Pretext- this is a service part of speech that expresses the dependence of nouns, numerals and pronouns on other words in phrases and sentences.

Absolutely just like the endings of independent words, prepositions serve to connect words in phrases and sentences.
Let's give an example: Go to the toilet, take it out of the jar, go around the corner.

Prepositions do not change, like other auxiliary parts of speech.

Prepositions are part of the members of the sentence, but are not members of the sentence.
Here's an example:
Around noon, the car turned off the road and drove out of town.

Prepositions are divided into categories about the meaning.
They are:
spatial - point to a place;
causal - indicate the cause;
target - indicate the target;
mode of action - indicate the mode of action;
additional - indicate the subject to which the action is directed;
non-derivatives - not formed from other parts of speech;
derivatives - formed from other parts of speech.

Let's talk about each in more detail:

spatial:
For example: because of, on, from, to, over, at, in, behind, under, from under, before, around, past, between, about, in front of, through, across, among, against, near, near, near, along, outside, inside, through and others.
Let's give an example: near the house, around the house, at the house, behind the house, in front of the house, around the corner.

temporary:
For example: through, by, before, the day before, in, from, during and others.
Let's give an example: on Monday, on the eve of the exam, before dawn, from Monday, a week later, for two hours, throughout the day.

causal:
For example: thanks to, by, for, from, due to, in view of, due to, and others.
Let us give an example: from hunger, due to illness, due to illness, due to illness, due to perseverance, due to illness.

targeted:
For example: on, for, for, for the sake of, for and others.
Let's give an example: for pleasure, for an overnight stay, for mushrooms, for the good of the Motherland, for mushrooms.

course of action:
For example: in, by, with, without and others.
Let's give an example: without fear, with delight, to speak heart to heart.

additional:
For example: by, about about, about, about, from, and others.
Let's give an example: about a friend, about a mother, with a friend, about a father, about a friend.

Prepositions are divided into two groups according to their origin.:

non-derivative(not formed from other parts of speech);
For example: for, because of, at, in, on, from, to, over, under, before and others.

derivatives(formed from other parts of speech):

From adverbs - around, near, inside, about, across, on the eve, according to;
For example: to stand near the house is a preposition, to stand near is an adverb;

From nouns - during, due to;
For example: during the hour - a preposition, during the river - a noun with a preposition;

From the participles - thanks, despite.
For example: despite being tired - an excuse, not looking in my direction - a gerund.

Prepositions can be used with one or more case forms..

For example, the preposition according to is used only with the dative case (according to the order, according to the decision), the preposition because of - only with the genitive case (because of the corner, because of illness); the preposition v can be used with the prepositional case and the accusative case
For example: at school - to school.

The preposition is rather curious. They express the relationship between object and subject, and these relationships can be arbitrarily complex. Prepositions are not only “small words” like “to”, “by”, “for”, “through”, etc., but also whole phrases - “due to the fact that”, “due to the fact that”, “ on the occasion of the fact that "and others. Such prepositions, consisting of several words, are called compound. Naturally, they did not form in the Russian language immediately: they began their development in the 19th-20th centuries, when scientific literature and the mass media gained general popularity. The relations between the members of a sentence (statement) in such literature are quite complex and subtle and far from those used in the speech of "naive" native speakers.

Various types of "new" specific prepositions - compound, complex (written with a hyphen: "because", "above", "from under", etc.), derivatives (formed from other parts of speech: "by", “due to”, “in continuation”, etc.) at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries were associated with clerical and other types of “non-artistic” speech (for example, journalistic). Korney Chukovsky in his book "Alive as Life" gives an interesting example. One old retired official decided to get busy and tried to translate the romantic tale "Red Rose". The translation as a whole turned out to be quite good, but the language in which it was written was more like a clerical one. Here is one of the fragments: "For lack of a red rose, my life is broken." At the publishing house, the official was told that such pretexts were unacceptable in a romantic one. The old man seemed to understand everything and redid the text: “Due to the absence of a red rose, my life is broken,” making the speech of the desperate hero even more clerical.

A new round of popularity of compound prepositions occurred in the first decades of Soviet power, when all aspects of human life were politicized. Documentation, reports, decrees, resolutions, propaganda newspapers - all this forced ordinary people to use "clerical" pretexts even in everyday conversations.

In modern times, such components as “in part”, “in deed” have become in demand; they are typical for business speech.

