Ia lahir di Moskow pada 8 Februari (28 Januari, gaya lama), 1693. Dia adalah putri tengah Tsar Ivan Alekseevich dan Praskovia Fedorovna (née Saltykova).

Pada 1696, ayah Anna Ioannovna meninggal, meninggalkan seorang janda berusia 32 tahun dan tiga putri, hampir satu tahun. Keluarga Tsar John diambil oleh saudara laki-lakinya dari pihak ayah Peter I di bawah perlindungan, yang, dengan temperamen keras Peter, berubah menjadi ketergantungan penuh.

Anna menghabiskan masa kecilnya di istana Kremlin dan tempat tinggal dekat Moskow di desa Izmailovo. Bersama saudara perempuannya Ekaterina dan Paraskeva, dia dididik di rumah.

Pada 1708, bersama ibu dan saudara perempuannya, dia pindah ke St. Petersburg.

Biografi Peter I Alekseevich RomanovPeter I lahir pada 30 Mei 1672. Sebagai seorang anak, ia dididik di rumah, tahu bahasa Jerman sejak usia muda, kemudian belajar bahasa Belanda, Inggris, dan Prancis. Dengan bantuan para penguasa istana, dia menguasai banyak kerajinan...

Pada tahun 1710, berdasarkan kesepakatan yang dibuat antara Tsar Peter I dan raja Prusia Friedrich Wilhelm I, Anna menikahi Duke of Courland Friedrich Wilhelm yang berusia tujuh belas tahun. Pernikahan berlangsung pada 11 November (31 Oktober, gaya lama) 1710 di Istana Menshikov di Pulau Vasilyevsky di St. Petersburg, pernikahan itu dilakukan sesuai dengan ritus Ortodoks.

Pada kesempatan pernikahan Anna, pesta dan perayaan di Sankt Peterburg berlangsung selama dua bulan dan, menurut kebiasaan Peter, tidak ada pembatasan dalam makanan atau minuman anggur. Akibat ekses seperti itu, pengantin baru jatuh sakit, lalu masuk angin. Mengabaikan flu, pada 20 Januari (9, gaya lama) Januari 1711, ia meninggalkan St. Petersburg menuju Courland bersama istri mudanya dan meninggal pada hari yang sama.

Setelah kematian suaminya, atas desakan Peter I, Anna Ioannovna hidup sebagai duchess janda di Mitava (sekarang Jelgava, Latvia). Di Courland, sang putri, yang dibatasi oleh cara, menjalani gaya hidup sederhana, berulang kali meminta bantuan Peter I, dan kemudian ke Permaisuri Catherine I.

Sejak tahun 1712, dia sangat dipengaruhi oleh Ketua Chamberlain favoritnya Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin, yang pada tahun 1727 disingkirkan oleh favorit baru, Chief of Chambers Junker Ernst Johann Biron.

Pada tahun 1726, Pangeran Alexander Menshikov, yang ingin menjadi Adipati Courland, mengacaukan pernikahan Anna Ioannovna dengan Pangeran Moritz dari Saxony (putra tidak sah Raja Polandia August II dan Putri Aurora Koenigsmark).

Setelah kematian Kaisar Peter II pada akhir Januari 1730, Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi, atas saran Pangeran Dmitry Golitsyn dan Vasily Dolgorukov, memilih Anna Ioannovna, sebagai yang tertua di keluarga Romanov, ke takhta Rusia dengan syarat terbatas. kekuatan. Menurut "kondisi" atau "poin" yang dikirimkan ke Mitava dan ditandatangani pada 6 Februari (25 Januari, gaya lama), 1730, Anna Ioannovna harus mengurus penyebaran Ortodoksi di Rusia, berjanji untuk tidak menikah, tidak menunjuk pewaris takhta atas kebijakannya sendiri dan menyelamatkan Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi. Tanpa persetujuannya, permaisuri tidak memiliki hak untuk menyatakan perang dan berdamai, mengenakan pajak baru pada rakyatnya, mempromosikan karyawan di militer dan pegawai negeri, mendistribusikan pos pengadilan dan melakukan pengeluaran publik.

Pada 26 Februari (15, gaya lama) Februari 1730, Anna Ioannovna dengan sungguh-sungguh memasuki Moskow, di mana, berdasarkan "kondisi" pada 1, 2 Maret (20, 21 Februari, gaya lama), pejabat tertinggi negara dan jenderal mengambil sumpah untuknya.

Pendukung kekuatan otokratis Permaisuri, yang menentang Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi, dalam pribadi Andrei Osterman, Gavriil Golovkin, Uskup Agung Feofan (Prokopovich), Peter Yaguzhinsky, Antiokhia Cantemir, serta mayoritas jenderal, petugas resimen penjaga dan kaum bangsawan, membuat petisi kepada Anna Ioannovna dengan 166 tanda tangan tentang pemulihan otokrasi, yang diajukan pada 6 Maret (25 Februari, gaya lama), 1730, oleh Pangeran Ivan Trubetskoy. Setelah mendengarkan petisi, Anna Ioannovna secara terbuka merobek "kondisi", menuduh perancang mereka menipu. Pada 9 Maret (28 Februari, gaya lama), sumpah baru diambil dari semua orang kepada Anna Ioannovna sebagai permaisuri otokratis. Permaisuri dimahkotai di Moskow pada 9 Mei (28 April, gaya lama), 1730.

Karena alasan politik, sekitar 10 ribu orang ditangkap pada masa pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna. Banyak pangeran Golitsyn dan Dolgoruky, yang berpartisipasi dalam persiapan "kondisi", dipenjara, diasingkan, dan dieksekusi. Pada 1740, menteri kabinet Artemy Volynsky, yang menentang Bironovshchina, dan "orang kepercayaannya" - arsitek Pyotr Eropkin, penasihat kantor laksamana Andrei Khrushchev, dieksekusi atas tuduhan pengkhianatan; ilmuwan yang diasingkan, Penasihat Penasihat aktif Fyodor Soymonov, Senator Platon Musin-Pushkin dan lainnya.

Pengetatan perbudakan dan kebijakan pajak terhadap petani menyebabkan kerusuhan rakyat dan eksodus massal petani yang hancur ke pinggiran Rusia.

Perubahan positif terjadi di bidang pendidikan: korps kadet tuan tanah untuk kaum bangsawan didirikan, sekolah untuk persiapan pejabat dibuat di bawah senat, sebuah seminari untuk 35 pemuda dibuka di Akademi Ilmu Pengetahuan. Pada saat yang sama, pembentukan polisi di kota-kota besar.

Kebijakan luar negeri Rusia setelah kematian Peter I sudah lama berada di tangan Baron Andrei Osterman. Kemenangan Rusia pada tahun 1734 dalam konflik militer dengan Prancis atas "warisan Polandia" berkontribusi pada pembentukan Raja Augustus III di atas takhta Polandia. Pada 1735, perang dimulai dengan Turki, yang berakhir pada 1739 dengan perdamaian Beograd yang tidak menguntungkan bagi Rusia. Perang yang dilancarkan Rusia pada masa pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna tidak membawa keuntungan bagi kekaisaran, meskipun mereka mengangkat pamornya di Eropa.

Pengadilan Rusia di bawah Anna Ioannovna dibedakan oleh kemegahan dan kemewahan. Permaisuri menyukai topeng, bola, berburu (dia adalah penembak yang baik). Dia menyimpan banyak kurcaci, kurcaci, dan pelawak.

Pada 28 Oktober (17 menurut gaya lama) Oktober 1740, pada usia 47 tahun, Anna Ioannovna meninggal karena penyakit ginjal. Dia dimakamkan di Katedral Peter dan Paul di St. Petersburg.

Menurut kehendak Permaisuri, tahta setelah pemerintahannya akan jatuh ke tangan keturunan saudara perempuannya Catherine dari Mecklenburg.

Materi disiapkan berdasarkan informasi dari sumber terbuka

Untuk senjata Rusia, 1709 penuh dengan kemenangan gemilang. Di dekat Poltava, Peter the Great mengalahkan tentara - pasukan Rusia berhasil mengusir mereka dari wilayah negara-negara Baltik. Untuk memperkuat pengaruhnya di tanah taklukan, ia memutuskan untuk menikahkan salah satu dari banyak kerabatnya dengan Duke of Courland Friedrich Wilhelm.

Penguasa meminta nasihat kepada janda saudara laki-lakinya Praskovya Fedorovna: putri mana yang ingin dia nikahi dengan sang pangeran? Dan karena dia sangat tidak menyukai orang asing-asing, dia memilih putrinya yang berusia tujuh belas tahun, Anna. Ini adalah masa depan Permaisuri Anna Ioannovna.

Masa kecil dan masa muda permaisuri masa depan

Anna lahir pada 28 Januari 1693 di Moskow, di keluarga kakak laki-lakinya Peter the Great. Dia menghabiskan masa kecilnya di Izmailovo bersama ibu dan saudara perempuannya. Seperti yang dicatat orang-orang sezamannya, Anna Ioannovna adalah anak yang tertutup, pendiam dan tidak komunikatif. Sejak usia dini dia diajari melek huruf, Jerman dan Prancis. Dia belajar membaca dan menulis, tetapi sang putri tidak pernah menguasai tarian dan tata krama sekuler.

Pernikahan Anna dirayakan pada 31 Oktober 1710 di Istana Menshikov Petersburg yang belum selesai. Pada awal tahun berikutnya, Anna Ioannovna dan Duke of Courland pergi ke ibu kota Mitava. Namun di tengah perjalanan, Wilhelm meninggal secara tak terduga. Jadi sang putri menjadi janda beberapa bulan setelah pernikahan.

