Georg Simon Ohm(German Georg Simon Ohm; March 16, 1787, Erlangen - July 6, 1854, Munich) - German physicist. He theoretically deduced and confirmed by experience the law expressing the relationship between the current strength in the circuit, voltage and resistance (known as Ohm's law). The unit of electrical resistance (ohm) is named after him.
Biography
Georg Simon Ohm was born on March 16, 1787 in Erlangen, Germany (then part of the Holy Roman Empire). George's mother, Elisabeth Maria, came from a tailor's family and died in childbirth when George was nine years old. His father is a locksmith Johann Wolfgang, very developed and educated person, from childhood he was engaged in the education of his son, and independently taught him mathematics, physics and philosophy. He sent Georg to study at the gymnasium, which was supervised by the university. At the end of the course in 1805, Om began to study mathematical sciences at the University of Erlangen. Already after three semesters in 1806, having left the university, he took the place of a teacher in the Gotstadt monastery (now part of the Swiss commune of Orpund).
In 1809 he left Switzerland and, settling in Neuenburg, devoted himself wholly to the study of mathematics. In 1811 he returned to Erlangen, already in the same year he managed to graduate from the university, defend his dissertation and receive a Ph.D. Moreover, he was immediately offered the position of Privatdozent of the Department of Mathematics at the university. In this capacity, he worked until 1813, when he took a position as a teacher of mathematics in Bamberg (1813-1817), from where he moved to the same position in Cologne (1817-1826). During his stay in Cologne, Ohm published his famous works according to the theory of the galvanic circuit.
A number of troubles forced him to leave his post in 1826 (on the personal instructions of the Minister of Education, he was dismissed from work at the school for publishing his discoveries in the field of physics in newspapers). For 6 years, despite very cramped circumstances, Om devotes himself exclusively to scientific work and only in 1833 accepts an offer to take the position of professor of physics in polytechnic school in Nuremberg.
In 1842 he became a member of the Royal Society of London. In 1849, Ohm, already quite famous, was invited as a professor of physics to Munich and appointed there as a conservator of the physical and mathematical collections of the Academy of Sciences. He remains here until his death on July 6, 1854. He was buried in the Old South Cemetery. In Munich, in 1892, a monument was erected to Ohm, and in 1881, at the international congress of electricians in Paris, it was decided to name the now generally accepted unit after him. electrical resistance("one ohm").
Discoveries
Most notable works Omah dealt with passing questions electric current and led to the famous "Ohm's law", relating the resistance of an electric circuit, voltage and current strength. In his first scientific work (“Vorlufige Anzeige des Gesetzes, nach welchem Metalle die Contactelectricitt leiten”, 1825), Ohm experimentally investigates these phenomena, but, due to the imperfection of the instruments, comes to an erroneous result. In a subsequent work (“Bestimmung des Gesetzes, nach welchem Metalle die Contactelektricitt leiten”, 1826), Ohm formulates his famous law and then combines all his works on this issue in the book: “Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet” (B., 1827; republished by Moser in Leipzig, 1887; translated into English in 1841, Italian in 1847 and French in 1860), in which he also gives a theoretical derivation of his law, based on a theory similar to Fourier's theory of heat conduction. Despite the importance of these works, they went unnoticed and were even greeted with hostility, and only when Poulier in France again came (1831-1837), empirically, to the same results, Ohm's law was adopted by the scientific world, and the Royal Society of London at a meeting of 30 November 1841 awarded Ohm the Copley Medal.
Ohm's discovery, which made it possible for the first time to consider quantitatively the phenomena of electric current, had and has great value for science; all theoretical (Helmholtz) and experimental (Betz, Kohlrausch, British Association Commission) checks showed its complete accuracy; Ohm's law is the true law of nature.
