past perfect formed with the help to had in past tense form ( had- for all persons) and the past participle of the semantic verb: I / he had written. Past Participle (participle) of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending to the infinitive –ed: to invite- invite ed. When added to a verb –ed sometimes there are changes in its spelling: to stop - stopp ed. Past Participle of irregular verbs must be remembered: to tell-told-told. Additionally about.

Abbreviated forms:

‘d= had
hadn't= had not

Using the Past Perfect

1. An action that took place before another action in the past. Indicated by the notation of time ( by Monday - by Monday, by evening - by evening, by 3 o'clock - by 3 o'clock, by that time - by that time) or other (later) actions expressed by time .

Examples: I had came to them by 5 o'clock. I came to them at 5 o'clock.
I had translated the text by Wednesday. – I translated the text by Wednesday.
my parents were glad to hear that I had passed all exams. My parents were happy to hear that I passed all the exams. (first I passed the exams - Past Perfect is used, and then my parents heard about it - Past Simple is used, i.e. one action happened before another)
my sister said that I had given her wrong address. My sister said I gave her the wrong address. (at first I gave my sister the wrong address - Past Perfect is used, and then the sister said that the address was wrong - Past Simple is used, that is, one action happened before the other)

2. An action that began up to a certain moment in the past and lasted until that moment. Past Perfect is used most often with verbs that are not used in the Continuous form. Additionally about.

Examples: When Sally arrived to the party, her friends had been there for half an hour. When Sally came to the party, her friends had already been there for half an hour.

3. Verbs in the Past Perfect can express two or more previous actions, and one of them can precede the other.

Examples: She said that she had drawn the money from her account and (had) sent them to her sister. She said she had withdrawn money from her account and sent it to her sister. (action expressed by the verb had drawn precedes the action expressed by the verb had sent)

4. If two or more past actions are transmitted in the sequence in which they occurred (i.e., actions are listed), the Past Simple form is used.

Examples: He entered room, took something from the desk and went out. He entered the room, took something from the desk and left. (here the verbs entered, took, went out denote a chain of actions that followed one after another, so they are expressed using Past Simple)

5. If the sequence of actions is interrupted by a mention of previously completed actions, then such previously completed actions are used in the Past Perfect.

Examples: He entered the room which he had reserved the day before, took something from the desk and went out. He entered the room he had booked the day before, took something from the desk and left. (here the verbs entered, took, went out denote a chain of actions that followed the bottom after another, so they are expressed using the Past Simple. These actions are interrupted by the verb had reserved- an action that happened earlier, therefore Past Perfect is used here)

Hello, hello, my dears.

There are only three tenses in Russian. And the past is just the past, without any additions. But in English, everything is much more complicated. Have you heard of the Past Perfect? Such a small and completely inconspicuous brother of the painful Present Perfect for many.

So, if this “miracle” caused you any difficulties - or maybe you never heard about it at all - then today I will tell you everything. Past perfect: rules and examples- the theme of the lesson. We are waiting for an explanation of the rule, many, many examples, but the exercises will be already. After all, practice takes a lot of time.

How is it formedPast Perfect

Building affirmative proposals in this tense is identical to the formation in the present perfect tense with minor changes. In short, the scheme looks like this:

Subject +had + V3 + Object.

She had done her homework by 9 p. m. She had done her homework by 9 pm.

They had already visited the place before. - They've been to this place before.

Let's take a short break here! Because I hope you remember that V3 is the third form of the verb. To regular verbs, we simply add the ending – ed, but we remember by heart and use the form from the third column!

I am not too lazy to remind you that English grammar can be very interesting and exciting to study with the help of the course « Grammar for beginners» or online intensive « Smart like Shakespeare» offered by the well-deserved online service for learning English Lingualeo.

With negative sentences it's even simpler - we just add a particle not.

Subject +had not + V3 + Object.

I hadn't had breakfast before I set off to the university. -I not had breakfast before, how go in university.

I hadn ’ t slept until my parents came back home. I didn't sleep until my parents came home.

