We present to your attention a video lesson on the topic "Southeast Asia". The video tutorial allows you to get interesting and detailed information about the countries of Southeast Asia. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Southeast Asia, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical location, population. The lesson focuses on the newly industrialized countries of Asia.
Theme: Overseas Asia
Lesson: Southeast Asia
1. Southeast Asia: composition
Rice. 1. Southeast Asia on the map
Southeast Asia- a cultural-geographical region covering the continental and insular territories between China, India and Australia.
1. Vietnam.
2. Cambodia.
4. Myanmar.
5. Thailand.
6. Brunei.
7. East Timor.
8. Philippines.
9. Malaysia.
10. Indonesia.
2. Southeast Asia: general characteristics
Southeast Asia is perhaps the most interesting, contrasting region unlike other parts of the planet.
Southeast Asia is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans and their parts. Almost all countries have access to the sea.
The climate is monsoonal, subequatorial, equatorial. The region is characterized by rainy seasons and typhoons.
The total population of the region is approximately 600 million people. (8% of the world's population). More than 200 peoples live in Southeast Asia.
Countries in Southeast Asia with the largest population:
1. Indonesia (240 million people).
2. Philippines (104 million people).
3. Vietnam (90 million people).
The peoples of Southeast Asia are diverse. You can mainly meet Malays, Lao, Thais, Vietnamese, Semangs, Burmese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Javanese, Chinese, as well as many other, less numerous peoples.
The main religion of Southeast Asia is Islam, with about 240 million followers. Buddhism is practiced in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Singapore and Vietnam. Confucianism is also found in Singapore and Vietnam. And in some territories you can meet Protestants and Catholics (Philippines, East Timor).
The maximum average population density is 7200 people. per sq. km in Singapore. In the cities of the region, the population density can reach 20,000 people. per sq. km! The largest cities in terms of population in the region include: Jakarta, Bangkok, Manila.
The culture of Southeast Asia is mainly a mixture of Indian and Chinese. And in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Singapore, Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese cultures also influence. All these regions had, first of all, an impact on the culture of food. In all countries it is customary to eat with chopsticks, the cult of tea is widespread, which can be found in any corner of the region.
The administrative-territorial structure and form of government of the countries of Southeast Asia are diverse. Countries with a monarchical form of government include: Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Brunei. Myanmar and Malaysia have a federal structure.
In most countries, the mining industry, various branches of engineering, agriculture, animal husbandry, textile production, and tourism are widespread.
The countries of the region carry out regional cooperation through Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political, economic and cultural regional intergovernmental organization of countries located in Southeast Asia.
Rice. 2. ASEAN Flag
3. Newly industrialized countries
In terms of GDP, Indonesia is the leader in the region ($1,200 billion). In terms of per capita GDP, Singapore ($52,000) and Brunei ($47,000) are in the lead.
Newly industrialized countries (NIEs):
2. Malaysia.
3. Thailand.
4. Philippines.
5. Indonesia.
4. Characteristics of the newly industrialized countries
Singapore is the only economically developed state in the region.
Rice. 3. Singapore
Geologically, the countries of Southeast Asia are located in one of the most volcanic regions of the planet. But this is compensated by the tropical climate, diverse nature, which captures with its diversity and the number of exotic plants and animals.
The bowels of the territory have been poorly explored, but the explored reserves indicate rich deposits of mineral resources. There is very little bituminous coal in the region, only in the north of Vietnam there are insignificant reserves of it. In the shelf zone of Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei, oil and gas are produced. Asia's largest metal "Tin Belt" stretches across the region. Mesozoic deposits determined the richest reserves of non-ferrous metals: tin (in Indonesia - 1.5 million tons, in Malaysia and Thailand - 1.1 million tons each), tungsten (reserves in Thailand - 23 thousand tons, Malaysia - 20 thousand tons). The region is rich in copper, zinc, lead, molybdenum, nickel, antimony, gold, cobalt, the Philippines - in copper and gold. Non-metallic minerals are represented by potash salt (Thailand, Laos), apatite (Vietnam), precious stones (sapphire, topaz, ruby) in Thailand.
Agro-climatic and soil resources: a warm and humid climate is the main prerequisite for a relatively high efficiency of agriculture, 2-3 crops are harvested here throughout the year.
Water resources are actively used for land irrigation in all countries. Moisture deficiency in the dry season requires considerable expenditures for the construction of irrigation facilities. Water mountain arteries of the Indochina peninsula (Irrawaddy, Menam, Mekong) and numerous mountain rivers of the islands are able to provide electricity needs.
The forest resources are exceptionally rich. The region is located in the Southern Forest Belt, forests cover 42% of its territory.
The fish resources of the coastal zone of the seas and inland waters are of considerable importance in every country: fish and other marine products are widely used in the diet of the population. On some islands of the Malay Archipelago, pearls and mother-of-pearl shells are mined.
Rice. 4. Selling pearls in Manila
Currently, the countries of Southeast Asia are rapidly developing, occupying high positions in the modern world. New industrial countries are developing especially rapidly, where much attention is paid to the education of the population, the development of the economy, competition, and new industries. In terms of HDI, Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia rank high in the world. An important feature of the newly industrialized countries is the openness of their economy, the development of high-precision industries, the service sector, tourism activities, the export of goods and services, the attraction of foreign capital, and large investments in their own economy.
Rice. 5. The capital of Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
Homework
1. What are the features of the geographical location of Southeast Asia?
2. Tell us about the features of the economy of the countries of Southeast Asia.
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 classes: Textbook for educational institutions / A. P. Kuznetsov, E. V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Proc. for 10 cells. educational institutions / V. P. Maksakovskiy. - 13th ed. - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with a set of contour maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A. T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., cart.: tsv. incl.
