RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES URAL BRANCH INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
VOSTOCHNO-URAL RADIOACTIVE TRAIL
PROBLEMS OF REHABILITATION OF THE POPULATION AND TERRITORIES OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION
YEKATERINBURG, 2000
UDC 541.1:539.1
East Ural radioactive trace. Problems of rehabilitation of the population and territories of the Sverdlovsk region. Ekaterinburg: Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000. ISBN 5-7691-1021-X.
Materials are presented on the consequences of the accident at the Mayak production association for the population and territories of the Sverdlovsk region, including an assessment of the radiation situation, doses accumulated by the population and predicted stochastic effects, as well as economic damage caused to the production and economic complex and the population. An analysis of post-accident rehabilitation measures and the results of the implementation of rehabilitation programs from 1992 to the present is presented. Information is provided on the socio-economic situation and the state of health of the population in the territories of the districts of the region affected by the accident. The work contains extensive reference material on the issues under consideration.
For specialists, officials participating in programs for the rehabilitation of territories and the population affected by radiation accidents.
Rep. ed. doc. tech. Sciences V. N. Chukanov
Reviewer Dr. chem. Sci. Yu. V. Egorov
ISBN 5-7691-1021-X
PRP-2000-11(00)-212
© Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2000
INTRODUCTION 5
1.1. Territory and population 7
1.2. Industrial and economic complex 9
1.3. Health care, education, culture 15
1.4. Natural radioecological situation 20
2.1. Primary information about the radiation situation 26
2.2. Analysis of the composition of the EURTS territory within the boundaries of the Sverdlovsk region according to state mapping data 30
2.3. Assessment of dose loads and stochastic consequences of public exposure 42
ANALYSIS OF EMERGENCY MEASURES
3.1. Emergency measures to eliminate the consequences of the accident 68
3.2. Measures to ensure long-term residence of the population on the territory of the EURS of the Sverdlovsk Region 80
3.3. Estimating post-accident costs 95
ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION OF THE REGIONAL TERRITORIES
4.1. Demographic characteristics of EURS 101
4.2. Production and economic consequences of radioactive contamination of territories 112
4.3. Assessment of the economic damage caused to the region 119
STATE PROGRAMS FOR POPULATION AND TERRITORY REHABILITATION
5.1. Characteristics of the program for the rehabilitation of the population and territories of the Sverdlovsk region for 1992-1995. 135
5.2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the implementation of the State Program and characteristics federal program rehabilitation for 1999-2000 161
SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF A RADIATION ACCIDENT
6.1. Assessment of the quality of life of the population 173
6.2. Assessment of the standard of living of the population 185
POPULATION HEALTH ASSESSMENT IN THE TERRITORY OF THE VURS REGIONS OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION
7.1. Analysis of health indicators by direct counting 202
7.2. Assessment of economic damage caused by the impact of the consequences of the accident on public health 213
CONCLUSION 231
REFERENCES 234
APPENDIX 1. Radiation and demographic data on the EURT zone of the Sverdlovsk region for 1959 and 1998 237
APPENDIX 2. Dose loads on the population of radioactively contaminated territories of the Sverdlovsk region 252
APPENDIX 3. Dynamics of the number of inhabitants of settlements in the EURS zone for 1959-1994 (according to population censuses) 278
APPENDIX 4. Change consumer prices and the dollar exchange rate against the ruble 285
INTRODUCTION
The situation that has developed in the Ural region in connection with the accumulation of radioactive waste at Mayak and permanent radiation accidents is unprecedented. One of these accidents occurred in 1957, as a result of which the territories of the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions were subjected to radioactive contamination with the formation of the East Ural radioactive trace (EURT). In this paper, we consider the consequences of the occurrence of EURT on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region. The information provided is based on archival materials, statistical data, official reports on the implementation of rehabilitation programs. It significantly supplements and clarifies the previously available information summarized in the previous publication. The results presented in it are the result of a study of the damage caused to the population and territories of the Sverdlovsk region due to the formation of the East Ural radioactive trace.
The work is complex. It considers the state of the affected territories before the accident, provides information on retrospective and current levels of radioactive contamination, and presents the results of calculations of accumulated doses and predicted stochastic effects. This information characterizes the immediate consequences of radiation exposure, taking into account its long-term nature.
The specifics of the situation in the region is characterized by essential role mediated consequences of radiation accidents. Based on the analysis of primary data, the paper considers post-accident rehabilitation measures, assesses the economic damage caused to the population and the production and economic complex during the period of restriction of life activity in radioactively contaminated territories until 1980. This information is presented in the context of the conceptual formulation and implementation State program Russian Federation “Radiation rehabilitation of the Ural region and
Pax for Assistance to the Affected Population” (1992-1995) and the Federal Target Program “Social and Radiation Rehabilitation of the Population and Territories of the Ural Region Affected by the Activities of the Mayak Production Association (1996-2000)”.
The effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in conditions of limited funding can only be achieved on the basis of maximum consideration of the current living conditions of the population in the territories affected by the accident. In this regard, the paper presents estimates of social conditions (level and quality of life), as well as the health of the corresponding cohorts of the region's population.
All information is presented both in kind and in monetary terms, which allows them to be used as reference, as well as to unify the results on the problem.
However, the period under review covers more than 40 years. During this time, there have been fundamental socio-economic changes. In particular, the scale of prices has changed. Therefore, when considering financial indicators, both current prices and the corresponding dollar equivalent were used. For ease of comparison, the appendix contains inflation indicators by years - consumer price indices, as well as the dynamics of the ruble exchange rate against the US dollar.
The structure of the work, as well as methods of analysis in specific areas, can serve as the basis for relevant generalizations for the Ural region as a whole, which is currently being carried out with the participation of specialists from the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions.
The authors sincerely thank S. M. Chemezov, E. P. Voitsitsky, G. N. Vasiliev, V. F. Nosov for assistance in carrying out the work, as well as colleagues A. Yu. Dovankov, N. I. Kozlova, E. M Kravtsov for the creative community. Special thanks to O. A. Bryukhovskikh and A. V. Pechatnikova for their help in publishing the monograph.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WURSE ZONE BEFORE THE RADIATION INCIDENT
1.1. TERRITORY AND POPULATION
According to the administrative-territorial division of the Sverdlovsk region in 1957, the East Ural radioactive trace, within the boundaries of the initial contamination, limited by the isoline of 0.1 Ci / km2 for 90Sr, spread to the territories of the industrial (Kamensk-Uralsky and partially Sukholozhsky city councils, Pokrovsky and Bogdanovichsky district councils ) and agro-industrial (Kamishlovsky city council, Pyshminsky and Talitsky district councils) of the Trans-Urals. The lands of city councils and districts occupied a vast territory of the forest-steppe Trans-Urals, through which pine forests with a total area of about 400 thousand hectares stretch from west to east.
IN modern borders divisions in the EURT zone are located in Kamensk-Uralsky, Kamyshlov and Talitsa, as well as a significant part of the territory of Kamensky, Bogdanovichsky, Kamyshlovsky, Pyshminsky and Talitsa districts. The main territorial and demographic indicators characterizing the specific importance in the composition of the region of the cities and regions under consideration are given in Table. 1.1.
As follows from the above data, almost 1/10 of the population lived in the territory occupied by these cities and districts, which is 5.5% of the region's area. The share of the urban population in these territories is below the regional average (61.5% and 76.7%, respectively). At the same time, in urban settlements, more than 25% of the population lived in individual houses with a personal plot. Depending on the size of urban settlements, the share of those living in the private sector varies from 13% in Kamensk-Uralsky to 63% in Pyshma. The population density at the expense of Kamensk-Uralsky, Bogdanovich and Kamyshlov exceeded the average value for the region. At the same time, in the region
Table 1.1
Indicator
Total for the region
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Territory, thousand km2 194.7 10.6 1.3 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.9 2.7
% of the territory of the region 100.0 5.5 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.5 1.0 1.4
Population, thousand people 4044.6 364.8 166.4 58.9 42.0 18.0 27.6 51.9
% of the population of the region 100.0 9.0 4.1 1.5 1.0 0.4 0.7 1.3
Population density, pers. per 1 km2 20.8 34.4 128.0 26.8 28.0 18.0 14.5 19.2
Urban population, thousand people 3101.1 224.7 141.3 30.1 19.2 - 6.9 27.2
% of the population of the territory 76.7 61.5 84.9 51.3 45.7 - 23.9 52.4
Rural population, thousand people 943.5 140.0 25.1 28.7 22.8 18.0 20.7 24.7
% of the population of the territory 23.3 38.5 15.1 48.7 54.3 100.0 76.1 47.6
Urban population living in individual houses, % 26.2 13.0 45.0 37.0 - 63.0 57.0
Table 1.2
Indicator
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Total settlements, units 612 93 131 90 56 110 132
Of which: urban 7 1 1 1 - 1 3
Including cities 4 1 1 1 - - 1
Pos. mountains type 3 - - - - 1 2
Rural, including small ones with a population of 605 92 130 89 56 109 129
Up to 20 people 100 11 19 22 6 19 23
21-100 people 150 21 33 21 15 28 32
Medium-sized with the number of inhabitants 101-200 people. 78 10 16 9 8 16 29
201-500 people 188 32 46 23 20 31 36
501-1000 people 73 12 13 9 5 15 19
Large with more than 1000 inhabitants. 16 6 3 5 2 - -
Nah, where rural settlements predominate, the population density is noticeably lower than the regional indicator (14.5 versus 20.8 people per 1 km2). A little more than 1/3 of the population engaged in agricultural production lived in the territories under consideration, the share of which in the rural population of the region was 14.8%. Composition of urban and rural settlements the considered territory of the region is given in Table. 1.2.
From these data it follows that the number of residents of rural settlements, which is 38.5% of the total population of these territories (1400 thousand people), lived in 605 settlements. Of these, small rural settlements with a population of up to 100 people. accounted for more than 40%, and with a population of up to 200 people. - more than half (53.4%). Large settlements with a population of more than 1000 people. there were only 16 (2.6%). The most representative group of rural settlements with a population of 201 to 500 people, accounting for 31% of all settlements.
Most villages and villages are located along river valleys and near transport routes. The greatest distance from settlements to railway stations is, km: in the Pokrovsky district, the Sosnovsky village council - 36; in Kamyshlovsky Kochnevsky - 48; in Pyshminsky Rechelginsky - 62 and in Talitsky Nizhnekatarsky - 72.
1.2. INDUSTRIAL AND ECONOMIC COMPLEX
This territory of the region is characterized by the neighborhood of the industrial cities of Kamensk-Uralsky, Kamyshlov, Sukhoi Log, Bogdanovich, Talitsa with the lands of the Trans-Urals, where agricultural enterprises with a pronounced natural specialization of farms are developing. The number and composition of objects of primary activity on the territory of the considered city councils and districts of the region are given in Table. 1.3. From the composition of objects it follows that the production economic activity in this zone is due to the functioning of a diversified complex associated both with enterprises in other regions of the country and regions of the Urals, and with the use of the local raw material base of agricultural production.
Since only an insignificant part of the territory of the Sukholozhsky district (within several settlements of the Filatovsky village council) was exposed to radioactive contamination, its characteristics are not considered.
Table 1.3
Indicator
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Industrial enterprises 84 29 16 12 6 5 16
State farms 14 4 4 - 1 2 3
Collective farms 48 - 7 13 7 10 11
Public service enterprises 329 104 50 39 55 5 76
Table 1.4
Cultivated areas of agricultural crops in the districts of the EURS region in 1958, thousand ha / %
culture
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Sown area, thousand ha
All legumes
including wheat
Potato
Forage crops
Corn
* In the numerator - abs. size, ha; in the denominator -% of sown areas in the region.
Kamensk-Uralsky is known as a city with a diversified industry, where metallurgy, metalworking, mechanical engineering, energy, etc. occupy a significant share in the volume of output. More than 90% of the industrial and production personnel of the city are employed at enterprises in various industries. The composition of the Kamensk-Uralsky City Council included vast agricultural lands with developed branches of crop production and animal husbandry. On this raw material base, a milk processing plant and other enterprises for the processing of agricultural products functioned in the city.
IN economic complex Kamyshlov region stands out as a center of light and food industries. The oldest and largest enterprise in the city for the processing of agricultural raw materials is a tannery, and the leading enterprise light industry- garment factory. Bogdanovich was characterized by the development of industrial production and transport and construction enterprises. The largest was the refractory plant, which employed more than half of the entire industrial and production personnel of the city. Enterprises serving the agricultural production of the region developed. Sukhoi Log is an integral part of the Sukholozhsko-Bogdanovichi industrial hub, which is developing on the basis of the use of limestone and clay deposits suitable for the production of cement and refractory materials. Plants and factories of the city produced high-quality cement, asbestos-cement pipes, slate, refractories, non-ferrous metal alloys. Food, forestry and local industries developed in Talitsa. The basis of the city's economy was food industry(about 90% of gross industrial output), which used both local and imported agricultural raw materials. Logging enterprises, as well as enterprises for the processing of crop and livestock products, operated in the urban-type settlement of Pyshma.
The entire southeastern Trans-Urals is characterized by the presence of a developed network of railways, the total length of which is more than 500 km. Through Kamensk-Uralsky and the district center with. Pokrovskoe, located 3 km from the station, runs the Sverdlovsk-Kurgan railway.
The northern territories of the districts are crossed by the Sverdlovsk-Tyumen railway line, which passes through the cities. Bogdanovich, Kamyshlov, Pyshma and Talitsa, located 5 km from the highway. From the south from Chelyabinsk to the north through Kamensk-Uralsky there is a railway to Bogdanovich and further through Alapaevsk to Nizhny Tagil. Parallel to the railway lines to Tyumen and Kurgan, the main car roads regional significance. All village councils and settlements of the territory under consideration were interconnected by intra-district roads without hard surface.
In the regions of the agrarian Trans-Urals, crops of leguminous and fodder crops predominate, meat and dairy cattle breeding, poultry farming and other branches of agricultural production are developed. These areas are suppliers of agricultural products to other cities and districts of the region. This zone is characterized by the cultivation of wheat, oats, potatoes, vegetables, fodder root crops, grasses for hay, corn for green mass and other representatives of crop production. Data on the sown areas of the city councils and districts of the zone for the main agricultural crops in the pre-accident period in comparison with the data for the region are given in Table. 1.4.
The data on the sown areas of agricultural crops show that the considered areas of the Trans-Urals for almost all of these crops were of decisive importance for the agricultural production of the region. With 14.8% of the rural population of the region on the territory of city councils and districts, the total sown area was 20.6%, of which occupied by wheat - more than 23%, and corn for silage - almost 27%. Half of the total sown area fell on the lands of the Kamensk-Uralsky City Council, Pokrovsky and Bogdanovichsky districts. The largest part of agricultural land was located on the territory of the Kamyshlov City Council (up to 20%).