OM GEORGE SIMON
(1787 - 1854)
If you don't know Ohm's law, stay at home.
school folklore
The famous German physicist Georg Simon Ohm was born on March 16, 1787 in the city of Erlangen. His father, Johann Wolfgang Ohm, was a locksmith who did a lot of self-education. Mother, Maria Elizabeth Beckin, came from a blacksmith's family. Seven children were born in the family, but only three of them survived: Georg Simon, his younger brother Martin and sister Barbara. Mary Elizabeth died in childbirth in 1799. Johann Wolfgang, who adored his wife, never fully recovered from this blow, and until the end of his life he bitterly recalled that his children had lost "the best and most tender of mothers." However, despite the misfortune that befell him, he did not give up and devoted himself entirely to raising his sons and daughter. To provide his children with everything necessary, he had to work very hard. But at the same time, he found time to communicate with them, did everything possible to give them a decent education.
The first teacher of the great physicist was ... a certain former hosiery, who maintained his own educational institution. However, his lack teacher education was more than compensated for by a clear, lively mind and sincere love to your business. It was he who gave Georg Simon elementary education and prepared for admission to the gymnasium.
I must say that in the city gymnasium of Erlangen, the main attention was paid to languages - Latin and Greek. As for exact sciences, such as mathematics and physics, then, if not for their father, Martin and Georg would have had a rather vague idea about them. The fact is that Johann Wolfgang Om was in awe of science and spent a lot of time reading; along with manuals on metal processing, he read books on mathematics, physics, chemistry, philosophy, history and geography. When Georg and Martin grew up, the father personally took care of their education, doing everything possible to ensure that the children shared his love for science. It is interesting that subsequently the children also helped their father's self-education. For example, Georg, who knew Latin perfectly, translated Euler's work " Integral calculus”, and Johann Wolfgang rewrote and thoroughly studied this book.
It should be said that the efforts of the father were crowned with success. One of his friends, professor of mathematics Karl Christian von Langsdorff, having examined George at the end of the gymnasium, was amazed at the systematic and deep knowledge of his knowledge: mechanics, and also found out his knowledge in the field of higher geometry and mathematical analysis. All my questions were answered quickly and accurately. I am almost convinced that both brothers from this family will become no less famous than the Bernoulli brothers: having such zeal and having such talent, they will enrich science if they find appropriate attention and support.
In 1805 Georg Simon successfully passed entry exams and became a student at Erlangen University. However, paradoxically, studying at the university did not inspire the gifted young man to conquer new scientific heights. Instead of selflessly chewing on the granite of science, Georg devoted almost all his time to dancing, skating and playing billiards. True, in fairness, it is worth noting that here he achieved considerable success: he became the best billiard player and speed skater at the university. However, the father sports achivments the son was not at all pleased, moreover, they were enraged. Johann Wolfgang, who, for all his love of science, did not have the opportunity to receive higher education, believed that his son should focus exclusively on his studies. However, Georg was in no hurry to heed the advice of his parent. In the end, the father, who still worked very hard and hard to provide for his children with everything they needed, demanded that his son leave the university. Thus, in 1806, after studying for only three semesters, Ohm left the walls of the University of Erlangen and went to the Swiss city of Gottstadt, where he was offered a position as a teacher of mathematics in private school.
Return to hometown and the young man was able to continue his studies at the university only five years later, in 1811. Om did everything to catch up: in the same year he graduated from the university, defended his dissertation and received degree. Georg's brilliant abilities did not go unnoticed: he was offered the position of Privatdozent in the Department of Mathematics.
It would seem that everything worked out for the best. But after a year and a half, Om was forced to give up his position, since the earnings of a Privatdozent barely allowed him to make ends meet. For several months, Georg unsuccessfully tried to find a job, until the Bavarian government offered him a position as a teacher of physics and mathematics at a school in Bamberg. Of course, this work was not the ultimate dream of Ohm, and the teaching methods so outraged him that he even wrote a letter with criticisms to the General Commissariat for Teaching. As a result, the school was closed and Om transferred to a local prep school.
In 1817, the first work of Georg Ohm was published - an extensive note on teaching methods. Separate considerations were so new and unusual that they gave rise to talk that Ohm's ideas meant "the death of the entire mathematical doctrine."