Bertahun-tahun sebelum pemerintahan Anne

Peter the Great memerintahkan Anna untuk tetap memerintah di Courland. Menyadari bahwa kerabatnya yang tidak terlalu pintar tidak akan dapat melayani kepentingan Rusia di kadipaten ini, ia mengirim Pyotr Bestuzhev-Ryumin bersamanya. Pada 1726, ketika Bestuzhev-Ryumin dipanggil kembali dari Courland, Ernst Johann Biron, seorang bangsawan yang tidak belajar di Universitas Koenigsberg, muncul di istana Anna.

Setelah kematian Peter the Great di Kekaisaran Rusia, sesuatu yang sama sekali tidak pernah terjadi sampai saat itu - seorang wanita naik takhta! Janda Peter I, Permaisuri Catherine. Dia memerintah selama hampir dua tahun. Sesaat sebelum kematiannya, Dewan Penasihat memutuskan untuk memilih cucu Peter Agung, Peter Alekseevich, sebagai kaisar. Dia naik takhta pada usia sebelas tahun, tetapi meninggal karena cacar pada usia empat belas tahun.

Kondisi, atau Eksekusi Anggota Secret Society

Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi memutuskan untuk memanggil Anna ke takhta, sambil membatasi kekuatan otokratisnya. Mereka menyusun "Kondisi", di mana kondisi dirumuskan di mana Anna Ioannovna diundang untuk naik takhta. Sesuai dengan makalah ini, tanpa izin dari Dewan Penasihat, dia tidak dapat menyatakan perang terhadap siapa pun, membuat perjanjian damai, memerintahkan pasukan atau penjaga, menaikkan atau mengenakan pajak, dan sebagainya.

Pada 25 Januari 1730, perwakilan dari perkumpulan rahasia membawa "Ketentuan" ke Metava, dan sang bangsawan, menyetujui semua batasan, menandatanganinya. Segera Permaisuri baru Anna Ioannovna tiba di Moskow. Di sana, perwakilan bangsawan metropolitan mengajukan petisi dengan permintaan untuk tidak menerima persyaratan, tetapi untuk memerintah secara otokratis. Dan Permaisuri mendengarkan mereka. Dia secara terbuka merobek dokumen itu dan membubarkan Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi. Anggotanya diasingkan dan dieksekusi, dan Anna dimahkotai di Katedral Assumption.

Anna Ioannovna: tahun-tahun pemerintahan dan pengaruh favorit favorit dalam politik

Pada masa pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna, kabinet menteri dibuat, di mana salah satu wakil rektor Andrey Osterman memainkan peran utama. Favorit Permaisuri tidak ikut campur dalam politik. Meskipun Anna Ioannovna memerintah sendirian, tahun-tahun pemerintahannya dalam historiografi Rusia dikenal sebagai Bironovshchina.

Pada Januari 1732, istana kekaisaran pindah ke Petersburg. Di sini Anna, yang sudah lama tinggal di Eropa, merasa lebih nyaman daripada di Moskow. Kebijakan luar negeri pada masa pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna adalah kelanjutan dari kebijakan Peter the Great: Rusia berjuang untuk warisan Polandia dan memasuki perang dengan Turki, di mana pasukan Rusia kehilangan seratus ribu orang.

Kemuliaan Permaisuri bagi Negara Rusia

Apa lagi yang dilakukan Anna Ioannovna untuk Rusia? Tahun-tahun pemerintahannya ditandai dengan pengembangan wilayah baru. Negara menaklukkan padang rumput antara Bug dan Dniester, tetapi tanpa hak untuk menjaga kapal di Laut Hitam. Ekspedisi Utara yang hebat mulai bekerja, Siberia dan pantai Samudra Arktik dan Kamchatka dieksplorasi.

Dengan dekrit Permaisuri, salah satu proyek konstruksi paling megah dalam sejarah Kekaisaran Rusia dimulai - pembangunan sistem benteng kolosal di sepanjang perbatasan selatan dan tenggara Rusia Eropa. Konstruksi skala besar ini, yang dimulai pada masa pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna, dapat disebut sebagai proyek budaya dan sosial pertama Kekaisaran Rusia di wilayah Volga. Di perbatasan timur bagian Eropa kekaisaran, ekspedisi Orenburg beroperasi, sebelum itu pemerintah Anna Ioannovna menetapkan banyak tugas.

Penyakit dan kematian Permaisuri

Sementara meriam berderak di perbatasan kekaisaran dan tentara serta bangsawan mati demi kemuliaan permaisuri, ibu kota hidup dalam kemewahan dan hiburan. Kelemahan Anna adalah berburu. Di kamar-kamar Istana Peterhof selalu ada senjata yang dimuat, dari mana Permaisuri menembaki burung-burung yang terbang. Dia suka mengelilingi dirinya dengan pelawak pengadilan.

Tetapi Anna Ioannovna tidak hanya dapat menembak dan bersenang-senang, tahun-tahun pemerintahannya dikaitkan dengan urusan negara yang sangat serius. Permaisuri memerintah selama sepuluh tahun, dan selama ini Rusia membangun, berperang, dan memperluas perbatasannya. 5 Oktober 1740 saat makan malam, Permaisuri kehilangan kesadaran dan, karena sakit selama dua belas hari, meninggal.

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RTY Chueca ITBVTPUFY J OETZYYUOPUFY nEOShYYLPCh PVMBDBM PYUEOSH UHEEUFCHEOOSCHN OEDPUFBFLPN: EZP FSZB A LBOPLTBDUFCHH YNEMB UPCHETYEOOP YUHDPCHYEOSCHE NBUYFBVSCH, DBTSE ON ZHPOE RTPYUYI REFTPCHULYI CHEMSHNPTS, OE PFMYYUBCHYYIUS PUPVEOOPK EEREFYMSHOPUFSHA. l FPNKh CE ZHEMSHDNBTYBM VSHCHM RBDPL DP TPULPY (CHYDYNP ULBSCCHBMPUSH ZPMPDOPE DEFUFCHP) Y PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO. “PVESHCH EZP, - RYUBM P NEOSHYYLPCHE YUFPTYL d. vBOFSchY-lBNEOULYK, B FPTTSEUFCHEOOSCHE Doi UPUFPSMY dv DCHHIUPF LHYBOSHECH, RPDBCHBENSCHI ON PMPFPN UETCHYE, LPFPTSCHE RTYZPFPCHMSMYUSH MHYUYYNY ZHTBOGHULYNY RPCHBTBNY ... h ZPTPDE EDYM di y YUTECHSCHYUBKOPK RSCHYOPUFSHA: CHSCHIPDS ON VETEZ oEChSch memiliki NOPZPYUYUMEOOPK UCHYFPK, MAVYNEG rEFTB UBDYMUS, PVSCHLOPCHEOOP, B MPDLH. POB RTYUBMYCHBMB L YUBBLYECHULPK RTYUFBOY, ZDE OSHCHEE UEOBF (DPN ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB OBIPDYMUS TENTANG CHBUIMSHECHULPN PUFTPCHE - b. n.). FBN Ptsydbb Lesielpchb Lbtefb, Udemeobs pada RPDPVYE TESTB, ONLYA LPMEUBBI OPMFSHKSHN Tentang Dzheggby, VLSShiktkin LoscellPK LPTPOPK YEY FPZP TE NEBMBSOBS ONYUBME MPEBDSHNY. " rPOSFOP, YuFP RPDPVOSHCHK PVTB TSYOY DPUFBCHYM NEOSHYILPCHKH NOPTSEUFCHP CHTBZPCH Y BCHYUFOILPCH.

PRBUBSUSH LPOLCHTEOGIY UP UFPTPOSCH DTHZYI UBOPCHOILPC, ZMBCHB CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB TEOYFEMSHOP TBURTBCHMSMUS UP CHUENY, LPZP RPDPITECHBM CH PFUHFUFCHY MPSMSHOPUFY. h UETEDYOE BRTEMS 1727 Z. NEOSHYILPCH OBYUBM UMEDUFCHYE RTPFYCH UCHPYI VSHCHYI UPAOYLPCH CH RTYDCHPTOPK VPTSHVE, r. b. fPMUFPZP Y REFETVKhTZULPZP ZEOETBM-RPMYGNEKUFETB b. n. DECHYETB, PVCHYOYCH YI CH "OERPYUFYFEMSHOPUFY" L YNRETBFTYGE. uHFSH LPOZHMYLFB, PDOBLP, VSHMB YOPK. OBCHBOOSCHE MYGB BLFICHOP CHSHCHUFHRBMY RTPFICH UPUFBCHMEOOOPZP NEOSHYILPCHSHCHN RMBOB TSEOYFSHVSCH GBTECHYUB REFTB TENTANG UCHPEK DPUETY nBTYY. rPUME DPRTPUB Y RSHCHFPL fPMUFPK Y decheyet PFRTBCHYMYUSH CH UUSCHMLH. CHULPTE, 7 NBS 1727 Z., YNRETBFTYGB ELBFETYOB I HNETMB. h PUFBCHMEOOPN EA BCHEEBOYY DCHEOBDGBFYMEFOYK GBTECHYU REFT PYASCHMSMUS OBUMEDOYLPN, OP DP EZP UCHETIEOOOPMEFIYS UFTBOPK DPMTSEO VSCHM RTBCHYFSH CHETPHOSHCHK FBKOSHCHK UP. h PDOPC YU UFBFEK BCCHEEBOYS UPDETTSBMPUSH FBLCE RPTSEMBOYE "HYYOYFSH UHRTKHTSEUFCHP" NETSDH GBTECHYYUEN REFTPN Y LOTSOPK NEOSHYYLPCHPK.

UBN b. d. eUMMY CH 1725 Z. PADA BLFICHOP RTPFYCHPDEKUFCHCHBM CUFHRMEOYA REFTTB II TENTANG RTEUFPM, FP FERETSH BLFICHOP ENH UPDEKUFCHCHBM. OP VSHCHCHYK GBTULYK DEOEYL DPRHUFYM DCHE LTHROSCHE PYYVLY.

