Virtual exhibition

400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty

In 2013, the 400th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty is celebrated. The celebration is timed to coincide with the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov to the Moscow throne on June 11, 1613 (in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin by decision of the Zemsky Sobor). The accession of Mikhail Fedorovich was the beginning of a new ruling dynasty Romanovs.

In the extensive literature devoted to the history of the Romanov dynasty and individual reigns, there is no unambiguous interpretation of the role of autocrats - extreme, often polar points of view prevail. However, no matter how one treats the Romanov dynasty and its representatives, objectively assessing our historical path, it should be recognized that it was under the Romanovs that Russia became one of the great powers of the world, its victories and defeats, ups and downs, achievements and political and economic failures, due in large part to the growing mismatch social order time tasks. The House of Romanov is not the history of a private family, but in fact is the history of Russia.

Romanovs - Russian boyar family, who bore such a surname with late XVI century; since 1613 - the dynasty of Russian tsars and since 1721 - emperors of all Russia, and later - the kings of Poland, the grand dukes of Lithuania and Finland, the dukes of Oldenburg and Holstein-Gottorp and the grand masters of the Order of Malta. The direct branch of the Romanov family on the All-Russian throne was cut short after the death of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna; from January 5, 1762, the imperial throne passed to the dynasty of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovskaya, the son of Anna Petrovna and Duke Karl-Friedrich of Holstein-Gottorp, according to a dynastic agreement, their son Karl Peter Ulrich of Holstein-Gottorp ( future emperor All-Russian Peter III) was recognized as a member of the Imperial House of Romanov. Thus, according to genealogical rules imperial family(dynasty) is called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov (Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov dynasty), and imperial house- The Romanovs.

Start

End of the 16th century brought to our Motherland severe shock, which became the first step towards the Troubles. With the death of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich (1598), the Rurik Dynasty came to an end. Even earlier, in 1591, a junior representative of the St. Tsarevich Dimitri. However, his rights to inherit the Throne were very controversial, because. he was born from the fifth married (and in fact from the seventh) marriage of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, and was considered illegitimate.

For over 700 years the Ruriks ruled Russia. And now they are gone. It is difficult to describe the impression that the end of the Dynasty made. The Russian people faced an unprecedented case and it was necessary to resolve the issue on which the fate of the state depended. The House of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars was to be inherited by the Family, which had the full legal right to do so. Of the descendants of Rurik, after the death of the Princes of Staritsky, there was no one left who would have such rights. The closest relatives of the Moscow House were the princes Shuisky, but their relationship was the 12th (!) Degree. In addition, in accordance with the norms of Byzantine law adopted at that time in Russia, close property (i.e. kinship through a wife) was preferred to distant blood kinship.

Based on this (husband and wife constitute "one flesh"), the brother of Irina Godunova, the wife of Tsar Theodore Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, was simultaneously considered His brother. It was Godunov who was then called to the Kingdom with the blessing of Patriarch Job. A decision on this matter was made by the Zemsky Sobor in 1598.

And Tsar Boris took the Throne not by the "right" of election, but by the right of inheritance. The next family in this order of succession were the Romanovs, descendants of the first brother-in-law of Ivan the Terrible - Nikita Romanovich Zakharyin-Yuriev.

Boris Godunov reigned relatively serene until the first rumors about the Pretender appeared in 1603. The appearance of "prince Dimitri" made the people doubt the legitimacy of Godunov's accession. Paradoxical as it may seem, but the phenomenon of imposture testifies to the spontaneous legitimism of the Russian people. In order to take the Throne, it was necessary to have legal rights to it or to impersonate the owner of such. Otherwise, you can "elect", "appoint" and "proclaim" the Tsar as much as you like - this could not receive any support. But "prince Dimitri" - supposedly the miraculously saved son of Ivan the Terrible - could not but find a response in Russian hearts. And so death takes Tsar Boris, his son Theodore is killed, and the triumphant Pretender enters Moscow, accompanied by the Poles.