The livestock sector in the territories under consideration was also the leading one in the region (Table 1.5). The largest share (up to 20%) in animal husbandry was occupied by the farms of the Kamyshlov City Council. For almost all major types of livestock, their share is from 16 to 20% of the regional herd.
Thus, more than 1/3 of the dairy herd in the EURS zone was concentrated in the Kamyshlov City Council and Bogdanovichi
Table 1.5
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Cattle
including cows
Sheep and goats
including sheep
District, almost 45% of the pig population was kept in the Pyshminsky and Talitsky districts. Sheep breeding (about 56%) was concentrated in the Kamensk-Uralsky city council and the Bogdanovichsky district. In a number of farms, pedigree livestock breeding was developed, and state breeding stations functioned. Individual branches of crop and livestock production were characterized by the presence in their total volume of a significant share of sown areas and livestock that are in the personal use of collective farmers, workers, employees and other groups of the population (Table 1.6).
As follows from the data presented, the personal farms of collective farmers, workers, and employees were of significant importance in the production of both potatoes and vegetables. The sown area occupied by potatoes in private farms ranges from 25% in the Pyshminsky district to 37% in the Kamensk-Uralsky City Council of the total area occupied by this crop. A similar picture is with planting areas for vegetable crops.
Table 1.6
Personal farms of collective farmers, workers and employees of the districts of the region of the EURS zone in 1958
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Potato
129,8 20,8 4,5 3,6 3,2 2,3 3,2 4,0
16,0 3,3 0,9 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3
Cattle
661,4 119,3 17,9 25,0 17,4 13,0 20,5 25,5
including cows
357,3 57,5 9,1 11,8 8,4 6,2 9,9 12,1
439,4 88,1 11,7 16,3 10,5 11,0 13,8 24,8
539,6 84,2 13,3 17,3 16,1 9,4 13,4 14,7
* In the numerator - in the private sector, thousand hectares, in the denominator - %.
In the private households of residents of city councils and districts, up to 1/4 of the cattle and over 80% of sheep were kept. The given data show that in the gross production of such agricultural products as potatoes, vegetables, meat, milk and wool, personal farms of collective farmers, workers, employees and other groups of the population had a certain share in providing the inhabitants of these territories of the region with essential foodstuffs, and processing
The emerging industry of the region is supplied with raw materials. Table 1.7. The values of the given indicators for city councils and districts were obtained by calculation on the basis of data for the region.
Pedigree livestock breeding developed in the regions, inter-district state breeding stations, fruit nurseries and other enterprises and organizations serving agricultural production functioned.
On the basis of agricultural products and raw materials produced on collective farms, enterprises for their processing were developed. Dairy processing plants, meat processing plants, feed mills, a tannery, wool processing and felted footwear production shops, etc. operated in the cities. In general, a complex with a balanced production (processing-consumption) of agricultural products functioned in the districts. Cities and districts stood out noticeably in the region with a developed network of consumer services enterprises.
1.3. HEALTH, EDUCATION, CULTURE
The social and cultural needs of the inhabitants of urban and rural settlements of the territory under consideration at the end of 1957 were provided by the state system for ensuring the quality of life that was in force at that time. The indicators of the achieved level in certain areas of meeting the needs of the population of cities and districts of the EURT zone in comparison with the average regional indicators are given in. Data characterizing the state of healthcare are presented in Table. 1.8.
From the above information it follows that the number of doctors per 10,000 people. the population of the territories under consideration was almost 1/3 less than the average for the region (15 people), the exception is Kamensk-Uralsky, which is close to the regional one (14 people). For other cities and districts, this figure is less than half (from 8 to 5 doctors). This is typical for areas with a predominantly rural population (Pokrovsky, Pyshminsky). The number of paramedical personnel in Kamensk-Uralsky (90 people) exceeded the regional indicator. For other cities and districts of the EURTS zone, it differs downwards by up to 2 times. A similar ratio with the average regional indicator of the number of sick leave
Table 1.7
Gross production of the main types of crop and livestock products for all categories of farms in 1958
Products Area
Share in the sown area and herd of the region
Production volume
% to area volume
Potatoes, thousand tons 723.9 0.106 76.37 10.6
Vegetables, thousand tons 69.7 0.168 15.07 16.8
Meat and fat of all kinds in terms of live weight, thousand tons 142.0 0.181 25.70 18.1
Including pork 46.6 0.204 9.51 20.4
Milk, thousand tons 700.4 0.161 12.76 16.1
Wool, t 1102.0 0.162 178.52 16.2
Table 1.8
Basic data on the health care of cities and districts of the region of the EURTS zone (at the end of 1957)
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Doctors (excluding dentists), pers.
6234 369 238 48 29 10 13 31
Persons of paramedical staff, pers.
22933 2393 1504 336 187 71 77 218
Number hospital beds, PCS.
34620 2946 1460 687 245 105 132 313
Per 10,000 inhabitants
Doctors 15 10 14 8 7 6 5 6
Medical staff 57 66 90 57 45 40 28 42
Hospital. beds 85.6 80.8 87.7 116.6 58.3 58.3 47.8 61.1
In the numerator -% of the number in the territory, in the denominator - of them in rural areas.
Table 1.9
Secondary schools of cities and districts of the region of the EURTS zone (at the beginning of the 1957/58 academic year)
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Number of schools of all kinds 2593
Primary 1550 194 35 38 27 21 32 41
Seven-year-olds 675 76 26 15 9 6 7 13
Medium 347 30 10 6 5 2 2 5
Other 21 4 2 1 1 - - -
Number of teachers
Number of students in schools, thousand people
Primary 88.2 8.6 2.0 1.8 1.1 0.6 1.2 1.9
Seven year olds 208.4 22.8 11.4 3.1 2.1 1.1 1.4 3.7
Medium 266.2 29.7 10.8 3.3 3.1 0.9 1.5 2.1
Other 3.7 0.3 0.2 0.05 0.05 - - -
Number of general education schools per 10,000 inhabitants
6,4 8,3 4,3 10,2 10,0 16,1 14,8 11,4
Number of students per
1 teacher 21 20 23 19 21 18 18 18
1 school 218 173 327 138 152 90 100 131
*% of the number in the territory.
Beds per 1,000 people living in the territory. It should be noted that a number of indicators are comparable with the average regional ones, taking into account the presence on the territory of the city councils of boarding houses, hospitals, rest houses with regional significance(boarding houses “Obukhovsky”, “Metallurg”, hospital “Mayan”, etc.). In general, health care in the EURTS zone before the accident at the Mayak plant in 1957, in terms of the main indicators, corresponded to the average regional values only in the territory of Kamensk-Uralsky and was close to them in the Kamyshlov City Council.
Data characterizing the general education system of city councils and districts in comparison with the average regional indicators at the beginning of the 1957/1958 academic year. g., are given in table. 1.9. It is seen,
Table 1.10
Baby preschool institutions cities and districts of the region of the EURTS zone (at the beginning of 1957)
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Number of permanent children, pcs.
In them places, pcs.
Number of kindergartens, pcs.
They include the number of children, pers.
Children in kindergartens per 10,000 inhabitants
246 254 264 305 187 238 152 274
The fact that the number of general education schools per 1,000 inhabitants in all the cities and districts examined exceeded the regional average by more than 1.5 times, with the exception of the city of Kamensk-Uralsky. In all rural settlements with a population of 500 people. and more there were secondary and seven-year general education schools. In settlements with a population of 200 to 500 people. operated elementary schools. The average number of students per school did not exceed the regional indicator, except for its value for the Kamensk-Uralsky City Council. The same ratios are also important for the number of students per teacher.
Along with general education schools, schools of vocational education functioned in the district centers, medical schools, technical schools and a number of other specialized educational institutions.
The provision of the population of city councils and districts with preschool institutions characterizes Table. 1.10. The network of preschool institutions in the cities and districts under consideration was developed more than the average for the region in terms of its indicators. There were more children in kindergartens per 10,000 inhabitants than
Table 1.11
Cultural and educational institutions of cities and districts of the region of the EURTS zone (at the end of 1957)
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Club establishments, pcs.
Film installations with paid screening, pcs.
Mass libraries, pcs.
Books in libraries, thousand copies
Per 10,000 inhabitants:
Club institutions3.6 4.8 2.2 4.1 5.9 12.2 13.4 6.4
Library4.4 5.2 2.2 4.6 6.2 12.2 9.4 10.4
Books, thousand copies 35.4 36.8 31.8 26.5 30.9 57.8 47.5 56.5
* % to the quantity in the territory.
On average in the region (246 children), both in city councils and in the Talitsky district (respectively 264, 305 and 274 children). In the Pokrovsky district, where the entire population lives in rural settlements, this value is slightly lower than the average regional value - 238. In two districts - Bogdanovichsky and Pyshminsky - the number of children in kindergartens per 10,000 inhabitants was noticeably lower and amounted to 188 and 152, respectively. almost half of nurseries and kindergartens were concentrated in cities, and in rural settlements they were available with a population of more than 500 people. All this indicates that the network of preschool institutions in cities and districts of the EURTS zone fully corresponded to the average regional level at the end of 1957.
Data on the level of provision of cities and regions with cultural and educational institutions are systematized in Table. 1.11. As follows from the table, material base meeting the cultural needs of the population as a city-
For both rural and rural settlements, it was generally comparable with the regional one, as evidenced by almost all the indicators considered in comparison with their average regional values. Only in the Kamensk-Uralsky City Council the number of club institutions and libraries per 10,000 inhabitants is almost 2 times less. In the Pokrovsky district, these indicators exceeded the regional average by more than 2 times. book fund in libraries per 10,000 inhabitants also exceeded the regional figure by more than 1.5 times.
In cities, urban-type settlements and in all large settlements of rural settlements, there were stationary film installations. The data characterize the city councils and districts as provided with the necessary cultural and educational institutions above the average regional level.
On the whole, in the city councils and districts under consideration, the state of health care, education, and culture at the end of 1957 was comparable to the regional average.
1.4. NATURAL RADIOECOLOGICAL SITUATION
The ecological situation in the territories of the Sverdlovsk region, which were subjected to radioactive contamination, was determined by the external technogenic load, typical for the Ural region as a whole. The zone of the city of Kamensk-Uralsky and the agro-industrial Trans-Urals is no exception. By the end of the 1950s, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy and power engineering had reached significant development in Kamensk-Uralsky. The largest enterprises of the city were the Sinar Pipe Plant, the Ural Aluminum Plant, the Kamensk-Uralsky Non-Ferrous Metal Processing Plant, and the Krasnogorsk Thermal Power Plant, operating on imported Ekibastuz coal with a high ash content (up to 36%). These enterprises were a significant source of environmental pollution for the city and the immediate area around it. In Bogdanovich, a refractory plant and construction industry enterprises served as a source of pollution; in Kamyshlov - a tannery and other enterprises located on the territory of the city council.
Almost the entire territory of the EURT of the Sverdlovsk region is located within the East Ural ecological and radiogeochemical zone, which is clearly traced along a set of features. According to the results of available spectrometric
Sky and radiometric surveys (in particular, materials from aerial gamma searches in 1955 and 1956, as well as 1966-1991), natural gamma background earth's surface in the main territory of Kamensky, Bogdanovichsky and Kamyshlovsky districts is 4-6 μR / h and only in the northern and western parts Kamensky and in the west of Bogdanovichsky districts reaches 8-16 microR/h. At the same time, there are granite intrusions that create an increased background of up to 27 μR/h, and gabbro massifs with a background reduced to 2.2 μR/h. Aerial and ground-based gamma surveys revealed a large number of local anomalies. Many of them are due to bauxite-bearing and magnetic deposits, carbonate rocks and sandy-argillaceous (coal-bearing) deposits are widely developed, among which horizons with a high content of radionuclides stand out. Accumulations of uranium mineralization are known in carbonate and sandy-argillaceous deposits of the folded basement (Table 1.12, Figure 1.1 on the inset).
Local accumulations of natural radionuclides do not have a noticeable effect on the increase in the gamma background of the earth's surface, since in most cases they lie at a depth, and near-surface accumulations are leached to one degree or another. At the same time, 14 potentially radon-hazardous areas were identified within the East Ural ecological and radiogeochemical zone by the manifestation of two or more factors. The main one is the increased content of radionuclides in rocks, another factor is permeable structures favorable for radon release.
The most intense anomalies are located southeast and southwest of Kamensk-Uralsky. These include the Pervomaiskoye deposit of refractory kaolin clays (2 km southeast of the village of Sipava), the Koda radiohydrological anomaly.
The Pervomayskoye deposit of refractory kaolin clays is located in the Kamensky district between the villages of Sipava and Novyi Byt. Among the refractory kaolin clays, lignite-bearing clays bearing uranium mineralization occur in the form of two spots. Seven uranium-bearing lenses were identified at the deposit, contoured by cut-off content of 0.03%, occurring at a depth of 24-67 m and having an area of 45-60 thousand m2 each. Lignite-bearing clays with an increased, although lower, content of radionuclides are also known in other parts of the Kamensky region.
Table 1.12
List of accumulations of natural radionuclides in the lithosphere on the territory of EURT within the Sverdlovsk region
Name
Georeferencing
a brief description of
Troitsko-Bainovskoye
Bogdanovichsky district, 3 km NNE from Troitskoye settlement
The accumulation of radionuclides is confined to the northern quarry of the mine of the Troitsko-Bainovsky deposit of refractory clays, the nature of activity is uranium
Mazulinsky Bogdanovichsky district, 4 km to the northwest from the village of Zhukovo
Uranium mineralization in 7 adjacent ore bodies, the nature of activity is uranium
Shilovskoye Kamensky district, 2 km to the southeast from the village of Kamyshevo
The accumulation of radionuclides of uranium-thorium nature is localized in silty clays of the first floodplain terrace of the river. Iseti, areal distribution is insignificant
Isetskoe Kamensky district, 4 km to the south of the village of Kamyshevo
In rock outcrops on the left bank of the river. Iset radioactivity up to 128 microR/h. There is no information about area dimensions. The nature of uranium activity
Travyanskoye Kamensky district, on the NW outskirts of the village. Travyanskoe
In 11 wells in lignite clays, radioactivity of 35–169 μR/h was detected in intervals of 1–2 m at depths of 12–37 m. The nature of the activity is uranium
Travyanskoe-2 Kamensky district, on the southeastern outskirts of the village. Travyanskoe
An accumulation of radionuclides with a uranium content of up to 0.02% was found in the well in the interval of 48-58 m
Sosnovskoe Kamensky district, 2 km to the southeast from the village. Sosnovskoye
In the ore field of the Sosnovskoye non-industrial scheelite deposit, an activity of 30-90 μR/h from the surface was found in granites. The concentration of radon is 30-90 eman. Area dimensions 200×150 m
Pervomaiskoye Kamensky district, 2 km to the southeast of the village of Sipava
At the site of the Pervomaisky deposit of refractory clays, 7 ore lenses with an area of about 60 thousand m2 each with an average thickness of 2 m and a depth of 24-67 m were contoured. )
New Byt Kamensky district, 2 km to the west from the village. Okulovskoe
Radioactivity of 30-200 μR/h was recorded in kaolin clays at depths of 3.9-26.8 m. The nature of the activity is uranium
Within the Koda anomaly, the concentration of radon in the soil air reaches 44-59, in Pervomaisky - up to 233 Bq/m3. In the alluvial sediments of the rivers (Pyshma, Iset), rare-earth radioactive mineralization, as well as contamination with natural radionuclides, are manifested.
