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Natural science, grade 11 Man as a unique living system. Teacher MKOU Mikhailovskaya secondary school - G.M. Moiseeva

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I am a particle of the whole universe ... I am a king - I am a slave - I am a worm - I am God! But, being so wonderful, Where did I come from? - unknown; And I couldn't be myself. (G.R.Derzhavin) Purpose: to consider the human body as a biological system; study the specific features of the human body; to determine what is the uniqueness of the phenomenon "Man".

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Even Aristotle, in his classification, ranked man as part of the Animal Kingdom. There he also found a place in modern scientific systematics: Animals; Type Chordates; Class Mammals; Order Primates; Family Hominid: Genus Man; View - a reasonable person. A person, like any living organism, has all manifestations of vital activity (growth, development, reproduction, etc.) and their laws. Like all living organisms, a person needs a life support system: oxygen, water, food, etc. He receives all this from the environment. The continuous and inseparable connection of living organisms with the natural environment is a systemic device of nature. Leonardo da Vinci's drawing from anatomical manuscripts, which connected perfect geometric figures with human proportions, became a kind of symbol of the synthesis of natural science and art.

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THE HUMAN BODY AS A BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM. The human body can be considered as a logical system. This means that it has integrity, i.e., internal unity, due to its structural and functional organization.

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Distinctive features of a person: a significantly more developed nervous system in terms of some morphological and functional indicators, contributing to its integrative and coordinating functions; a very large brain (respectively, the large size of the brain and the small size of the facial skull). In humans, the brain is 1/46 of the body weight, while the largest in size and weight of the brain of the largest animals is: in the elephant - 1/560. and in a whale - 1/8000 of body weight; the presence of speech - the ability to create and use complex sounds; rich mimic signaling; binocular vision; upright posture and related differences in the musculoskeletal system (movable hand, movable shoulder joint and some other differences). Considering the human body as a biological system, one can single out its general and specific features of organization, study and explain the features of interaction with environmental factors.

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The specific biological characteristics of a person contributed to the fact that his capabilities and needs could not be limited solely to biological needs.

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The formation of man through the assimilation of cultural heritage has become the main way of his evolution. In the biological evolution of animals, which takes place at the level of populations, learning takes place. This transmission of behavioral skills did not become the leading factor in evolution. Biologists note that the role of learning in the evolution of animals increases under unfavorable environmental conditions, since it is under these conditions that the ability of a population to function significantly depends on the mode of behavior. During periods of a relatively stable state of the environment, this path of evolution is generally absent.

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The uniqueness of the phenomenon "MAN". Man is a thinking being, capable of learning the laws of nature and society, of being aware of himself in this world. How does a person learn the social laws of society? This knowledge is carried out as an introduction to cultural traditions, as upbringing and education. Thus, a person crystallizes in himself everything that has been accumulated by mankind over the centuries. It is interesting to note that the biological in a person changes much more slowly than the social. 40-50 thousand years is a colossal time from the point of view of human history, however, human biology has not changed in any noticeable way - the volume of the brain, the structure of organ systems, sensory organs, and emotions have remained the same. At the same time, the social in it is unrecognizable and quickly transformed.

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The uniqueness of the phenomenon "MAN". The biological principle is not the main determining factor for a person. A person is formed in a socio-cultural environment, which, on the one hand, gradually becomes a specific habitat for him, and on the other hand, is a product of his activity. This interaction and mutual influence occurs throughout a person's life. As a person develops as a person under the influence of the socio-cultural environment, his biological instincts seem to be “tamed”. An integral characteristic of man, which sharply and fundamentally distinguishes him from animals, is spirituality. This concept can be defined in different ways, but its meaning remains the same: it is the ability to perceive intangible values. A person, even well adapted to the social environment, cannot live in society only according to legal laws, since they cannot provide for all cases of people's behavior in various situations. There are also unwritten moral laws that guide people in their daily decisions and actions. They are determined by a person's personal values. The search for moral guidelines, spiritual development give a person all kinds of art, literature, religion, philosophy and other ways of knowing the world, the cultural heritage of mankind. Man is a biosocial and spiritual being. As a living organism, it is included in the natural connection of phenomena and obeys biophysical, biochemical and physiological laws.

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Different races of man - the unity of man as a biological species.

Lesson topic : Man as a biological species.

I. Organizing time.

II. Learning new material.

Teacher's explanation.