2. Berzin E. O. Southeast Asia in the 13th-16th centuries. - M., 1982.
3. Shpazhnikov S. A. Religion of the countries of Southeast Asia. - M., 1980.
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a guide for high school students and university applicants. - 2nd ed., corrected. and dorab. - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
Literature for preparing for the GIA and the Unified State Examination
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E. M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu. A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. E. M. Ambartsumova, S. E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Centre, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of typical options for real USE assignments: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu. A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the format of the Unified State Examination 2011. - M .: MTSNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. USE 2010. Geography. Collection of assignments / Yu. A. Solovieva. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Tests in geography: Grade 10: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. Grade 10 / E. V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. The most complete edition of typical variants of real USE assignments: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu. A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.
9. Unified state exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for the preparation of students / FIPI - M .: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
10. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral exam, theory and practice / V. P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
11. Unified State Examination 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O. V. Chicherina, Yu. A. Solovieva. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements.
2. Federal portal Russian Education.
3. Age. yandex. ru.
4. Cool abstract. com.
5. Countries of the world.
Foreign Asia includes 48 states and is divided into 5 sub-regions: South-West, South, South-East, East and Central Asia. Southeast Asia covers an area of 5 million square meters. km., where 600 million people live. The countries that make up this macro-region differ in climate, population and economic situation in the world.
General information
The location of Southeast Asia is very easy to remember, because it got its name because of its location. The region is located in southeast Asia. On its territory is the Indochina Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. The structure includes 11 states, some of which are located on the continent, and some - on the adjacent islands and archipelagos.
Rice. 1. Southeast Asia on the map.
Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, Philippines, Singapore are located on the islands, and Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos are located on the continent.
Southeast Asia is washed by two oceans - the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. A feature of the region is that almost every country has access to the sea. The area is characterized by an equatorial and subequatorial climate, monsoon winds often blow.
Back in the 20th century, many territories of this region were British colonies (for example, Myanmar), and now they are independent countries that play an important role in the economy of their continent.
Population
The population of Southeast Asia is 600 million people. This is 8% of the world's population. The region is multinational, more than 200 nationalities live here. The main nationalities are Malays, Thais, Chinese, Filipinos, Vietnamese, Indonesians. The largest countries in terms of population are Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, which are home to 240 million people, 104 million people, 90 million people, respectively.
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In some countries, the population density reaches absolutely incredible proportions. For example, in Singapore, the number per 1 sq. meter is 7200 people. And in some territories it can reach 20,000 people per 1 sq. km. meter. One of the most populated cities are Jakarta (Indonesia), Bangkok (Thailand), Manila (Philippines).
Rice. 2. Singapore.
The main religions of the region are Islam and Buddhism, and Protestanism is not uncommon, which is widespread in certain territories.
Economic development and major industries in Southeast Asia
All 11 countries in the region are developing countries. Compared to developed countries, GDP per capita in such a state is lower. However, there are states in Southeast Asia that do not even reach the status of a developing country. These include Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar.
Agriculture plays an important role in the region's economy. Agriculture is more developed than animal husbandry. The high population density is faced with the problem of lack of land resources. The machinery and equipment that is intended for cultivating land is very primitive.
The region has a developed electronic and electrical industry, in which the main task is the production of household appliances, the collection of circuit boards and microcircuits. Such enterprises operate in Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia. The chemical industry (Philippines, Singapore, Thailand) and the woodworking industry are also developed. The region has no problems with electricity, Indonesia has the only geothermal power plant in the entire region.
Rice. 3. Geothermal power plant in Indonesia.
Some countries in the region that have experienced a big jump in the economy in a few years are classified as a group of new industrialized countries (NIEs). These are Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Indonesia. In East Asia, for example, the NIS group includes South Korea.
The East Asian region is one of the largest in terms of area and population, not only in Asia, but throughout the world. This is the cradle of ancient agricultural civilizations, the birthplace of great original peoples.
The total area of East Asia is 11.77 million km2, the population is more than 1.4 billion people.
In East Asia, they include territories of various forms of government: the socialist republics of China (People's Republic of China, PRC) and North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK), the republics of Mongolia and South Korea (Republic of Korea), the constitutional monarchy of Japan, the colonial possessions of Great Britain and Portugal - Hong Kong and Macau, as well as Taiwan.
Geographic location, natural conditions and resources. East Asia occupies vast expanses from the highest mountain ranges of the world - the Himalayas (by the way, the city of Chomolungma, 8848 m, is located on the border of China and Nepal), the Tien Shan, Altai and the "roof of the world" - the Tibet highlands in the west to the coastal lowlands and Pacific islands in the east, from southern taiga forests in the north to tropical forests in the south. The islands stretch along the entire coast for 4 thousand km. and is a link in the Pacific island arc, they separate the inland seas - the Sea of Japan, Yellow, East and South China from the ocean.
The natural conditions of East Asia are very diverse and contrasting. Neotectonic processes have formed a predominantly latitudinal extent of high ranges in the west, which are separated by wide desert basins (Tarim Basin). In the east and south of the region, medium-altitude mountains interspersed with accumulative plains predominate. High young ranges also stretch along the archipelago of islands. Earthquakes are a frequent occurrence in the western and southern parts, as well as in the interior of China, for the Korean Peninsula and especially for the Japanese islands. Tsunamis are also typical for the coast and for the islands, and there are several dozen volcanoes on the Japanese islands. In the center and especially in the east of China, plains prevail (the Loess Plateau, the Great Plain of China), they are much less in the north (Songliao), in Korea and Japan (Kanto), and very few in the south of the region. The plains are mainly of loess and alluvial origin and are distinguished by high natural fertility.
Even sharper differences are manifested in climatic conditions. The eastern part of the region is open towards the Pacific Ocean and is influenced by the monsoonal circulation of the atmosphere; in the west, a dry, sharply continental climate prevails. If in the south of the region the influence of the monsoon does not have a pronounced seasonality (2000 mm and more precipitation falls), then in the northeast wet summers, dry autumns and springs (600-700 mm of precipitation) prevail. The island strip is the most humid, and more than 3000 mm falls in its southern regions. precipitation.