The territory under consideration has been quite thoroughly investigated by the radiohydrochemical method. 50 water points with uranium concentrations of 1-20 Bq/l were identified, in some of them the concentration of radium reaches 10-10 g/l. The highest concentration of radium in water was found in the village. Belovodye - 2.5 ∙ 10-10 g / l.
Anomalous content of natural radionuclides was found in the water points of Kamensk-Uralsky, Kamensky district (Pozarikha, Martyush, Sosnovskoye, Pokhodilovo, Smolinskoye, Shcherbakovo, Bogatenkovo, M. Gryaznukha, Cheremisskoye, Gashenova, Barabanovskoye, Pirogovskoye, Sipava, Potaskuevo, Okulova), Bogdanovichsky district ( Troitskoye, Bykovo, Lyapustina, Chernokorovskoye, Poldnevka, Podzhukovo), Kamyshlovskiy district (Kvashninskoye, Pulnikova, Borisov), Talitskiy district (Talitsa). When analyzing the available data, it is possible to distinguish 2 areas of radon-containing waters, where its concentration exceeds allowable norms NRB-96 (120 Bq/l) .
One of the areas is located in the area of the village. Kodinki, the second - in the area of Kamensk-Uralsky. If in the latter the excess of radon concentrations over the norm is small (up to 200 Bq / l), then in the Kodinka area the radon content in water is significantly higher. Within the Kodinskaya anomaly, 13 springs and 8 wells were identified during radiohydrological testing elevated concentrations radon from 270 to 2400 Bq/l. The reason for the enrichment of waters with radon is the presence of bituminous pyrite-containing rocks in the area. Emanation survey on three profiles, located near the most active sources, established the concentration of radon in the soil air up to 92 Bq/l.
Of interest is also the area of radioactive waters, including the Pervomaiskoye deposit of refractory clays. The content of uranium in water here reaches 7.8∙10-5 g/l, radon - up to 817 Bq/l.
Aerogamma-spectrometric studies of the territory of Kamensk-Uralsky made it possible to identify three areas: northwestern, northeastern and southern, separated by the valleys of the Iset and Kamenka rivers. The northwestern area is characterized by a weakly differentiated gamma field with intensity
5-8.5 microR/h. For the northeastern one, a differentiated relatively elevated gamma field (8-10 μR / h), located east of the line southeastern edge of the Mazulinsky swamp (the mouth of the Kamenka river), and a relatively low (from 4 to 7 μR / h) gamma-ray the field is to the west of the specified line. South part The site covers the right bank of the river. Iset and is distinguished by a sharply differentiated gamma field. A high gamma field (up to 14-19 microR/h) is recorded above the sludge collectors of the treatment facilities of the Kamensk-Ural Metallurgical Plant (KUMZ) located here, and the sludge dumps of the Ural Aluminum Plant. The nature of radioactivity is uranium-thorium. Elevated levels of radionuclides are also noted for plowing areas to the west and north-west of the KUMZ sludge reservoirs.
Thus, at low levels of natural radiation from geological complexes, a significant contribution to the radiation fields of the city is made by sources and factors of technogenic pollution, due to the uranium-thorium content of the tailings of the technological processing of alumina raw materials, as well as the development of uranium-containing brown iron formations or products of their metallurgical processing.
Autogamma-spectrometric survey of the territory of Kamensk-Uralsky showed that a low, calm, weakly differentiated field with gamma radiation DER values in the range of 5-24 μR/h and an average value of about 9 μR/h is common to the surveyed area. Such a field is quite consistent with the development of a metamorphogenic complex of rocks of the main composition on the territory of the city. The levels of the increased gamma field are timed to the routes laid in the private sector along the streets with a dirt surface. Up to 24 microR/h give areas of reddish clays in natural occurrence. A low calm and poorly differentiated gamma field characterizes areas of new buildings and major highways.
The main territory of the city is contoured by isolines of 8-12 microR/h, it is characterized by significant areal contours. Areas with DER values above 12 μR/h have a local point character, with the exception of an area of 0.25 km2 in the area of the village. Silicate (place of storage of aluminosilicate ore mass).
Based on a brief socio-industrial and radioecological characteristics of the cities and districts of the Sverdlovsk
The regions of the Trans-Urals before the radiation incident at the Mayak Production Association in 1957 can be noted as follows:
The considered cities and districts that fell into the zone of EURT before radioactive contamination were among the most economically developed territories of the region, especially in the production of agricultural products. With a rural population of 14.8% of total strength regions, agricultural enterprises produced from 16 to 20% of vegetables, milk, meat and other products, supplying it to industrial cities and districts of the region;
The socio-cultural needs of the population of cities and districts were satisfied at the level of average regional values, and in terms of the number of children in kindergartens, clubs, libraries and books per 10 thousand inhabitants, these territories had higher indicators;
A feature of the natural radioecological situation of the cities and regions under consideration is the presence of ecological and radiogeochemical anomalies, which manifest themselves in uranium-thorium accumulations and radon-hazardous sources throughout the territory, and primarily in the Kamensky district.
CHARACTERISTICS OF WURS WITHIN THE SVERDLOVSK REGION
2.1. PRIMARY INFORMATION ON THE RADIATION SITUATION
Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the radiation situation in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region remain the object of clarification since the emergence of EURT. Ideas about the scale of the consequences of the accident for the Sverdlovsk region have undergone fundamental changes. In a memorandum of the Minister of Medium Machine Building of the USSR to the Central Committee of the CPSU, it was stated that only 3 villages of the Chelyabinsk region - Berdyanish, Saltykovo and Golikaevo, fell into the zone of contamination with radionuclides as a result of the accident in 1957. “The first tentative data on the boundaries of the contaminated area were obtained only 15-20 days after the accident, and more or less detailed data on the nature of pollution and the boundaries of areas with different pollution densities - only by the end of December 1957, i.e. almost 3 months after the accident, and then only to the city of Kamensk-Uralsky (105 km from the source of the accident, with a total track length along the axis of 355 km)” .
In accordance with the decision of the leadership of the Sverdlovsk region, from December 9 to December 12, 1957, a team of radiological laboratories of the regional and city sanitary and epidemiological stations surveyed the city of Kamensk-Uralsky, as well as the Pokrovsky district, directly adjacent to the Chelyabinsk region. In the conclusion of the specialists, it was noted that in Kamensk-Uralsky and in a number of settlements of the Pokrovsky and Kamensky districts “... there is radioactive contamination of the area due to an external radioactive isotopes in the form of dust and aerosols...”. The main radioactive isotope that polluted the territories of settlements is the 90Sr isotope. Pollution of the area goes in the form of a strip in the direction
From SW to NE. In some places, the width of the strip is 18-12 km (preliminary data). The most contaminated areas were noted in the Leninsky settlement of Kamensk-Uralsky, around the OCM plant, in the villages of Tygish and Rybnikovo in the Pokrovsky district, where individual samples exceeded the natural background by 2-3 orders of magnitude. In January 1958, a specially created commission in Kamensk-Uralsky, having again examined the degree of radioactive contamination of the regions, established “... the presence of radioactive contamination in the following settlements: the villages of Pokrovskoye, Troitskoye, Poplygino, Tygish, Rybnikovo, Gashenovo, Barabanovo, Brody, Smolino, Shcherbakovskoe, M. Belonosovo, Keys, Martyush; in Kamensk-Uralsky: south- western edge, capturing the villages of Silikatny, 2nd Worker, der. Baynovo, the area of old Kamensky mines, the settlements of large factories OCM, STZ, UAZ and the village of Novy Zavod ...”.
The lack of real information not only made it difficult to carry out sanitary measures, but in some cases caused direct damage. Thus, due to a long ignorance of the situation, the agricultural authorities of the Sverdlovsk region in January 1958 carried out the export of feed (hay, straw) stored in open haystacks on the territory of an accidently contaminated area to the wintering grounds of livestock. As a result, the upper layers of hay and straw, which had significant surface contamination with long-lived radioactive substances, were mixed with the entire mass of feed, which turned out to be completely unsuitable for their further use. According to the order of the Ministry of Agriculture of the RSFSR No. 221-KM dated February 25, 1958, the VIEIA commission conducted a survey of livestock in the contaminated areas of the region. In the certificate on the results of her work, it is noted: at present, the animals of the villages of Pozarikha, Sosnovka, Stepa Lyamina, Shcherbakov, Brody, Evsyukov, Cheremkhovo, Kodinka, Kamensky district; Bainy, V. Poldnevaya, Shchipachi, Chernokorovskoe, Parshino, Bogdanovichi district; Solodilovo, Galkino, Kamyshlov region, there are already visible signs of radiation sickness (baldness, hemorrhage and yellowness of the visible mucous membranes and conjunctiva of the eyes, enlargement of the glands, severe anemia; in males, atrophy of the testicles, emaciation). Some of them die according to the pattern usually observed with radio defeats. active substances. In the village In Kodinka, Kamensky district, clinical signs of the disease were observed in 45-50% of animals, in other villages of this area, as well as in Bogdanovichsky and Kamyshlovsky districts, the number
Animals with visible signs of the disease are somewhat less (up to 25-30%).
In order to provide practical assistance, by order of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR (No. 8 of 04.04.58), a group of specialists was sent to the region to assess the levels of contamination by radioactive aerosols of the territories of the regions and develop recommendations for protecting the population. Only by mid-May 1958, through the efforts of allied and republican organizations, services of the Mayak Production Association and regional specialized laboratories, an initial assessment of the radiation situation was made. Based on the conclusion of the commission of the Ministry of Health of the USSR and the RSFSR, the Ministry of Agriculture of the RSFSR and the Ministry of Medium Machine Building of the USSR, the narrowed meeting of the regional executive committee of 10.04.58 adopted Resolution No. 14, in which Pokrovsky, Kamensky, Bogdanovichsky districts and the city of Kamensk-Uralsky were named among the victims. An additional assessment of the radiation situation was required. The characteristics of the mapping results carried out in the first years after the accident are given in.
Most complete studies levels of contamination of the territory of the Sverdlovsk region as a result of the accident in 1957 were performed in September-October 1958 by a team of the Institute of Radiation Hygiene of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR on the basis of a branch of the institute in Chelyabinsk (head V. N. Guskova with the participation of the representative of the Main Investigative Directorate of the Ministry of Health of the RSFSR I. K. Dibabes ).
Determination of soil activity levels was carried out by ground-based automobile gamma-ray survey using the SG-65 instrument with binding of survey data to the results of radiometric analyzes of soil samples taken at individual points with an accuracy of ±50%. Analysis of retrospective data showed that in the zone with an initial level of pollution over 4 Ci/km2 for 90Sr there are settlements of Klyukina, Klyuchi, Rybnikovskoye, Svoboda (Lyamina Steps), Sosnovka, Tygish, Chetyrkina, Shcherbakovskoye. In addition, the settlements of Belovodie, Bogatenkova, Bortnikovo, Kolmogorov, Cheremkhovskoye are also located within the boundaries of the plume, the pollution levels of which were not specified. Within the boundaries of the 90Sr pollution zone above 4 Ci/km2, there are “spots” with pollution levels above 10 Ci/km2 (northeastern and southern shores of Lake Tygish and about 3 km west of it). The maximum recorded pollution levels within the Sverdlovsk region for September-October 1958 were 12-13 Ci/km2 for 90Sr. The results of the analysis of ret-
Table 2.1
Levels of pollution of the territory of the Sverdlovsk region with 90Sr as of September-October 1958
Locality
Locality
Pollution density by 90Sr, Ci/km2
Klyukina (Evsyukova) 4-6.2
Rybnikovskoe 3-8.3
Keys 4-5
Freedom (Stepy Lyamina) 3.6-4.8
Keys 2.3-4.2
Sosnovka 4-4.6
Kodinka 3.5
New plant (western outskirts) 2.5-3.5
Chetyrkin 4-7
Pozarikha (western outskirts) 2.1
Shcherbakovskoye 4.2-6.6
Table 2.2
Levels of 90Sr pollution in the settlements of the Sverdlovsk region according to the IGKE data in 1958
Locality 1958
Locality 1958
Bortnikova 3.0
Keys 3.5
Mazulya 1.6
Martyush 1.0
Pozarikha 2.1
Shcherbakovka 4.0
Freedom (Stepy Lyamina) 4.0
Keys 3.0
Cheremkhovo 4.0
Smolinskoye 3.0
State roads 3.0
Tygish 7.0
Kodinka (C-Level) 3.0
Chetyrkina 5.0
New factory 1.6
Belovodie 2.6
The prospects for a number of settlements of the region are given in Table. 2.1, 2.2.
Sanitary and epidemiological supervision bodies of the region exercised systematic control over the affected territories. In 1960, according to Kamensk-Uralsky average activity soils was 2.9 Ci/km2, with a scatter of measurement results in different areas - 0.8-5.8 Ci/km2. Taken together, the information on pollution levels obtained in 1957-1958 served as the basis for the decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (No. 1282-587 of 12.11.57 and No. 227-10 of 02.27.58) on the formation of a sanitary protection zone (SPZ) , bounded by an isoline of 4 Ci/km2 for 90Sr within the Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk regions with a total area of 700 km2. Of these, in the Sverdlovsk region - about 280.0 km2
Without the area of lakes (Fig. 2.1 on the tab). 14 settlements fell into the territory of the SPZ, of which three are in the planned evacuation zone: Tygish, Mogilnikovsky peat bog and the western part of the village. Rybnikovsky; there are 11 settlements in the observation zone: Smolinskoye, Klyuchi, Shcherbakovo, Klyukina, Chetyrkina, Bogatenkov, the eastern part of the village. Rybnikovsky, Poplygin, Free Labor and in the border zone - Starikov, Bust and Beklenishchev Pokrovsky and Kamensky districts of the Sverdlovsk region.