KINGDOM

Animals

TYPE

chordates

CLASS

mammals

SQUAD

Primates

FAMILY

People

GENUS

Human

VIEW

Homo sapiens

Question:write out the signs of a person by which he can be attributed to the Type of Chordata.

Man is a representative of Chordates.

1. Axial skeleton - chord.

2. The central nervous system has a tubular structure.

3. The circulatory system is closed.

4. The central organ of blood circulation is the heart.

Independent work with the textbook page 4

Question:write down the signs of a person by which he can be attributed to the Class of Mammals.

Man is a representative of Mammals.

1. Live birth.

2. Feeding milk.

3. Constant body temperature.

4. The presence of the diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

5. Differentiated dental apparatus.

6. Four-chambered heart.

Independent work with the textbook p. 4-5

Question:write out the signs of a person by which he can be attributed to the Order of Primates.

Man is a representative of Primates.

1. Five-fingered limb. The thumb is opposed to the rest.

2. Similar body proportions.

3. Mimic muscles.

Rudiments - these are organs that once actively functioned in their ancestors, but now have lost their significance, although they have been partially or completely preserved (ear muscles, appendix).

atavisms - these are signs characteristic of animals (tail, hairiness).

III. Consolidation.

IV. Homework: pp. 3-5.

Lesson topic Human Origins. Stages of its formation.

I. Organizing time.

II. Repetition of the studied material.

Oral response:man's place in the organic world. Consequences of walking upright.

Written response:

1. Man is a representative of Mammals.

One student comments (additional question - a person - a representative of the Type Chordata).

III. Learning new material.

Teacher's explanation.

Stages of evolution

Food

Mining methods

Peculiarities

The structure of the oral apparatus

brain volume

Lifestyle

Ramapitek

Plant food

gathering

Appeared 14 million years ago.

Lived in what is now India.

Australopithecus

5.5 - 1 million years ago. South and East Africa. Upright walking.

skillful man

Lived at the same time as Australopithecus.

Upright walking. The thumb is opposed to the rest. They knew how to use fire.

Ancient people: Homo erectus

From 1 million to 300 thousand years ago. First discovered by the Dutchman Eugene Dubois on about. Java.

They lived in groups, hunted, made tools, the beginnings of speech appeared. They got fire.

Ancient people: Neanderthal

Found in the Neandertal Valley (Germany), lived during the Ice Age

Enlarged brain, height

Learned to sew clothes.

Modern people: Cro-Magnon

Found in Cro-Magnon (France), appeared 40 thousand years ago, existed together with Neanderthals

Creative activity: rock paintings, decorations.

IV. Consolidation: exercise 15 page 9.

v. Homework: pp. 16-19, ex. 12, 14 p. 9

Presentation on the topic "Man as a biological species" in biology in powerpoint format. The presentation for schoolchildren gives the concept of anthropogenesis, presents the theory of anthropogenesis and the main stages of human evolution.

Fragments from the presentation

• Anthropogenesis- one of the sections of anthropology (the science of man), which studies the origin and evolution of man, his formation as a species in the process of the formation of society.
• Until recently, there was only one theory of the appearance of man - Darwinian, but, as a person living in real time, I cannot help but point out alternative theories that have appeared recently. It should be noted that there are a number of different theories, but the main ones are as follows:

Theories of anthropogenesis:

evolutionary theory.

• Evolutionary theory assumes that man descended from higher primates - great apes through gradual modification under the influence of external factors and natural selection.
• The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis has an extensive set of diverse evidence - paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological, and others.
• However, much of this evidence can be interpreted ambiguously, which allows opponents of evolutionary theory to challenge it. Nevertheless, below I will more fully consider this particular theory, despite the fact that it is much more pleasant to realize that you are descended from God, in the extreme case from a “stray humanoid”, than the fact that your ancestor was something that is still swinging on vines, chewing bananas and making faces... But back to the theories...

Theory of creation (creationism).

• This theory states that man was created by God, gods or divine power from nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version, according to which the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples.
• Myths about the transformation of animals into people and about the birth of the first people as gods can also be considered a variation of the theory of creation. Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be unprovable. Nevertheless, various proofs of this theory are put forward, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples that tell about the creation of man.
• Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict evolutionary theory.
• Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God or in accordance with a divine program.

Theory of external interference.

According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is somehow connected with the activities of other civilizations. In the simplest version, TVV considers people to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times.