The inner and western regions of China and Mongolia receive only 100 - 150 mm. precipitation per year. It is here that the largest deserts of the Gobi and Takla Makan regions are located, the total area according to 1300 km2 and 360 thousand km2.
The river network and water regime are directly influenced by relief and climatic conditions. Most of the rivers belong to the Pacific Ocean.
The largest rivers originate in the Tibetan Plateau. They feed mainly on monsoon rains in the middle and lower reaches. This is primarily the Yangtze and the Huang He, which formed the space and fertile lowlands in the east of China and have long determined the irrigated culture of agriculture. Other large rivers also take their beginnings in Tibet (Mekong, Salween), but only their peaks fall on East Asia, instead of the Amur with its large tributaries (Argun, Sungari, Ussuri) it is a river bordering Russia and has limited use. In Korea and Japan, rivers, as a rule, are short and rapids and have mainly energy value, and in the lower reaches they are used for irrigation.
The largest lakes of the region or the cores of internal flow basins in the interior and on the western and northwestern outskirts of the region (Lobnor, Kunukor, Khubsugul, Ubsu-Nur) or on the plains are connected by a network of canals with large rivers and their tributaries (Poyanhu, Taihu, etc. ), or are regulators of the flow of other rivers (Khanka on the border with Russia).
In the northeastern part of East Asia, the largest areas of forests of temperate latitudes (coniferous and mixed) have been preserved, which are the main raw material base for the region. Further to the south, the flat territories are heavily plowed, there are very few mixed-type forests. Even further south to the northern tropics, islands of broad-leaved evergreen forests have been preserved. This broad zonality is also characteristic of the island arc.
In Mongolia and the interior of China, steppe and semi-desert vegetation prevails, and in closed basins - desert vegetation.
The vegetation of mountainous regions depends on vertical zonality. For example, the lower strips of the northwestern mountains (Altai, Tien Shan) are covered with forest-steppe vegetation, the upper ones are covered with mountain-taiga and mountain-meadow vegetation. The mountains of Karakoram and Tibet are more arid, forests are rare here, and the slopes are covered with xerophytic vegetation.
In the soil cover in the north and in the center of China, forest soils predominate, in the subtropics and tropics - red and yellow soils.
Speaking about the natural conditions of East Asia, one cannot ignore the importance of the seas and the ocean. Warm (Kuro-Sio) and cold (Oye-Sio) currents form not only the climate, but also a favorable environment for the distribution of fish and other biological resources of the sea of world importance.
The mineral resources of East Asia are diverse, but coal deposits in the northeast and east of China, oil reserves in the northeast, northwest and center of China, as well as large resources of tungsten, antimony, copper-molybdenum, and tin ores are of global importance. and mercury associated with the Pacific ore strip. Somewhat smaller deposits of iron ore have been explored in northeastern China; local deposits of coal in other states are of local importance.
China has the largest deposits of various resources (coal, oil, iron ore, non-ferrous metal ores), much less - Mongolia (copper-molybdenum ores, coal, fluorite), North Korea (coal, iron, chromite, polymetallic ores, copper and tungsten), South Korea (polymetallic ores, tungsten), Japan (hard coal, copper and polymetallic ores, sulfur).
Population. Nearly a quarter of the world's population lives in East Asia. The river civilizations of the Yangtze and Huang He are among the oldest in world history, along with the cultures of the Nile, Mesopotamia, the Indus and the Ganges.
Many peoples and nationalities live in East Asia - from a billion Chinese and multimillion Japanese and Koreans to small nationalities numbering several thousand or even hundreds of people. Some of them are the oldest natives of the region, such as the Ainu in northern Japan or the gaoshan in mountainous Taiwan.
All states of the region are single-ethnic countries in which the indigenous nation makes up more than 90% of the population.
The Chinese (the self-name "Han") take their genealogy from the U-III millennia before Christ. The core of their ethnogenesis was the lower part of the Yellow River basin. Over the centuries, they settled far to the north and south, to a somewhat lesser extent - to the east. In addition to the PRC, the Chinese make up the vast majority of the population in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau. Several million more Chinese live outside the region - the so-called. huaqiao, who occupy leading positions in public life in the states of Southeast Asia.
The Japanese as a separate nation formed in the beginning. IV Art. era of Christ and began to explore the archipelago from the north of about. Kyushu and south about. Honshu. In the ethnogenesis of the Japanese, immigrants from the Korean Peninsula played an important role.
The first manifestations of the organized economic and cultural unity of the ancient population of Korea date back to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. The ethnonym "Mongol" is first found in the Chinese historical chronicles of the 7th-10th centuries, since by this period dozens of nomadic tribes succeeded each other in the northern part of the region.
For all peoples, a peculiar syllabary - the so-called hieroglyphs - played a great unifying role.
All these indigenous nations belong to different language families according to Sino-Tibetan, Japanese, Korean and Altaic. In addition to them, numerous people live on the outskirts of China, incl. even multi-million peoples. In particular, peoples related to the population of Southeast Asian countries live in the south and southwest of China. The largest of them are the Zhuangs (18 million people), the Lizu and Tibetans (over 10 million people) live in Tibet, the Turkic-speaking Uighurs (16 million people) and Kazakhs live in the west, and the Dungan (Hui) live in the north (10 million people), Manchus (4 million people) and Mongols.
In China at the beginning of our era, Taoism and Confucianism were formed as religions, which combine elements of the idealistic philosophical teachings of the 6th-5th centuries. Christ with various folk beliefs and cults, especially ancestral cults.
In Japan, on the basis of local animistic beliefs, Shintoism arose, which, along with Buddhism, is one of the leading religions of the state. Different directions of Buddhism in Korea (Mahayana) and Mongolia (Lamaism). Among the national minorities of China, Islam (Hui, Uighurs, Kazakhs, etc.) has become widespread. Or Buddhism - Lamaism (Tibetans). In the XX century. as a result of the activities of numerous Christian missions, Catholicism and Protestantism became widespread. In South Korea, almost 25% of the population is Christian. In general, religion does not have such social significance as in other regions, but for the most part it is a moral regulator of personal life.