According to the levels of radioactive contamination, all lands adjacent to the sanitary protection zone were conditionally divided into three zones: A, B and C. They included lands with the following levels of contamination by 90Sr, Ci / km2: zone A - 4-2, zone B - 2-1, B - 1. In the zones, it was recommended to use agricultural land in the following way. In zone A, it was proposed to cultivate grain crops, perennial and annual grasses for seeds, pig and poultry farming (chickens). Keeping cows on feed imported from zones B and C, or processing milk for butter, grazing and harvesting feed for young animals. In zone B, it was also recommended to cultivate general-purpose and fodder crops, dairy cattle grazing and haymaking in open pastures and hayfields. In zone B, agriculture was allowed without restrictions, as well as grazing of personal livestock and hay.
According to the decision of the regional executive committee No. 57 of November 19, 1959, zone A included the territories of land users listed in Table. 2.3. As follows from it, only land users of agricultural production were included in the pollution zone A. Territories and settlements where enterprises of other industries were located were not considered as part of the contaminated zone A. As can be seen, the settlements of the SPZ in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region were classified as zone A. Zoning of the territories served as the basis for differentiating post-accident measures.
2.2. ANALYSIS OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE TERRITORY OF THE VURS WITHIN THE BORDERS OF THE SVERDLOVSK REGION ACCORDING TO STATE MAPPING DATA
Estimated nature of primary information, inconsistency of archival data on the levels of radioactive contamination and the version adopted in the development of the State Program
Table 2.3
Territories included in the pollution zone A by the Decree of the Sverdlovsk Regional Executive Committee of November 19, 1959 No.
District, land user
Total land area in zone A, ha
Number of people paragraph. on the territory of the land user
Inhabited. place and the number of inhabitants in it
Kamensky district
State farm “Kamensky” 12071 11/4603* Pozarikha, 1209; New factory, 1256; Belovodie, 193; Cheremkhovo, 773; Bortnikova, 94; Sosnovka, 162; Mazulya, 204; Freedom (St. Lyamina), 219; Proletarka, 14; Pervomayka, 87; Kremlin, 392
State farm "Brodovsky" 6901 7/3321 Klyukina (Evsyukova), 387; Brod, 705; Shcherbakova, 625; Keys, 261; Martyush, 659; Kodinka, 604; M. Kodinka, 80
Goslesfond 1900 -/--
Total for the district 20872 18/7924
Pokrovsky district
Kolkhoz “The Path to Communism” 4630 4/1296
Tygish, 471; Chetyrkino, 291; Smolinskoe, 273; Keys, 261
Collective farm "Rodina" 3630 2/1015 Rybnikovskoe, 568; Bogatenkova, 447
State Forest Fund 1055 -/-
Total for the district 9315 6/2314
Bogdanovichi district
Kolkhoz im. Sverdlova 8180 9/5321 Solontsy, 66; Zhukovo, 11; Bynes, 2862; Wed Midday (Shchipachi), 337; Oktyabrina, 106; V. Poldnevaya, 204; Aleshina (N. Poldnevaya), 96; Etc. Poldnevsky mine, 1512
Kolkhoz “Dawn” 4375 3/860
Chernokorovskoe, 326; Parshino, 219; Raskatikha, 1512
Collective farm "Ural"1700 1/750 Volkovskoe, 750
Kolkhoz im. Timiryazev 1462 -/- p. Trinity, 292
State farm "Kalinovskiy" 58 -/- Central dept. Oktyabrsky
State Farm “Fattening” 1442 -/- Bogdanovichi Meat Processing Plant
State Forest Fund 1797 -/- -
Total for the district 19014 13/6937
Total in pollution zone A
* In the numerator - the number, pcs., in the denominator - inhabitants, pers.
RF for radiation rehabilitation of the territories of the Ural region, demanded clarification of the current and retrospective radiation situation.
In accordance with the decision of the collegium of the Ministry of Emergency Situations dated November 22, 1994, the IGCE together with Uralhydromet compiled state maps of 90Sr and 137Cs contamination densities of territories. The results of the work on March 25, 1998 were approved by the interdepartmental commission for radiation monitoring of the environment. natural environment. To compile maps, sampling was carried out in areas with undisturbed soil cover along profiles crossing the trace zone with a step from 1.5 km to 200 m.
According to the mapping data, the boundaries of the zone of radioactive contamination are marked with an isoline of 0.2 Ci/km2. EURT was traced for 180 km from the Mayak industrial area to the town of Kamyshlov and further to the northeast for another 60 km. In the area of Kamensk-Uralsky, the trace acquires a patchy structure; against the background of modern pollution levels of ≈ 0.4 Ci/km2, anomalies up to 4-13 Ci/km2 for 90Sr appear. Their size ranges from several hundred to 1 km2. In the western part of Kamensk-Uralsky, there is a vast area with pollution levels up to 1 Ci/km2, against which spots up to 3.2 Ci/km2 appear. Spots with pollution levels of 0.3 Ci/km2 and more were recorded in the Kamyshlov area and beyond. Based on a comparison of modern levels of pollution with the data of IPG mapping in 1958, the coefficient K of the transition from modern to retrospective levels of pollution for the territories of the Sverdlovsk region by 90 Sr was determined, K = 3.6 ± 0.4. On the retrospective map, the pollution level of more than 4 Ci/km2 covers the entire axial part of the EURT within the Kamensky district. Spots larger than 4 Ci/km2 lie on the western margin of Kamensk-Uralsky (Fig. 2.2 inset).
The results obtained during mapping make it possible, within the limits of measurement accuracy: to assess the correctness of archival information and the official version of entry levels pollution of the territory of the region, as well as the sufficiency of post-accident measures; determine the accumulated individual and collective doses; identify population cohorts with accumulated doses above 7 cSv; identify territories and settlements for which retrospective and current levels of pollution are socially significant.
The reconstruction of the EURT according to the initial levels of pollution cannot objectively be exhaustive due to the following reasons:
The conversion factor is based on 1958 pollution levels, not 1957 levels;
In the most contaminated territories, decontamination work was carried out up to the removal of the top layer of soil (the layout of the burial grounds in the Kamensky district is shown in Figure 2.3 on the inset);
Modern measurements within the isolines of 0.2 Ci/km2 for 90Sr make it possible to restore the retrospective within the limits of up to ≈ 0.7 Ci/km2.
Restoring the boundaries of initial pollution levels to 0.1 Ci/km2 required extrapolation of state mapping data, taking into account previously available information. A schematic map of pollution levels in the territory of the Sverdlovsk region (Ci/km2) for 1958, reconstructed from the 1957 IGCE measurements, is shown in fig. 2.4 tab.
Mapping along profiles had no target binding to settlements and made it possible to identify areal characteristics of pollution levels. Moreover, the determination of activity within the limits of settlements is difficult due to the disturbance of the soil cover. This, in particular, makes it difficult to delineate anomalies, therefore, due to the role of adjacent territories for determining accumulated doses, it seems acceptable to estimate the level of pollution in settlements for calculating accumulated doses according to areal characteristics, taking into account existing anomalies.
Appendix A1 contains a complete list of settlements in the Sverdlovsk region on the territory of the EURT within the reconstructed isoline of 0.1 Ci/km2 according to the initial content of 90Sr. In table. Appendix P1 indicates the administrative division of the territories for the period of the accident (in brackets) and according to the 1989 census, the population according to the 1959 census, the levels of initial and modern 90Sr pollution. The results of the state mapping analysis allow us to give a retrospective characterization of EURT within the region.
When the EURS was formed, the lands of two city councils were affected: Kamensk-Uralsky (Sinarsky and Krasnogorsky district councils) and Kamyshlovsky, as well as 4 districts, occupying a total area of about 7.24 thousand km2, which amounted to almost 68% of their territory. The area of affected lands was, %: in Pokrovsky district - 45, in Pyshminsky - 78.9, Kamensk-Uralsky city council - 92.3 and Kamyshlovsky - 70.9.
Table 2.4
Territory and population of the EURT zone in the Sverdlovsk region at the beginning of 1959
Indicator
Total for the region
Total by city councils and districts
City Council District
Kamensk-Uralsky
Kamyshlovskiy
Bogdanovichsky
Pokrovsky
Pyshminsky
Talitsky
Total area, thousand km2 194.7 10.6 1.3 2.2 1.5 1.0 1.9 2.7
Including in the EURT zone 7.24 7.24 1.2 1.56 0.87 0.45 1.5 1.66
% to ter. regions 3.7 68.3 92.3 70.9 58.0 45.0 78.9 61.5
Total population, thousand people 4044.6 364.8 166.4 58.9 42.0 18.0 27.6 51.9
Including in the EURT zone 302.5 302.5 164.2 54.9 13.7 8.2 20.0 40.3
% of everything populated. 7.5 80.7 98.7 93.7 32.97 45.0 73.9 62.2
Urban 3101.1 224.7 141.3 30.1 19.2 - 6.9 27.2
Including in the EURT zone 205.5 205.5 141.3 30.1 - - 6.9 27.2
Rural943.5 140.0 25.1 28.7 22.8 18.0 20.7 24.7
Including in the EURT zone 95.8 95.8 22.9 24.8 13.7 8.2 13.1 13.1
% of everything populated. 10.0 68.8 91.2 94.3 60.5 45.0 65.2 35.1
Land temporarily withdrawn from circulation, thousand ha 49.2 49.2 21.0 - 19.0 9.2 - -
Arable land, fallow land - 18.1 9.0 - 6.1 3.0 - -
Hayfields, pastures - 12.9 5.5 - 5.6 1.8 - -
Household plots, gardens - 0.66 0.24 - 0.22 0.2 - -
Forests, including state forest fund - 11.0 3.7 - 5.6 1.7 - -
Other land - 6.6 2.5 - 1.5 2.6 - -
Data on the territory and population of contaminated lands according to EURTS are presented in Table. 2.4. From the given data it follows that the contaminated zone of the districts amounted to almost 4% of the territory of the region, where 7.5% of its inhabitants lived. In table. 2.4 also shows the amount and structure of contaminated land temporarily withdrawn from circulation. It follows from it that almost 2/3 of the land is arable land, hayfields and pastures. Up to 370 settlements turned out to be in the EURT zone, including the cities of Kamensk-Uralsky, Kamyshlov, Talitsa; urban-type settlements Pyshma and Troitsky. The border of the track lay near the southeastern outskirts of the city of Bogdanovich. The composition of settlements by the number of inhabitants is given in Table. 2.5. As follows from the data, small settlements with a population of up to 100 people
Table 2.5
Initial pollution levels for 90Sr, Ci/km2
Total population. points, pcs.
Including the number of inhabitants, pers.
Up to 20 21-100 101-200 201-500
Over 1000
Kamensky district *
Over 4.0 14 - 2 1 5 4 2
2.0 to 4.0 20 4 6 2 5 2 1
1.0 to 2.0 16 1 8 2 2 - 3
Less than 1.0 56 8 13 7 21 5 2
Total for the district 106 13 29 12 33 11 8
Bogdanovichsky district
From 2.0 to 4.0 4 1 1 1 - - 1
From 1.0 to 2.0 14 - 3 2 7 1 1
Less than 1.0 29 8 9 3 6 - 3
Total for the district 47 9 13 6 13 1 5
Kamyshlovskiy district
2.0 to 4.0 1 - - - 1 - -
1.0 to 2.0 26 1 4 2 11 6 2
Less than 1.0 70 14 18 12 20 4 2
Total for the district 97 15 22 14 32 10 4
Pyshminsky district
1.0 to 2.0 3 - - 1 2 - -
Less than 1.0 51 5 14 7 17 7 1
Total for the district 54 5 4 8 19 7 1
Talitsky district
1.0 to 2.0 4 - - - 1 1 2
Less than 1.0 59 9 16 10 20 2 2
Total for the district 63 9 16 10 21 3 4
Other areas of the EURS zone
Less than 1.0 6 1 1 - 2 2 -
Total for the EURTS zone
Over 4.0 14 - 2 1 5 4 2
2.0 to 4.0 25 5 7 3 6 2 2
1.0 to 2.0 63 2 15 7 23 8 8
Less than 1.0 271 45 71 39 86 20 10
Total for EURTS 373 52 95 50 120 34 22
* Including rural settlements and district councils of the city of Kamensk-Uralsky.
Lovek made up almost 40% of the total, and with a population of 101 to 1000 people - about 55%. The largest number of affected settlements was in Kamensky (28.4%) and Kamyshlovsky (26%) districts. The population of the affected territories, according to the 1959 census, amounted to 302.5 thousand people. Of these, on lands with a pollution level of more than 4 Ci / km2 - > 7.0 thousand people; 4-2 Ci/km2 - 76.1 thousand people; 2-1 Ci/km2 -> 141.0 thousand people
The list of settlements by territories with initial levels of 90Sr pollution of more than 1 Ci/km2 is given in Table. 2.6-2.8. At the time of the accident, 162.6 thousand people lived in them. In Kamensk-Uralsky, Kamyshlov and Talitsa, the population was 198.6 thousand people. At the same time, the use by the population of local agricultural products, according to at least within the administrative division of territories, expanded the boundaries of socially significant radiation impact.
Comparing the reconstructed initial pollution levels with archival data, one should note their qualitative agreement, with the exception of the version used in the justifications of the State Program for the Rehabilitation of the Region. Almost all 38 settlements included in the SPZ and zone A are among those where the reconstructed pollution levels are more than 2 Ci/km2 for 90Sr (only 7 of them are less than 2 Ci/km2). The existing differences in the estimates lie in the range of accuracy of the initial measurements of activity levels and the accuracy of their reconstruction according to state mapping data.
The highest pollution density took place in the Kamensky district and the city of Kamensky-Uralsky (Sinarsky district).
The modern territory of the EURS within the Sverdlovsk region, limited by the reconstructed isoline of 0.1 Ci/km2, includes 267 settlements, including the cities of Kamensk-Uralsky, Kamyshlov, Talitsa and the urban-type settlements of Pyshma and Troitskoye. During the period of existence of the EURS within the current boundaries, the urban population increased from 205.9 to 287.3 thousand people, while the rural population decreased from 103.7 to 62.1 thousand people, while the number of settlements decreased by almost 100 units, according to regional statistics for 1994. Of these, 15 settlements, in which more than 115 thousand people live, are currently located in areas with pollution densities of 1-2 Ci/km2 (Table 2.9). Among them is the city of Kamensk-Uralsky (partially).