The sobering did not come immediately. Perhaps the process dragged on even longer if it were not for the reckless behavior of False Dmitry in relation to the Orthodox Church. The impostor dared to crown his wife Marina Mnishek in the Assumption Cathedral, not baptizing her, but confining herself to chrismation. The son of Ivan the Terrible, according to the people's concept, would never have acted in such a way. Less than two weeks after the blasphemous wedding, the Pretender was killed. But the basics Russian Tsardom they hesitated so much that it became impossible to stop the Troubles by the simple liquidation of False Dmitry.

Tsar Vasily Shuisky, in his own way, he sought to benefit the Fatherland. But the throne of this only elected Tsar in the history of Russia could not be durable. "Shouted out" on Red Square by a random crowd, having bound himself with obligations to the boyars, Tsar Vasily never felt like a confident Autocrat. Therefore, he could not effectively resist either external or internal enemies, and the story of him is up to funny lung- the deposition tells us about the futility of introducing alien traditions and laws. The end of the Troubles was not foreseen.

It was destined to save Russia by the Second Militia, whose leaders were able to learn some lessons from previous mistakes and create a unified popular movement. Inspired by the messages of Patriarch Hermogenes, Nizhny Novgorod citizen K. Minin and Prince. D. Pozharsky united the Russian people under the banner of the struggle for the liberation and restoration of the Orthodox Kingdom. Later they were joined by Prince. D. Trubetskoy with the remnants of the 1st Militia. In October 1612, the Cossacks stormed Kitai-Gorod, and soon the Poles, besieged in the Kremlin, capitulated. In the liberated capital, conditions appeared for the organization of state life.

At the beginning of 1613, envoys from "all the earth" gathered in Moscow for the Great Zemsky and Church Council, the main task which was the definition of the Rightful Heir to the Throne.

When in once more a dispute about the candidacy broke out at the Council, a certain Galician nobleman filed a note substantiating the rights of Mikhail Feodorovich on his relationship with Tsar Theodore Ioannovich (Michael's father, Metropolitan Filaret was cousin Tsar Theodore would have succeeded himself, if not for the monastic tonsure performed on him during the reign of Boris Godunov), with reference to the authority of the martyred Patriarch Hermogenes. By his act, he aroused the wrath of the boyars, who sternly asked who dared to bring such a scripture. Then the Cossack ataman spoke and also put a written statement. To the question of the book. Pozharsky, what is it about, the ataman replied: "About the natural (highlighted by me - A.Z.) Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich." "The Tale of Zemsky Sobor 1613" cites the speech of the ataman, in which he definitely pointed out the illegality of the "election" of the Tsar and substantiated the rights to the Throne of the young Mikhail Romanov.

final decision on the issue of succession to the throne was adopted on February 21, 1613. A letter sent to all ends of the Russian Land proclaimed that “human-loving God, in His care, put into the hearts of all the people of the Muscovite state, from young to old and to mere babies, like-mindedness, in order to turn to Vladimir, and to Moscow, and to all the states of the Russian Kingdom by the Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov-Yuriev. The approved charter of the Council secured the Throne to the Dynasty "in childbirth and childbirth" and anathematized any violator of the sacred oath of allegiance to the House of Romanov. The accession of the House of Romanov was the victory of order over turmoil, and in early XVII in. a new dynasty was established in Russia, with which the state functioned for more than three hundred years, experiencing ups and downs.

Last Russian tsar Nicholas II, who was shot with his family in Yekaterinburg in 1918, is still one of the most controversial figures. national history. Despite nearly a century since tragic events, the attitude towards him in society is sharply polar. On the one hand, Russian Orthodox Church canonized him and his family as saints, on the other - "the owner of the Russian land" (his own definition) public opinion is perceived as an incompetent head of state who could not save not only the country, but even his own family from death.

It should be noted that legally the members of the royal, and then the imperial, family did not have any surnames at all (“Tsarevich Ivan Alekseevich”, “ Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich ", etc.). In addition, since 1761, the descendants of the son of Anna Petrovna and the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp Karl-Friedrich reigned in Russia, who, in the male line, no longer descended from the Romanovs, but from the Holstein-Gottorps (the younger branch of the Oldenburg dynasty, known since the 12th century). In the genealogical literature, representatives of the dynasty, starting from Peter III, are called Holstein-Gottorp-Romanovs. Despite this, the names "Romanovs" and "House of Romanovs" were almost universally used for the unofficial designation of the Russian Imperial House, the coat of arms of the Romanov boyars was included in official legislation.