By the way, the sizes of these "difficult" prepositions are sometimes amazing: some of them are much longer than nouns, adjectives and verbs. The longest preposition (and conjunction at the same time) is “respectively”, it consists of 14 letters. This preposition is often used by teachers as well as employers.

How to remember the spelling of compound prepositions

Often writing compound prepositions is difficult. For example, the ending of such prepositions as “in continuation”, “during”, as well as the one written together “due to”. These prepositions were formed from stable phrases in which the noun is in the accusative case. All such nouns (cf. “I will come at an hour”, “minute to minute”) have the meaning of time, some kind of lasting period. The simple preposition "in" in this case is synonymous with the expression "during": "In the course of the conversation (that is, during the continuation of the conversation) he no longer mentioned the matter."

At the same time, in the combinations “in continuation”, “during” it is in the prepositional case and answers the question “where?”, “In what?”: “In the continuation of the story (that is, in the text), the hero does something and so-and-so."

The preposition "despite" is also very often misspelled. Once, at the time of its inception, it really was a combination of a gerund with the particle “not” and a simple preposition “on”, therefore it was written separately. But those times are long gone, and the preposition "despite" is spelled together.

Some of the mistakes are startling. “In conclusion, I’ll tell you about ...” - it seems that the speaker is sitting in or about to sit down. I wonder if those who make such mistakes understand the meaning of what they write?

Writing derived prepositions

Derivative prepositions formed from phrases are adjacent to compound prepositions in origin and complexity of spelling. How to write "object (on) the likeness of a cube"? in this case, you should choose a synonym for the proposed preposition: "an object like a cube." The meaning remains the same - which means that we have a derivative preposition that is written together. But the “problem (for) the similarity of triangles” does not withstand such a test: “a problem like triangles” is nonsense; it means that here the preposition and the noun are written separately (and the noun is also part of a stable phrase - the term "likeness of triangles"). By the way, “like” is also a compound preposition. Their simple synonym is the colloquial "type", as well as the union "as": "an object as a cube." This preposition has its “double”: “There are four species in the genus Panthera of the Feline family - a lion, a tiger, a jaguar and a leopard.”

The preposition “instead of” is synonymous with the preposition “for”, “about” - “about”, “in view of” - “because of”. The preposition "following" roughly corresponds to the simple preposition "on": "We were looking after the departing train" - "we were looking at the departing train." These prepositions should be distinguished from phrases with nouns and simple prepositions: “Put me money in a bank account”, “we arrived at the place he indicated”, “the hunter looked at the trail and determined what kind of animal ran here”, “to have in mind."

Prepositions	Difference from combining a noun with a preposition
In view of(=for a reason, because of)	have in mind, in mind (=near, within sight)
Like, like(=similar to)	Notice the likeness of mother and daughter.in the genus Ivanovs are all blondes
About(=o)	put the money down to the account in the bank
Instead of(=for)	We went into the forest instead of where the sun's rays can hardly penetrate.
Due to(=for a reason, because of)	As a consequence new documents have been added to this criminal case
Following:With a slight sadness we looked after the sailing ship	Grandpa looked closely in the wake a beast that recently ran through the snow
Formed from adverbs: be inside Houses,go towards wind, grow along roads and etc.	For a meeting classmates we gather every ten years

Prepositions such as “inside” and “along” are written together: “what lies inside the box”, “trees grow along the road”. It is not difficult to remember this, because there are no words “inside” and “dol”, although they may have been in the Old Russian language. These prepositions were formed from adverbs with the meaning of space, and adverbs are always written together. The preposition “towards” also belongs to the same group, also formed from the adverb: “To go towards the wind” (preposition), “it goes towards” (adverb); however, it must be distinguished from a prepositional noun: "we're going to a reunion."

Why do so many people make mistakes in writing prepositions? Most likely, the point is simple inattention - the writers do not realize the meaning of the text or understand it approximately. Each element of the language has its own meaning, and if you rely on it, you can easily determine the correct spelling.

From other words in phrases and sentences. Prepositions, like all functional words, cannot be used independently, they always refer to some noun (or a word used in the function of a noun). Due to their syntactic non-independence, prepositions never act as members of a sentence. They serve control as a kind of subordination, being associated with the control component of the phrase.

This part of speech was formed due to other lexical and grammatical categories. This is largely due to the heterogeneity of prepositions. During the XIX-XX centuries, there is a continuous replenishment of the composition of derivative prepositions. Prepositions that express the most abstract meanings - objective, causal, target, etc. develop most interestingly. The growing role of journalistic and scientific speech in the Russian language of the 19th century is reflected in the development of new prepositions.