Table 2.6
Settlements with an initial pollution level of more than 4 Ci/km2
Selsoviet Settlement
As of 1958
According to the maps of the IGKE 1998
Kamensky (Pokrovsky)
Gornoisetsky (Smolinsky)
D. Klyuchi (Smolinskiye Klyuchiki) 261 7.2 2.0
D. Chetyrkina (relocated) 291 7.2 2.0
S. Tygish (resettled) 471 7.0 1.5
Pokrovsky
Popovo village 40 4.3 1.2
Rybnikovsky
from. Rybnikovskoe 568 8.0 2.2
City of Kamensk-Uralsky
Novy Zavod (Belovodsky) v. Novy Zavod 1256 5.4 1.5
Kamensky (Sinarsky)
Pozarihinskiy (Belovodskiy)
D. Belovodie 193 5.4 1.5
S. Pozarikha 1209 5.4 1.5
D. Bortnikova 94 5.4 1.5
Cheremkhovsky s. Cheremkhovo 773 5.4 1.5
Kamensky (Krasnogorsky)
Brodovskoy
Brod village 705 4.3 1.2
D. Klyukina (resettled)387 5.0 0.9
D. Keys 204 4.3 1.2
Brodovskoy (Shcherbakovsky) with. Shcherbakovo 625 5.8 1.6
Total 7077
Table 2.7
Settlements with an initial level of pollution from 2 to 4 Ci/km2
Administrative-territorial division and population
Pollution density 90Sr, Ci/km2
Selsoviet Settlement
Population as of 01/15/59, people
As of 1958
According to the maps of the IGKE 1998
Kamensky (Pokrovsky)
Gornoisetsky (Smolinsky) with. Smolinskoye 273 2.9 0.8
Pokrovsky D. M. Smolinka 24 2.5 0.7
Rybnikovsky village Bogatenkova 447 2.9 0.8
The end of the table. 2.7
Administrative-territorial division and population
Pollution density 90Sr, Ci/km2
Selsoviet Settlement
Population as of 01/15/59, people
As of 1958
According to the maps of the IGKE 1998
City of Kamensk-Uralsky
Krasnogorsk District Council (Brodovskoy) v. Tokareva 99 2.5 0.7
District Council of Novozavodsk (Belovodsk)
Sinarskiy 70700 3.6 1.0
D. Kodinka 604 3.6 1.0
D. Malaya Kodinka 80 3.6 1.0
P. Kodinsky, f. d. junction 77 3.6 1.0
State roads 38 3.6 1.0
Kamensky (Sinarsky)
Pozarihinskiy (Belovodskiy)
D. Mazulya 204 2.5 0.7
D. Svoboda (St. Lyamina)219 2.5 0.7
Travyansky
high Sosnovka 162 2.2 0.6
High Pervomayka 87 2.5 0.3
High Proletarian woman 14 2.9 0.8
Kamensky (Krasnogorsky)
Brodovskoy village Baynova Zaloga 397 2.2 0.6
P. Bainovskaya farm 78 2.2 0.6
D. Martyush 659 3.6 1.0
Uch. Team 2 3 3.6 1.0
Explosion industry house 20 3.6 1.0
Brodovsky (Shcherbakovsky)
Control line section, pioneer camp 8 3.6 1.0
Bogdanovichsky
Bainovsky village Zhukovo 11 2.2 0.6
D. Solonetsy 66 2.5 0.7
D. Podzhukovo 127 2.9 0.8
P. Poldnevoy (mine)
Kamyshlovskiy
Shilkinsky s. Shilkinskoe 213 2.5 0.7
Total 76122
Table 2.8
Settlements with an initial level of pollution from 1 to 2 Ci/km2
Administrative-territorial division and population
Pollution density 90 Sr, Ci/km2
Selsoviet Settlement
Population as of 01/15/59, people
As of 1958
According to the maps of the IGKE 1998
Kamensky (Pokrovsky)
Gornoisetsky (Smolinsky)
Mogilnikovsky peat bog 58 1.8 0.5
Pokrovsky D. M. Belonosova 214 1.4 0.4
Pokrovsky village Smolinskiye Gorki 95 1.4 0.4
Kamensky (Sinarsky)
Pozarihinskiy (Belovodskiy)
Railway barracks 279, 286 km and booth 288 km 39 1.8 0.5
Travyansky s. Travyanskoe 1171 1.0 0.3
P. Ural 166 1.4 0.4
D. Kremlevka 398 1.8 0.5
High High ridge 178 1.8 0.5
High Kalinovka 83 1.0 0.3
Aul Solontsy 10 1.0 0.3
Railway barracks 272 km and booths 275, 277 km 36 1.0 0.3
Bolshegryaznukhinsky
Pos. Herbs, w. e. station 64 1.0 0.3
High Krasnobolotka 78 1.4 0.4
High Stepanovka 39 1.4 0.4
Railway barracks 107 km 42 1.4 0.4
City of Kamensk-Uralsky
District Council Monastyrsky
Krasnogorsk 70600 1.4 0.4
from. Monastery 1893 1.0 0.3
Bogdanovichsky
Baynovsky
Upper Poldnevaya 204 1.8 0.5
D. Oktyabrina 106 1.8 0.5
S. Bainy 2862 1.7 0.3
Shchipachi village (Mid-day)337 1.4 0.4
D. Pesyanka 71 1.4 0.4
D. Aleshina 96 1.0 0.3
Volkovsky (Volodinsky)
from. Volkovskoye 750 1.4 0.4
Shchipachi village 251 1.8 0.5
Garashkinsky settlement Dubrovny 107 1.0 0.3
Ilyinsky (Volodinsky)
Cherdantsy village 232 1.0 0.3
Continuation of the table. 2.8
Administrative-territorial division and population
Pollution density 90Sr, Ci/km2
Selsoviet Settlement
Population as of 01/15/59, people
As of 1958
According to the maps of the IGKE 1998
Chernokorovsky
D. Beavers 69 1.0 0.3
S. Chernokorovskoe 326 1.0 0.3
D. Parshino 219 1.0 0.3
D. Raskatikha 315 1.0 0.3
Kamyshlovskiy (Bogdanovichskiy)
Oktyabrsky (Volodinsky)
D. Borisovo 276 1.4 0.4
S. Volodinskoe 311 1.4 0.4
Kamyshlovskiy
Oktyabrsky (Volodinsky)
P. Oktyabrsky (1 state farm) 719 1.0 0.3
Shilkinsky
Kolyasnikovo village 297 1.0 0.3
D. Shipitsina 340 1.4 0.4
Obukhovsky (Koksharovsky)
S. Obukhovskoe 543 1.4 0.4
D. Gryaznushka 235 1.4 0.4
D. Kazakova 412 1.4 0.4
Obukhovsky rest house 109 1.4 0.4
Pioneer camp 22 1.4 0.4
D. Koksharova 588 1.0 0.3
D. Legotino 253 1.0 0.3
D. Mostovaya 161 1.0 0.3
P. Oil depot 12 1.0 0.3
P. Koksharovsky, f. e. station 52 1.0 0.3
Railway booths 991.993, 997, 999 km 39 1.0 0.3
Kalinovsky
n. Elanskaya, railway d. station 2507 1.0 0.3
D. Borovlyanka 80 1.0 0.3
D. Yalunina 217 1.4 0.4
Vostochny (Aksarikhinsky)
Settlement Vostochny (settlement Aksarikhinsky agriculture) 587 1.0 0.3
D. Aksarikha 210 1.0 0.3
D. Kashina 299 1.0 0.3
Galkinsky
from. Galkinskoe 607 1.0 0.3
Galkinsky
Butyrki village 411 1.0 0.3
Galkinsky
Solodilovo village 647 1.4 0.4
Kamyshlov 30100 1.0 0.3
Pyshminsky
Trifonovsky village Melnikova 115 1.0 0.3
D. Ustyanka 304 1.4 0.4
The end of the table. 2.8
Administrative-territorial division and population
Pollution density 90Sr, Ci/km2
Selsoviet Settlement
Population as of 01/15/59, people
As of 1958
According to the maps of the IGKE 1998
Chernyshevsky
Savina village 398 1.0 0.3
Talitsky
Gorbunovsky (Lugovskoy) with. Gorbunovskoe 649 1.0 0.3
City of Talitsa 17200 1.0 0.3
Kuyarovsky (Yarovsky) village Temnaya 459 1.0 0.3
Chupinsky v. Komsomolsky (area No. 1 agricultural Chupinsky) 1036 1.0 0.3
Total 141304
Table 2.9
Settlements with current levels of pollution over 1 Ci/km2
Administrative-territorial division and population
Density of 90Sr pollution, Ci/km2 according to IGKE maps 1998
Selsoviet Locality*
Population as of 01.01.94, pers.
City of Kamensk-Uralsky
Sinarsky District Council 105463 1.0
Novozavodsky (Belovodsky)
e. New Plant 530 1.5
Novozavodsky (Shcherbakovsky)
village Kodinka 410 1.0
village Malaya Kodinka 6 1.0
P. Kodinsky, f. d. junction 11 1.0
P. State roads 6 1.0
Kamensky district
Brodovskoy D. Brod 628 1.2
D. Keys 12 1.2
D. Martyush 4323 1.0
Brodovskoy (Shcherbakovsky) with. Shcherbakovo 38 1.6
Gornoisetsky (Smolinsky) village Klyuchi 2 2
Pozarihinskiy (Belovodskiy)
from. Pozarikha 2249 1.5
Belovodie village 83 1.5
Rybnikovsky s. Rybnikovskoye 1110 2.2
Cheremkhovsky s. Cheremkhovo 510 1.5
Total 115381
* Within the city of Kamensk-Uralsky, the names of settlements are presented at the time of the accident, which were later included in the city.
2.3. ASSESSMENT OF DOSE LOADS AND STOCHASTIC CONSEQUENCES OF PUBLIC EXPOSURE
Clarification of the levels of radioactive contamination of the territories made it possible to estimate the exposure doses to the population in the EURT zone of the Sverdlovsk region. The calculation of accumulated doses was carried out according to the methodology “Reconstruction of the accumulated dose in the inhabitants of the basin of the river. Leak and accident zones in 1957 at the Mayak production association. For this, the emission composition published in the methodology was chosen, %: 90Sr + 90Y- 5.4, 95Zr + 95Nb - 24.9, 144Ce + 144Pr - 66, 106Ru + 106Rh - 3.7, 137Cs - 0.036. At the same time, for 1 Ci/km2 of 90Sr at the time of precipitation, there were 4.6 Ci/km2 of 95Zr and 95Nb, 12.2 Ci/km2 of 144Ce, and about 0.7 Ci/km2 of 106Ru. Based on these data, the effective dose rates created by the deposited radionuclides and then the accumulated doses were calculated.
The main factors influencing the formation of the dose accumulated by the population are:
External γ- and β-irradiation during the passage of a radioactive cloud;
Internal exposure due to inhalation of radionuclides in the same period;
External exposure due to radionuclides deposited on the soil;
Internal exposure of the body due to radionuclides coming from food.
According to the methodology, these influencing factors are uniquely related to the density surface contamination radionuclides and can be determined from the initial densities of 90Sr contamination of the territory. Dose loads from a passing radioactive cloud were mainly due to the impact of external gamma and beta radiation and internal exposure from radionuclides that entered the body through inhalation.
The calculation of the dose effect from external γ- and β-irradiation during the passage of a radioactive cloud, performed in accordance with the methodology, showed that the effective dose, normalized to a contamination density of 1 Ci/km2, for 90Sr is 0.0013 mSv. Based on the methodology, taking into account the proportion of respirable particles (~ 10%), the dose coefficients from the inhalation intake of radionuclides for various ages were calculated.
Nyh groups (normalized to the density of surface pollution 1 Ci/km2 according to 90Sr):
Age, years 0-1 1-2 3-7 8-12 13-17 Adults
Eff. dose, mSv 0.060 0.13 0.18 0.18 0.16 0.14
It should be borne in mind that only those persons who were on September 29, 1957 on the territory of the EURT were subjected to dose effects from the passing radioactive cloud.
The calculations took into account the decay of radionuclides, penetration into the soil, the coefficient of effective shielding by buildings, the effect of snow cover, etc. Since the dose of external exposure was determined mainly by relatively short-lived radionuclides, dose external exposure produced until 1963 inclusive. After this period, the additional dose load on the population from external radiation was less than 10 µSv/year, which, according to NRB-96, is a negligible value. The values of external exposure doses are determined by the period of exposure after the accident.