ChP-RETCHI, KHOYUFPTSBS UCHPYI UPRETOYLPCH YY YUYUMB UPTBFOILPCH REFTTB CHEMYLPZP, PO TBUYUEBM DPTPZH L CHMBUFY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSN UFBTYOOOPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. ChP-CHFPTSCHI, NEOSHYLPC SCHOP OEDPGEOYM OBOBYEOOPZP L GBTECHYYUKH CHPURYFBFEMEN BODTES YCHBOPCHYUB PUFETNBOB. pn EZP NOEOYA, kilang pUFETNBO OE VSCHFSH PRBUEO, FBL LBL, SCHMSSUSH CHSCHIPDGEN dv chEUFZhBMYY, OE YNEM RTY DCHPTE PVYYTOSCHI UCHSEK J, L FPNH FPNH CE, DPMTSEO FCHHM YURSHULSEH PUFETNBO UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUSYUEULY RPDDETSYCHBM LFP IBVMHTSDEOYE. menurut PFRTBCHMSM NEOSHYLPCHH RPDTPVOSHCHE, OP MPTSOSCHE, PFUEFSHCH P OBUFTPEOYSI REFTTB bMELUEECHYUB, B UBN FEN CHTENEOEN UVBTBFEMSHOP OBUFTBYCHBM UCHPEZP RYFPNGB RTPFYCH ZHEMSHDNBTYB.

vPMSHYHA TPMSh RTY DCHPTE UFBMY YZTBFSH RTEDUFBCHYFEMY UFBTYOOPZP TPDB dPMZPTHLYI. nPMPDK PZHYGET YCHBO dPMZPTHLIK UCH U REFTPN II VMYLHA DTHTSVH, B EZP PFEG UEOBFPT bMELUEK ZTYZPTSHECHYU YURPMOSM PVSBOOPUFY CHFPTPZP, RPUME PUFETNBOB, OBUFBCHOYLB. UBN REFT BMELUEECHYU PYUEOSH FSZPFIMUS PRELPK NEOSHYILPCHB. rP UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHH RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB, LBL-FP, CH NYOHFH ZOECHB, AOSCHK NPOBTI BLTYUBM OB LOSS: "dengan RPLBTSH FEVE, UFP S YNRETBFPT Y UFP S FTEVHA RPCHYOPCHEOYS". tbchsblb OBUFKhRYMB PUEOSHA 1727 zhemshdnbtybm vshchm bteufpchbo, pukhtsdeo i pfrtbchmeo h UUSCHMLH, B CHUE EZP YNKHEEUFCHP LPOZHYULPCHBOP.

rPDBCHMSAEEE VPMSHYOUFCHP GBTEDCHPTGECH MBTPTBDUFCHPCHBMP, YVP BOPUYUYCHSCHK NEOSHYYLPC HUREM DPUBDYFSH VHLCHBMSHOP CHUEN. ChPTPOETSULYK CHYGE-ZHVETOBFPT eZPT rbylch RYUBM UCHPENKh DTHZH i. yuETLBUPCH: “rTPYMB Y RPZYVMB UHEFOBS UMBCHB RTESPTDPZP zPMYBZHB, LPFPTPZP vPZ UIMSHOPK DEUOYGEK UPLTHYYM; CHUE LFPNKh PYUEOSH TBDShch ... ". ENH ChFPTYF Chedochk Desfemsh Reftpchulpk O. YerjulprPr Zhepzhbo RTPLPRCHYU, LPFTSCHK H Ryushne Lon Rifts II Oztbzdback Nonoshlpchbn Flembest Lyphend, Lleb: «« адедхоскDPVPO.

rPUME RBDEOYS NEOSHYLPCHB PUOPCHOPE CHMYSOIE H CHETIPCHOPN FBKOPN UPCHEFE RETEYMP CH THLY UFBTK OBFY. C L W EZP 1729 UPUFBCH CHIPDYMY YUEFSCHTE RTEDUFBCHYFEMS TPDB dPMZPTHLYI (bMELUEK zTYZPTShEChYYu, chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTPChYYu, J nYIBYM chMBDYNYTPChYYu chBUYMYK mHLYYu) zPMYGSchOB DCHB (dNYFTYK nYIBKMPChYYu nYIBYM nYIBKMPChYYu TH) dan B FBLTSE ZTBZH zBChTYMB yChBOPChYYu zPMPChLYO J bODTEK yChBOPChYYu pUFETNBO. OPCHSHCHE "VMYUFBFEMSHOSHCHE RETUPOSCH", CHRTPYUEN, DEKUFCHBMY FENY CE NEFPDBNY, UFP Y NEOSHYILPC. sing OBNETECHBMYUSH TSOYFSH REFTTB II TENTANG PDOPC YJ LOSCEO dPMZPTTHLYI Y BLFICHOP TBDBCHBMY UCHPYN UFPTPOOILBN CHSHCHUPLYE ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHE RPUFSHCH.

dPMZPTHLIE L FPNKh TSE BRSFOBMY UEVS CHЪSFPYUOYUEFCHPN Y PYUEOSH DHTOP CHMYSMY TENTANG AOPZP NPOBTIB. “REFT PFCHSHL UCHETIEOOOP PF UETSHOEOPZP OBOSFIS, - RYUBM YUFPTYL u. n. UPMPCHSHECH, - LFP IPFEM RTYVMYYFSHUS L OENH, FPF DPMTSEO VSCHM ZPCHPTYFSH P CHEEBI ENH RTYSFOSHCHI, DPUFKHROSHI: PV PIPFE, UPVBLBI Y F.R.". FP UHTSDEOYE RPDFCHETSDBEFUS Y UCHYDEFEMSHUFCHBNY UPCTENEOOILPC. “CHUE H tPUUYY CH UFTBYOPN TBUUFTPKUFCHE, - DPOPUYM PYO YJ YOPUFTBOOSCHI DYRMPNBFPCH, - GBTSh OE BOYNBEFUS DEMPN Y OE DHNBEF BOYNBFSHUS; DEOEZ OILPNKh OE RMBFSF, Y VPZ OBEF DP YuEZP DPKDHF ZHYOBOUSHCH; LBCDSCHK CHPTHEF ULPMSHLP NPTSEF.

eEE CH LPOGE 1727 Z. REFT II RETEOYU UFPMYGH J REFETVKhTZB CH nPULCHH. nOPZYE UPCHTENEOOYLY CHYDEMY B FPN OBL PLPOYUBFEMSHOPZP TBTSCHCHB NPMPDPZP RTBCHYFEMS memiliki MADSHNY dv PLTHTSEOYS rEFTB I. OE NEOEE UYNCHPMYYUOP CHSCHZMSDEMP TH AF YUFP RP RHFY B nPULChH reft bMELUEEChYYu CHUFTEFYMUS UP UCHPEK VBVLPK eChDPLYEK mPRHIYOPK J RPDBTYM EC CHPMPUFSH B DCHE FSCHUSYUY DCHPTPCH. DHTB Dhoshlb, LLB Clarkm U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U UMRTHZHZK REFT'S SKRYLYK, RTPVSHCHTUKHTULPN OKDSHPUEYUEYY, CHFCHUE OE KHFTBFYMB CHLKHUK L YOFTISBNE FRETSH, LPDB CHEFTET RESEYEYMUS, RTYOSMMB BELFYCHOPE Hubufye H "RPrtBui" omong kosong.

PDOBLP RTY REFTE II, LBL CHUEZDB VSCCHBEF PE CHTENS TEELYI RETENEO CH CHCHUYI UZHETBI, TENTANG PDOPZP DPCHPMSHOPZP RTYIPDYMPUSH DEUSFSH PVITSEOOSCHI. uftenyfemshope chpchshchyoye dpmzptkhlyi y zpmygshshshchi OE FPMShLP RHZBMP "OPCHHA" OBFSH, OP Y TBDTTBTSBMP RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK DTHZYI UFBTYOOSHCHI ZHBNYMYK. tPDUFCHEOOIL NBFETY REFTB I bMELUBODT mSHCHPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO, TSYCHYK CH UCHPEN RPDNPULPCHOPN YNEOYY, LPZDB HOBM, UFP REFT II PIPFIFUS OERPDBMELKH Y CEMBEF EZP CHYDEFSH? dengan Y RPYUYFBFSH EZP OE IPYUKH, S UBN FBLPC CE, LBL Y PO, Y DKHNBM TENTANG GBTUFCHE UIDEFSH, LBL PO. pFEG NPK (Pedang LYTYMPCHYU OBTSCHYLYO - b. n.) ZPUHDBTUFCHPN RTBCHYM, DBK NOE CHSHKFY YY LFPK OKHTSDSCH - S BOBA, UFP UDEMBFSH! bB "RTEDETLYE UMPCHB" OBTSCHYLYOB PFRTBCHYMY CH "DBMSHOAA EZP DETECHOA".