The region is characterized by extremely uneven settlement. For example, with an average density of 125 people per km2 in China, almost 90% of the population lives in the east of the country, occupying only a third of its territory. In some areas up to the Great Plain of China, the density of the rural population exceeds 1000 people per km2, while in Tibet there is only one inhabitant per km2. Somewhat smaller differences in population distribution are typical for densely populated Japan and Korea and for sparsely populated Mongolia, where in the whole country there are only 1.5 people per km2.
The average life expectancy of people in East Asia is quite high - almost 70 years, and Japan (the average life expectancy here is 79 years) is the leader in this indicator. Another specific feature of the region is a certain advantage of the male population over the female population.
If back in the 1960s, East Asia was characterized by high population growth and all states, with the exception of Japan, belonged to countries of the second type of population reproduction, then since the late 70s the picture has changed somewhat. Successful, sometimes even tough, demographic policy in China has led to a significant reduction in the birth rate. Persistent adherence to the rule "one family - one child" gave its results - for 1980-1992, the average annual population growth in this country was 1.4% with a clear downward trend. The highest natural increase for this period was in Mongolia - 2.7%, and the lowest in Japan - 0.5%.
Only 30% of East Asia's population lives in cities. But there are striking differences here: in Japan, 77% of the population lives in cities, not to mention Hong Kong and Macau, which, in fact, are cities - agglomerations, but in China - only 27% of the population are city dwellers. However, in recent years, by developing a network of free economic zones, China has encouraged the industrialization of the country, and hence the growth of the urban population.
At the same time, in many countries of the region, megalopolis-agglomerations of large and small cities have merged with each other. Particularly large megalopolises have grown in Japan along the Pacific coast from Tokyo to Osaka (Hokkaido). The Seoul, Busan (South Korea), Pyongyang (DPRK), Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin (PRC), Taipei (Taiwan) agglomerations are multi-million. And the population in four cities of the region, together with the adjacent territories, exceeds 10 million people, which also confirms its "leading" position in the world. These are Shanghai (13.5 million), Tokyo (11.6), Beijing (10.8) and Seoul (10.6). China has the world's largest cities - "millionaires" - more than 30, 11 such cities in Japan, 6 in South Korea, two each in Hong Kong and Taiwan, and only one in the DPRK.
Economy. The natural resource potential of East Asia, and especially the labor skills and traditions of the population, contribute to the development of all sectors of the economy. Over the past 20-30 years, almost all countries in the region have shown especially high rates of economic development, with the exception of the most rigid in communist persuasion, the DPRK and Mongolia, where the remnants of socialism are also very acute.
The Japanese “economic miracle” since the 1950s has been striking in its dynamism and flexibility. South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong are among the so-called "Asian tigers" who consistently implement the Japanese experience based on their own preferences. And finally, China, the most potential power in the region, has also achieved impressive success in implementing the policy of market socialism, primarily in agriculture and some export-oriented industries. Many post-socialist countries, including Ukraine, are trying to implement the experience of the successful operation of China's free economic zones. East Asia is the core of the so-called Asia-Pacific zone of the economic community; the attention of many influential states of the world is riveted to it, primarily given the success in the economy. One of the most characteristic features of the region's economy is its export orientation, its great integration into world economic relations.
Industry is the leading branch of the economy. Even in Japan and South Korea, the share of industry in the formation of GDP is very high in comparison with other developed countries of the world - 35 and 45%, respectively (1988). The share of industry in the GNP of once exclusively agricultural China is constantly increasing and now stands at 35%.
The natural resource potential for the development of energy industries as a whole is sufficient only for China and partially for Mongolia and the DPRK. In China, deposits of coal of world importance are concentrated, for the extraction of which it ranks first in the world. Expanding in China and export opportunities for oil and gas production. It is on the basis of these resources that the production of heat and electricity is organized. However, the TPP network depends on the resource factor and, to a lesser extent, on the consumer. So far, China's energy economy does not have the proper infrastructure.
Significantly greater power supply in Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong implies a large, but at the same time thrifty consumption of electricity. In all these countries, production is oriented towards the consumption of imported energy carriers. Typical are powerful ports, thermal power plants, as well as small but numerous hydroelectric power plants on fast mountain rivers. In recent years, the share of nuclear power plants has increased, especially in Japan.
Ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy is also dependent on the raw material factor. In Northeast China, on the basis of local reserves of coal, iron and manganese ores, one of the largest centers of metallurgical production was formed. Somewhat less important is the metallurgical hub in the lower reaches of the Yangtze (Wuhan-Shanghai). At the same time, Japan is a powerful power in the world in terms of steel production, where in some years its production exceeds 100 million tons. The deliveries of iron ore from Australia and the processing of scrap metal are of the greatest importance. The world's largest metallurgical plants have been built here (in Fukuyama with a capacity of over 16 million tons), and advanced technologies are being introduced. Ferrous metallurgy is rapidly developing in South Korea, focused on the needs of the local car and shipbuilding.
Non-ferrous metallurgy, as the leading branch of scientific and technological revolution in the region, is also highly dependent on raw materials, but the region occupies an important place in the world in terms of the reserves of ores of some metals. These are the reserves of copper, tin, tungsten and polymetallic ores in South China; copper-molybdenum ores in Mongolia (Erdenet); copper and polymetallic ores in the DPRK (Nampho and Munchkhan); copper ores in Japan. However, these reserves are clearly not enough for modern production. In particular, the most dynamic aluminum industry (Japan, South Korea) focuses on the import of Australian and Indonesian bauxites. The main branch of industry is mechanical engineering. While this industry is still underdeveloped in China and heavy and agricultural machine building prevails here, the success of Japan and South Korea is determined by the automotive industry, electronics, electrical engineering, and, to a lesser extent, shipbuilding. The economic breakthrough of Taiwan and Hong Kong was provided first by the electronic, radio engineering and electrical industries.
