Particles highlight words in a sentence: Masha is familiar only famous monuments. ( Only - amplifying particle, in the sentence is part of the definition only known).
  Some particles of this discharge can perform the role of unions : The moon got brighter, the stars same just turned blue. Particle same highlights the word stars and connects the first and second sentences.
- express relaxation of requirements — —ka.
  In combination with imperative verbs, this particle softens the meaning of the verb: Do It! - Do It -ka .

Examples:

And day and night the cat is a scientist all walks around the chain. (A. Pushkin) - amplifying value
Well what the neck, what theeyes! (I. Krylov) - exclamation value
Yeshello sun,Yesthe darkness will hide (A. Pushkin) Let the brown one burst stronger. (M. Gorky) - forms the form of the imperative mood of the verb
Same word, but not the samewouldsaid. forms the subjunctive mood of the verb.
What we've been talking about before only thought, now realized. Just thought -only not an adverb, not a union, since it does not connect anything, but enhances the meaning of the verb (they thought, but did not). Therefore, it is a particle.

By meaning in the linguistic literature, no.

Vinogradov V. V. singled out 8 discharges of particles:

Reinforcing-restrictive, or excretory particles: only, only, at least.
Attaching particles: too, also.
Determinative particles: exactly, truly, just.
Pointing particles: here, there, this.
Indefinite particles: -something, -either, -anything, something.
Quantitative particles: almost, exactly, exactly.
Negative particles: not and neither.
Modal-verbal particles: would, yes, at least, if only.

Shansky N. M. and Tikhonov A. N. distinguish four categories of particles according to their meaning: semantic, modal, emotionally expressive, formative.

Sense Particles

Semantic particles express different semantic shades of meanings.

They are divided into several subgroups:

1. Indicative particles. They point to objects and phenomena of the outside world: here, out, this, it, in.

Here front entrance.
(N. A. Nekrasov)
Who This come?
It Of course it's easy to say.

2. Defining-clarifying, or defining particles. Clarify individual significant words in the sentence: exactly, exactly, exactly, almost, truly, just.

to me just here it is necessary.
This is exactly that house?

3. Excretory-restrictive particles. With their help, there is a logical selection of words or phrases: only, only, only, perhaps, although, at least, at least, everything, exclusively, only.

This is only Start.
You at least call.

According to N. M. Shansky and A. N. Tikhonov, semantic particles are also amplifying particles that act as secretions: even, (even and), but, after all, already (already), well, not, yet, then, simply, directly, positively, definitely, decisively.

All this simply little things maybe...
(J. Gordon Byron)
Even do not think!

modal particles

Modal particles express attitude towards the reliability of the statement.

There are several subgroups:

1. Affirmative particles: yes, so, exactly, yeah, yeah, definitely, how.

to me definitely I like the way he thinks.

2. Negative particles: not, neither, no, not at all, not at all.

In the sky neither cloud.

3. Interrogative particles: is it, is it really, how, what, or what, but, yes.

Is is it possible to do so?
Really all behind?

4. Comparative particles: as if, as if, exactly, as if, like, as if, as if.

She is like has changed.
Exactly you didn't know.

5. Particles used to convey someone else's speech: they say (Old Russian child “says” + tell), they say (said), -de, allegedly.

And when I see de that the penalty is small for him,
I'll hang all the judges around the table right there.
(I. A. Krylov)
Allow me to leave
Say , case dear,
Like, since a local resident,
To the courtyard - a stone's throw.
(A. T. Tvardovsky)
So tell me: Arkady, say , Ivanovich Svidrigailov bows.
(F. M. Dostoevsky)

Emotionally Expressive Particles

Emotionally expressive particles enhance the expressiveness of an emotional statement: what for, well, where there, how, like this, where, where there, what is there, something, here.

Well what the neck, what the eyes!
(I. A. Krylov)
Where you compete with me
With me, with Balda himself?
(A. S. Pushkin)

Shaping particles

Shaping particles are used to form surreal(particle would) and: yes, let, let, yes, let's.

Let's compliment each other.
(B. Okudzhava)
I wanted would live and die in Paris,
If a b there was no such land - Moscow.
(V. V. Mayakovsky)

Babaitseva V.V. and Chesnokova L.D. include here the words most, more and less, which are used to form analytical forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives. In addition, following V.V. Vinogradov, they attribute something, something, something, something to form-building particles.