In September 1817, Georg Ohm was offered a position as a teacher of physics and mathematics at the Jesuit College of Cologne. AT this case he gladly accepted the offer, since this educational institution had an excellent physical laboratory. In Cologne Ohm finally had the opportunity to do science, and he did not fail to take advantage of it. Georg continued to educate himself, read books outstanding physicists began to conduct independent research. As in the case of Ampère, the incentive to study electrical laws there was a message about the discovery of Oersted, who in 1820 discovered magnetic action electric current. Ohm suggested that this effect could be used to measure the strength of current (before that, scientists tried to use the heat that causes the current to measure). Ohm created a device in which the current flowing through the conductor caused the rotation of a magnetic needle, fixed by an elastic wire. By compensating the deflection of the arrow by turning the micrometric screw, the experimenter could determine the current strength by the angle of rotation.
Initially, Ohm's experiments involved galvanic current sources. But the scientist was not satisfied with the fact that the current in them weakens rather quickly. In 1821, the German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck discovered the thermoelectric effect: if the junctions of two different conductors have various temperatures, current flows in the circuit. This discovery allowed Ohm to use in his experiments more stable thermoelements, consisting of bismuth and copper. One end of the thermoelement was in boiling water, and the other end was in melting snow. Having a fairly stable current source, Ohm began to study how the parameters of conductors affect the current: their sizes and chemical nature. In 1826, he set out his results in the article "Determination of the law according to which metals conduct contact electricity, together with a sketch of the theory of the voltaic apparatus of the Schweigger multiplier".
In his work, Ohm introduced the concept of "resistance" and showed that it depends on the material of the conductor, its length and cross-sectional area. Needless to say, the law mentioned in the epigraph of this article was the very famous Ohm's law. But Ohm's contemporaries, venerable German scientists, did not special attention for the work of an unknown teacher. The few who met her expressed, above all, incredulity. However, Ohm managed to get the administration of the college to give him a year for independent research, however, halving his salary. Georg hoped that his work would bring him fame and some university position. The scientist moved to Berlin, where his brother Martin lived, and plunged into research.
The result of a year's work was the book " Theoretical study electrical circuits". In it, Ohm tried to draw an analogy between electrical phenomena and the principles of the propagation of heat, which Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1822) had recently outlined in his work Analytical Theory of Heat. By analogy with the propagation of heat along a temperature gradient, Ohm associated the current with a drop electrical voltages. The scientist achieved a lot in his practical research. For example, he studied the patterns of current flow in electrical circuits in which conductors are connected in series and in parallel. "Theoretical study of electrical circuits" also did not arouse enthusiasm in scientific world. By September 1827, the year allotted for research came to an end, and no profitable offer followed. Om had to return to his teaching duties. But he himself was well aware that the results obtained deserve attention. Therefore, Om did not want to leave Berlin. In the end he found a meager (3 hours a week) teaching load in military school Berlin and stayed in the capital.
In 1829 and 1830 Ohm published two important works: an article in which he outlined the principles of electrometry, and great work"An attempt to create an approximate theory of unipolar conductivity", which attracted the attention of foreign scientists, in particular Faraday. Also in 1830 Ohm introduced the concept of "electromotive force" and measured electromotive force current source.
Meanwhile, Ohm was still not recognized in Germany, he still did not have a proper position, in fact he was dependent on his brother. In desperation, he even wrote a letter to the King of Bavaria asking him to give him at least some place. But even that didn't work. Finally, in 1833, Ohm received an offer to become a professor of physics at the new Nuremberg Polytechnic School. After some time, he received the chair of mathematics and the position of inspector for teaching methods. In 1839 he became rector of the School. In 1842 Ohm became the second German scientist to be awarded the Copley medal and made a member of the Royal Society of London. At home, such recognition came only three years later, when Ohm was elected a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1849, the scientist received the post of curator of the physical cabinet of the Academy and, as an extraordinary professor, began to lecture at the University of Munich.
Georg Ohm is known not only for his work in the field of electrical phenomena. From the late 1830s, he became interested in acoustic phenomena and discovered one of the essential principles physiological acoustics (Ohm's acoustic law), according to which the ear decomposes complex sounds into simple harmonic vibrations.
Until the end of his days, Om was engaged in teaching methods. AT last years he also set about creating a physics textbook, but managed to write only the first volume of the book Contribution to Molecular Physics.