In terms of car production, Japan ranks first in the world, and South Korea ranks fifth. Japan is leading the way in robotic manufacturing systems, China is leading the way in television sets, South Korea is leading boats, and Hong Kong is leading watches. All machine-building production has a well-defined export orientation.
The chemical industry is also developing at an accelerated pace. But if in China and the DPRK the branches of basic chemistry predominate, primarily the production of mineral fertilizers, then in other states - the chemistry of organic synthesis, based on the processing of imported oil and gas.
Geographical position Southeast Asia is located on the territory of the Indochina peninsula and numerous islands of the Malay archipelago. The countries of the region border on South and East Asia, Australia and Oceania. Southeast Asia is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Indian oceans and their parts. Almost all countries have access to the sea. The most important sea routes and air communications pass through the countries of the region. It is located at the crossroads of the most important sea routes.
Natural resources Forest resources: most of the region is covered with tropical rain forests, therefore it ranks second in the world in tropical timber reserves) Mineral resources: The wealth of the region in mineral resources is primarily associated with the world's largest tin-tungsten belt (from Myanmar to Indonesia) the richest non-ferrous metal reserves: tin (in Indonesia 1.5 million tons, Malaysia and Thailand 1.2 million tons each), tungsten (reserves in Thailand 25 thousand tons, Malaysia 20 thousand tons). Nickel, chromite (Philippines) copper and gold - Philippines Oil and gas raw materials (Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, Vietnam) Water resources: Due to the dense river network, Asia has a significant amount of water resources. Full-flowing rivers: Mekong, Salween, Irrawaddy, Hongha.
Population Natural population growth 1.4-2.9% per year The total population of the region is approximately 600 million people. (8% of the world's population). The countries of Southeast Asia with the largest population: 1. Indonesia (240 million people). 2.Philippines (104 million people). 3.Vietnam (90 million people). The proportion of city dwellers in some countries is less than 20% (Laos, Cambodia, Thailand) The most urbanized (Philippines - 40%) Singapore almost 100%
Ethnic composition The following language families are represented in the region: Sino-Tibetan (Chinese in Malaysia and Singapore, Burmese, Karen in Thailand); Thai (Siamese, Lao); Austro-Asiatic (Vietnamese, Khmers in Cambodia); Austronesian (Indonesians, Filipinos, Malays); Papuan peoples (in the eastern part of the Malay Archipelago and in the west of New Guinea).
Agriculture The main crops in the region are also: sugar cane (especially the Philippines and Thailand); tea (Indonesia, Vietnam); Rice (Philippines, Indonesia) hevea - up to 90% of the world production of natural rubber falls on the countries of the region (Malaysia - 20% of world production, Indonesia, Vietnam) Indonesia exports minerals (oil, gas, tin, nickel, uranium, gold) and / x products (palm oil, tobacco, coffee) Notable producers and exporters of pineapples are Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam.
East Asia: China, Taiwan, Japan, North Korea, Republic of Korea and Mongolia.
1. EGP. East Asian countries border on Russia, the countries of Southeast, South and Central Asia. This neighborhood has a neutral effect on the region. Among the neighbors, there are no regions that are many times superior to it in development, and there are no regions that are many times behind it.
East Asia has access to the Pacific Ocean, which favors its development; the length of the coastline is 18,676 km. There are a significant number of ports on the coast through which trade links with the rest of the world are carried out. Among the land routes, the roads connecting the region with the west are of great importance. Here, through the territory of China and Mongolia, the shortest routes from the shores of the Pacific Ocean to the countries of Europe run.
The main fuel and raw material bases are not at a significant distance from the region, while the main consumer is further away. These factors offset each other.
2. Natural conditions and resources. The East Asia region occupies almost 8% of the Earth's land area. Its natural conditions are varied.
The relief is very complex. In the west is one of the largest and highest uplands on the globe - Tibet with an area of almost 2 million km 2. Surrounded by powerful ranges - Kun-Lun in the north, Karakorum in the west, the Himalayas in the south and the Sino-Tibetan mountains in the east, the highlands have numerous internal ridges that reach 6000-7000 m in height, and intermountain plains 4000-5000 m high. the plains are cool even in summer, daytime temperatures do not exceed +10...+15°С, frosts occur at night. The winter here is long, with severe frosts (-30...-40 0 C), winds blow almost constantly, the air is very dry, and precipitation falls up to 100 mm per year, almost the same as in the desert. Therefore, according to the conditions of plant landscapes, Tibet is classified as a cold high-mountainous desert. The snow line is located at altitudes of 5000-6000 m (the highest position on the globe). Tibet is composed mainly of sandstones, limestones, shales, ridges - mostly granites and gneisses.
The region is characterized by high seismic and volcanic activity. Earthquakes occur in the belt of young mountains and are especially frequent in the Japanese Islands, where there are 150 volcanoes, including 60 active ones. On average, one notable earthquake occurs every three days. One of the most seismically unsafe is the Tokyo Bay area.
Seismic events in deep-sea basins, located several tens of kilometers east of the region, are associated with sea quakes and the huge tsunami waves caused by them, from which the eastern coasts of Japan and Taiwan suffer the most.
In the east, low mountains alternate with accumulative plains, where the largest is the Great China Plain, the emergence of which is due mostly to the deposits of the river. Huanghe. Its surface is flat, its height is up to 100 m, composed of a thick layer of alluvium. There are also low plains on the Korean Peninsula, where they occupy 1/4 of the territory.
The region is located in three climatic zones (temperate, subtropical and subequatorial). The tropical belt is absent here due to the monsoon circulation. Large expanses of Mongolia and Western China (Tibet) are stretched in areas of high mountain climate. Monsoon air flows in the warm period of the year blow from the ocean to dry land, in the cold - vice versa. The summer monsoons bring precipitation, the amount of which decreases from south to north. In the south-eastern part of the region there is 1000-2000 mm of precipitation, in the eastern part - 400-900 mm, in the north-eastern part - 250-700 mm. In the monsoon zone, spring and autumn are predominantly dry, so artificial irrigation is widely used in agriculture.