This material will be devoted to the service part of speech - the particle. Discharges will be considered, examples will be given, differences from homonymous words will be shown.

Let's get acquainted: a particle!

Let's take a look at what a particle is. You may have just noticed: in the previous sentence, it is the word "same". So, the particle is a service part of speech, introducing new semantic emotionally colored shades into sentences, and serves to form new word forms. Let's take an example right away.

He came. A simple, one might say, faceless proposal. Let's add various particles to this sentence.

He just came.

Did he come?

He barely arrived.

Pay attention to how the meaning has changed and the emotional coloring has appeared in the sentences, it was only necessary to add small elements. By the way, "only" is also a particle.

It is worth noting that the Russian language is so rich in such speech components that there are not even specific requirements for memorizing them. It is necessary to learn how to find, see in the text, and also be able to distinguish them from other words in sentences. We will talk about this in our article.

Basic particle discharges

From the whole variety of these elements, four categories can be distinguished.

Formative particles (let, let, let) are intended to form the form of a word, they can form degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
Negative (no, far from, not at all, not at all).
Particles that can characterize a sign (it can be a state or action) that occurs in time, in terms of effectiveness or completeness of implementation, or vice versa - futility, incompleteness.
Modal particles that can be interrogative, perhaps), demonstrative (here, out), clarifying (exactly, just, exactly the same), excretory and restrictive (only, only), exclamatory (what for, how), amplifying ( even, not, after all, after all, everything), softening requirements, showing doubts (hardly, hardly) and, finally, motivating (let, let, let).

Examples

Consider the modal particle as an example in sentences:

Aren't we going fishing today?
This is the real champion!
It was just that moment that was not to be missed.
What music is this!
Still, I had to redo the work.
May the sun always shine!

Modal particles serve to convey the additional meaning of meaning in the text or in the speech of the speaker, enhance the emotional side and focus attention.

Modal mass particles

With the help of formative elements, it becomes possible to create new forms of words. This category of modal shaping particles can be attributed: let, would, yes, come on (-those), less, most, let, more.

We give examples for clarity.

The word "would" can be used to form the conditional mood of the verb. I would have done more if I had got up earlier.

The imperative form of the inclination is formed by modal particles let, let, let, yes. Here are some examples:

Let spring come.
Tell him to hurry up.
"Let there be light!" the electrician said.
Let's go on a trip to another country.

For the formation of the comparative degree of adverbs and adjectives, form-building elements more, less serve. For example:

Faster lift to the floor.
Less successful business.

The formative element itself (pay attention to the number and gender) can serve to form an excellent form for an adjective, for example: the brightest.

All of these enumerated form-building elements are part of the verb form. When parsing a sentence into members, it is recommended to underline them as one member of the sentence, even if they are not next to each other. It is necessary to give examples of sentences with modal particles.

I wouldn't be late if I hadn't been late at work.
Let them come tomorrow.
Circumstances are less successful today.
Now I will make a more difficult riddle.
She has solved the most difficult task of her life.

It should be noted that such form-building elements can be divided into conditional and imperative moods. Conditional mood includes modal particles would, b.

The imperative includes such particles as: let, let, yes, let's, let's.

Difference from homonymous words. Examples

Let's remember what homonyms are. So, homonyms are called words that are the same in spelling and sound, but different in meaning.

It is important not to confuse, to be able to see and distinguish between homonymous words. Examples:

Give him half a tablet of medicine every half an hour. In this context, the word let's is not a formative element, but a form of a verb give.
Now let the boat go downstream. Here is also the word let cannot be a particle, it is a form of a verb let.
Is it really you? - I'm the best. In this version, the word most is a pronoun and has nothing to do with an adjective.
She spoke very quietly, as if apologizing. In this sentence, the word as if constitutes an indivisible construction that can be replaced by synonyms like or like.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Classifications

Types of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

Particles

"Ni"

"Not"

and gerunds

Particle "not" with nouns

"Not" with participles

Conclusion

Comparison with other parts of speech

Discharges of particles.

Shaping particles

negative particles

Sense Particles

Groups of particles by value:

Sense Particles

modal particles

Emotionally Expressive Particles

Shaping particles

Let's get acquainted: a particle!

Basic particle discharges

Examples

Modal mass particles

Difference from homonymous words. Examples

RELATED ARTICLES