Some prepositions, mostly derivatives, combine a number of meanings. Yes, suggestions. for, under, from, from, into, on combine causal, spatial and temporal meanings. Pretext through, expressing spatial ( through the mountains) and temporary ( through the centuries) relationship, colloquially found when expressing causal relationships ( through you I lost my family). Other prepositions combine causal meanings with goal meanings, for example for, by.

Classification by origin and structure

• Non-derivative (the oldest prepositions) - in, without, before, from, to, on, by, o, from, before, with, through, with, at, for, over, about, under, about, for.

• Derivative prepositions were formed at a later time from the words of other parts of speech and subdivided into:
  • adverbial - near, deep into, along, near, about, around, in front of, after and etc.;
  • denominated - by, in the role of, depending on, by, about, about, in view of, on occasion, during and etc.;
  • verbal (they were mostly formed from gerunds rather than verbs proper) - thanks, despite, later and others.

Structure classification

• Simple (consisting of one word): in, from, to, at, over, on, before, at and etc.
• complex (consist of two simple, connected by a hyphen): from under, from behind, over and etc.
• compound (consisting of several words): in spite of, in spite of, due to and etc.

Classification by use with cases of nouns (valence)

• with one case
• with two cases
• with three cases

Relationship Classification

As the researchers note, in the modern Russian language the range of meanings of prepositions, the sphere of relations expressed by them, is expanding and deepening. So, prepositions do not change and are not members of the sentence, but they express different relationships:

• spatial - around, among, on and etc.;
• temporary - during, in continuation and etc.;
• causal - in view of , due to , because of , due to and etc.;
• target - For and etc.;
• object - and etc.;
• comparative
• defining
• concessions
• accompanying

see also

Links

• English preposition: "who is he friends with?" (Comparison of Russian and English preposition)

Literature

• Baranov M.T. Russian language grade 7. - Enlightenment, 2011. - 224 p. - 50,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-09-024813-6

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

Synonyms:

• Adverb
• Union (disambiguation)

See what "Preposition" is in other dictionaries:

pretext- Cause, cause, reason; justification, excuse; chicane. Under a plausible pretext.. Cf. . See excuse, nitpick, reason, trick, cunning to look for a pretext, under a pretext ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under.… … Synonym dictionary

PRETEXT Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

PRETEXT- 1. PREPOSITION1, preposition, husband. A reason for something, a fictitious reason. An excuse for a fight. "Annibal, Biron's personal enemy, was sent to Siberia under a plausible pretext." Pushkin. "You only want, and there is an excuse." Dal. “I’m Dimitri, or not what ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

pretext- 1. PREPOSITION, a; m. Reason for what l., a fictitious reason. Find, find p. Blagovidny p. P. for a quarrel. P. to leave. Come up with a p. to leave. Reject under any pretext. ◁ Under the pretext of what. in sign pretext. As a result, because of Refuse to…… encyclopedic Dictionary

pretext- PROPOSITION, reason, obsolete. pretext, open lead ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech

PRETEXT- PREPOSITION, a part of speech, a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (for example, enter a house). Not a member of the offer... Modern Encyclopedia

PRETEXT- part of speech is a function word used to express various relationships between dependent and main members of a phrase. Precedes a dependent word (eg, enter a house). Not a member of the offer... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

PREPOSITION 1- PREPOSITION 1, a, m. External reason for what n. Find an item for refusal. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

PREPOSITION 2- PREPOSITION 2, a, m. In grammar: a functional word expressing the relationship between grammatically dependent words (word and word form), for example. on (put on the table), by (walk across the field), at (be at the house). Dictionary… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

pretext- PROPOSITION, husband. External reason for what n. Find an item for refusal. Under the pretext of what, in the meaning. preposition with genus. explaining, justifying. than n., referring to, relying on what n. Refuse under the pretext of employment. Under the pretext that (under that ... ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Pretext- (gram.) An invariable particle that serves to more accurately determine the meaning of a verb or case. The original real meaning of P. has been lost, but undoubted traces of their former declination have been preserved; e.g. Greek en, eni in, on (local fall), ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Books

• Preposition - we are familiar with it! Teaching the use of prepositions in writing, Ivanova Svetlana Vasilievna. The manual offers the author's didactic material for working with primary school students with general underdevelopment of speech, with children in classes of correctional and developmental education, ...