AT interrogative sentence the structure changes to the following:

Had +subject+V3+An object?

Had you washed your hands before you started eating the dinner? -You washed arms before topics, as to begin have supper?

Had you done the task before you went out to meet with your friends? -You made exercise before topics, as go meet co their friend?

When to usePast Perfect

That's what, but with understanding when to use the Past Perfect, neither I nor my students have ever had problems. After all, everything is absolutely simple. Usually this rule is studied in the 8th grade, when students already have sufficient vocabulary, and explaining the rule does not become a test for children.

The first and most important rule:

• past perfect is used to describe a situation that has already ended BEFORE some other action took place in the past.

The action that had already finished before another action happened.

I was on my way to work when I remembered (action in the past) that I had forgotten (prior action) the presentation on the table. -Iwason thewaytowork, whenIremembered, whatforgotpresentationon thetable.

Theyhad already sold (prior action) thecarwhenI called(action in the past) . - When I called, they had already sold the car.

Sometimes, instead of a specific indication of the action, there may be an indication of the time.

She had finished studies by the 1st of July. -She is finished lessons to first July.

We had finished the event by the end of the month.- We're done.eventby the endmonths.

• past perfect used when narratives need to describe a chain of actions related to the past.

The policeman said that the robbers had broken window, had stolen the picture and had run away. I was standing there and couldn't understand what I should do. -Policeman said, what robbers smashed window, stole picture and ran away. I stood there and couldn't figure out what to do.

Time indicators

At any time there are indicators. To immediately recognize the Past Perfect in a sentence, look for the following words with your eyes:

1. Before - before; before.
2. Since - since then.
3. By - k.
4. For - during.
5. By the time - by the time.
6. Just - just now.
7. After - after.
8. Till\Until - until then.
9. Never - never.
10. Already - already.

In 80% of cases, one of these words will be used in a sentence. For example:

I had already prepared my presentation by the time mother prepared the dinner. - I had already finished my presentation by the time my mother cooked dinner.

She realized that she had never been to this place before. -She is understood, what never before not was in this place.

But be sure to remember one thing - past perfect- this is the past tense, therefore we use it only when we talk about past events! As a rule, it is most often found in narratives and stories.

Dear ones, I am sure that you will have absolutely no questions left. Now in the public domain you can find thousands of videos, rules and exercises if you need more. But I hope that I was able to close all the gaps in your knowledge regarding this topic. And it is not the easiest, trust me! But if you still have questions - you are welcome in the comments. I will answer each one there.

In addition, I also invite you to my mailing list, where I regularly share important and useful information from my experience. Let's learn English together!

And that's all for today!

Past Perfect is one of the forms of the past tense, denoting an event that happened at a certain moment before another action began.

The very existence of this grammatical phenomenon is a vivid example of how ordered the English language is, how important the sequence of completed events is within its species-temporal paradigm. As shown in the diagram below, an action expressed in this tense occurs before some other action in the past.

Also, instead of action 2, there can be some point in time in the past before which some event occurred, as shown in the following example:

Ways to form Past Perfect

Affirmative type sentences

In order to get a statement in the Past Perfect, you need the verb had and the 3rd form of the main verb (V3). The ending - ed is added to the correct verb, and if the verb is incorrect, its form is taken from the 3rd column (Participle II).

Below is a table with an example where you can observe the construction of this form of the past tense.

Structure	Subject (Who what?)	HAD	V3 (V+ed/Participle II)
Scheme	☺	had	V3
Example	Mom	had	painted	the wall by 5 o'clock.
Translation	Mum		dyed	wall by 5 o'clock.

It is worth noting that there are often abbreviations. In statements, had is combined with an apostrophe (‘)

She had = She'd

I had = I'd

We had = We'd

Below are examples of the use of verbs in the Past Perfect, both in full and in abbreviated form.

Full form	Short form	Translation
I had read.	I'd read.	I read.
He had smoked.	He'd smoked.	He smoked.
She had written.	She'd written.	She wrote.
It had flown.	It'd flown.	It flew away.
We had broken.	We'd be broken	We broke.
You had rung.	You'd drunk.	You called.
They had invented.	They'd come.	They invented.