The great rivers of Asia - the Indus, the Brahmaputra, the Salween, the Mekong, the Yangtze, the Yellow River - originate from the Tibetan Plateau. Its eastern mainland and insular parts have a relatively dense river system, there are very few rivers in the west, and vast deserts and semi-deserts are completely devoid of them. Many rivers are navigable. Without exception, all rivers are used for irrigation.
Mineral resources are very rich. Most of them are concentrated in China - one of the "geological barns of the world." The region has significant reserves of coal (there are in all countries, but the maximum is in China, which occupies the 1st place in the world in terms of its production - 1290 million tons per year), brown coal (north of Mongolia and northeast of the DPRK), oil (north -east and west of China, sea shelf), oil shale (northeast and south of China). In Japan and South Korea, very few deposits are of industrial importance.
The Pacific metallogenic belt stretches through the eastern territories of the mainland of the region, with which deposits of manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, tin, antimony, mercury and other metals are associated. Their largest reserves are in China, North Korea, Mongolia; iron ore - in the northeast of China, copper-molybdenum deposits - in the north of Mongolia (Erdenet deposit). Japan is poor in industrial metal deposits.
Non-metallic minerals form reserves of phosphorites (many in central and southern China, in the north of Mongolia), graphite (South Korea), fluorite (very large reserves in the north-east of Mongolia), sulfur (in Japan, the deposits are associated with the volcanic origin of the islands, where sulfur is rich in the northern regions of the island of Honshu).
Numerous lakes of Japan, China, South Korea are the source of fresh water.
Agro-climatic resources are favorable (especially in the east). The monsoon climate makes it possible to farm in two modes: in the dry and wet seasons. In the south, 2-3 crops are harvested per year.
There is an acute shortage of suitable and affordable land in Japan, which is reclaiming new territories from the sea. Therefore, almost 1/3 of its shores are bulk or reclaimed, artificial "garbage islands" are widespread.
The region is not rich in forest resources. The forest cover of the territory is on average less than 40%. Coniferous forests dominate in the northeast of China, in the north of Mongolia, Japan, mixed - in Japan, northern and central parts of China. Humid tropical (rain) forests have not been preserved in their natural form, their small massifs grow in the southeast of China, in Taiwan. In general, forests are significantly depleted by human economic activity.
Due to the pollution of land, reservoirs, atmosphere by industrial and domestic wastes, the ecological state of the countries of the region has significantly deteriorated. Protected areas are of great importance in the preservation of natural ecosystems.
3. Population and resettlement. Population. The region is the most populated in the world, with about 1.5 billion people who make up almost 24% of the world's population. China is the most populous country in the world (more than 1.3 billion people).
demographic features. The overpopulation of the region, the traditions of having many children caused an acute demographic problem, especially in China. This required urgent action on the part of the government, whose demographic policy is aimed at reducing the birth rate and natural population growth. As a result of its implementation, the population growth rate at the beginning of the 60s of the XX century. were approximately 2% per year, at the end of the 90s - almost 1.3%.
The birth rate in East Asia is approximately 14‰ per year, and the death rate is 6‰. Thus, the natural increase was 8‰.
The ratio of men and women in the region is proportional: women - 49.9%, men - 50.1%. The population under the age of 14 is 24%, 15-64 years old - 68%, older - 8%.
Racial composition. The majority of the population of the region (Chinese, Mongols, Koreans) are Mongoloids. The southern Chinese and Japanese are of mixed racial type (mongoloid and australoid traits). The Ainu live in Japan - natives who belong to a separate racial group of Australoids.
The ethnic composition is very heterogeneous. The following language families are represented here:
Sino-Tibetan family:
Chinese group. The Chinese (Han) belong to it, the Dunganins (hui) are Muslim Chinese;
Tibeto-Burmese group. Covers the peoples of the Izu, the Tibetans (they live in the southwest of China), etc.;
Altai family:
Mongolian group. It is formed by the Khalkha Mongols (inhabitants of Mongolia), the Mongols of China (they live in the Autonomous Region of Inner Mongolia);
Tungus-Manchu group. These are the Manchus (living in the northeast of China), who are very much assimilated by the Han;
Turkic group. It includes Uighurs, Kazakhs, Kirghiz (they live in the north-west of China);
The Japanese are a separate family;
Koreans are a separate family;
The Ainu are a separate family, represented by the natives of Japan, who remained mainly on about. Hokkaido;
Thai family. Zhuang belong - the largest people of China from national minorities (up to 12 million people), who live in the south of the country, the peoples of Tai, whether others;
Austro-Asiatic family. They form the peoples of Miao, Yao, coffee, who live in the south of China on the border with the countries of Indochina;
Austronesian family - gaoshan (indigenous people of the island of Taiwan).
Religious composition. A variety of religions and their directions are widespread in the region. First of all, this is a powerful cell of Confucian culture, which originated in China in the 6th-5th centuries. BC. Over time, Buddhism penetrated East Asia from India, and local religions - Taoism (China) and Shintoism (Japan) - retained their significance. The peoples of northwest China (Dunganin, Uighur, Kazakh, Kirghiz) are Sunni Muslims.
Confucianism is the basis of a specific East Asian civilization. His moral and ethical system provides for a comprehensive regulation of society, group standards of behavior, high discipline and developed moral attitudes.
Many countries in East Asia are multi-confessional, where several religions coexist.
Peculiarities of natural conditions determined the uneven settlement of people in the region. Japan and Korea are more densely populated (300-400 people/km2). China is rather unevenly populated: according to an average density of 127 people / km2, 90% of the population lives in its east on 1/3 of the country's area. In Tibet, the population density is less than 1 person/km2. There are generally uninhabited areas.
The processes of urbanization in the region are very diverse. For example, Japan, South Korea are highly urbanized countries of the world (78-81% of urban residents). There are more than 250 million people living in cities in China. It is unusual for him to spread the urban way of life to rural settlements. 900 million people live in small villages (100-200 families).