(effective screening coefficient Kee = 0.5):
Period after the accident, years 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-1 4-5 5-6 6-7
Annual doses of external exposure, mSv/year 0.928 0.036 0.019 0.012 0.008 0.009 0.007
Based on the conducted experiments on the transfer of radionuclides from soil to food, as well as studying the diet of the population of the Ural region, the method calculates the average annual intake of all radionuclides along food chains for different age groups. The calculation of accumulated doses from incorporated radionuclides was carried out taking into account the data recommended by the methodology of ICRP Publication 56. When calculating the annual doses created by the intake of radionuclides with the diet, we limited ourselves to the first 20 years after the accident, when a noticeable dynamics of changes in the intake of radionuclides into the human body was observed (Table 2.10). After 1976, the influx of 90Sr and 137Cs (the only remaining nuclides) creates doses of the order of 0.02-0.03 mSv/year, with a tendency to decrease due to radioactive decay. These doses, although they exceed the level of 0.01 mSv / year regulated by NRB-96, are insignificant from a practical point of view, since this value is more than an order of magnitude less,
Table 2.10
Annual effective radiation doses received by the population of the EURT zone (mSv), normalized for pollution no 90Sr 1 Ci/km2
Year of birth 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963
1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1969 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1968 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1967 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1966 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1965 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1964 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1963 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,226
1962 0 0 0 0 0 0,277 0,288
1961 0 0 0 0 0,331 0,351 0,166
1960 0 0 0 0,514 0,416 0,196 0,166
1959 0 0 1,27 0,606 0,220 0,196 0,166
1958 0 6,29 1,35 0,298 0,220 0,196 0,166
1957 19,28 3,82 0,653 0,298 0,220 0,196 0,166
1956 24,42 2,73 0,653 0,298 0,220 0,196 0,160
1955 17,91 4,04 0,764 0,337 0,237 0,192 0,167
1954 18,16 4,07 0,780 0,347 0,231 0,193 0,167
1953 18,16 4,07 0,780 0,324 0,231 0,193 0,167
1952 18,16 4,07 0,632 0,324 0,231 0,193 0,167
1951 18,16 2,84 0,632 0,324 0,231 0,193 0,238
1950 15,41 3,80 0,719 0,362 0,248 0,297 0,245
1949 15,51 3,83 0,726 0,367 0,353 0,299 0,246
1948 15,51 3,83 0,726 0,501 0,353 0,299 0,246
1947 15,51 3,83 0,812 0,501 0,353 0,299 0,246
1946 15,51 3,10 0,812 0,501 0,353 0,299 0,246
1945 13,46 3,34 0,817 0,505 0,354 0,299 0,136
1944 13,46 3,34 0,817 0,505 0,354 0,166 0,136
1943 13,46 3,34 0,817 0,505 0,196 0,166 0,136
1942 13,46 3,34 0,817 0,284 0,196 0,166 0,136
1941 13,46 3,34 0,497 0,284 0,196 0,166 0,136
1940 13,46 2,31 0,497 0,284 0,196 0,166 0,136
1939 10,49 2,49 0,501 0,287 0,198 0,166 0,136
1976 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1975 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1974 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1973 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Continuation of the table. 2.10
Year of birth 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970
1972 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1971 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1970 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,0818
1969 0 0 0 0 0 0,0914 0,1050
1968 0 0 0 0 0,1058 0,1173 0,0567
1967 0 0 0 0,1227 0,1359 0,0634 0,0567
1966 0 0 0,1396 0,1576 0,0734 0,0634 0,0567
1965 0 0,166 0,1792 0,0850 0,0734 0,0634 0,0567
1964 0,186 0,213 0,0969 0,0850 0,0734 0,0634 0,0567
1963 0,238 0,115 0,0969 0,0850 0,0734 0,0634 0,0618
1962 0,128 0,115 0,0969 0,0850 0,0734 0,0691 0,0618
1961 0,128 0,115 0,0969 0,0850 0,0800 0,0691 0,0618
1960 0,128 0,115 0,0969 0,0926 0,0800 0,0691 0,0618
1959 0,128 0,115 0,106 0,0926 0,0800 0,0691 0,0618
1958 0,128 0,120 0,106 0,0926 0,0800 0,0691 0,0889
1957 0,133 0,120 0,105 0,0926 0,0800 0,0993 0,0889
1956 0,133 0,120 0,105 0,0927 0,115 0,0993 0,0889
1955 0,136 0,123 0,106 0,133 0,115 0,0993 0,0889
1954 0,137 0,124 0,152 0,133 0,115 0,0993 0,0889
1953 0,137 0,178 0,152 0,133 0,115 0,0993 0,0889
1952 0,196 0,178 0,152 0,133 0,115 0,0993 0,0478
1951 0,196 0,178 0,152 0,133 0,115 0,0535 0,0478
1950 0,202 0,181 0,152 0,133 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1949 0,202 0,181 0,152 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1948 0,202 0,181 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1947 0,202 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1946 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1945 0,109 0,0$75 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1944 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1943 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1942 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1941 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1940 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1939 0,109 0,0975 0,0818 0,0719 0,0620 0,0535 0,0478
1976 0 0 0 0 0 0,0361 0,036
1975 0 0 0 0 0,0409 0,0463 0,087
1974 0 0 0 0,0481 0,0525 0,0250 0,126
1973 0 0 0,0553 0,0617 0,0283 0,0250 0,170
1972 0 0,0625 0,0710 0,0333 0,0283 0,0250 0,220
1971 0,0697 0,0803 0,0383 0,0333 0,0283 0,0250 0,275
1970 0,0896 0,0434 0,0383 0,0333 0,0283 0,0250 0,340
1969 0,0484 0,0434 0,0383 0,0333 0,0283 0,0273 0,415
1968 0,0484 0,0434 0,0383 0,0333 0,0309 0,0273 0,501
1967 0,0484 0,0434 0,0383 0,0363 0,0309 0,0273 0,603
The end of the table. 2.10
Year of birth 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 Total
1966 0,0484 0,0434 0,0418 0,0363 0,0309 0,0273 0,719
1965 0,0484 0,0473 0,0418 0,0363 0,0309 0,0273 0,856
1964 0,0527 0,0473 0,0418 0,0363 0,0309 0,0392 1,02
1963 0,0527 0,0473 0,0418 0,0363 0,0444 0,0392 1,22
1962 0,0527 0,0473 0,0418 0,0522 0,0444 0,0392 1,47
1961 0,0527 0,0473 0,0601 0,0522 0,0444 0,0392 1,78
1960 0,0527 0,0679 0,0601 0,0522 0,0444 0,0392 2,25
1959 0,0758 0,0679 0,0601 0,0522 0,0444 0,0392 3,45
1958 0,0758 0,0679 0,0601 0,0522 0,0444 0,0211 9,53
1957 0,0758 0,0679 0,0601 0,0522 0,0239 0,0211 25,7
1956 0,0758 0,0679 0,0601 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 29,7
1955 0,0758 0,0679 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 24,7
1954 0,0758 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 25,0
1953 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 25,0
1952 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 24,9
1951 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 23,7
1950 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 22,1
1949 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 22,3
1948 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 22,3
1947 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 22,3
1946 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 21,5
1945 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 19,6
1944 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 19,5
1943 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 19,3
1942 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 19,1
1941 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 18,8
1940 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 17,8
1939 0,0408 0,0366 0,0323 0,0281 0,0239 0,0211 15,0
Than the standard deviation for doses created by the natural radiation background (σERH ~ 0.5-0.7 mSv / year).
When calculating, it must be borne in mind that the table does not represent a calendar year, but a one-year period after the accident, i.e., the designation 1957 corresponds to the period from 09/29/57 to 09/29/58, the designation 1958 corresponds to the period from 09/29/58 to 09/29/59, etc. If a person has been in the EURT zone for a fractional number of years, then for periods exceeding two years from the moment of the accident, linear interpolation can be used with sufficient accuracy.
The main doses received by the population were formed in the first two years after the accident. At the same time, contaminated territories were surveyed, agricultural products were scrapped, and rehabilitation work was carried out. A significant number of workers went to the polluted territories
Ritories for a period of several weeks to several months. In addition to the resettled settlements of Tygish, Chetyrkino, Klyukino, a significant part of the population migrated independently. In this regard, it is of interest to determine the accumulated effective radiation doses for an arbitrary period of stay in the EURT zone during the first two years after the accident.
For the settlements resettled in the course of rehabilitation work, the method makes it possible to calculate the doses accumulated by the population in the first months after the accident (Table 2.11). The data show the ineffectiveness of this measure. Due to the delay in the resettlement period, the accumulated effective dose in the resettled persons decreased only by 15.5% compared to its expected value without resettlement.
The results obtained can serve as a basis for calculating the accumulated doses for an arbitrary period of stay in the EURT zone after the accident (arrival to the zone after 09/29/57) (Table 2.12). For this, it is necessary from the data in Table. 2.11 subtract the dose contribution from the radioactive cloud and select a mathematical function that describes the patterns of effective dose accumulation with minimal errors. It should be borne in mind that the calculations made are valid only if local foodstuffs were eaten.
Table data analysis. 2.12 shows that the accumulated effective exposure dose for an arbitrary period of stay in the EURT zone in the first two years after the accident for any age group can be calculated by the formula
##, mSv, (2.1)
Where A - surface contamination of the territory of the settlement with 90Sr, Ci / km2; tpr, tub - the time of arrival and departure from the settlement in the EURTS zone (days after the accident).
The results of calculating the effective dose of exposure for the entire period, normalized to the density of surface contamination of 1 Ci/km2 for 90Sr, are given in Table. 2.14. The cumulative effective dose averaged over age cohorts for this population is 16.9 mSv per 1 Ci/km2 for 90Sr. When using the methodology, it was assumed that the population
Table 2.11
Cumulative effective doses (mSv) of exposure normalized to a surface contamination density of 1 Ci/km2 for 90Sr for settlements relocated at different times after the accident
1956 0,98 1,36 16,73 18,83 19,28 22,54 23,10
1951-1955 1,16 1,55 18,51 21,02 24,42 26,57 27,15
1946-1950 0,97 1,25 14,32 16,57 18,16 21,43 22,23
1940-1945 0,88 1,13 12,70 14,81 15,52 18,50 19,20
1939 0,74 0,99 10,63 12,61 13,46 16,11 16,80
≤1939 0,64 0,83 8,46 9,87 10,49 12,44 12,97
Table 2.12
Accumulated effective doses (mSv) of public exposure, normalized to the surface contamination density of 1 Ci/km2 for 90Sr, at various times after the accident
Year of birth Date of resettlement, days
1958 10 14 250 330 365 670 730
1957 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 5,75 6,29
1956 0,93 1,30 16,67 18,77 19,22 22,54 23,10
1951-1955 1,03 1,41 18,38 20,89 24,29 26,57 27,15
1946-1950 0,78 1,07 14,13 16,38 17,98 21,43 22,23
1940-1945 0,70 0,95 12,52 14,63 15,33 18,54 19,34
1939 0,58 0,83 10,47 12,45 13,30 16,11 16,80
≤1939 0,50 0,69 8,32 9,73 10,35 12,44 12,97
Table 2.13
The values of the coefficients a and b for calculating the accumulated effective dose for an arbitrary period of stay in the EURT zone in the first two years after the accident
Year of birth a b Year of birth a b
1957 0,03467 6,3187 1946-1950 0,03800 10,2116
1956 0,02849 5,8005 1940-1945 0,04235 12,6722
1951-1955 0,03239 9,2215 ≤1939 0,05622 15,4831
Table 2.14
Effective exposure doses for the entire period, normalized to the surface contamination density of 1 Ci/km2 for 90Sr
Age at exposure, years
Sources of exposure in the zone of EURT
Total effective dose, mSv
Intake with food
inhalation intake
External exposure
< 1 23,5 0,06 1,16 24,7
1-2 27,4 0,13 1,16 28,7
3-7 22,9 0,18 1,16 24,2
8-12 20,5 0,18 1,16 21,9
13-17 17,4 0,16 1,16 18,7
Adults 13.4 0.14 1.16 14.7
Table 2.15
Dose loads on the population of the city of Kamensk-Uralsky, permanently residing from the moment of accidents, according to the data on the initial levels of pollution of places of residence
A district of the city
Population in 1959, people
Initial pollution density by 90Sr, Ci/km2
Dose per critical group, mSv
Average dose, mSv
D. Kodinka 604 3.6 103.3 60.8
D. M. Kodinka 80 3.6 103.3 60.8
D. New Plant 1256 5.4 155.0 91.3
Railway siding Kodinka 77 3.6 103.3 60.8
State roads 38 3.6 120.5 70.1
Sinarskiy 70700 3.6 103.3 60.8
Krasnogorsk 70600 1.4 40.2 23.7
Table 2.16
Equivalent doses of exposure for the entire period to individual organs, normalized to the density of surface contamination of 1 Ci/km2 for 90Sr
Age at exposure
Dose, mSv
Age at exposure
Dose, mSv
red bone marrow
Adults 35.3
Stomach 0-9 5.0
Adults 3.3
Small intestine
Adults 6.8
Upper large intestine
Adults 32.4
The lower part of the large intestine
Adults 94.6
East Ural radioactive trace (EURS), territory, polluted in 1957 with radioactive substances as a result of a radiation accident at the Mayak chemical plant. As a result of an accidental release (explosion of a storage tank for high-level liquid radioactive waste from radiochemical production), radionuclides were dispersed into parts of the territory. People, Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions. strip width. 20-40 km and up to 300 km long. Initial in the radionuclide composition is contaminated. terr. short-lived cerium-144 (144 Ce) and zirconium-95 95 Zr) prevailed - in total more than 90% of all beta activity; in a smaller steppe, contained strontium-90 + yttrium-90 (90 Sr + 90 Y) - 5.4%, ruthenium-106 (106 Ru) - 3.7% and cesium-137 (137 Cs) - 0.35%. Short-lived radionuclides, which formed the radiation environment after the accident, almost completely decayed in the first 5 years. Strontium-90 (90 Sr) was adopted as a reference radionuclide (determining the radiation and radioecological situation). Terr. distribution of an emergency release (against the background of already existing pollution, conditioned nuclear testing in the atmosphere until 1957) was contoured by a soil 90Sr contamination density of 3.7 kBq/m 2 , or 0.1 Ku/km 2 (twice the global background, or the minimum 90 Sr contamination level detected at the time). Territory area with pollution densities above this level was approx. 20 thousand km 2. The general management of the work to eliminate the consequences of the accident in the EURTS zone was carried out by the Sov. Min. USSR and executive committees and Sverdlovsk region. Terr. area approx. 1000 km 2 (approximately 5% of the entire area of the EURT) received the official status of radioactively contaminated. [density of 90 Sr contamination here was St. 74 kBq/m2 (2 Ku/km2)]. In the first 2 years after the accident, residents were resettled. 24 people points (12,763 people), an exclusion zone was formed, where any household was prohibited. activity. The boundaries of the zone are taken under the protection of departments, the police, the control of the dignity. - epidemiological. services for compliance with the requirements of the san.-radiation regime. Depending on the density of pollution terr. and time of residence (before resettlement) effective dose of combined exposure to maximum, irradiation. age group (children 1–2 years old at the time of the accident) ranged from 0.4 to 150 s3v. In 1958-59, the decontamination of a part of the territory seized from the households was carried out. use (approx. 20 thousand hectares of agricultural land), by plowing. On the territory former population. points with the help of earthmoving equipment were destroyed and buried in the trenches of the building. On the site of some villages, after leveling the surface, pine trees were planted. In March 1958 scientific and technical. Council of the USSR Minsredmash considered the proposal of Acad. V. M. Kleinovsky on the study and search for ways of beings, weakening the influence of radioactive contamination on the page - x. pr-in. Minsredmash, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR initiated a research, direction. on search of possibilities of restoration page - x. pr-va on from-foreign. terr. in order to reduce the economy. damage and receipt of page - x. products containing 90 Sr not exceeding the permissible levels. This activity served as the basis for the organization in 1958 of the Experimental Research Station of the Mayak Production Association. On the basis of the station with scientists from Moscow. s.-x. academy. K. A. Timiryazev, Moscow State University, Soil Institute, V. V. Dokuchaeva, Agrophys. in-ta VASKhNIL, Institute of Biophysics of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and its branches (FIB-1 and FIB-4) began complex research. under the general scientific hand-vom Klechkovsky. Already by 1960-61, the experiment proved the possibility of restoring the page - x. pr-va. In 1961 in Chel. region the first 5 spetsializir were created. state farms (in the Sverdlovsk region - 2). By 1982 in the household. 87 thousand people were involved in the use ha (82%) alienated lands [contamination density 90 Sr 74–150 kBq/m2 (2–4 Ku/km2)], of which 41,000 hectares of agricultural land. land (16 thousand hectares in Chel. Region and 25 thousand hectares in Sverdlovsk). The remaining 19,000 ha (the most polluted part of the EURT) are reserved for the East Ural Reserve. Objects of the natural environment on the territory. EURTS were subjected to, therefore, radiation exposure. However, due to the stability of species of plants and plants to radiation, a relatively small area of territory, on which a severe defeat or death of local species occurred, as well as a high rate of restoration processes of natural populations, communities and biocenoses, radiation damage caused to wildlife turned out to be insignificant . Scientific research showed that, despite the presence of radiation genetic. effects in department plant species and well-nyh, living on the territory. EURT, this does not pose a danger to the further existence of natural populations.
| Radionuclide | 1982 estimates | Contemporary estimates | ||
| Reserve, PBq(kCi) | Contribution to total activity, % | Reserve, PBq(kCi) | ||
| 89Sr | footprints | - | footprints | - |
| 90 Sr+ 90 Y | 5,4 | 2,0(54) | 5,4 | 2,4(54) |
| 95 Zr+ 95 Nb | 24,9 | 18,4(498) | 24,8 | 18,4(496) |
| 106 Ru+ 106 Rh | 3,7 | 2,7(74) | 3,7 | 2,7(74) |
| 137Cs | 0,036 | 0,027(0,72) | 0,35 | 0,26(7,0) |
| 144 Ce+ 144 Pr | 66,0 | 48,8(1320) | 65,8 | 48,7(1316) |
| 147 Pm | footprints | - | footprints | - |
| 155 Eu | footprints | - | footprints | - |
| Pu | footprints | - | footprints | 0,0014(0,038) |
Exactly 60 years ago, on September 29, 1957, an explosion occurred at the top-secret Combine-817 in the Chelyabinsk region. It became the first nuclear disaster in the USSR. The tragedy was hidden for a long time, because the company made atomic weapons.