After 1917, the surname of the Romanovs officially began to be worn (according to the laws of the Provisional Government, and then in exile) by almost all members of the reigning house. The exception is the descendants of Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich. He was one of the Romanovs who recognized Kirill Vladimirovich as emperor in exile. The marriage of Dmitry Pavlovich to Audrey Emery was recognized by Cyril as a morganatic marriage of a member of the reigning house, and his wife and children received the title of princes Romanovsky-Ilyinsky (now two of Dmitry Pavlovich's grandsons, Dmitry and Michael / Mikhail, as well as their wives and daughters, wear it). The rest of the Romanovs also joined the morganatic (in terms of Russian law on succession to the throne) marriages, but did not consider it necessary to change the surname. After the creation of the Association of Princes of the Romanov House in the late 1970s, the Ilinskys became its members on a common basis.

The ruling dynasty of the Romanovs gave the country many brilliant kings and emperors. It is interesting that this surname does not belong to all of its representatives, the noblemen Koshkins, Kobylins, Miloslavskys, Naryshkins met in the family. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty shows us that the history of this family dates back to 1596.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: the beginning

The ancestor of the family is the son of the boyar Fyodor Romanov and the boyar Xenia Ivanovna, Mikhail Fedorovich. The first king of the dynasty. He was a cousin-nephew of the last emperor from the Moscow family branch of the Rurikovichs - Fedor the First Ioannovich. On February 7, 1613, he was elected to reign. On July 21 of the same year, a ceremony was performed for the reign. This moment was the beginning of the reign great dynasty Romanovs.

At the beginning of 1917, the Romanov dynasty consisted of 32 males, 13 of whom were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918-19. Those who escaped this settled in Western Europe(mainly in France) and the USA. In the 1920s and 30s, a significant part of the representatives of the dynasty continued to hope for a collapse Soviet power in Russia and the restoration of the monarchy.

1. The Council recognized that the right to exercise supreme power in Russia belongs to the dynasty of the Romanov dynasty.
2. The Council considered it necessary and in accordance with the desire of the population to head the national statehood supreme ruler of the members of the Dynasty, whom the members of the House of Romanov will point to.
3. The government was asked to enter into negotiations with representatives of the Romanov dynasty.

All current representatives of this family are descendants of the four sons of Nicholas I:

* Aleksandrovichi, descendants of Alexander II. This branch has four living representatives - his great-great-granddaughter, Maria Vladimirovna, her son Georgy, and brothers Dmitry and Mikhail Pavlovich Romanov-Ilyinsky (the youngest of whom was born in 1961).
* Konstantinovichi, descendants of Konstantin Nikolaevich. In the male line, the branch was cut short in 1973 (with the death of Vsevolod, the son of John Konstantinovich).
* Nikolaevich, descendants of Nikolai Nikolaevich the Elder. The two living male representatives are the brothers Nikolai and Dmitry Romanovich Romanov, the youngest of whom was born in 1926.
* Mikhailovichi, descendants of Mikhail Nikolaevich. All other living Romanov men (see below) belong to this branch, the youngest of them was born in 2009.

Only two of the descendants of the Romanovs in the male line remained on the territory of the USSR - the children of Alexander Iskander: (Natalya and Kirill (1915-1992) Androsovs); the rest either left or died.

On December 22, 2011, the President of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic I.N. Smirnov signed the Decree "On the status of the Russian Imperial House in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic". According to this decree, on the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the Russian Imperial House is recognized as a unique historical institution without rights legal entity which takes part in the patriotic and spiritual and moral education of the citizens of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, the preservation of the historical and cultural heritage, traditions of the Pridnestrovian society. Back in 2009, Maria Vladimirovna Romanova was awarded the highest award PMR - Order of the Republic. June 9, 2011 for the first time since 1917 state award Russia was awarded the representative of the House of Romanov: Prince Romanov, Dmitry Romanovich.