Negative sentence type

Negative type sentences are formed by adding not between had and the semantic verb. In this case, the words are arranged in the same order as in the affirmative.

Structure	Subject (Who what?)	HAD	V3 (V+ed/Participle II)
Scheme	☺	had not	V3
Example	Mom	had not	painted	the wall by 5 o'clock.
Translation	Mum	not	dyed	wall by 5 o'clock.

Abbreviated forms in speech are used much more often than full ones. To shorten it, combine the auxiliary verb had with the particle not using an apostrophe ('), as shown below:

I had = I hadn't

You had = You hadn't

She had = She hadn't

Below are examples of the use of verbs in the Past Perfect in both full and abbreviated form of negative types of sentences.

Full form	Short form	Translation
I had not put.	I hadn't put.	I didn't put it.
He had not blown.	He hadn't blown.	He didn't pout.
She had not learned.	She hadn't learned.	She didn't learn.
It had not flown.	It hadn't flown.	It didn't fly away.
We had not broken.	We hadn't broken.	We didn't break.
You weren't drunk.	You hadn't drunk.	You didn't drink.
They had not invented.	They hadn't invented.	They didn't invent.

Interrogative sentences

In interrogative sentences, the word order is reversed. As can be seen in the table below, the auxiliary verb had should come first, then the subject, and then the semantic verb V3:

Structure	HAD	Subject (Who what?)	V3 (V+ed/Participle II)
Scheme	Had	☺	V3	?
Example	Had	Mom	painted	the wall by 5 o'clock?
Translation	Did you paint	Mum		wall by 5 o'clock.

The following table shows examples of using the Past Perfect in interrogative sentences. You can also observe that the word order is reversed everywhere:

Using the Past Perfect

1. Most often Past Perfect means an event in the past that happened before some other action. This subsequent action is often in the Simple Past.

We drove up to the opera house, but the performance had finished. We arrived at the opera house, but the performance had already ended. (first the performance ended, then we arrived at the opera house).

2. Past Perfect denotes an event, which happened in the past at the designated time. In this case, the very moment by which the action is completed will be indicated. In the following example, this moment is denoted by by:

Matt had finished repairing the car by 9 o'clock. Matt finished repairing the car by 9 o'clock. (repair was completed by the time the clock read 9)

3. Sometimes Past Perfect indicates that an event expressed in this time is the cause of another, subsequent action or state.

She was happy. She had received lots of gifts. - She was happy. She received many gifts.

She didn't invite him for dinner as she had burnt the chicken in the oven. She didn't invite him to dinner because she burned the chicken in the oven.

4. Using Past Perfect denotes a continuous action that began earlier and lasted until some time. In this case, the prepositions since and for are most often used, which are translated as “since” and “during”, respectively.

He deceased last Monday. We had remembered him since he was a toddler. He passed away last Monday. We have remembered him since he was a one year old baby.

She was a talented violinist. We had loved her playing for 10 years. She was a talented violinist. We enjoyed her game for 10 years.

It should be noted that the Past Perfect in this case is used only with those that express emotions, perception. For example, love, know, adore, think, feel, regret, etc. With dynamic verbs, Past Perfect Continuous is necessary to express duration.

Ben retired on July, 2. This dude had been coaching us for 10 years. Ben retired on the second of July. This guy has been our coach for 10 years.

5. In conditional sentences of the third type Past Perfect used to express regret for something that didn't happen. Something in the past could have been done if the condition had been met, but at the present moment it is no longer possible to influence the situation.

If I had met Harry, I would have given a hug to him. If I met Harry, I would hug him.

If she had ironed her dress, her parents would have given her some more funds. If she had ironed her dress, her parents would have given her more money.

6. In sentences where words such as hardly ... when and no sooner ... than are used, Past Perfect denotes a sequence of events. The use of this tense emphasizes that one action happened immediately after another. Similar constructions are translated using the expressions “did not have time ...”, “as soon as ...”, “barely ...”. In sentences of this type, the opposite is true.