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utbjh tse rpume lpoyuyoshch reftb II, Yumeoshch chetypchopzp fbkopzp UPCHEFB UPVTBMYUSH TENTANG UPCHEEBOYE. LOSSH BMELUEK ZTYZPTSHECHYU DPMZPTTHLYK UFBM FTEVPCHBFSH RTEUFPMB DMS UCHPEK DPUETY, OP LFP RTEDMPTSEOIE VSCHMP PFCHETZOHFP. rTPFICH OEZP CHSCHHUFKHRIM DBCE PDIO YY YUMEOPCH ZHBNYMYY ZHEMSHDNBTYBM chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTCHYU dPMZPTTHLYK. “oEUMSHIBOOPE DEMP CHSH BFECHBEFE, - ZPCHPTYM ON TPDUFCHEOOILBN, - YUFPV PVTKHYUEOOOPK OECHEUFE VSHFSH TPUUYKULPZP RTEUFPMB OBUMEDOYGEK! LFP BIPYUEF EK RPDDBOOSCHN VSHCHFSh? OE FPMSHLP RPUFPTPOOYE, OP YS, Y RTPUYE YUMEOSCH ZHBNYMYY - OILFP CH RPDDBOUFCHE H OEE VSHCHFSH OE BIPIYUEF. LOSTSOB LBFETYOB U ZPUHDBTENE CHEOYUBMBUSH. IDE CHP'CHEUFY TENTANG RTEUFPM DPYUSH REFTTB I EMYBCHEFH, FBLCE OE RTYOSMY: CHETIPCHOYLY VPSMYUSH LPOLCHTEOHYY UP UFPTPPOSH MYG Y' HER PLTHTSEOIS.

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oBUFTPEOYE VPMSHYYOUFCHB DCHPTSO, CHYDECHYYI B UBNPCHMBUFOPN ZPUHDBTE BEYFH PF RTPYCHPMB CHTENEOEYLPCH J ZHBCHPTYFPCH, RTELTBUOP CHSCHTBYM lBBOULYK ZHVETOBFPT bTFENYK chPMSchOULYK, LPFPTSCHK RYUBM B nPULChH "uMSchYOP, YUFP DEUSH DEMBEFUS X CHBU YMY HTSE J UDEMBMPUSH, YUFPVSCH VSCHFSH X OCU TEURHVMYLE ... dengan EMP CH FFPN UHNOYFEMEO. Sialan Upitboy, IFPV OE UFUBMPUCHPUTBCP PDOPBBSBSBCP ZPUKHDBTS CEMFY UBNPCHMBUNTSYY SEMBERY ZHBNYMYK: Y FBL NSHS, OMSEFUFCHP, Diselesaikan oleh RTPrbdben di RTyokhtzdezhezhet Dzhet Dzhetz DzhatzpmpzpfUB.

NECDH FEN DERHFBHYS PF CHETIPCHOPZP FBKOPZP UPCHEFB PFRTTBCHYMBUSH CH UFPMYGH LHTMSODYY NYFBCHH (UMUM emZBCHB, H MBFCHYY), ZDE RTEDUFBCHYMB BOOE yFBOOPCHOE LPODYGYY, yFBOOPCHOE LPODYGYY 4 ZHECHTBMS 1730 Z. VSCHM YЪDBO NBOYZHEUF PV YЪVTBOYY BOOSCH TENTANG TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, B OEDEM URKHUFS, POB RTYVSHMB CH UEMP CHUEUCHSFULPE RPD nPULCCHPK. YDEUSH, PDOBLP, VHDHEBS YNRETBFTYGB VSHCHUFTP RPOSMB, UFP "BFEKLB" CHETIPCHOYLPCH CHPCHUE OE RPMSHHEFUS EDYOPDHYOPK RPDDETSLPK DCHPTSOUFCHB. PE CHTENS BHDYEOGYY L BOOE SCHYMBUSH GEMBS FPMRB DCHPTSO, HNPMSCHYI HER "RTYOSFSH UBNPDETSBCHUFCHP". pUPVEOOP CHPPDHYECHYMP ZETGPZYOA FP, UFP UTEDY RTPFICHOYLPCH upChEFB PLBMBPUSH NOPZP ZCHBTDEKULYI PZHYGETPCH. rP UPPVEEOIA PYUECHYDGB UPVSCHFIK, YURBOULPZP RPUMBOILB s. De Mightyb, Zchbtygshchshchshchy DBCA PVTBFMYUUSH L OEK di FBLPK TEYUSHA: "Kepala Nube Perayaan RPDD Chubezp Cheyneuufchb, Chetop Umkhtsimy Chbyun RTedyufChooylbn in RPCTFSH FLEBYTREFCHEN OBZY. rTYLBTSYFE Y NSC RPCHEZOEN LCHBYN OPZBN ZPMPCHSH FYTBOPCH". B

rTPFEUFPCHBFSH OILFP OE TEYIMUS. LHTMSODULBS ZETGPZYOS CHUFHRYMB TENTANG TPUUYKULYK RTEUFPM, CHETIPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF VSCHM TBURHEEO. rPOINBS, UFP EZP RMBOSCH THIOKHMY, Ph.D. zPMYGSCHO JMPCHEEE RTPYJOEU: “OBA, UFP S VHDH CETFCHPK OEHDBYUY FFPZP DEMB. fBL Y VSHCHFSH RPUFTBDBA b PFEYUEUFCHP; NOE HCE OENOPZP PUFBEFUS, Y FE, LPFPTSHCHE BUFBCHMSAF NEOS RMBLBFSH, VHDHF RMBLBFSH DPMEE NPEZP. LBL Y NOPZYE HER RTEDYUFCHEOOYLY, BOOB YPBOOPCHOB DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP OBYUBMB RTBCHMEOYE U OBLBBOYS UCHPYI TEBMSHOSHCHI Y NOINSCHI RTPFYCHOYLPCH. URETCHB, CHRTPYUEN, POB DEKUFCHPCHBMB PYUEOSH PUFPPTTSOP. pFGH OEUPUPPSCHYEKUS GBTYGShch b. h. zpmygschoh Rtylbbmy tsyfsh vechschedop yneyuy b, b rtpyuyi chydoschi rtyufbchyfemek tpdb tbpumbmy zhvetobfptbny Rp pltdbyobn ynretyyy: chbuyycy mhlyyub b uyvytsh, ychbob ztyzptshechyyub b chpmpzdh, nyibymb chmbdynytpchyyube b buftbibosh. LOSSH DNYFTYK NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO Y EZP VTBF ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NYIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSHO UPITBOYMY TENTANG OELPFPTPPE CHTENS UCHPY CHSHCHUPLYE YUYOSCH Y CHBOYS.

PDOBLP HTSE OEULPMSHLP NECUGECH URHUFS, OBUMUBMYUSHIUCHESEY TBRORTBCHSHCH: H Rotten 1730 Z. Losus BMELES ZTYZPTSHYUB Cneuduf di Uen Wen Umpumbmy h Upmpchli, b ezp Dudzhbob, DThzb . h DElbVTE FPZP CE ZPDB ZHEMSHDNBTYBM NYIBYM NIIBKMPCHYU zPMYGSCHO, YЪNHUEOOOSCHK FTECHPZBNY B UCHPA UHDSHVKh, ULPOYUBMUS PF UETDEYUOPZP RTYUFHRB. dTHZPK ZHEMSHDNBTYBM, chBUYMYK chMBDYNYTPChYYu dPMZPTHLYK B LPOGE 1731 Z. VSCHM BFPYUEO B yMYUUEMShVHTZULHA LTERPUFSH, OECHYTBS ON AF YUFPCHERPDCHEFLYCHPE BMRSRTFEULYCHTENS RTPFE fPMSHLP CH 1736 Z. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB YNEMB HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE DPVTBFSHUS DP BCHFPTB LPODYGYK d. ZPMYGSCHOB. eZP PVCHYOYMY CH UMPHRPFTEVMEOYSI RP UMHTSVE, CHSFPYUOYUEUFCHE Y, UBNPE ZMBCHOPE, CH "RTPYJOEUEOYY VZPNETELLYI UMCH". lBL CHSCHSUOYM UHD, ChPMSHOPDKHNOSHCHK LOSSH PDOBTSDSCH UBNEFIYM, UFP DMS RPMShSHCH DEMB UHFM VSC UMHYBFSH UPCHEFSCH UBNPZP ubfbosch. dNYFTYS zPMYGSchOB PFRTBCHYMY B yMYUUEMShVHTZ, zde IN TH HNeT B 1737 C dari ECE YUETE DCHB ZPDB OBYUBMPUSH OPCHPE UMEDUFCHYE RP DEMH dPMZPTHLYI, B TEHMSHFBFE LPFPTPZP LOSSH yChBO bMELUEEChYYu VSCHM RPDCHETZOHF B oPChZPTPDE NHYUYFEMSHOPK LBOY "YUETE LPMEUPCHBOYE" B chBUYMYA mHLYYuH, uETZEA J yChBOH zTYZPTShEChYYuBN dPMZPTTHLYN ​​​​PFUELMY ZPMCHSHCH.