More complex TVV options involve:

• interbreeding of aliens with the ancestors of people;
• generation of Homo sapiens by genetic engineering methods;
• the creation of the first humans in a homuncular way;
• management of the evolutionary development of earthly life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence;
• evolutionary development of terrestrial life and mind according to the program originally laid down by the extraterrestrial supermind.

There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis associated with the theory of external interference.

Theory of spatial anomalies

• The followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earth Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - informational substance.
• In the presence of favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type.
• In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in RTA does not differ significantly from evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and mind, which, along with random factors, governs evolution.
• So, back to the first theory, according to which anthropogenesis - the process of separating a person from the animal world - went through, according to most researchers, four main stages.

The main stages of human evolution

• The most ancient people: Pithecanthropus or the most ancient man, or proteranthrope or archanthrope. (habitat expanded)
• Ancient People: Neanderthal or Paleoanthropist. (manufacturing of differentiated tools).
• Modern people: Neoanthrope (development of speech, art and abstract thinking).

The oldest people

australopithecines

• Australopithecus or "southern monkeys" - highly organized, upright primates, are considered to be the original forms in the human pedigree. Australopithecus inherited many properties from their arboreal ancestors, the most important of which were the ability and desire for a variety of handling of objects with the help of hands (manipulation) and the high development of herd relations.
• They were completely terrestrial creatures, relatively small in size - an average body length of 120-130 cm, weight 30-40 kg. Their characteristic feature, as I noted above, was a two-legged gait and a straightened body position, as evidenced by the structure of the pelvis, skeleton of the limbs and skull. Free upper limbs made it possible to use sticks, stones, etc.
• The medulla of the skull was relatively large, and the front part was shortened. The teeth were small, densely spaced, without diastemas, with a pattern of teeth characteristic of a person. They lived in open plains such as savannahs.
• Judging by the find of Louis Leakey, (Zinjanthropus of the Boys), the age of Australopithecus is 1.75 million years.

Pithecanthrope

For the first time, the fossil remains of the most ancient people, called archanthropes, were discovered by the Dutchman E. Dubois on the island of Java in 1890. But only in 1949, thanks to a find near Beijing, 40 individuals of the most ancient people, together with their stone tools (called Sinanthropus), scientists agreed that it was the most ancient people who were the intermediate "missing link" in the human genealogy.

NEANDERTHAL

• We have the opportunity to judge the culture of the paleoanthrope by numerous Mousterian sites. The Mousterian culture, in relation to the previous one, was more advanced both in terms of processing techniques and the use of tools, and in terms of the diversity of their shape, the thoroughness of processing, and the production purpose.
• Neanderthals were people of medium height, strong, massive build, in general skeletal structure, standing closer to modern man. The volume of the brain box ranged from 1200 cm/cube to 1800 cm/cube, although the shape of their skull differed from that of modern humans. In my opinion, the biggest inconsistency in evolutionary theory is precisely the period of the Neanderthals.
• How to explain such a sharp dissimilarity between the appearance of the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens? And what could have caused the sudden disappearance of paleoanthropes? How could it happen that the ancient people, the creators of a fairly high material culture, to some extent close to us in the manifestation of their intellect, emotions, suddenly disappeared from the face of the Earth so quickly and "mysteriously", giving way to non-anthropic Cro-Magnons ... and so on? .d.

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Anthropogenesis is one of the sections of anthropology (the science of man) that studies the origin and evolution of man, his formation as a species in the process of the formation of society. Until recently, there was only one theory of the appearance of man - Darwinian, but, as a person living in real time, I cannot help but point out alternative theories that have appeared recently. It should be noted that there are a number of different theories, but the main ones are as follows:

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Theories of anthropogenesis: 1. Evolutionary theory. Evolutionary theory assumes that man descended from higher primates - great apes through gradual modification under the influence of external factors and natural selection. The evolutionary theory of anthropogenesis has an extensive set of diverse evidence - paleontological, archaeological, biological, genetic, cultural, psychological, and others.

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However, much of this evidence can be interpreted ambiguously, which allows opponents of evolutionary theory to challenge it. Nevertheless, below I will more fully consider this particular theory, despite the fact that it is much more pleasant to realize that you are descended from God, in the extreme case from a “stray humanoid”, than the fact that your ancestor was something that is still swinging on vines, chewing bananas and making faces... But back to the theories...