In 1852, the scientist became a tenured professor University of Munich. Om dreamed of this position all his life. But he gave too much strength and energy to science. In 1854 he had a severe heart attack. On June 28, 1854, King Maximilian issued a decree exempting the scientist from compulsory lectures. But the monarch's care manifested itself too late. On July 7, Georg Ohm passed away.
Now in Munich there is a monument to the famous scientist. It consists of two figures: Johann Wolfgang Ohm, a locksmith who gave all his strength to teaching his sons, and Georg Simon Ohm himself, who devoted his whole life to science and never had a family or children.
George Simon OhmIn 1849, Ohm, already quite famous, was invited as a professor of physics to Munich and appointed there as a conservator of the Physics and Mathematics Collections of the Academy of Sciences. He remains here until his death, which follows (from a stroke) on July 6, 1854. He is buried in the Old South Cemetery. In Munich in 1892, a monument to Ohm was erected, and in 1881, at the International Congress of Electricians in Paris, it was decided to name the now generally accepted unit of electrical resistance (“one ohm”) after him.
Discoveries
Ohm's most famous work dealt with questions about the passage of electric current and led to the famous "Ohm's law", relating the resistance of an electric current circuit, voltage and current strength. In his first scientific work("Vorläufige Anzeige des Gesetzes, nach welchem Metalle die Contactelectricitätleiten", 1825) Ohm experimentally investigates these phenomena, but, due to the imperfection of the instruments, comes to an erroneous result. In a subsequent work (“Bestimmung des Gesetzes, nach welchem Metalle die Contactelektricitätleiten”, 1826), Ohm formulates his famous law and then combines all his works on this issue in the book: “Die galvanische Kette, mathematisch bearbeitet” (B., 1827; reprinted Moser in Leipzig, 1887; translated into English in 1841, Italian in 1847 and French in 1860), in which he also gives a theoretical derivation of his law, based on a theory similar to Fourier's theory of heat conduction. Despite the importance of these works, they went unnoticed and were even greeted with hostility, and only when Poulier again came to France (1831-37), empirically, to the same results, Ohm's law was adopted by the scientific world, and the Royal Society of London at a meeting of 30 November 1841 awarded Ohm the Copley Medal.
Ohm's discovery, which made it possible for the first time to quantitatively consider the phenomena of electric current, was and is of great importance for science; all theoretical (Helmholtz) and experimental (Betz, Kohlrausch, British Association Commission) checks showed its complete accuracy; Ohm's law is the true law of nature.
Ohm's further work on electricity dealt with the issues of unipolar conductivity (1830) and the heating of wires by current (1829). In 1839, a number of works on acoustics followed, leading to the results great importance. In the article "Ueber die Definition des Tones nebst daran geknüpfter Theorie der Sirene und ähnlicher tonbildender Vorrichtungen" (1843), a law (also called "Ohm's law") is stated that human ear cognizes only simple harmonic vibrations, and that every complex tone is decomposed by the ear into components (according to the Fourier law) and is cognized only as the sum of them. And this law was not adopted by Ohm's contemporaries, and only Helmholtz, eight years after Ohm's death, proved its complete justice.
Compositions
- Grundlinien zu einer zweckmäßigen Behandlung der Geometrie als höheren Bildungsmittels an vorbereitenden Lehranstalten / entworfen
Georg Simon Ohm (German: Georg Simon Ohm; March 16, 1787, Erlangen - July 6, 1854, Munich) - German physicist.
Georg Simon Ohm was born on March 16, 1787 in the city of Erlangen (Bavaria), in the family of a locksmith. He lost his mother early, and his father very developed person- paid great attention to the upbringing of children, instilling in his son a love of mathematics and physics. After successfully graduating from the gymnasium, Georg entered the University of Erlangen in 1805.
After studying for three semesters, he accepted an invitation to teach mathematics at a private school in Gottstadt (Switzerland), and then at the Neustadt School. This is how it started pedagogical activity Ohm. In addition to teaching, he continued to educate himself. In 1811, Georg returned to Erlangen and graduated from the university with a Ph.D. Immediately he was offered the position of Privatdozent of the Department of Mathematics of this university.