Why are you right when you are dissatisfied when you hear or read someone's "I'm back from the store", "I can't say anything about this film, I haven't seen it"? We analyze difficult cases of using simple prepositions, taking into account the advice of the Gramota.ru portal.

To the doctor or KO to the doctor?

Despite two consecutive consonants in the word "doctor", it is correct to write and say "to the doctor." "ko" is required only in a number of cases:

- before the words "lion", "ice", "flax", "forehead", "lie", "moss", "ditch", "rye", "mouth", "all", "any", "all kinds" , “Tuesday”, “second”, “much” in the dative case: to the forehead, to the lion, to every holiday;

- before the word "me": come to me;

- before the words "yesterday", "seam" you can use both the preposition "k" and the preposition "ko": let's turn to / to yesterday's news.

BUT! In some cases (in fiction, in journalism), in order to give speech pathos and solemnity, it is possible to replace the preposition "k" with "ko": to a universal tragedy.

About the book or About the book?

Both options are possible, but the preposition “pro” is a sign of conversational style, relaxed speech, while the phrase with “o” is stylistically neutral and impeccably competent.

In Ukraine or IN Ukraine?

This is one of the most popular questions for specialists of the Gramota.ru portal. Their answer: the literary norm of the modern Russian language is “in Ukraine”, “from Ukraine”. And no politics, only the traditions of the great and mighty, which have evolved over the centuries.

Control over or control over?

Both prepositions can be used in conjunction with nouns that are formed from verbs: control over / over spending profits. Subtleties: if the noun denotes an action, process or sign, it is better to choose the preposition “for” (control over the independent work of students, control over the execution of the director’s order). And if it is an abstract concept or an animated object, the scales tilt in favor of "above" (control of the trainees, control of the business).

Worry FOR or Worry About?

No need to worry about your own literacy or think badly about it: both options have a right to exist. Before, however, the construction "worry about something, someone" was considered colloquial.

About all, ABOUT all or ABOUT all?

Correct answer: all. When are the prepositions "about", "about" and about "needed"?

- in the accusative case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words “everything”, “all”, “all”, “all”, “what”), we write and pronounce prepositions “about” / “about”: hit about / about water;

- in the accusative case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition “about” is needed: about the university, about apricot jam;

- in the accusative case, before the words “everything”, “everything”, “all”, “all”, “what”, “something”, “something”, “something”, we put the preposition “about”: he stumbled about something in the dark;

- in the prepositional case, before words that begin with consonants (except for the words “me”, “everything”, “all”, “all”), the preposition “o” is required: sang about love;

- in the prepositional case, before words that begin with vowels, the preposition “about” is used: reminded of the vacation;

- in the prepositional case, before the words “me”, “everything”, “all”, “all”, the preposition “obo” is needed: I guessed about all her tricks.

BUT! Words with "e", "e", "yu", "ya" at the beginning (the case is no longer important) only the preposition "o" is suitable, since they are not in writing, but in pronunciation "start" with the consonant sound "th ": Christmas tree = Yolka, so about the Christmas tree, about apples, about a lawyer.

FOR the book or about the book?

Which phrase seems more euphonious to you: “I will say about the new book: interesting” or “I will say about the new book: interesting”? You are right: using the preposition "for" instead of the preposition "about" is wrong.

Is he from the store or is he from the store?

Let's remember pairs of prepositions that complement each other like yin and yang: the preposition "from" is a partner "in", and the preposition "from" is a friend "on". That is, if someone went to the store, then he will return from the store, and not from it. And if someone comes from the Urals, then they will go to the Urals to visit their parents (compare: “I am from Siberia”, but “I am going to Siberia”).

From yesterday or from yesterday?

In this example, both options are equal. In general, the preposition "with" instead of "with" is necessary:

- before words that begin with “s / s / w / w + consonant” or with the consonant “u”: from a schooner, with generosity;

- before the words "lion", "ice", "flax", "forehead", "moss", "ditch", "mouth" in the genitive and instrumental cases: from the forehead, with ice;

- with the words "me", "me";

- before the case forms of the words "louse", "all", "any", "all kinds", "Tuesday", "second", "many": from Tuesday, with everyone;

- in stable combinations: with taste, with attention, over time, from the yard, from day to day, from the bottom.

BETWEEN trees or BETWEEN trees?

Philologists know: to say "between what?" and "between what?" not a mistake. But the second option (between trees, between tables, between books) is considered obsolete.