HOYUFPTSYCH CHETPCHOSCHK FBKOSHCHK UPCHEF, BOOB yPBOOPCHOB UPDBMB CH PLFSVTE 1731 Z. lBVYOEF NYOYUFTCH, UIPDOSHK U upChEFPN RP ZHOLGYSN, OP OP EEE VPMEE HLYCHK RP. RETCHPOBYUBMSHOP CH OEZP CHPYMY FTY UBOPCHOILB: b. th. PUFETNBO, LOSSH b. n. yuetlbuulyk y ztbzh h. th. zPMMPCHLYO. h 1735 Z., RPUME UNETFY zPMCHLYOB, YUMEOPN LBVYOEFB VSCHM YЪVTBO r. th. sZKHTSYOULYK, B EEE RPITSE, CH 1738 Z. - b. R. CHPMSHHOULYK. RPDRYUSH FTEI LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTCH RPMOPUFSHHA OBNEOSMB UPVPK RPDRYUSH YNRETBFTYGSCHCH.

vPMSHYHA TPMSh UFBM YZTBFSH FBLCE ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. NYOYI, LPFPTSHCHK CH 1730 Z. BOSM RPUF RTEEYDEOFB CHPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY (PTZBOB, THLCHPDYCHYEZP CHPPTKHTSEOOSCHNY UYMBNY UFTBOSHCH). oblpoeg, OEPZTBOYUEOOSCHN CHMYSOYEN TENTANG YNRETBFTYGH RPMshЪPCHBMUS HER ZHBCHPTYF y.-y. VYTPO. UFP CE RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK MADY, PRTEDEMSCHYE LHTU UFTBOSHCHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ.?

yNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHSHCHIE, CH 1710 Z., UPCHUEN EEE AOK UENOBDGBFYMEFOEK DECHHYLPK, VSCHMB CHSHCHDBOB BLNKhTs bB ZETGPZB lKHTMSODULP. FEN OE NOOEE, REFT I OBUFPSM TENTANG FPN, YUFPVSCH BOOB PFRTBCHYMBUSH CH LHTMSODYA Y TSYMB FBN, HRTBCHMSS ZETGPZUFCHPN U RPNPESHHA TPUYKULYI UPCHEFOILPCH. lHTMSODYS CH FP CHTENS YZTBMB PYUEOSH CHBTSOKHA TPMSH CH VPTSHVE tPUUYY BL CHSHHIPD L vBMFYKULPNH NPTA, J REFT CHEMYLYK OE REFINERY PFLBBFSHUS PF CHMYSOIS TENTANG OEE. zhPTNBMSHOP ZETGPZUFCHP UYUYFBMPUSH CHBUUBMPN TEYUY rPURPMYFPK (UPAЪOPZP ZPUHDBTUFCHB rPMSHYY Y MYFCHSC), OP IFP OYULPMSHLP OE NEYBMP YNRETBFPTH RTYHOYNBEYFSH UBNSHCHE h UEOFSVTE 1712 Z., HOBCH, YUFP NOPZYE LHTMSODULYE DCHPTSOVE VEI CHPUFPTZB CHUFTEFYMY RTYED BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, OLEH CHEMEM THUULPNKh HRPMOPNPYUEOOPNKH p. n. VEUFKhTSECH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH OBRPTYUFP Y CEUFLP: “th DMS FPZP RPUSCHMBKFE TENTANG LELKHGYY OBYYI DTBZHO ... Y UNPFTYFE OB ONYY, YUFPV MEMBAYAR AKUN HLBKH UEVE MYYOEZP.”

dTHZYE DETTSBCHSHCH, CH RETCHHA PYUETESH TEYUSH rPURPMYFBS Y rTKHUUYS, FBLCE UFTENYMYUSH CHЪSFSH lHTMSODYA RPD UCHPK LPOFTPMSH. at FPK GEMSHA POY FP RPDDETSYCHBMY RTEFEOYY TENTANG LPTPOH DTHZYI TPDUFCHEOOILPC RPLPKOPZP ZETGPZB, FP RSCHFBMYUSH RTEDMPTSYFSH BOOE yPBOOPCHOE OPCHPZP TSEOYIB. pUPVEOOP BLFYCHYYTPCHBMYUSH FBLYE RPRSCHFLY RPUME UNETFY rEFTB I. h LPOGE 1725 C tEYuSh rPURPMYFBS CHSCHDCHYOHMB H LBYUEUFCHE RTEFEODEOFB ON THLH J UETDGE BUCHOBOSch y PUPVEOOP LHTMSODULPE DCHPTSOUFCHP TENTANG UEKNE EZP LBODYDBFHTH PDPVTYMP, DB Y ZETGPZYOE TSEOYI RPOTBCHYMUS, OP H tPUUY RPDPVOSHCHE DEKUFCHYS CHSHCHCHBMY FTECHPZH. h nyfbchh oenedmeoop chscheibm thuulyk dyrmpnbf lossh h. m. dpmzpthlyk (rptse lboeooschk boopk ypboopchopk) lpfptschk hztpsbfsh dryer lhtmsodulpnh dchptsoufhh, yufp h umhyube yvtboys nptygb yee ptsydbef rpmshyek rpzmpeeye. h LBYUEUFCHE UPVUFCHEOOOSCHI LBODYDBFCH tPUUYS RTEMPTSYMB TENTANG CHSHVPT MYVP ZETGPZB zPMYFEKO-zPFFPTRULPZP, MYVP b. d. 'BFEN L'FYN DCHN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH VTBFSHS lBTM Y MADCHYZ ZEUUEO-zPNVKhTZULIE, OBIPDICHYYEUS TENTANG THUULPK CHPEOOPC UMHTSVE. yuBUFSH YUMEOPCH LHTMSODULPZP DPNB PE ZMBCHE U RTEUFBTEMSHCHN ZETGPZPN zhetdyobodpn Chshchulbbmbush bb RTYOGB zeuueo-lBUUEMSHULPZP. RPUME DPMZYY URPTPCH NEFTHBTFDOWS YOFTPCH, PE CHETSE LPFPTCHES BOB BOBOCHMSHFBGIK BB LPOHMSHFBGYSN H Refhewhtz, B Neosechlpch H Nyfbchem Miyuop HTPSBM LTHTMSUFBN CHCHUFE H Zetkulbzuchp. ZETGPZYOS BLNHTS FBL YOE CHSHYMB.

rPDVOSCHE YOGYDEOFSHCH, TBHNEEFUS, OBMPTSYMY OEYYZMBDYNSCHK PFREYUBFPL TENTANG IBTBLFET BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH. y. n. UPPHShchshchki Ryubm RPD RFPH RPCHPDX FBL: "TBEDEOPOPHOPKE CHDPCHFCHP h Uphtboy UMBVPK, BBB HDD, OBD LPFTPK URPTYMY FTY Ringkasan Bobot, Utbebmi Yutkhylh Rpmyuyoleyi Pf, Upptbatsoyk; POB UFBMB OECHEUFPK CHUEI VEDOSHI RTYOGECH, TSEMBCHYI RPMHYUYFSH LHTMSODYA CH RTYDBOPE; RMBCH PTBLESHCHBMUSMYUSH TBDEMSCHBMYUSH, UNPFTS RP PFPHEYA NEFTDH TPUYEKS, RTMSHYKY RThuuyk ... Yubeb Hoisetais Linchem Khsphimpb DP TsEUFLBS, ZPTDBS, Chmboufmavychbs, Yukchufhemshobs L Hoisteuha.

tBPTCHBCH LPODYGYY, BOOB yPBOOPCHOB RTPDPMTSBMB PRBUBFSHUS BZPCHPTCH Y YOFTYZ UP UFPTPOSCH TPPDCHYFPK BTYUFPLTBFYY. PFUDB dari Zeufple Zpoyois tentang zpmigschi, DPMZPTHLYY, AUHRPECHESKI, PFUDB RPRCHFLB Pretefshus tentang RTyimshchi Madek, Jophuftboggech Yy Tpuizho, OE YNYCHYYA OBSCHIKG RTY DCHPTAENERChuhen PvBNPKGETA. CHUE UPCHTENEOOOYLY UIPDYMYUSH H FPN, YuFP BOOB yPBOOPCHOB VSCHMB HNOB, OP NOPZYE RTY LFPN RPTYGBMY RTBCHYFEMSHOIGH SB ZTHVPUFSH, ULMPOOPUFSH L rTY DCHPTE CHUE CHTENS OBIPDYMPUSH NOPTSEUFCHP YKhFPCH, HTPDPCH, TBOPZP TPDB UHNBUYEDYI, UNEYYCHYYI YNRETBFTYGH. pUPVEOOP MAVIMB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TSEOEIO, LPFPTSHCHE HNEMY VSHCHUFTP Y VEPUFBOCHPYUOP ZPCHPTYFSH (“TsKhTsTsBFSH”, RP UMPCHBN UPCTENEOOILB). yOPZDB H YHFB RTECHTBEMBMUS YUEMPCEL OBFPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, OBCHMELYK TENTANG UEVS ZOCH GBTYGSCH, LBL, OBRTYNET, EEE PYO RTEDUFBCHYFEMSH OEOBCHYUFOPZP EKHONYZUENEKUFCHB ChP CHTENS RTEVSCHCHBOYS B ZTBOYGEK PO TSEOIMUS TENTANG YFBMShSOLE, RETEYEM CH LBFPMYUEUFCHP (UFP FPZDB UYUYFBMPUSH RTEUFHRMEOYEN), B ChPCHTBFSUSH H tOPCHUSHFPYFSPUYA RSH. BOOB CH 1733 Z. RTPY'CHEMB OYUYUBUFOPZP CH "LBCHBMETSH YKhFPCHULPZP PTDEOB" Y PVSBMB RPDBCHBFSH LCHBU b PVEDPN. uIPDOBS UHDSHVB RPUFYZMB LOS S chPMLPOULPZP, RPRBCHYEZP H YHFSCH OB UCHPE BOPUYUYCHPE RPCHEDEOYE.

chPPVEE HOYTSEOYE YUEMPCELB TPPDCHYFPZP Y ZPTDPZP RPYUFY CHUEZDB DPUFBCHMSMP YNRETBFTYGE HDPCHPMSHUFCHYE. CIS MAVYMBF, OVTYNET, OBROPBCHMYCHBFSH ACOUNT SHEXNPTC VPNOBFICE WORDSBYUT, BUBUFBCHMSMB RPCMIMBS RPD UFPMPN, B. Yosti, h Yuhen-MIVP RTPCHYYYYUS, LBBBBBBB "YE CONTRUCHEOPCHEMOPCHESTHBCH".

MADY, YURSHCHFBCHYE TENTANG UEVE ZOECH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RP RPOSFOSHCHN RTYUYOBN, TYUPCHBMY CH NENKHBTBI LTBKOOE OERTYCHMELBFEMSHOSHCHK HER RPTFTEF.

fBL TSEOB LBEOOOPZP yCHBOB dPMZPTHLPZP obfbmshs yETENEFECHB RYYEF P OEK: “rTEUFTBYOPZP VSCHMB CHPTH; PFCHTBFOPE MYGP YNEMB; FBL VSCHMB CHEMILB, LPZDB NETsDH LBCHBMETCH YDEF, CHUI ZPMCHPK CHSHCHCHYY UTECHSHCHYUBKOP FPMUFB. h LFPN PFSHCHCHE CHYDOP SCHOPE TSEMBOYE HSKCHYFSH "RPZKHVYFEMSHOYGH" Y HFCHETDYFSH UCHPE RTCHPUIPDUFCHP CH FPK UZHETE, OBD LPFPTPK GBTULYE HLSCH OE CHMBUFOSHCH: CH LTBUPFE.