Today, part of the documents on the Kyshtym tragedy is still kept under the heading "secret". The accident has nothing to do with Kyshtym. Everything happened in the closed city of Ozersk, but it was not indicated on the maps then, so they took the point closest to it.
Professor, Doctor historical science Vitaly Tolstikov told the readers of Komsomolskaya Pravda about the secrets of that tragedy.
... It seemed that a little more and life would become a little better. After a long time at the plant, things went smoothly. managed to cope with nuclear reactor"Annushka", whose violent temper for a long time could not be understood. Even by the standards of the USSR, the new buildings of the plant were built very quickly. There, in top-secret laboratories, plutonium was successfully pumped into bombs. The leadership of Combine-817, which communicated directly with the Kremlin, allowed itself a vacation during the velvet season.
The day turned out to be warm and the inhabitants of Base-10 - then Ozersk was designated by this code - gathered at the stadium to watch a football match. During the game, a rumble was heard, but no one flinched. "Bahali" in those parts daily: they blew up the rock to build. But that explosion received its own name "Explosion-57" (the number means the year) and became the world's first accident of such magnitude.
1. CONSTRUCTION:
Didn't feel sorry for people
The cause of the tragedy is called a terrible rush during construction. The Americans have shown strength in Hiroshima and have already stamped atomic warheads on every Soviet installation. Stalin urgently demanded nuclear weapons from scientists.
It was decided to build three nuclear towns near Chelyabinsk. After the war, we gathered the color of the allied industry. In addition, the region is removed from the borders in the event of an enemy attack. By the way, all closed cities were built on the territory of Russia. Who knows what would have happened if there had been a "ban" after the collapse of the Union in the fraternal republic. Surely the developments would have gone to the enemy.
The construction of a secret plant, where the production of nuclear weapons began, could not keep up with the appetites of the Cold War. The builders put up the walls, and the designers at that time were still drawing the project.
There were not enough overalls, dosimeters were imperfect. Workers could be sent with their bare hands to wipe up the reagent that oozed from a leaky pipe. All equipment for object 817 migrated from the chemical industry. There was no other then, but as it turned out, the atom needs its own technique. Radiation destroyed devices. This was the cause of the accident.
2. EXPLOSION:
160 tons of concrete failed to contain nuclear waste
They did not know how to process high-level waste at that time. At first, radioactive slurry was poured into the Techa River. This method was then considered normal - there was a lot of waste. The Americans, for example, poured everything into the Columbia River, which flows into the ocean.
A canyon eight meters deep was dug near the plant for 20 concrete containers. They were called "banks of eternal storage." Hundreds of tons of waste were pumped there and a cooling system was installed. After all, the nuclear reaction is not completely completed, and all this mass must be cooled. One of the cans with 200 tons of poison eventually exploded.
Half an hour before that, the duty brigade descended into the underground gallery to the tanks. I was alerted by yellow smoke from underground. It was very hot inside. They thought it was a short circuit, but they could not find the problem and left. It turned out that the cooling was broken. The container boiled up to +330 degrees.
At 16.22 there was an explosion. The 160-ton concrete lid that covered the waste cylinder flew off to the side. The explosion damaged the lids of other containers. Within a radius of 200 meters, windows, doors and even gates were knocked out. Watchdogs on the territory of the plant they raised their muzzles and at the same time issued an alarming howl.
3. LIQUIDATION:
The soldiers were afraid of radiation
A cloud of radioactive dust rose and in the rays of the setting sun lit up in a dark brown color. Newspapers the next day wrote about the northern lights. People a hundred kilometers from the explosion in the center of Chelyabinsk saw this glow.
There were barracks next to the plant. On that day, a chemical protection officer took over duty. He immediately gave the order to barricade the windows and begin wet cleaning.
Nikolai Semyonov, deputy chief engineer, took charge of the liquidation. One dosimetrist engineer volunteered for reconnaissance at the storage facility. A tank was brought for him from Lake Karachay, where waste was also dumped.
The cab of the car was lined with lead - radiation protection. And outside hung devices that collected data. The volunteer went to the epicenter. He received a significant dose, but he lived and worked at the plant for a long time.
Soldiers were sent to clean up the accident. They removed a layer of earth and took it to the “burial ground”, washed walls, steam locomotives, and cars with special solutions. They organized checkpoints, where employees were taken on one bus and transferred to another. Here they changed and bathed.
To motivate the soldiers, they promised to demobilize after the operation. But whole platoons were afraid to go to the contaminated lands and stood silently until the commanders showed by personal example that radiation would not kill.
It was necessary to eliminate the total contamination of the territory of the plant. Nine times more radioactive waste fell here than over the entire 350 km, on which the bulk of the cloud fell. At the same time, production did not stop for a minute. And the employees themselves did not want to leave - they held on to a large salary and thought about the honor of the country.
4. EVACUATION:
The radiation cloud circled the earth twice
A week later, dosimetrists appeared at the nearest village of Bagaryak to the plant. Village people lived here, and now strangers in gas masks landed at the huts from trucks. Huge chemical protection hoodies dragged through the autumn slush. Machine guns hung in the back.
Yours is dirty. We need to leave immediately, - the military man croaked through the filter.
The reason was kept secret. People were evicted from the villages and taken from them a non-disclosure subscription for 25 years. But they didn't know anything anyway. At the same time, they did not skimp on compensation: they paid for each cattle, house, things that the residents were forced to abandon. Over the course of a year and a half, other villages in the affected area were also resettled.
According to the wind rose, the cloud moved away from Ozersk. The radioactive trace was carried by the wind to the Sverdlovsk region, but before the start major cities he's already "dissolved". Although the radioactive cloud circled the planet twice. But the effect of radiation from it was negligible.
5. CONSEQUENCES:
The exclusion zone is still closed
Nobody died, although Western press dissident scientists reported hundreds of casualties. They fired the chief engineer, and the director of the plant was removed from his post and transferred to another "ban" near Tomsk.
One soldier was seriously injured from radiation. There was a kiosk on the territory of the plant. The military decided while confusion reigned to steal cookies and cigarettes from there. They did not think that radiation could enter the body with food.
Where the atomic trail was walked, they made the East Ural Reserve. The exclusion zone was hidden behind the blessed name and barbed wire. A year later, biologists arrived in those parts. It was found that conifers are highly susceptible to radiation, they quickly turn yellow and shed their needles. But birches are very resistant to radiation.
Today this area is only partially open. Experiments on people in the affected area are information machinations of the enemy. The Western press is still issuing materials that allegedly people were deliberately kept in the dark about the catastrophe in order to track how they die from radiation.
By the way, American intelligence knew about the accident. But in the United States, the nuclear program was also actively developing at that time. And in order not to disturb the society, it was decided not to report it.
The Mayak chemical plant (Combine No. 817), located in the city of Ozersk (Chelyabinsk region, the Russian Federation), or Chelyabinsk-40 (1948-1966), or Chelyabinsk-65 (1966-1994), or Sorokovka (as the city was called by its inhabitants), wide popularity received in the USSR only in 1989. Before that, only a few knew about him. Especially about what happened at this plant on September 29, 1957: one of the biggest nuclear disasters in the history of mankind. And if every student and resident of the country knows about the events at the fourth power unit at the nuclear power plant in Chernobyl on April 26, 1986, then only a few know about the September events of 1957 at a secret chemical plant in the Ural Mountains.
There are many resources on the Internet that describe in detail this catastrophe, including on Wikipedia and Lukmorye. So I do not pretend to the uniqueness of the material, but simply state some facts about the terrible "Kyshtym tragedy" or the so-called "Ural Chernobyl". In fact, the most frequently mentioned name of the accident came from the name of the settlement Kyshtym, which is located several tens of kilometers from the place of the tragedy, and at the time of the accident was the nearest city MARKED on the maps. The chemical plant itself and its satellite city of Ozersk (Chelyabinsk-40) were secret and were not marked on the maps of the USSR. So, in principle, it happened all the time in the Soviet Union. For example, the name of the Baikonur cosmodrome: a settlement with by the same name was located at a considerable distance from it, and there were cities and villages much closer to the cosmodrome itself. But the influence of the Cold War, the eternal attempts to confuse and hide information from opponents and American spies, did their job.
Combine "Mayak"
When the US military used atomic bombs in Japan on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, in the USSR they realized how decisive the impact on other countries through nuclear weapons could be. It was decided to start research in this area in order to create "their own" unique bomb. And after a few years, the nuclear program became No. 1 in the country. After the end of World War II, in the USSR, in Ural mountains, at a distance of about 100 kilometers from Chelyabinsk, they began to build a chemical production. The plant was named "Mayak". The plant and its satellite city were built with ordinary Soviet means and methods practiced in those years. In particular, the "voluntary" labor of Komsomol "biorobots" was used, the recruitment of qualified engineers throughout the country who could not voluntarily refuse a "business trip" to Kyshtym, increased secrecy and, which is unimaginable for foreigners, the labor of prisoners of labor camps in A TOP SECRET facility. Academic Supervisor project was Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov, later known as the "father" of the Soviet nuclear bomb.
In the course of work on the manufacture of atomic weapons, neither the environment nor the health of people was taken care of. To make a charge for a bomb, this chemical factory, where not only uranium and plutonium were obtained, but also great amount liquid and solid nuclear waste generated during the separation of nuclear elements. This waste contained a huge amount of radioactive residues of cesium, uranium, strontium, plutonium and other elements. Initially, the entire production cycle was single-circuit, i.e. all waste and coolants after the production cycle were poured directly into the environment: into the Techa River near the plant. Soon, people began to get sick and die in villages and villages on the banks of the river, and then a “decision” was made to pour only low-level waste into the river. Note that the Techa River is a tributary of the Ob, which flows into Arctic Ocean. And the consequences of the discharge of radioactive waste from Mayak were also found in the ocean. Medium-level waste began to be dumped into the drainless Lake Karachay, and high-level waste was disposed of in special stainless steel tanks located in special concrete storage facilities. The contents of these containers were constantly heated due to the activity of radioactive materials, therefore, in order to prevent an explosion and cool the contents, it was necessary to take measures to cool and control the state of these industrial radioactive waste.
Leaks of "precious" radioactive material occurred in the production itself. Komsomol "biorobots" with buckets and sponges, as well as prisoners, were used to collect them. The health of permanent workers was also not much of a concern, since the effects of radiation were not yet fully known in those years, especially its effects in the long term. They feared only an instant threat. According to eyewitnesses, one of the indicators for "sending" to a short-term sick leave was a constant bleeding from the nose or hair loss. Technologies related to nuclear elements were also imperfect in the late 1950s. So in the production process, ordinary felt seals were used in the valves, which constantly leaked and corroded from radioactive substances. Ordinary glass was used for control lenses, which burst upon contact with active substances. Correspondingly, pipes flowed, glasses burst, wiring sparked, dust and radioactive substances were constantly carried around the plant. But the production had to work around the clock, so “someone” had to constantly repair, restore, remake, refine, clean it all. As a result, many thousands of workers died from radiation sickness, some from cancer ...
1957 accident
September 29, 1957 at 16:22 there was an explosion of a tank with a volume of 300 cubic meters, which contained about 80 cubic meters of highly radioactive waste. According to one of the official versions of the cause of the explosion, is the failure of the cooling system and, as a result, the heating and subsequent detonation of the container. According to another version, a solution containing plutonium accidentally got into the waste, the interaction of which with the waste released a large amount of energy and led to an explosion. From the materials of the investigation, the official cause of the accident is: one of the containers of the storage of radioactive waste, with a volume of 300 cubic meters, led to the self-heating of 70-80 tons of high-level waste stored there, mainly in the form of nitrate-acetate compounds. Evaporation of water, drying the residue and heating it to a temperature of 330 - 350 degrees led September 29, 1957 at 16:00 local time to the explosion of the contents of the tank. The power of an explosion similar to that of a powder charge is estimated at 70-100 tons of trinitrotoluene.” An independent investigation of the accident has not been conducted to date, and some scientists believe that it was nuclear explosion as a result of a spontaneous reaction (version with plutonium). Until now, technical and chemical reports of investigations of this accident have not been published.
The power of the explosion is estimated at 70-100 tons of TNT (the bomb dropped on Nagasaki was up to 18,000 tons). The directly exploded waste container was located in a special ditch more than 8 meters deep, where there were a total of 20 such containers. The tank was destroyed, the concrete floor 1 meter thick and weighing about 160 tons, located above this moat, was thrown to the side by 25 meters. About 20 million curies of radioactive substances were released into the environment (with the explosion at Chernobyl - about 380 million curies, with the explosion at Fukushima-1 - 5-10 million curies). About 2 million curies of emissions formed a cloud in the atmosphere at an altitude of 1-2 km from the surface, from which radioactive fallout fell over a distance of 300-350 km in a northeast direction over the next 10-11 hours.