The five largest agglomerations of Asia are located precisely in its eastern region: Tokyo (30.3 million people), Osaka (16.9 million), Seoul (15.8 million), Chongqing (15 million), Shanghai (13.5 million) . China, being a predominantly rural country, has more large cities than anywhere else: over 100 million-plus cities, and in almost 50 cities the population exceeds 500 thousand people. The three largest agglomerations of Japan - Keihin (Tokyo, Yokohama, Kawasaki, etc.), Hanshin (Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and up to 100 others), Chukyo (Nagoya and other 80 settlements) - are merging into the world's largest urbanized system - the megalopolis of Tokkaido, which stretches for 600 km between Tokyo and Osaka, uniting over 60 million people.
Labor resources. The region owns huge labor resources both in cities and in villages. Persons of working age - up to 810 million. Most of all employed in the manufacturing industry, their number is rapidly increasing in the financial sector. The share of employment in agriculture is significant only in China (50%), while in Japan - only 7%, in industrial production - 26% (in China - 15% - the lowest figure in the region).
The main social problems in the region are the "aging" of the population and uneven distribution.
4. General characteristics of the economy. The countries of East Asia are the most heterogeneous in the socio-economic aspect. Japan, South Korea and Taiwan belong to the capitalist countries with developed mixed economies; China follows a special path of economic development, combining the principles of planned and market management. Mongolia embarked on the path of economic and political reforms after the domination of the totalitarian regime. North Korea is a unique state where people are still trying to build communism on the basis of a command-administrative system in the economy and a totalitarian regime in politics.
In the countries of the region (except Japan), the state holds leading positions in economic life. In China and the DPRK, the socialist economic system dominates. The most important means of production are concentrated in the public sector of these countries: enterprises of industry, transport and communications, financial institutions, state agricultural enterprises. In Taiwan, the state controls most financial companies and corporations, the entire telecommunications system, metallurgy, railways, shipbuilding, the chemical industry, the production of building materials, owns 70% of the land, and controls the banking system. In South Korea, the state regulates macroeconomic parameters, credit and tax spheres, controls financial activities, manages the activities of public sector enterprises, which combines a significant part of the extractive areas, infrastructure, the service sector, and railways.
In Japan, the public sector is small and operates primarily in the areas of infrastructure. At the local level, the state owns public utilities, transport, schools, hospitals, several thousand companies that are engaged in the construction and operation of public housing, toll roads, port facilities, shopping malls and markets, etc. Many large monopoly associations have close economic ties with the state sector and actively use state credits and loans.
At the beginning of the XXI century. countries in the region have better prospects for economic growth than they did a decade ago. By becoming economically open, they were able to import the latest technologies, knowledge and business practices. Enterprises have become more flexible in their activities, to which they were pushed by competition and the need to adapt to new economic conditions.
In the international geographical division of labor, the countries of the region differ significantly in areas of specialization. Japan stands out in high-tech areas (electronics, robotics, automotive, household appliances), belongs to the top three world leaders in the development of the chemical industry (especially pharmaceuticals, organic synthesis chemistry) and biotechnology.
The NIS countries have a strong position in the science-intensive areas of mechanical engineering (electronics, production of computers, communications, electronic toys, etc.). South Korea is one of the world leaders in the development of shipbuilding. Light industry (production of fabrics, linen, footwear) is highly developed in all NIS countries.
China is an important producer of agricultural products (vegetables, fruits, pork, soybeans, tea, raw silk, leather), as well as textiles, metal, certain engineering products (bicycles, household appliances), food and light industry products (clothes, shoes) . Mongolia exports wool, leather, fur and handicrafts from them.
5. Industries and agriculture. In the late 50s - early 60s of the XX century. the production potential of the region, which was based on light industry, was reoriented to heavy industry. In recent years, a course has been taken to develop science-intensive industries.
Fuel and energy complex. The basis of the energy industry is the extraction of coal - raw materials for thermal power plants located in coal basins and large cities. The countries of the region (China and South Korea) have rich hydropower resources, but use them little. Powerful hydroelectric power plants have been built on the Huang He, Songhua, Yangtze rivers, as well as in the mountains of Central Honshu. The total electricity production is 1254.2 billion kWh.
Nuclear power plants are common. Japan is one of the world leaders in the development of nuclear power plants (40 nuclear reactors with a capacity of 195.5 million kW) built under French and American licenses. South Korea (11 nuclear units with a capacity of 45 million kW), China (2 nuclear power plants with a capacity of 1200 MW) and Taiwan (6 units) are actively developing nuclear power. Uranium raw materials are supplied mainly from Africa. Nuclear development is carried out in the DPRK.
Ferrous metallurgy. One of the most developed areas of the region. In many countries, there are full-cycle metallurgical plants that produce cast iron, steel, and rolled products. The modernized metallurgy of Japan is one of the most powerful in the world. The leader of Japanese metallurgy, a powerful and influential corporation, Nippon Seitetsu, unites over 500 companies, organizations and scientific institutions with an annual capital turnover of several billion dollars. Japan annually produces 101.7 million tons of steel - the most in the world. The main areas for the development of China's ferrous metallurgy (95.4 million tons of steel annually) are the northeast and north.
Non-ferrous metallurgy. Less developed than black. The growing demand for non-ferrous metals stimulates a constant increase in their production volumes. Their largest producers are China (tin, copper, antimony, lead) and Japan (aluminum, copper, lead). Bauxites and ore raw materials are imported from the countries of Southeast Asia, Latin America, and Africa. China is one of the world leaders in the production of rare earth metals.
Mechanical engineering and metalworking. These are one of the most developed regions in the region, with over 53,000 types of products - from mining equipment and tractors to various types of equipment and computers.
The production of machine tools, especially automatic machine tools in Japan, and metalworking in China have gained significant development. Japan holds the 1st place in the world in terms of production of industrial robots.