During this period, he wrote a work on teaching methods. It was his first published work, which appeared in 1817. Soon Georg was offered a position as a teacher in the Jesuit college of Cologne, where, in addition to teaching, he was closely engaged in science. Ohm, who had previously focused on mathematics, enthusiastically switched to physics. He was fascinated by the topic of flow electric currents by conductors.
In Cologne, the scientist conducted a whole series of experiments and published his famous works on the theory of the galvanic circuit. In 1826, his article "The definition of the law according to which metals conduct contact electricity, along with an outline of the theory of the voltaic apparatus and the Schweigger multiplier" was published. But this publication did not impress scientists.
In 1826, Georg moved to Berlin, and a year later his monograph "Theoretical Study of Electrical Circuits" was published, in which the scientist proposed to characterize electrical properties conductor by its resistance and introduced this term into scientific use.
He experimentally discovered the basic law of the electrical circuit. In 1833, he was offered a position as a professor of physics at the Nuremberg Polytechnic School, and was soon appointed inspector for teaching methods and appointed rector of the school. Despite the heavy workload, Om did not leave scientific work and even embarked on new research - in the field of acoustics, the results of which he formulated in the form of a law (later - Ohm's acoustic law), which was also not accepted by his contemporaries.
Russians were the first to recognize Ohm's law physicist Lenz and Jacobi, and in 1842 the London Royal Society awarded Om with a gold medal and elected as a member. Only after that Om received recognition in his homeland. In 1845, he was elected a member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and after 4 years was invited to Munich for the position of an extraordinary professor, where Ohm continued to lecture, conduct Scientific research and design demonstration instruments.
Paying much attention to teaching methods, the scientist in the last years of his life began to work on a physics textbook, which he conceived as a fundamental work. But he only managed to finish the first volume, Contribution to Molecular Physics.
Georg Simon Ohm died on July 7 (although a number of sources indicate the date July 6), 1854 in Munich, where he was buried in the Old Southern Cemetery.
In 1881, at the International Congress of Electricians in Paris, scientists unanimously decided to name the now generally accepted unit of electrical resistance (“one ohm”) after him. In memory of the scientist, a memorial plaque was erected on the building of the Cologne College, and a monument to Ohm was erected in Munich.
Did you know,
what thought experiment, gedanken experiment?
It is a non-existent practice, an otherworldly experience, the imagination of what is not really there. Thought experiments are like daydreams. They give birth to monsters. Unlike physical experiment, which is an experimental testing of hypotheses, a "thought experiment" magically replaces experimental testing with desired, untested conclusions, manipulating logical constructions that actually violate logic itself by using unproved premises as proven ones, that is, by substitution. Thus, the main task of the applicants of "thought experiments" is to deceive the listener or reader by replacing a real physical experiment with his "doll" - fictitious reasoning on parole without the very physical check.
Filling physics with imaginary, "thought experiments" has led to an absurd, surreal, confusing picture of the world. A real researcher must distinguish such "wrappers" from real values.
Relativists and positivists argue that the "thought experiment" is a very useful tool for testing theories (also arising in our minds) for consistency. In this they deceive people, since any verification can only be carried out by a source independent of the object of verification. The applicant of the hypothesis himself cannot be a verification of his own statement, since the reason for this statement itself is the absence of contradictions visible to the applicant in the statement.
We see this in the example of SRT and GTR, which have turned into a kind of religion that governs science and public opinion. No amount of facts that contradict them can overcome Einstein's formula: "If the fact does not correspond to the theory, change the fact" (In another version, "Does the fact not correspond to the theory? - So much the worse for the fact").
The maximum that a "thought experiment" can claim is only the internal consistency of the hypothesis within the framework of the applicant's own, often by no means true, logic. Compliance with practice does not check this. A real test can only take place in a real physical experiment.
An experiment is an experiment, because it is not a refinement of thought, but a test of thought. Thought that is consistent within itself cannot test itself. This has been proven by Kurt Gödel.