Hardly had Jens gone out, when somebody threw a stone to his head. As soon as Jens left, someone threw a stone at his head.

No sooner had Tony sunk into the sea water than the funny dolphin was seen nearby. - No sooner had Tony dive into the sea water than a funny dolphin appeared nearby.

The use of circumstances of time

Past Perfect is used with the following time markers:

• by(to some time/moment)
  Kate had smoked 10 cigarettes by the moment they came (Kate had smoked 10 cigarettes by the time they arrived);
• after(after)
  After he had lost 10 pounds, he changed the size of his clothes (After he lost 10 pounds, he changed the size of his clothes);
• before(before / before)
  Before I came home, I had delayed at college to help the tutor
• when(when)
  Molly had crossed the brook when the dog looked at her (Molly crossed the stream when the dog looked at her);
• earlier(before)
  I didn't know where my boyfriend was as he had snaffled my money earlier
• just(just now)
  It was 7 p.m. and she had just taken the shower (It was 7 pm and she had just taken a shower);
• already(already)
  They were going for that city as she had already got a new job (They moved to that city because she had already found a new job);
• yet(still, already)
  They arranged the party but they hadn't brought the drinks yet (They organized a party, but they hadn't brought the drinks yet).

Markers such as yet, already and just also use . It must be understood that when using the Past Perfect, the speaker refers to the past, and the Present Perfect denotes an event that happened in the past, but its consequences affect the present.

I have written 7 poems already. I have already written 7 poems. (I already have 7 poems written)

By the moment I lost my vision, I had written 7 poems already. - By the time I lost my sight, I had already written 7 poems. (I already wrote 7 poems, and then I lost my sight).

Cases of replacing Past Perfect with Past Simple

At the moment, there is a tendency to replace Past Perfect with Past Simple, if the sequence of actions is obvious from the context. Most often this happens in . These sentences use different time markers.

• after (after)

After she had washed the walls in the bathroom, she peeled the vegetables for a salad. = After she washed the walls in the bathroom, she peeled the vegetables for a salad.
After she scrubbed the walls in the bathroom, she cleaned the vegetables for the salad.

• before (before / before)

I had visited my cousin once before I left for Hungary. = I visited my cousin once before I left for Hungary.
I visited my cousin once before I left for Hungary.

• earlier (earlier),

I helped my neighbors though I was incensed by them as they had crashed my motorbike earlier. = I helped my neighbors though I was incensed by them as they crashed my motorbike earlier.
I helped mine neighbors, although was very angry on the them, because what they smashed my moped.

But: If the union when (when) is used in the sentence, the replacement of time is not possible, since the meaning will change.

When we hauled our bags to the hotel, Mary had checked in. When we brought the bags to the hotel, Mary had already checked in.
(Past Perfect means Mary checked in before we dragged our bags to the hotel)

When we hauled our bags to the hotel, Mary checked in. - When we dragged the bags to the hotel, Mary checked in.
(Past Simple shows that first we dragged the bags to the hotel, and then Mary checked in)

At first glance, this time seems difficult. It is important to remember the basic principle - Past Perfect is where two actions have occurred in succession. The one that happened before is expressed in the Past Perfect, and what happened after it is expressed in the Past Simple.

In addition, this time indicates that some past event has ended by some point. In order to make it easier to understand in which cases this time is used, it is necessary to remember the markers that are used with the Past Perfect, study the structure of sentences, and also visualize the sequence of actions.

And in order to finally fix the material and put everything “on the shelves”, we recommend watching the video:

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

As we know, the British love order in everything, and the English language is no exception. In their opinion, each action should have its own order. In Russian, we use the same tense to express all past actions. We list a few events, then return to another event that happened before all the others. An Englishman will never tolerate such "chaos" in his speech. If he forgot about an important event that happened before everyone else, then he will report it in a specially designated time for this called Past Perfect. About him today and will be discussed. C "mon!

What is Past Perfect

Past Perfect Tense is the past perfect tense. We usually use it to talk about an action that ended at or before some point in the past.