The automotive industry is developing intensively. Japan, since 1981, firmly held the 1st place in the world in terms of the number of cars produced, losing in 1998 to the USA. Every year, Japan's leading concerns - Toyota, Nissan, Honda and others - produce over 10.5 million cars. The competitiveness of Japanese cars is achieved by their comparable cheapness, efficiency and reliability. Until recently, South Korea held a strong position in the global automotive market (2.5 million units), but after the financial collapse of the country's main automobile concern, Daewoo, this area suffered significant damage.
Electronics and electrical engineering have become important areas of industry in recent years. The Japanese electronics industry, represented by the Sony, Hitachi, Matsushita, and Toshiba concerns, produces 60% of televisions in the world, is a powerful manufacturer of industrial robots, machine tools with numerical control, certain types of microprocessors, and video recorders. South Korea is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic and electrical products for household use: 11 of its corporations belong to the list of the 500 largest in the world, and 4 - to the 100 largest.
China is intensively developing the electronic and electrical industries, where electronic equipment for military aircraft, missiles, artificial Earth satellites and space equipment, as well as a variety of consumer electronics are being produced. Taiwan specializes in the production of computers and displays for them.
The leaders in world shipbuilding are South Korea and Japan, whose companies produce river and sea vessels, multi-tonnage special vessels: dry cargo ships, tankers, container ships, timber carriers, refrigerators, etc. The region's shipyards annually launch half of the world's newly built ships. For many years, Japan has been ranked 1st in the world in terms of their production (8.5 million tons), and South Korea - 2nd place (6.2 million tons). Taiwan is one of the world leaders in the production of sports yachts.
The production of equipment for the textile, clothing and knitwear industries is also developed, and China is one of the first in the world in the manufacture of household sewing machines. It is the leader in the production of bicycles (annually produces 41 million units).
Chemical industry. The fields of basic chemistry predominate, primarily the production of mineral fertilizers (China ranks second in the world in terms of their production after the USA - 23.2 million tons). In Japan, the potential of the fields of organic chemistry (the production of synthetic fibers and plastics), biochemistry (the production of effective medicinal preparations, agricultural plant protection products), and the production of vitamins is powerful. Petrochemical production in the region is represented by large plants located in ports that import oil. The chemical-pharmaceutical field is successfully developing (China is one of the largest producers of medicines, the main center for the production of medicines is Shanghai).
Light industry. Traditional area for all countries of the region. It has received the greatest development in China, which produces 1/4 of the world's cotton fabrics (18.3 billion m 2) and 1/10 of chemical fiber fabrics. China is the birthplace of sericulture. For many centuries it maintained a monopoly on the production of silk fabrics and is now a leading manufacturer and exporter of natural silk fabrics. Silk, especially natural, Chinese fabrics are valued all over the world for their high quality. In terms of the total production of all types of fabrics, China has taken the 1st place in the world. The largest textile center in the region is Shanghai.
Taiwan is one of the world leaders in the production of shoes (especially sports shoes), sportswear and equipment (tennis rackets, balls, etc.). In Mongolia, the production of wool (sheep and camel) traditionally develops, which is used for the manufacture of fabrics, carpets, felt mats, felt shoes, and leather production has also been established.
Agriculture in most countries of the region (China, Mongolia, South Korea, North Korea) is characterized by parcel land ownership (less than 1 hectare per person), orientation towards patriarchal clan interests, favor to traditional methods of management.
Plant growing. The structure of agriculture is dominated by agriculture (except for Mongolia, where nomadic cattle breeding is developed). The basis of the grain economy is rice and wheat. Rice is the main food crop in the region. It is grown mainly in the subtropical and tropical zones with sufficient moisture, collecting an average of 213.5 million tons every year with an average yield of 56 centners per hectare, in China it is the highest in the world (75-80 centners per hectare). In southern China, two crops are grown per year.
Corn, kaoliang (sorghum), chumizu are also cultivated, their crops are used for food and food purposes. Oil crops are represented by rapeseed, peanuts, cotton, and soybeans. Among the legumes, the most common are soybeans, fodder beans, and peas. Soy began to be cultivated in China almost 4,000 years ago. Its selection fund - 1200 varieties, which makes it possible to grow this crop in different climatic conditions. From tuber crops, sweet potatoes (yam), white potatoes, yams, containers, and cassava are grown.
Of great importance for the economies of the countries of the region is the production of industrial crops, the most important of which are cotton, sugar cane and sugar beet. One of the main areas is vegetable growing, in which the largest plantations are occupied by Chinese cabbage, radish, garlic, spinach, etc. Fruit growing is intensively developing. The most popular fruits are strawberries, apples, pears, peaches, persimmons, oranges, plums, tangerines, pineapples. The traditional culture in the region is tea, whose homeland is China.
Livestock. It belonged to the underdeveloped areas of the economy, after the Second World War it began to develop actively. The number of cattle reaches 104 million heads, of which half are dairy cows. Since all the lands in the agricultural regions are plowed up, the main attention in the region is given to the breeding of pigs, rabbits and poultry. The number of pigs reaches 480 million heads. According to this indicator, China has been out of competition for many years. The majority of pigs are grown in private farms of peasants, where pig breeding is almost entirely based on industrial and household waste. In suburban farms, a significant place is occupied by poultry farming, which is currently the most dynamic area. The most common types of native birds are chickens, pitching, turkeys, geese.
In China and Mongolia, mules, buffaloes, donkeys are bred for transport needs, in Mongolia - two-humped camels (Bactrians) and yaks.
Among the old areas of animal husbandry are beekeeping and sericulture. China is one of the largest exporters of honey, ranking second in the world. Its annual export is 1/3 of the world. The history of the development of sericulture in China has four millennia. Bred mainly mulberry, and in the northeast - oak silkworm.
Fishing and fish farming. Traditional areas of economy for Japan, Korea, Taiwan. Fish are caught in coastal sea waters and in rivers and lakes. The main objects of the fishery are herring, cod, salmon, flounder, they get seafood, especially algae (seaweed) and various mollusks. The total fish catch is 44 million tons, and Japan is in first place in the world (up to 12 million tons), China is in second place.