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Theories of anthropogenesis: Theory of creation (creationism). This theory states that man was created by God, gods or divine power from nothing or from some non-biological material. The most famous biblical version, according to which the first people - Adam and Eve - were created from clay. This version has more ancient Egyptian roots and a number of analogues in the myths of other peoples. Myths about the transformation of animals into people and about the birth of the first people as gods can also be considered a variation of the theory of creation.

slide 6

Orthodox theology considers the theory of creation to be unprovable. Nevertheless, various proofs of this theory are put forward, the most important of which is the similarity of myths and legends of different peoples that tell about the creation of man. Modern theology uses the latest scientific data to prove the theory of creation, which, however, for the most part do not contradict evolutionary theory.

Slide 7

Some currents of modern theology bring creationism closer to evolutionary theory, believing that man evolved from apes through gradual modification, but not as a result of natural selection, but by the will of God or in accordance with a divine program.

Slide 8

Theories of anthropogenesis: The theory of external interference. According to this theory, the appearance of people on Earth is somehow connected with the activities of other civilizations. In the simplest version, TVV considers people to be direct descendants of aliens who landed on Earth in prehistoric times.

Slide 9

More complex variants of TVV suggest: a) crossing of aliens with the ancestors of people; b) generation of Homo sapiens by genetic engineering methods; c) the creation of the first people in a homuncular way; d) management of the evolutionary development of terrestrial life by the forces of extraterrestrial superintelligence; e) the evolutionary development of earthly life and mind according to the program originally laid down by the extraterrestrial supermind.

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There are other, to varying degrees, fantastic hypotheses of anthropogenesis associated with the theory of external interference.

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Theories of anthropogenesis: Theory of spatial anomalies The followers of this theory interpret anthropogenesis as an element of the development of a stable spatial anomaly - the humanoid triad "Matter - Energy - Aura", characteristic of many planets of the Earth Universe and its analogues in parallel spaces. TPA assumes that in humanoid universes on most habitable planets the biosphere develops along the same path, programmed at the level of the Aura - informational substance.

slide 12

In the presence of favorable conditions, this path leads to the emergence of a humanoid mind of the earth type. In general, the interpretation of anthropogenesis in RTA does not differ significantly from evolutionary theory. However, TPA recognizes the existence of a certain program for the development of life and mind, which, along with random factors, governs evolution.

slide 13

So, back to the first theory, according to which anthropogenesis - the process of separating a person from the animal world - went through, according to most researchers, four main stages.

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The main stages of human evolution 1. The most ancient people: Pithecanthropus or ancient man, or proteranthrope or archanthrope. (habitat expanded) Ancient People: Neanderthal or paleoanthropist. (manufacturing of differentiated tools). Modern people: Neoanthrope (development of speech, art and abstract thinking).

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The oldest people Australopithecus Australopithecus or "southern monkeys" - highly organized, upright primates, are considered to be the original forms in the human genealogy. Australopithecus inherited many properties from their arboreal ancestors, the most important of which were the ability and desire for a variety of handling of objects with the help of hands (manipulation) and the high development of herd relations.

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They were completely terrestrial creatures, relatively small in size - an average body length of 120-130 cm, weight 30-40 kg. Their characteristic feature, as I noted above, was a two-legged gait and a straightened body position, as evidenced by the structure of the pelvis, skeleton of the limbs and skull. Free upper limbs made it possible to use sticks, stones, etc.

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The medulla of the skull was relatively large, and the front part was shortened. The teeth were small, densely spaced, without diastemas, with a pattern of teeth characteristic of a person. They lived in open plains such as savannahs. Judging by the find of Louis Leakey, (Zinjanthropus of the Boys), the age of Australopithecus is 1.75 million years.

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The oldest people PITEKANTROP For the first time, the fossil remains of the most ancient people, called archanthropes, were discovered by the Dutchman E. Dubois on the island of Java in 1890. But only in 1949, thanks to a find near Beijing, 40 individuals of the most ancient people, together with their stone tools (called Sinanthropus), scientists agreed that it was the most ancient people who were the intermediate "missing link" in the human genealogy.

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Ancient people NEANDERTHAL We have the opportunity to judge the culture of the paleoanthrope by numerous Mousterian sites. The Mousterian culture, in relation to the previous one, was more advanced both in terms of processing techniques and the use of tools, and in terms of the diversity of their shape, the thoroughness of processing, and the production purpose.