For example: When he read the book, he went to bed.

What was the first action? First he read a book and then went to bed. That is, by the time he went to bed, he had already read the book. To show that the first action ended before the second happened, in the first part of the sentence, you need to use the Past Perfect - “When he had read the book, he went to bed.” In other words, we use the Past Perfect to show the sequence of actions, that is, that one action in the past happened before another.

How Past Perfect is formed (formulas + examples)

• Statement. The predicate in the Past Perfect consists of two parts: the auxiliary verb " had" and third form of main verb(to the correct verb we add the ending "- ed", and we take the form of the wrong one from the third column of the table of irregular verbs).

• Negation. In a negative sentence between the auxiliary verb " had"and the main verb appears particle" not».

As in many other tenses, the Past Perfect has abbreviated forms that are used in colloquial speech. AT affirmative sentence " had» unites with pronoun, in negative- with particle " not". For example:

I'd come.
You'd finished.
I hadn't come.
You hadn't finished.

• Question. An interrogative sentence begins with the auxiliary verb " had", followed by subject and main verb.

Past Perfect Marker Words

If the sentence contains the following words, then it refers to the Past Perfect Tense:

by- to;
hardly… when / no sooner… than- as soon as, barely, I did not have time;
after- after;
earlier- earlier, before - before;
first- first;
when- when;
just- just now;
already- already;
yet- already, not yet.

Past Perfect marker table

Marker	Example	Translation
by	Unfortunately, most of the audience hadn't stayed by the end of the play.	Unfortunately, by the end of the performance, most of the audience left.
hardly...when	Hardly had they crossed the road when the accident happened.	As soon as they crossed the road, an accident happened.
no sooner… than	No sooner he had came in than he heard congratulations and his friends gathered around him.a	As soon as he entered, he heard congratulations and friends gathered around him.
after	After boy had done his hometask he went out to play football with his friends.	After the boy did his homework, he went for a walk.
earlier	She knew how to cook a cake because she had made it earlier.	She knew how to bake a cake because she had made it before.
before	James easily won this game because he had played it many times before.	James played the game easily as he had played it many times before.
first	First we had taken all our bags, then understood that we forgot our tickets on the table.	At first we took things, and then we realized that we forgot the tickets on the table.
when	John had sat to work when his boss called for him.	John sat down to work when his boss called him.
just	I just had sat to have lunch when my friend called me.	I had just sat down to have lunch when my friend called me.
already	We had already bought a cake when Jill called us and told that she bought a cake too.	We had already bought a cake when Jill called us and said that she also bought a cake.
yet	I hadn't served the table yet when the guests came.	I had not yet set the table when the guests arrived.

Cases of using Past Perfect:

• The Past Perfect shows an action that happened before another action or a specific moment in the past. Another action in the past is most often indicated by Past Simple, and special words can be used: “ by"(to some time/moment)," after" (after), " before"(before, before)," when" (when), " earlier" (before), " first» (at first, at first).

Before Anna called her husband she had finished all the work. Before Anna called her husband, she finished all the work.

Nota bene: if actions are put in chronological okay, then you need to use Past Simple:

Anna finished all work and called her husband. Anna finished all the work and (then) called her husband (chronological order).

• The Past Perfect explains the reason: we want to show that the action expressed by the Past Perfect has become cause that another action has taken place.

He was hungry. He hadn't eaten for eight hours. - He was hungry. He hasn't eaten in eight hours.

She couldn't buy a new pair of shoes as she had lost her credit card. She couldn't buy a new pair of shoes because she lost her credit card.

• The Past Perfect is used after " if» in conditional sentences of the third type ( third conditional). This type of conditional shows regret about the past. We could do something in the past if we fulfilled the condition, but in the present we can no longer change the situation.

If I had known about your problem, I would have helped you. - If I knew about your problem, I would help you.
If you had read the morning newspaper, you would have agreed with me. - If you read the morning paper, you would agree with me.

• Past Perfect is used in constructions " hardly … when" and " no sooner … than". These constructions show that one action happened immediately after another. The peculiarity is that they use back order words, as in the question. Such sentences are translated into Russian using the words "as soon as ...", "I did not have time ...", "I barely ...".