To eliminate the consequences of the accident, in fact, in order to wash away radioactive substances with water, the efforts of hundreds of thousands of people were required at the industrial sites of the Mayak chemical plant. From nearby cities, including Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk, young men and women were mobilized to eliminate the consequences of the accident, who were not warned about where they were going and about the danger of radiation. They also brought whole parts of the military, parties of prisoners. Everyone was strictly forbidden to say where they were, what they did. Village children aged 7-13 were sent to bury the radioactive crop. To eliminate the consequences, the labor of pregnant women was also used. As a result, in the Chelyabinsk region and directly in the city of Ozersk, the mortality rate after the accident increased significantly, people died right at work, children were born with genetic abnormalities, entire families died out ... The area of direct pollution affected at least 217 settlements with a population of at least 272,000 people in Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Tyumen regions. The city of Ozersk itself was not affected, but about 90% of the waste fell directly on the territory of the chemical plant. Further, these wastes were actively "brought" into the city on the shoes, clothes and wheels of the liquidators' cars.
During the liquidation of the consequences of the accident, 27 villages with a population of 10 to 12 thousand people were resettled. Buildings, property, livestock and crops were destroyed. By decision of the government of the USSR, in 1959, a special sanitary-protected zone was created in this area to prevent the spread of pollution, where any economic activity was prohibited. However, according to information from some sources, some villages and farms at an equidistant distance remained in this territory for special studies of the effects of radiation on people and animals. Since 1968, the Eastern Urals has been formed on this territory. state reserve, which is now referred to as the East Ural radioactive trace (EURS). The area of this reserve was originally about 27,000 square meters, however, due to the constant “dispersion” of radiation by the wind, the area of this EURT, albeit slightly, is still increasing.
Directly mutants and various "freaks", as well as in the territory near Chernobyl, are absent. A lot of wild, fearless animals run around this territory, including roe deer and deer. There are practically no coniferous trees on the territory of the EURT, especially pine trees typical for these latitudes. This is due to the fact that most of the radiation accumulates in plants in leaves and needles, and if deciduous trees shed their leaves every year, then conifers cannot do this. As a result, the needles turn yellow and the tree dies.
Conclusion
Information about the disaster was hidden from the population of the country. Even special measures were taken to misinform the population: they talked about the reflection of a special aurora. Distorted facts about the accident were constantly described in the Western press and other sources, since no one really knew about the real facts about this disaster. It became known to the general public only at the very end of the 1980s. In many ways, only after the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant The government of the USSR realized that it was possible to “tell” about the accident at the Mayak plant. As a result of the accident, there were victims, and resettled, and heroic liquidators of the consequences of the disaster. The latter, before the declassification of the details of the accident, did not have any rights and benefits at all. No one, I think, will fully know how many people died as a result of this accident, especially since almost 55 years have passed since this terrible event. It is not known how many of the tens of thousands of liquidators of the accident died in subsequent years. The consequences of environmental pollution will haunt both residents of nearby areas and the descendants of resettled residents for a long time to come. The Mayak plant, already as the Mayak Production Association, is still functioning. The association is one of the largest Russian centers processing radioactive metals. Mayak serves Beloyarsk, Kola and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants, processes nuclear fuel from nuclear submarines and icebreakers.
They continue to drain into Lake Karachay radioactive waste, water heats up, evaporates, dust with harmful substances carried by the wind across the Chelyabinsk region ...
"Kyshtym accident"- major radiation man-made accident, which occurred on September 29, 1957 at the Mayak chemical plant, located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40. Now this city is called Ozyorsk. The accident is called Kyshtym due to the fact that the city of Ozyorsk was classified and was not on the maps until 1990. Kyshtym is the nearest city to it.
September 29, 1957, Sunday, 4:22 p.m. At the Mayak production association in the Chelyabinsk region (Chelyabinsk-40, now Ozersk), one of the containers in which high-level waste was stored exploded. The explosion completely destroyed the stainless steel tank, which was located in a concrete canyon 8.2 meters deep. There were 14 cans in the canyon. 10 percent of the radioactivity was lifted into the air. And the rest of the waste thrown out of the tank remained at the industrial site. Reactor plants got into the contamination zone. I worked on one of them until February 1962.
The day was sunny and warm. A gusty southwest wind was blowing, which carried the air masses in the direction opposite to the city blocks. All residents of the city, like us at the stadium, heard the explosion, but not everyone paid attention to it. At that time, peaceful explosions were not uncommon at many facilities under construction. As the shift workers, whom I replaced that day, said, after the explosion, a column of smoke and dust rose up to a kilometer high, the dust flickered with an orange-red light and settled on buildings and people ...
Immediately after the explosion at the facilities of the chemical plant, dosimetrists noted a sharp increase in the radiation background. Many industrial buildings, vehicles, concrete and railways were contaminated. The main spot of radioactive contamination fell on the territory of the industrial sites, and 256 cubic meters of radioactive solutions were drained into the tanks. The radioactive cloud passed the city of nuclear scientists and passed by only because the favorable location of the city played its role - when laying it, they took into account the wind rose.
As a result of the explosion of the container, a concrete slab weighing 160 tons was torn off. A brick wall was destroyed in a building located 200 meters from the source of the explosion.
They did not immediately pay attention to the polluted streets, canteens, shops, schools, preschool institutions. In the first hours after the explosion, radioactivity was brought into the city on the wheels of cars and buses, on the clothes and shoes of workers at industrial facilities. The most polluted was the central city Lenin street, especially at the entrance to the city from the side of the industrial site, and Shkolnaya street, where the management of the plant lived. Subsequently, the flow of radioactivity was suspended. Entry into the city from the industrial sites of cars and buses was prohibited. Facilities workers on checkpoint got off the buses and passed the checkpoint. This requirement applied to everyone, regardless of rank and official position. Shoes were washed on flow trays. The radiation accident of 1957 was not only a serious disaster, but also a lesson for the workers of the plant. Many did not pay enough attention to the problems radiation safety. Since that time, stored food began to be checked. The accident forced the workers of the plant to take a different attitude to their work.
The territory that was exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of an explosion at a chemical plant was called the “East Ural radioactive trace”. The total length was approximately 300 km, with a width of 5-10 km. About 27 thousand people lived in this area. Fields, pastures, reservoirs, forests, which turned out to be unsuitable for further use, were polluted on the territory.
In a memorandum addressed to the Central Committee of the CPSU, Minister E.P. Slavsky wrote: Chief Engineer this plant, which allowed gross violation technological regulations for the operation of storage facilities for radioactive solutions”. The order of the Ministry of Medium Machine Building, signed by E.P. Slavsky, noted that the cause of the explosion was insufficient cooling of the tank, which led to an increase in temperature in it and to the creation of conditions for the explosion of salts. Later, this was confirmed in experiments conducted by the Central Factory Laboratory (CLZ). The director of the plant M.A. Demyanovich took all the blame for the accident, for which he was relieved of his duties as director.
The radiation accident in the Urals confronted science and practice whole line completely new challenges. It was necessary to develop measures for the radiation protection of the population. An Experimental Station was set up in the Urals, which played a leading role in studying the consequences of the accident and developing recommendations.
44 years have passed since that fateful day, but every time it comes, all the events of this period are remembered again and again ... 24 liquidators live in Dubna, who took direct involvement in dealing with the aftermath of the accident. Every year they gather on this day together and remember, remember ...
History
In the wilderness of the Ural forests, a secret city was built for those who worked at the Mayak plant and built it. Today almost 100 thousand people live in Ozersk. About 14% of the population works at the plant. Over the entire history of Mayak, almost 120 thousand people worked on it. Entry and exit from the city is carried out according to a special access system. Secrecy often leads to serious violations human rights. For example, all residents of the city, even those who do not work at a nuclear plant, are required to obtain access to state secrets, which significantly limits their rights.
Valentin Galuzin worked as a control engineer for the Ruslan reactor at the Mayak plant. On September 9, 2000, production was left without electricity for 45 minutes, which threatened a new "Chernobyl" disaster. Together with other engineers on duty, Valentin managed to prevent an explosion, which was 4 minutes away. After this incident, he quit. In his hand is a pass to the ZATO Ozersk, a symbol of closeness and secrecy. If an accident occurs today, as it did in 1957, the outside world may not know about it for a long time. Like 50 years ago, the company's management is trying to hide information about accidents, hiding behind secrecy.
Dina Galuzina was sent to the Mayak plant at the age of 19. As a student at a construction technical school, she had an internship at the industrial site of the plant, where about 18 million curies of radioactivity fell out as a result of an accident. In Ozyorsk, after the explosion, the streets were constantly washed and residents were forced to throw away contaminated clothing. No one knows how much radiation Dina received. In 2006, she was diagnosed with breast cancer, but doctors refused to link the disease to radiation exposure.
This number of graves will be filled no later than in a month. According to statistics, from 3 to 10 residents die in the city every day. 
As a result of an accident in 1957, on an area of about 20,000 sq. km. radioactive fallout fell - this is the so-called. East Ural radioactive trace - EURS (later part of the trace was returned to economic use). Despite the radiation hazard, the territory of the EURT is not fenced off and is not noticeably marked on the ground in any way. The only identification marks are such plates, located several kilometers from one another.
(ZATO) Ozersk. The entry of foreign citizens into this territory is prohibited, despite the fact that the barbed wire around closed city located several kilometers away. Long years secrecy has led to the fact that the locals continue to be afraid of imaginary enemies. If people with photo and video equipment stop at the sign, vigilant citizens will immediately call the police. At the same time, in the public satellite system on the Internet, the whole of Ozersk is at a glance.
Lake Ulagach is located in close proximity to the plant, near the village of Novogorny. Officially, this lake is clean. However, 2 years ago, signs were installed there prohibiting the entry of “outsiders”. Used water from the 20th plant of the Mayak plant is dumped into Ulagach - the lake is contaminated with plutonium. On the opposite bank there are garden plots of the inhabitants of the village of Novogorny. The lake hosts annual diving competitions.
The only monument to the liquidators of the accident at the Mayak plant in the Chelyabinsk region was installed only in 2007 in the city of Kyshtym. The accident is known precisely as “Kyshtymskaya”, since Kyshtym turned out to be the nearest unclassified settlement. On the railway station trains with equipment and people for a nuclear plant arrived in this city. Lives in the Chelyabinsk region the largest number victims of the accident. However, most of them cannot count on compensation from the state - doctors refuse to link diseases with radiation, officials refuse to receive documents, and courts refuse to restore rights.
Due to the large number of lakes, the Chelyabinsk region was chosen as a site for the construction of the Mayak plant - a large amount of water is needed to operate a nuclear reactor, drain and dilute radioactive waste. Irtyash is the upper and the only clean lake in the Irtyash-Kasli system of lakes. Further, down from it, all the lakes and the Techa River have practically been turned into storage facilities for liquid radioactive waste. Lake Karachay, where Mayak still dumps radioactive waste, is one of the most polluted places on the planet. According to environmental organizations, the amount of radiation that got into this lake is equal to 8 Chernobyl emissions.
Until 2006, the radioactively contaminated area along the Techa River did not have any designation. Under pressure from the public, the management of the Mayak plant nevertheless decided to begin installing warning signs. Last year, 134 concrete “warnings” of radioactive danger appeared, but they are still rare and hardly noticeable. According to the administration of the plant, the level of pollution of the Techa River is only "slightly above the norm." However, Mayak employees cannot work near the river without special permission. And if the plant sends someone to Techa, a special allowance is paid for dangerous work.
After the accident in 1957, 23 villages were liquidated. Buildings and livestock were destroyed. For the burial of animals, territories were specially allocated, surrounded by barbed wire with signs of radiation. However, to today these cemeteries are abandoned. They are not protected, no soil monitoring and groundwater not produced. In addition, there are spontaneous burial grounds that are not marked on the ground, since there was not enough space in the allocated territories. These burial grounds will pose a danger to humans for tens of thousands of years.
East Ural radioactive trace, Chelyabinsk region. Radioactive substances released into the atmosphere as a result of the accident were lifted by the explosion to a height of 1–2 km and formed a radioactive cloud. 4 hours after the explosion, this cloud traveled 100 km, and after 10–11 hours, the radioactive trail was completely formed. 2 million curies that settled on the ground formed a contaminated area of 23,000 square kilometers, which stretches for 350 km in a northeast direction from the Mayak plant. In the zone radiation pollution turned out to be the territory of three regions: Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk and Tyumen with a population of 270,000 people who lived in 217 settlements.
Large and beautiful mushrooms grow on the radioactively contaminated lands of the East Ural radioactive trace. True, they emit an increased level of radiation. However, local residents rarely pay attention to signs prohibiting picking mushrooms and berries.
For residents of poor Bashkir villages located near the Mayak plant, picking berries and mushrooms in the polluted area is a significant support for the family budget. This woman sells berries that emit high levels of radiation at the federal highway Yekaterinburg-Chelyabinsk.
In the village of Tatarskaya Karabolka there is a custom: to hang elk antlers at the entrance to the house. Moose meat is used for food. Meanwhile, both antlers and elk meat in this area are life-threatening due to the high level of radioactive contamination. On the dosimeter - excess natural background more than 30 times.
The East Ural State Reserve (VUGZ) was organized by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated June 26, 1966 No. 384-10 and Order of the Deputy Minister of Medium Machine Building of the USSR No. ST. 137 dated May 5, 1966 on the territory contaminated during the Mayak accident in order to “prevent the removal of radioactive substances from the territory of the trace, prevent unauthorized entry of the population into the contaminated territory, conduct scientific research to study the patterns of behavior of radionuclides in natural natural conditions, as well as assessing the state of ground and aquatic ecosystems located long time under the influence of ionizing radiation.
Radioactive waste from cows.
During the spring flood, the Techa River floods the meadows. When the water subsides, the remaining radioactive sludge becomes fertilizer for the grass. And the meadows that have grown again are a radioactive pasture for livestock local residents. Compensation for living in a radioactive area is 200 rubles per month.
Bridge over the river Techa. There are slopes to the water, but there are no signs warning people that using this water or swimming in the river is deadly.
This long-suffering village is one of the four settlements still located on the Techa River. Only residents of coastal houses were resettled, and the use of buildings at the very edge of the water was forbidden. They are slowly being destroyed in the middle of the village. Most Muslyumovo residents, including children, are radiation patients. For many years, nuclear scientists tried to pretend that it was safe to live in this village if “you don’t go to the river, don’t swim, don’t take water from it, don’t fish and don’t hunt.”
The ruins of Muslyumov