UPCTENEOOOYLY, OE YURSHCHFBCHYYE FBLYI FSTSLYI ZPOEOIK, LBL yETENEFECHB, DETTSBMYUSH VPMEE URPLPKOSHCHI Y, BYUBUFHA, CHRPMOE VMBZPTSEMSHOSCHI PGEOPL. ZPMYFYOULYK LBNET-AOLET w.-ch. ZHPO VETIZPMSHG, OBCHYK BOOH yPBOOPCHOKH EEE ZETGPZYOKH, PFNEYUBEF, UFP POB "TSEOEYOB TSYCHBS Y RTYSFOBS, IPTPYP UMPTSEOB, OEDHTOB UPVPK Y DETSYF UEVS FBL, YUCHHE OYUKHCY". ULRTHBSB TYFBBAULPZP RPUMM MEDY DTSEKO TPOENP H PDOPN YAKA PFNEYUBEF: "SOC (ENERTROBFTYGB - B.N.N.) Pugeos Ltkobs Tseoieob di Pugeos Iptpk DMS, Her Umptsois Zhizhtpk her. h CHSCHTBTSEOYY ITS MYGB EUFSH CHEMYYUBCHPUFSH, RPTBTSBAEBS memiliki RETCHPZP CHZMSDB, OP LPZDB POB ZPCHPTYF ON ZHVBI RPSCHMSEFUS OECHSCHTBYNP NYMBS HMSCHVLB ... UE RP-CHYDYNPNH, PYUEOSH YUEMPCHELPMAVYCHB J VHDSH POB YUBUFOSCHN MYGPN, AF Dengan DHNBA, IT R ™ £ OBSCHCHBMY PYUEOSH RTYSFOPK TSEOEYOPK ".

bOZMYKULBS ZHCHETOBOFLB MYBVEF dTsBUFYU, TSYCHYBS B rEFETVHTZE Di 1734 RP 1737 C (FE FPZDB, LPZDB yETENEFEChB OBIPDYMBUSH UUSCHMLE B), DBEF J CHPCHUE CHPUFPTTSEOOSCHK PFSCHCH, "Her CHEMYYUEUFCHP CHSCHUPLB, PYUEOSH LTERLPZP UMPTSEOYS J DETTSYFUS UPPFCHEFUFCHEOOP LPTPOPCHBOOPK PUPVE. TENTANG MYGE CHSCHTBTSEOYE Y CHEMYUYS, Y NSZLPUFY. POB TSYCHEF UZMBUOP RTYOGYRBN UCHPEK TEMYZYY. POB PVMBDBEF PFCHBZPK, OEPVSHCHUOPK DMS EE RPMB, UPEDYOSEF CH UEVE CHUE DPVTPDEFEMY, LBLIE NPTSOP VSHMP VSH RPTSMBFSH DMS NPOBTYEK PUPVSH ... ". CHRTPYUEN, URTBCHEDMYCHPUFY TBDY UMEDHEF BNEFYFSH, UFP dTSBUFYU RTY DCHPTE OE VSCCHBMB Y CHYDEMB YNRETBFTYGH MYYSH RTY RPUEEEEOYY FEBFTB. dari ECE PDYO BOZMYKULYK RHFEYEUFCHEOOYL, NEDYL dTsPO LHL H UCHPYI BRYULBI P tPUUYY UPPVEBEF "yNRETBFTYGB payudara OE VSCHMB LTBUBCHYGEK, OP PVMBDBMB LBLYN-OP UFPMSH SCHOSCHN YSEEUFCHPN J VSCHMB UFPMSH YURPMOEOB CHEMYYUYS, YUFP FP PLBSCHCHBMP OF Neos UFTBOOPE CHPDEKUFCHYE: C PDOPCHTENEOOP YURSCHFSCHCHBM VMBZPZPCHEKOSCHK UFTBI RETED OEK Y ZMHVPLP RPYUYFBM EE.

obdp FBLTSE ULBEBFSH, YuFP NOPZYE YЪ FEI OEDPUFBFLPC, B LPFPTSCHI RYUBMY CHTBZY BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, ChPCHUE OE SCHMSMYUSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOPK YuETFPK YNRETBFTYGSCH. oE RPDMETSYF UPNOEOIA, UFP ZPUHDBTSCHOS MAVIMB YKHFPCH Y BVBCHSHCH. OP EE UPCHTENEOOIL, YCHEDULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL l. t. “OBTCD MAVYF YKHPCH Y HTPPDCH. - RYEF PO, - h OBFOSHCHI DPNBI PVSCHUOP EUFSH VBODHTYUF, LPFPTSCHK RPD CHKHLY UCHPEZP YOUFTHNEOFB RPEF OERPFTEVOSCHE REUOY, LPTYUB TBOSCHE ZTYNBUSCH. LUFBFY, RP NOOYA VETLB, OTBCHSCH GBTULPZP DChPTB RTY BOOE yPBOOPCHOE DBCE UNSZYUYMYUSH. "FERETSH RPNYNP 19 SOCHBTS - DOS RTYIPDB YNRETBFTYGSHCH L CHMBUFY, - PFNEYUBEF PO, - RTY DCHPTE VPMSHIE HTS UIMSHOP OE RSHAF, B RTY ELBFETYOE, ZPCHPTSF, FTEECCHNY VSCCHBMY TEDLP. Peri, Kompleks LFP Nzopopeopop Dembefus RSSO, MAVSEBS Ultnopowfsh ENETREFFNH RTYLBBBB OEULPMSLA RTYLBBN RTYUHFUFCHPCHBFSHBFF (PE DCHPTGE - B. N.), IFPVCH PFCHPDIFS CHOY LA YI UMKHZBN. " uFTBUFSH ZPUHDBTSCHOY L TPULPY FBLTSE CHRPMO PFCHEYUBMB OPTNBN LRPII, B PFNEYUBENBS TSDPN NENKHBTYUFCH MEOSH EDCHB MY RTECHSCHYBMB RBUUYCHOPUFSH GEMPZP TSDB ECHTPREKULY. uFP TSE LBUBEFUS RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY Y NUFIFEMSHOPUFY, FP SING, LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, YNEMI CHRPMOE CHEULYE PUOPCHBOYS.

zhBLFYUEULYN THLPCHPDYFEMEN lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH SCHMSMUS HTPTSEOEG ZPTPDB vPIHNB zeotyi-yPZBOO-zhTYDTYI PUFETNBO, LPFPTSCHK H tPUUY UFBM YNEOPCHBFSHUS bodteen. PO RTPYUIPDYM YUENSHY RBUFPTB, PVCYUBMUS CH keOULPN HOYCHETUYFEFE, OP VSCHM CHSHCHOKHTSDEO RPLYOHFSH ZETNBOYA YЪ-ЪB FPZP, YuFP CHTENS DKHMY HVYM UCHPEZP RTPFICHOYLB. bab 1703 lTAKUPN, RTYZMBUICHYYN EZP OB TKHUULKHA UMHTsVKH. h 1708 Z. di rapfhrim h Rpupmshulike Rtylb Retoshpülpn, DCHB RTB URHUFS, UFBM FBN WELTUFBTEN, B RPUME PRPPUBYBERHASIL TANPAOPK CHBACT RTYOSM ELFYCHOPE Hubufu H Rapdriyuby Oyfbdfolpzp Nytopktbfolpzp. ETZYUOSCHK DYRMPNBF, PUFETNBO FBLTS RTPSCHYM UEVS, LBL IYFTSCHK Y DBTSE LPCHBTOSCHK GBTECHPTEG. RTY ELBFETY I di Chusyuoley Denpowftytchbm Scientific Refect II Energier, RTY Reftime II Blinger UrpupvUffchchbm RBDeea Lushpuzpktkhptymnic Chpchcheyoye DPMZPTHLYY, B O RTY BOOT YPBOCHE RTUMZPTHLYY. bCHIDPCHBCHYIK KHUREIBN PUFETNBOB, h. th. ZPMPCHLYO LBL-FP UBNEFYM: "BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU - YUEMPCEL CHETSC OERTBCHPUMBCHOPK, DB, LBTCEFUS, Y CHPPVEE OILBLPC". CHEUSHNB STLYK PVTB ZMBCHSCH lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH BREYUBFMEO CH BRYULBI RTHUULPZP PZHYGETB l.-z. nBOYFEKOB. "YBUFP, - UPPVEBEF FFPF BCHFPT, - YOPUFTBOOSCHE NYOYUFTSHCH CH FEYEOOYE DCHHI YUBUPCH RTPZPCHPTSF U OIN (PUFETNBOPN - b. n.) Y RP CHSHIPDE YЪ EZP LBVYOEFB OBAF OE UFP PO OY RYUBM, UFP OY ZPCHPTYM, NPZMP RPOYNBFSHUS DCHPSLP. fPOLYK, RTYFCHPTOSHCHK, PO HNEM CHMBDEFSH UCHPYNY UFTBUFSNY Y CH UMHYUBE OHTSDSCH DBTS TBOETSYFSHUS DP UME. PO OILPZDB OE UNPFTEM OILPNKH CH ZMBBY YU UFTBIB, UFPVSCH ZMBOB OE YENEOIMY ENH, PO HNEM DETTSBFSh YI OERPCHYTSOP.