Ourselves or Ourselves?

It is not necessary to repeat the preposition in such expressions, this is a feature of vernacular.

In the Universe or IN the Universe?

Before words that begin with “v / f + consonant” (in the All-Russian competition, the need for water fluoridation), you need to write and pronounce the preposition “in”. Otherwise, especially in oral speech, it is easy to stumble on an unpronounceable cluster of consonant sounds.

By May 20th or BEFORE May 20th?

So, you need to designate yourself or someone else a time period and indicate the date of its end. It is generally accepted that in a date with the preposition “to”, the previous day serves as the border: for example, until May 20, this is May 19 as the deadline. And if “until May 20” is indicated, then you can complete the task on the 20th. But linguists emphasize: constructions with both prepositions do not reliably determine whether the control date is included in the period it ends. And they advise adding the adverb “inclusive”: from May 10 to May 20 inclusive, from May 10 to May 20 inclusive.

By Monday or On Monday?

And again the subtleties of meaning. “By Monday” means that something needs to be done on Sunday, before the next day starts. “On Monday” means that the work can be done during this day.

Statement by Petrova or statement from Petrova?

Both options when writing a document are equivalent: to use a preposition or not - the choice is yours.

§1. General characteristics of prepositions

A preposition is a functional part of speech. Prepositions are used to connect words in a phrase. Prepositions express the dependence of one word on another. Prepositions can be with nouns, pronouns and numerals.
Prepositions are an invariable part of speech. The preposition is not a member of the sentence, but since the meaning is expressed by a prepositional case combination, when parsing, the prepositions can be underlined along with the words to which they refer. Prepositions express various semantic relationships:

• temporary: come under evening, submit a report To Thursday, call V Wednesday,
• spatial: put V table, put on table, put under table,
• causal: skip classes because of disease,
• target: come For participation in the competition and others.
  But the proper meaning of the preposition does not appear outside the prepositional case combination of the preposition with a noun, pronoun or numeral.

Prepositions can be used with only one case or with different cases. Examples:

To to whom? To what?: To friend, to school - D.p.;
thanks to to whom? what? thanks to help thanks to father - D.p.;
in What? V five hours - V.p.;
V how? V forest - P.p.

It can be seen from the examples that the To And thanks to are used only with nouns in D.p., and the preposition V- with nouns in different cases: V.p. and P.p.

§2. Formation of prepositions

In terms of education, prepositions are divided into non-derivative And derivatives.

• Non-derivative prepositions: without, V, before, For, behind, from, To, on, above, O, about, from, By, under, before, at, about, With, at, through.
• Derivative prepositions are formed by the transition of independent parts of speech into a service one. In this case, the lexical meaning and morphological features of words are lost. Examples:
  Around park - a preposition formed from the adverb around.
  During hour - a preposition formed from a noun with a preposition.
  Thanks to help - a preposition formed from the participle.

Accordingly, adverbial, denominative, verbal prepositions are distinguished.

Non-derivative prepositions are more often used with different cases.

Derived prepositions are usually used with one case.

§3. Structure of prepositions

In terms of structure, prepositions are divided into simple And composite.

• Simple - these are prepositions consisting of one word: in, on, to, under, over, contrary to, etc.
• Compound - these are prepositions consisting of two, less often three words: in continuation, during, in connection with, depending on, towards, etc.

§4. Ranks by value

By meaning, prepositions are divided into:

1. Places (spatial): on the window, in the window, near the window, under the window, above the window, outside the window, in front of the window, etc.
2. Time (temporary): at eight, around eight, at eight, before eight, after eight, etc.
3. Object (objective): about the book, about the book, with the book, etc.
4. Reasons (causal): due to rain, due to rain, due to rain, due to illness.
5. Goals (target): for children, for the sake of children, money for children.
6. mode of action: work without inspiration, work with inspiration.
7. Comparisons: character in the father, growth with the father.
8. Definitions: striped fabric, motor bike, coffee with milk.

Suggestions can be unambiguous And ambiguous.

• Unambiguous: due to, in view of, because of, etc.
• Polysemantic: V (V Wednesday - time V closet - space, V father - comparisons, V strip - definitions)

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. What are suggestions for?

   • To connect words in a sentence
   • To link simple sentences into complex ones
   • To express emotions

2. Can we assume that each case corresponds to one specific preposition?

3. Are there unambiguous prepositions in Russian?