Hardly had the plane landed at the Miami airport, when it started to rain. - As soon as the plane landed at Miami airport, it started to rain.
No sooner had I chewed my sandwich than somebody knocked at the door. - Before I could chew my sandwich, someone knocked on the door.

• Enumeration of actions in the past that happened before the time of the story generally:

I finally caught Lucky and looked around. The nasty dog had scratched furniture, had torn the wallpapers and had eaten my lunch on the table. - I finally caught Lucky and looked around. The nasty dog ​​scratched the furniture, tore the wallpaper and ate my dinner on the table.

Education Past Perfect Passive

Like most times, Past Perfect has passive construction .

• Statement: subject + had been + verb 3 forms + [by an object].

The test had been finished by the end of the day.- The test was completed by the end of the day.
The picture had been painted by the Monday. - The picture was drawn by Monday.

Negation: subject + had + not + been + verb 3 forms + [by an object].

The test had not been finished by the end of the day. - The test was not completed by the end of the day.
The bicycle had not been repaired by 2 o'clock. - The bike had not been repaired by two o'clock.

Question: had + subject + been + verb 3 forms + [by object]?

Had the questions been discussed before the exam?- Were the questions discussed before the exam?
Had the picture been painted by the Monday?- The picture was drawn by Monday?

Present Perfect vs Past Perfect

Very often, when translating from Russian into English, you can get confused in choosing the right time, because they both have similar features. Let's look at the table to get rid of doubts about the differences between Present Perfect and Past Perfect.

Difference between Present Perfect and Past Perfect

Indicates that the action expressed by the Present Perfect time has completed by now or in the present time period: The shopping center has just opened. - The mall just opened.	Indicates that the action expressed by the Past Perfect time happened before another action or a certain moment in the past: We came to the office, but the administrator had already gone away. - We came to the office, and the administrator had already left.
Shows that the action happened in the past, it is unknown and no matter when exactly, but its result is visible in the present: He knows her name. They have already met. - He knows her name. They have already met.	Shows that an action happened in the past and became the cause, led to the fact that another action happened in the past: My brother felt hungry. He had not eaten since yesterday. - My brother was hungry. He hasn't eaten since yesterday.

Nota bene: We recommend that you read a little theory again and complete the task in our online simulator so that you never again have doubts about using Past Perfect.

Conclusion

So, today we examined the forms of formation of affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences in the Past Perfect, both in the active and in the passive voice. We remembered which markers you should pay attention to, and figured out how not to confuse the Present Perfect and Past Perfect with each other. But the most important thing to remember is that next to the Past Perfect there should be one more action in the past.

We offer you to get acquainted with other tenses of the English language

Learn English easy and get skillful!

Big and friendly family EnglishDom

The British are very scrupulous about the distinction between time intervals. If Russian grammar is limited to the past, present and future tenses, then the English language system has divided each of these traditional forms into four more subforms. As a result, 12 time groups were obtained, with a clearly defined scope of each type of structure. Today we will look at the category of the past perfect tense, study its meaning and give examples of use in sentences and dialogues for the past perfect. Despite the fact that in Russian there is no analogue of this tense, the topic does not cause any particular difficulties.

Briefly about the use of Past perfect

The main purpose of this category of time is to express the sequence of events in the past, previous experience. The predicate of the action that ended earlier is put in Perfect Past, and the verb of the second sentence usually has the form Past Simple. The completion of an event can also be expressed by a specific time indicator.

• She remembered that she had met these children beforeShe isrememberedwhatshe ismetthesechildrenbefore.
• I had written this report by 8 o'clock – Icompletedthisreportto 8hours.

In rare situations, the continuous tense may be used instead of the simple past. This is necessary if they want to emphasize the incompleteness of the second act, at the time of the end of the events preceding it.

• By that time I had read the book and was watching TV – Toto thattimeIfinished readingbookandalreadywatchedTV set.