eee h 1721 Z. b. th. PUFETNBO CHUFKHRIM CH VTBL U nBTZHPK yCHBOPCHOPK uFTEYOECHPK, VTBFSHS LPFPTPK BOYNBMY CHYDOSHCH ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCH Y CHPEOOOSCHE RPUFSHCH. tentang LFP PVUFPFSFEMSHUFCHP CH EZP LBTSHET UREGYBMSHOP HLBSCCHCHBM, TSYCHYK H tPUUYY, DBFULYK HYUEOSCHK Y RHFEYUFCHEOOIL r. ZHPO iBCHEO. “PUFETNBO, — RYYEF PO CH UCHPYI NENKHBTBI, — PVMBDBM RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOPK CHOEYOPUFSHHA Y IPTPYN UMPTSEOYEN, OP YOE NEOEE PBTEOOOSCHN TBBKHNPN — ON VSCHM Y HNEO Y PFCBTSEO. pDOBLP OELPFPTSCHE RPDPTECHBMY B Oen RPNSCHUMSCH, RP LPFPTSCHN B ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSCHE Demba DI CHLMBDSCHCHBM VPMEE VMBZPTBHNYS, OETSEMY DHY ... Dengan RPYUFY CHUEZDB RTYFCHPTSMUS VPMSHOSCHN, RPFPNH RPYUFY OYLPZDB OE CHSCHIPDYM DV DPNH TH OE RPDDETTSYCHBM memiliki LEN OP R ™ £ TH VSCHMP PUPVSCHI PFOPYEOYK, VMBZPDBTS YUENH YVEZBM NOPZYI RPDPTEOYK Y RTEUMEDPCHBOYK, DB Y MEZLP NPZ ULTSCHCHBFSH UCHPY NSHCHUMY Y OBNETEOIS... PO TSEOYMUS TENTANG RTYTPDOPK THUULPK OBFOPK DBNE. vMBZPDBTS FFPNH RPUMEDOENH VPMSHYYOUFCHP THUULYI CHYDEMY CH OEN UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOILB. y FYN ON EEE PUCHPPVPDYMUS PF ULCETOPZP RTPJCHYEB, LPFPTSCCHN THUULIE ZPURPDB RPTPK OZTBTSDBAF TSYCHHEYI CH tPUUY OENGECH. THUULYE OBSCCHCHBAF YI "LKhTZKhJSCHNY", FP EUFSH "LPTPFLPICHPUFSHCHNY MPYBDSHNY". YVP TKHUULYE ZPCHPTSF, UFP H OENGECH CH FFPN ZPUHDBTUFCHE OEF OY ICHPUFB, OY YNEOYK, OY WENSHI. JPO IBCHEO UPPVEBEF FBLCE, UFP BODTEK YCHBOPCHYU OILPZDB OE RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHBM OILPNKH YUCHPYI DTHEK. TENTANG EEE PDOP, PYUEOSH TEDLPE DMS FPZP READING, LBYUEUFCHP PUFETNBOB HLBSCHCHBEF MEDY tPODP, RYUBCHYBS: “BY OE BMYUEO, RPULPMSHLH PUFBEFUUS VEDOSCHN RTY CHUEI RTEDPUFBCHMSCHY.”

chFPTPK RPUFPSOOSCHK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT, LOSSH bMELUEK NYIBKMPCHYU yuETLBUULYK CHSHCHZMSDEM TSYCHSHCHN LPOFTBUFPN IOETZYUOPNH PUFETNBOKH.

Menurut RTYOBDMETSBM L DTECHOENH BTYUFPLTBFYUEULPNKh TPDH Y PVMBDBM NOPTSEUFCHPN CHSHCHUPLPRPUFBCHMEOOOSCHI TPDUFCHEOOILPCH. RETCHSHCHN VTBLPN LOSSH VSCHM TSEOBF TENTANG bZTYRRYOE MSHCHPCHOE OBTSCHYLYOPK, DCHPATPPDOPK UEUFTE REFTTB I, B CHFPTSCHN - TENTANG nBTZHE fTHVEGLPK, DPUETY UEOBFPTB ATYS ATVEGHECHYUB. ChP CHMBDEOYY Kh b. n. yuETLBUULPZP OBIPDYMPUSH UCHCHCHCHY UENIDEUSFI FSHCHUSYU LTEUFSHSOULYI DHY. OP RTY CHUEK UCHPEK OBFOPUFY, RTY CHUEN VPZBFUFCHE, FFP VSCHM RBUUYCHOSHCHK, NBMP DEFEMSHOSCHK UYVBTYF. YUFPTYLE XVIII C.A.D. n. eETVBFPCH PIBTBLFETYJPCHBM EZP, LBL "Yuempchchelb CHEUSHNB RPUTEDUFCHEOOPZP TBHNPN, MEOYCHPZP, OE BOBAEEZP CH DEMBI Y, PDOIN UMPCHPN, FBULBAEEZP, BOE OPUSEEZP YNSPEPTDPE UCHNSPETDPE UCHPN". UPCHTENEOOIL UETLBUULPZP, b. R. CHPMSHHOULYK SCHYFEMSHOP UBNEYUBM: "OSHOE EZP RPUFBCHSF - TENTANG BCHFTB RPUFTYZHF, B BL CHUE RTP CHUE NPMYUIF Y OYUEZP OE ZPCHPTYF". dTsEKO tPODP FBLTSE RYUBMB UCHPEK RPDTHZE, YUFP LOSSH "OBNEOYF NPMYUBMYCHPUFSHA" J SCHYFEMSHOP DPVBCHYMB RP FPNH RPCHPDH "chMBDEOYS J OBFOPUFSH RUGI RPFTEVPCHBMY LCA OEZP RPYUEFOPK DPMTSOPUFY, OBCHETOSLB th di OE UFBOEF OH HFTHTSDBFSH UEVS Debno, OH NEYBFSH LBVYOEFH UCHPYN LTBUOPTEYUYEN".

ChRTPYUEN, RTY REFTE I RPUMHTSYFSH yuETLBUULPNKH CHUE-FBLY RTYYMPUSH. j 1715 . oEULPMShLP TB YNRETBFPT VMBZPDBTYM yuETLBUULPZP B "YURTBCHOSCHK RPTSDPL", BCH 1719 Z. TEYIM OBOBYUYFSH EZP ZHVETOBFPTPN CH uYVYTSH, CHNEUFP RTCHPPUS nCHYE. R. zBZBTYOB. YURKHZBOOSCHK CHEMSHNPTSB HNPMSM ZPUHDBTS PFNEOYFSH OBOBYUEOYE, ZPCHPTYM, UFP U FBLYN DEMPN ENH OE URTBCHYFSHUS, OP REFT PUFBMUS OERTELMPOEO. YueTLBUULYK, DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, OE UNPZ OBCHEUFY CH UYVYTULYI ENMSI RPTSDLB. rPUEFYCHYK uYVYTSH CH FH RPTH ZOETBM-NBKPT h. h 1724 Z. LOSSH CHETOKHMUS CH REFETVKhTZ Y CHULPTE VSCHM OBEBYEO RTYUHFUFCHHAEYN CH UEOBFE. MYYSH PYO TB b. n. yuETLBUULYK RTPSCHYM OEEBHTSDOKHA BLFICHOPUFSH: CH 1730 ZPDKH, LPZDB CHSHCHHUFKHRIM RTPFYCH CHETIPCHOYLPCH. uFBCH LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN, PO CHOPCHSH PFPIEM CH FEOSH, B RPUME RETEOEUEOOOPZP CH 1738

ftEFYK LBVYOEF-NYOYUFT zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU zPMPCHLYO VSCHM UVBTSCHN DYRMPNBFPN REFTPCHULPK YLPMSCH, THLPCHPDYM U 1717 NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOOYLY PVCHYOSMY ZPMPCHLYOB H VESHCHOYGYBFYCHOPUFY, OP ULPTEEE ON VSHCHM RTPUFP UMYYLPN PUFPPTTSEO, YUFPVSHCH DENPOUFTYTPCHBFSH UCHPA RPYGYA RP YOPTPNKH YMYCHY FPTPNKH. PUFETNBOB zBCHTYMB yCHBOPCHYU PFLTPCHEOOP OE MAVYM, PDOBLP EDCHB MY REFINERY CHEUFY U OIN VPTSHVH: LP READING CHPGBTEOIS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH zPMPCHLYOH VSCHMPY VPMEE UEN. rPUME EZP UNETFY, FTEFSHYN LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTPN CH 1735

USCHO VEDOPZP PTZBOYUFB Y oENEGLPK UMPVPDSHCH, sZKHTSYOULYK OE TB YURSHCHFBM CHMEFSHCH Y RBDEOYS. menurut BUINBM DPMTSOPUFSH ZEOETBM-RTPLHTTPTB UEOBFB, VSCM RPUMPN CH rPMSHYE, rTKHUYY Y BCHUFTYY, OP RTY ELBFETYOE I RPDCHETZUS ZPOOEOSN UP UFPTPOSCH NEOSHYILPCHB. H 1730 Z. SZHTSYLYK WABYUBMB RTENHM L CHATIPCHOILBN, OP Obbfen, Pfopesoids RTEOEVTKYFEMCHOSKNA, PDOKOYEN DPMZPTHLYY, PDOIN YEY RETECHSION RTEDHTHREYM BOOHOPTSOCHOKH P OERTYSYY DCHPTSOCHBY's. RP PFЪSCHCHBN UPCTENEOOILPC, FFPF ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOOSCHK DEFEMSH VSCM HNEO, PYUEOSH BNVYGYPJEO Y TEPL CH PVTBEEOYY. h UCHCHE CHTENS PADA OE VPSMUS RTPFYCHPTEYUYFSH NEOSHYILPCHKH, OCHETOPE, OE RPVPSMUS VSCH Y PUFETNOB, OP DPTPCHSE EZP VSCHMP RPDPTCHBOP. h 1736 Z. sZKHTSYOULYK HNET. oELPFPTPE CHTENS PDOP NEUFP H LBVYOEFE PUFBCHBMPUSH CHBLBOFOSHCHN, B BLFEN EZP BOSM bTFFENYK REFTPCHYU CHPMSHCHOULYK, CH RTPYMPN BUFTBIBOULYK ZHVETOBFPT Y TEYDEOF.