In total, as of May 2010, the Romanov family consisted of 12 male representatives. Among them, only four (grandchildren and great-grandson of Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich) are not older than forty years.

Outstanding personalities - the Romanov dynasty.

The genealogical tree includes about 80 people. In this article, we will not touch on everyone, but only the reigning persons and their families.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty

Mikhail Fedorovich and his wife Evdokia had one son - Alexei. He headed the throne from 1645 to 1676. Was married twice. The first wife is Maria Miloslavskaya, from this marriage the tsar had three children: Fedor - the eldest son, Ivan the Fifth and daughter Sophia. From his marriage with Natalya Naryshkina, Mikhail had one son - Peter the Great, who later became a great reformer. Ivan married Praskovya Saltykova, from this marriage they had two daughters - Anna Ioannovna and Ekaterina. Peter had two marriages - with Evdokia Lopukhina and Catherine the First. From the first marriage, the tsar had a son, Alexei, who later married Sophia Charlotte. Peter II was born from this marriage.

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Peter the Great and Catherine the Great

Three children were born from the marriage - Elizabeth, Anna and Peter. Anna married Karl Friedrich, and they had a son, Peter the Third, who married

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty: Miloslavsky branch Catherine II. She, in turn, took the crown from her husband. But Catherine had a son - Pavel the First, who married Maria Feodorovna. From this marriage, the emperor was born, who in the future married Alexandra Feodorovna. Alexander II was born from this marriage. He had two marriages - with Maria Alexandrovna and Ekaterina Dolgorukova. The future heir to the throne - Alexander the Third - was born from his first marriage. He, in turn, married Maria Feodorovna. The son from this union became last emperor Russia: we are talking about Nicholas II.

Ivan the Fourth and Praskovya Saltykova had two daughters - Ekaterina and Anna. Catherine married Karl Leopold. From this marriage, Anna Leopoldovna was born, who married Anton Ulrich. The couple had a son, known to us as Ivan the Fourth.

That's it in a nutshell family tree Romanovs. The scheme includes all the wives and children of the rulers of the Russian Empire. Second-order relatives are not considered. Undoubtedly, the Romanovs are the brightest and most powerful dynasty that ruled Russia.

Romanovs - big family rulers and tsars of Russia, an old boyar family. The family tree of the Romanov dynasty goes back to the 16th century. Numerous descendants of this famous surname live in our days and continue the ancient lineage.

House of Romanov 4th century

At the beginning of the 17th century, a celebration was celebrated dedicated to the accession to the throne of Moscow by Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. The crowning of the kingdom, which took place in the Kremlin in 1613, marked the beginning new dynasty kings.

The family tree of the Romanovs gave Russia many great rulers. The family chronicle dates back to 1596.

Origin of the surname

Romanovs - inaccurate historical surname. First famous representative kind was the boyar Andrey Kobyla back in the days reigning prince Ivan Kalita. The descendants of the Mare were called Koshkins, then Zakharyins. It was Roman Yuryevich Zakharyin who was officially recognized as the founder of the dynasty. His daughter Anastasia married Tsar Ivan the Terrible, they had a son, Fedor, who, in honor of his grandfather, took the surname Romanov and began to be called Fedor Romanov. Thus was born the famous surname.

The family tree of the Romanovs grows from the Zakharyins, but historians do not know from what places they came to Muscovy. Some experts believe that the family was Novgorod natives, others argue that the family comes from Prussia.

Their descendants became the most famous royal dynasty in the world. A large family is called the "House of the Romanovs". The family tree is extensive and huge, it has branches in almost all the kingdoms of the world.

In 1856 they acquired an official coat of arms. In the sign of the Romanovs, a vulture is represented, which holds a fabulous blade and a tarch in its paws, the edges were decorated with cut-off heads of lions.