In sentences with Past Perfect Tense, the reverse rule applies. The Past Perfect Continuous form cannot be used with verbs of feelings, possessions, states, relationships, therefore, a simple paste perfect is used with such predicates.

• I had owned thecar for 8 years already when I decided tosellit I had owned this car for 8 years when I decided to sell it.

And the last situation in which it is necessary to use this tense is the presence in the statement of the phrases " scarcely…when», « nosooner…than», « hardly…when". Such a sentence is translated into Russian by the words " barely... how; didn't make it... how". Note the slight design change: had stands before the subject.

• Scarcely had she entered apartments, when the telephone rank – Barelyshe isenteredinapartment,asrangtelephone.

Having remembered the cases of using the past perfect, we will consider examples of sentences and learn how to independently create such constructions of time.

Past perfect examples

In this section, we will analyze the rules and examples of the use of this tense category in various everyday situations.

So, if we need to make an expression in the Past Perfect in the form of a statement, then we should use the auxiliary verb had and the third form of the verb, which is participle II.

In this case, the event that follows in meaning can stand both in the first and in the second place.

• It was the best film I (1) had (2) ever watched (3)- It was the best movie I have ever seen.

Interrogative sentences require a slight change in construction, namely the introduction of an auxiliary had to the fore.

• Had (1) you (2) cleaned(3) the room by 11 o'clock? – Youremovedroomto 11hours?

According to this scheme, the so-called general questions are built. There are also statements with special interrogative words, negative questions, as well as expressions of doubt. We will not give separate schemes for them, a little later we will be told about the situations of such use of the past perfect by the examples given at the end of the material.

Negative sentences do not change the word order of the affirmative phrase, but are also associated with the verb had. To make a negation, the word not is added to this verb. Often there is a reduction in shape, and the overall design looks like hadn't.

• My daughter(1)hadn't(2+3)done(4)her homework yet when I cameMydaughtermorenotdidmyhomework when I arrived.

Regardless of the type of sentence, many examples of the past perfect often contain time indications ( words) introduced by words by, since, just, for, already, never, yetbeforeuntil.

Let's consolidate the ability to build this structure correctly by analyzing the most typical examples of its use.

Situation	Translation
No sooner had Mary gone at work than children ran to play in the yard.	Before Mary left for work, the children ran to play in the yard.
Hadn't Jack switched off the TV set when he left the house?	Didn't Jack turn off the TV when he left the house?
We were surprised when we learned that this movie won't a prize.	We were surprised when we learned that this film won the prize.
I hadn't watched the film by 3 o'clock because the guests arrived.	I hadn't finished watching the movie by three o'clock because the guests had arrived.
Yesterday you gave me the beautiful flowers of your garden. Who had grown the flowers? I think you had done it , didn't you ? Yes, I had .	Yesterday you gave me beautiful flowers from your garden. Who grew these flowers? I think you did it, didn't you?
Did you call your girlfriend? I called her, but she hadn't come home yet. Why didn't she come home yet? (colloquial form) = why had she not come home yet? (official form) She was very busy with work.	Did you call your girlfriend? I called her, but she hasn't come home yet. Why hasn't she come home yet? She was very busy at work.
Do you speak to your neighbors again? Yes, they apologized for the words that they had said then .	Are you talking to your neighbors again? Yes, they apologized for the words they said then.
Mother had known the truth before I told her it hadn't she ? yes, she had .	Mom knew the truth before I told her, didn't she? Yes, I knew.
yesterday, we hadn't done this exercise. Translate the text today.	We didn't do this exercise yesterday. Translate text today.
Had your sister cooked a pie or a cake when you returned? She had cooked a cake and ten muffins.	When you came back, did your sister make a pie or cake? She made a cake and 10 cupcakes.
Did they buy their car last week? No, they didn't. They had bought it the week before .	Did they buy their car last week? No, they bought it the week before last.

We looked at examples of various sentences in the past perfect, and learned how to compose them according to grammatical patterns. In order for the new information not to be forgotten after 30 minutes, but firmly settled in our head, it is necessary to complete several. Good luck in improving your English and see you soon!