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Neanderthals were people of medium height, strong, massive build, in general skeletal structure, standing closer to modern man. The volume of the brain box ranged from 1200 cm/cube to 1800 cm/cube, although the shape of their skull differed from that of modern humans. In my opinion, the biggest inconsistency in evolutionary theory is precisely the period of the Neanderthals.

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How to explain such a sharp dissimilarity between the appearance of the Neanderthal and Homo sapiens? And what could have caused the sudden disappearance of paleoanthropes? How could it happen that the ancient people, the creators of a fairly high material culture, to some extent close to us in the manifestation of their intellect, emotions, suddenly disappeared from the face of the Earth so quickly and "mysteriously", giving way to non-anthropic Cro-Magnons ... and so on? .d.

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Modern people NEOANTROP The time of the appearance of a modern man falls on the beginning of the late Paleolithic (70-35 thousand years ago). It is associated with a powerful leap in the development of productive forces, the formation of a tribal society and the consequence of the completion of the biological evolution of Homo sapiens.

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Neoanthropes were tall people, proportionately built. The average height of men is 180-185 cm, women - 163-160 cm. Cro-Magnons were distinguished by long legs due to the large length of the lower leg. A powerful torso, a wide chest, a highly developed muscular relief - an impressive characteristic, isn't it?

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Neoanthropes are multi-layered sites and settlements, flint and bone tools, residential buildings. This is a complex burial rite, jewelry, the first masterpieces of fine art, etc. The area of ​​settlement of neoanthropes is unusually extensive - they appeared in various geographical regions, settled on all continents and climatic zones. They lived wherever man could live.

Plan:

1. The content and objectives of medical biology.

2. Biosocial essence of man.

3. Definition of the concept of "life" and "living".

4. Qualitative features and characteristics of living systems.

5. Levels of organization of living systems.

The content and objectives of medical biology.

Biology is the science of living nature.

The term " biology"Suggested by J.B. Lamarck in 1802, by which he defined it as the science of life as a special phenomenon of nature.

Biology studies life in all its manifestations, i.e. morphology, physiology, evolution of living organisms, their relationship with each other and the environment.

Ippolit Vasilyevich Davydovsky:

“Medicine, taken in terms of theory, is, first of all, general biology.”

Biology is the theoretical foundation of medicine. Medical biology is the science of people, their

origin, evolution and geographical distribution, about the change in the number of human populations and their structure in time and space.

He studies human heredity, the essence and significance of innate differences between individuals, human ecology, as well as adaptive mechanisms and means that a person uses in the fight against a hostile environment, including pathogens.

The main task of the subject is to form in the future doctor the genetic, ecological and evolutionary thinking that he needs in the future.

The doctor must link the health of patients with the combined action of three factors: heredity, environment and lifestyle.

Biosocial essence of man. Human in the course of medical biology is studied

as a biosocial being.

As a biological species, man was formed according to the laws of biological evolution under the influence of biological factors (heredity, variability, struggle for existence).

Man is a part of nature, therefore the structure and functions of the human body, as well as its genetic program, are the result of long-term evolutionary transformations of previous forms.

The peculiarity of human evolution is that biological evolutionary factors are gradually losing their leading importance, giving way to social.

The formation of a social person occurs through the transformation of the psyche of animals into human consciousness under the influence of social factors (labor, speech, social life, upbringing and education).

The combination of these two tasks is the qualitative originality of man as a biological species,

those. Man is a biosocial being.

The main task of medical biology is the study of the laws of human life, i.e. biological principle, and the social - the subject of study of philosophers and sociologists.

Definition of the concept of "life" and "living". Qualitative features and characteristics of living

systems. Aristotle: "nutrition, growth and decrepitude".

G. Treviranus: "persistent uniformity of processes with a difference in external influences."

F. Engels: “Life is a way of existence of protein bodies, the essential point of which is the constant exchange of substances with the surrounding environment ...”.

M.V. Wolkenstein (1965): "Living bodies are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems built from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids."

Grobstein: "Life is a macromolecular system, which is characterized by a certain hierarchical organization, as well as the ability to reproduce, to metabolize, to carefully regulate the flow of energy."

Lyapunov: “Life is a highly stable state of matter that uses information encoded by the states of individual molecules to develop preserving reactions.”