Ascension to the throne

In the 16th century, the boyars Zakharyins acquired a new position, having become related to Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Now all relatives could hope for the throne. The chance to seize the throne turned out pretty soon. After the interruption of the Rurik dynasty, the decision to take the throne was taken up by the Zakharyins.

Fyodor Ioannovich, who, as mentioned earlier, took the surname Romanov in honor of his grandfather, was the most likely contender for the throne. However, Boris Godunov prevented him from ascending the throne, forcing him to take tonsure. But this did not stop the smart and enterprising Fyodor Romanov. He accepted the rank of patriarch (called Filaret) and through intrigues elevated his son Mikhail Fedorovich to the throne. The 400-year-old era of the Romanovs began.

Chronology of the reign of direct representatives of the genus

• 1613-1645 - the years of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov;
• 1645-1676 - the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov;
• 1676-1682 - autocracy of Fedor Alekseevich Romanov;
• 1682-1696 - formally in power, John Alekseevich, was co-ruler of his younger brother Peter Alekseevich (Peter I), but no political role didn't play
• 1682-1725 - the Romanov family tree was continued by the great and authoritarian ruler Peter Alekseevich, better known in history as Peter I. In 1721 he established the title of emperor, since then Russia has become known as Russian Empire.

In 1725, Empress Catherine I ascended the throne as the wife of Peter I. After her death, a direct descendant of the Romanov dynasty, Pyotr Alekseevich Romanov, the grandson of Peter I (1727-1730), again came to power.

• 1730-1740 - Anna Ioannovna Romanova, niece of Peter I, ruled the Russian Empire;
• 1740-1741 - formally, Ioann Antonovich Romanov, great-grandson of Ioann Alekseevich Romanov, was in power;
• 1741-1762 - as a result palace coup Elizaveta Petrovna Romanova, daughter of Peter I, came to power;
• 1762 - Pyotr Fedorovich Romanov (Peter III), nephew of Empress Elizabeth, grandson of Peter I, rules for half a year.

Further history

1. 1762-1796 - after the overthrow of her husband Peter III empire ruled by Catherine II
2. 1796-1801 - Pavel Petrovich Romanov, son Peter I and Catherine II. Officially Pavel I belongs to the Romanov family, but historians are still fiercely arguing about its origin. Many consider him an illegitimate son. If we assume this, then in fact the family tree of the Romanov dynasty ended in Petre III. Further rulers may not have been blood descendants of the dynasty.

After the death of Peter I, the Russian throne was often occupied by women representing the Romanov dynasty. The family tree became more branched, as the descendants of kings from other states were chosen as husbands. Already Paul I established the law, according to which only a blood successor of the male sex has the right to become king. And since that time, women have not been married to the kingdom.

• 1801-1825 - reign of Emperor Alexander Pavlovich Romanov (Alexander I);
• 1825-1855 - reign of Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov (Nicholas I) ;
• 1855-1881 - Sovereign Alexander Nikolaevich Romanov (Alexander II) rules;
• 1881-1894 - the years of the reign of Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov (Alexander III) ;
• 1894-1917 - the autocracy of Nikolai Aleksandrovich Romanov (Nicholas II), together with his family, was shot by the Bolsheviks. The imperial genealogical tree of the Romanovs was destroyed, and together with it the monarchy in Russia collapsed.

How did the dynasty end?

In July 1917, the entire royal family, including children, Nikolai, his wife, was executed. Shot and the only successor, the heir to Nicholas. All relatives hiding in different places were identified and exterminated. Only those Romanovs who were outside of Russia survived.

Nicholas II, who acquired the name "Bloody" because of the thousands killed during the revolutions, became the last emperor to represent the Romanov dynasty. The genealogical tree of the descendants of Peter I was interrupted. Outside of Russia, the descendants of the Romanovs from other branches continue to live.

Board results

During the 3 centuries of the reign of the dynasty, many bloodsheds and uprisings took place. Nevertheless, the Romanov family, whose genealogical tree covered half of Europe with a shadow, benefited Russia:

• complete distance from feudalism;
• family increased financial, political, military power Russian Empire;
• the country has been transformed into a big mighty State, which became on an equal footing with the developed European states.