THLPCHPDYFEMSH CHPPTHTSEOOSHI UYM UFTBOSCh VKhTIBTD-lTYUFPZH NYOYI TPDYMUS CH 1683 Z. H ZTBZHUFCHE pMShDEOVKhTZULPN, ZDE EZP PFEG UMHTSYM UNPFTYFEMEN U RMPFYO,. H 1701 Z. Menurut RPUFHRYM pada Umkhtsvch h Zeueo-dbtnfgdfulha BTNA, PFFHDB FREET H PUF-Zhtyumbodulha BTNA, B-Ya Puf-Zhtyumbodulpk - H Zeuuo-Lbuhemshulha RTHyoyunb ChpBOUTKAYA, dari LPFTPK RT. pDOBLP, NEMLIE ZETNBOULIE LOTSEUFCHB, CHYDYNP, VSCHMY FEUOSCH DMS YuEUFPMAVYCHPZP CHPEOOPZP Y CH 1716 Z. NYOYI UFBM ZOEETBM-NBKPTPN Ch ChPKULBI RPMSHULPZHATUB LPMSHULPBUMSHATUPF. rTPUMHTSYCH RPMSHULPK LPTPOE RSFSH MEF, PADA RTYOSM RTEMPTSEOYE TPUUYKULPZP RPUMB y. h. dPMZPTHLPZP RETEKFI TENTANG THUULHA UMHTSVH.

REFT I RPTHUIYH NYOYIH UPUFBCHYFSH OPCHSCHK RMBO HLTERMEOYK LTPOYFBDFB, BLFEN RPUMMB EZP YOURELFIITCHBFSH TYTSULHA LTERPUFSH Y PUFBMUS DPCHPMEO CHSHCHRPMOOOOSCHNY RPNYTKHYUEOY. j 1722-1725 ZZ. NYOYI RTYOYNBM HYBUFYE CH UPPTHTSEOYY MBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB. EZP OBUFPKYUYCHPUFSH Y YURPMOYFEMSHOPUFSH PYUEOSH RPOTBCHYMYUSH ZPUHDBTA. rTY PDOPN YЪ RPUEEEEOYK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB REFT DBCE BSCHYM: “PO (NYOYI - b. n.) ULPTP RTYCHEDEF mBDPTSULYK LBOBM L PLPOYUBOYA; YЪ CHUEI YOPUFTBOGECH, VSCHIYI CH NPEK UMHTSVE, MHYUYE CHUEI HNEEF RTEDRTYOYNBFSH Y RTPYЪCHPDYFSH CHEMYLYE DEMB. rTHUULYK RPUMBOOIL BLUEMSH ZHPO nBTDEZHEMSHDF BLMEFIM LBL-FP P NYOYIE, YuFP PO RPUFIZOHM DHI REFTCH. th DEKUFCHYFEMSHOP, RPDPVOP YNRETBFPTH, FFPF CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL OE RTPUFP UVBTBMUS DPUFYUSH RPUFBCHMEOOOPK GEMY, OP YEM L OEK OEHLMPOOOP, OE EBDS OY UEVS, OY DTHZYI. uNETFOPUFSH TBVPYYI TENTANG UFTPIFEMSHUFCHE VSCHMB PZTPNOPC, FEI, LFP RSHCHFBMUS VETSBFSH, VYMY VBFPZBNY, OP LBOBM CHP'CHPDYMUS.

rPUME UNETFY REFTTB I ZHJOBOUYTPCHBOYE TBVPF RP HUFTPKUFCHH LBOBMB TEELP UPLTBFYMPUSH, Y NYOYI CHETOKHMUS CH REFETVKhTZ. oeunpfts pada pyueosh obfsohfsche pfopyeoys memiliki neoshyylpchschn, Enh hdbmpush yvetsbfsh prbssch rty elbfetyoeo i. reft ii rptsbmpchbm nyoyih ztbzhulpe dpufpyoufp j obobyuym ezp pada rpuf zeoetbm-zhvetobfptb ubolf-refletvhtzb, yozetnbombodyy j labtemy. LBL Y PUFETNBO, NYOYI CHTENS RPDZPPFCHLY CHETIPCHOYLBNY LPODYGYK, BBOSM CHSHTSYDBFEMSHOHA RPYGYA, B RPUME SCHOPZP RTCHBMB YI RMBOPC, CHUFBM TENTANG UFPTPOH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOS. prbmb Zhemshdnbtybmch n. n. zPMYGSCHOB Y h.h. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB OBOBYUMB NYOYIB RTEYIDEOFPN chPEOOOPK LPMMEZYY Y ZOEETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETPN (OBYUBMSHOILPN CHUEK BTFYMMETYY), DBMB ENH YUYO ZEOETTBM-ZEMTBM. Cheydochk RPMLPCHPDEG RTyog Onsoyk UBCHPKulike, PDPVTSSS BFF Dekufchys, Ryubm Intrbft, UFP Pulp Chitchping Thalpchpdufchp Bnet "Yempechelch, Updenosaeenh H OEVA di Tedlein Dpufmofchhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhheenh.

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l LFPC TBCHETOHFPK IBTBLFETYUFILE UFPYF DPVBCHYFSH, RPTsBMHK, FPMSHLP PFJSCHCH MEDY tPODP, PFTBTSBAEYK PUPVSHCHK, TSEOULYK CHZMSD TENTANG ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB. h 1735 Z. POB RYUBMB UCHPEK RPDTKhZE CH BOZMYA: “rTEDUFBCHMEOYE, LPFPTPE UMPTSIMPUSH X chBU P ZTBZHE NYOYIE, UCHCHETEOOP OECHETOP. chshch ZPCHPTYFE, UFP RTEDUFBCHMSEFE EZP UEVE UVBTYLPN, PVMYLH LPFPTPZP RTYUHEB CHUS ZTHVPUFSH RPVSCHBCHYEZP CH RETEDEMLBI UPMDBFB. oP ENH UEKYBU YUFP-OYVKHDSH RSFSHDEUSF YEFSCHTE YMY RSFSHDEUSF RSFSH MEF, KHOEZP LTBUYCHPE MYGP, PYUEOSH VEMBS LPTSB, PO CHCHUPL Y UFTPEO, Y CHUE EZP DCHYTSEOIS MEYOSZLY. tO IPTPYP FBOGHEF PF CHUEI EZP RPUFHRLPCH Cheef NPMPDPUFSHA, saya DBNBNY DI CHEDEF UEVS LBL PDYO DV UBNSCHI ZBMBOFOSCHI LBCHBMETPCH FPZP DCHPTB J, OBIPDSUSH UTEDY RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOYG OBYEZP RPMB, YMHYUBEF CHEUEMPUFSH J OETSOPUFSH, LPFPTSCHE HOE PYUEOSH OERTYSFOSCH, YVP RTYFCHPTOSCH. ... LBL VSCHMY VSCH CHSC HDYCHMEOSCH, HCHYDECH, YUFP PADA CHOYNBEF chBN U FPNOCHN CHPTPN, RPFPN CHOEBROP ICHBFBEF chbyh THLH Y U ChPUFPTZPN GEMHEF DIA! OP OBULPMSHLP VPMEE chshch VSCHMY VSH HDYCHMEOSCH, PVOBTHTSYCH, UFP PO RPMBZBEF PVSBFEMSHOSHCHN CHEUFY UEVS FBL UP CHUENY TSEOEYOBNY. ... dengan VSC UYUYFBMB, UFP EZP MAVINSCHN CHPEOOSHCHN RTYENPN DPMTsOP VSHCHFSH OBRBDEOYE Yb BUBDSH, YVP YULTEOOPUFSH - LBYEUFCHP, U LPFPTSCHN PO, RP-NPENKH, OE OBLPN.

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zhBCHPTYF YNRETBFTYGSH BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH LTOUF-yPZBOO VYTPO PZHYGYBMSHOP OBIPDYMUS TENTANG RTYIDCHPTOPK UMHTSVE (ON VSCHM PVET-LBNETZETPN), LP RTY LFPNY PLBSHCHEPUCHIE. uPZMBUOP YUUMEDPCHBOYSN OENEGLYI ZEOEBMPZCH b. VKHIZPMSHGB Y Zh. ZHPO mPTYOZIPCHEOB, VYTPO VSCHM CHOEVTBYUOSCHN USCHOPN LPTOEFB RPMSHULPK BTNY LBTMB VYTEOB Y RTPUFPK MBFSCHYLY, OSOSHLY EZP DEFEK. EEE CH 1714 Z. OLEH RSHCHFBMUS RPUFHRIFSH TENTANG UMHTSVH L GBTECHYUH bMELUEA, USCHOH REFTB I, PDOBLP, LBL Yuempchel OYLPZP RTPYUIPTsDEOYS, RPMHYUYM PFLB. RP CHPCHTBEEOYY CH TPDOHA LHTMSODYA, VYTPO BBOSM NEUFP LBNET-AOLETB RTY DCHPTE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH, RTYUEN RPNPZ ENH CH LFPN FPZDBYOYK ZPZHNEKUFET ZETGPZYOY . n. veufhtsech. IPDIMY UMHIY, UFP RTYUYOPK RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHB SCHMSMBUSH MAVPCHOBS UCHSH NETSDH VEUFHTSECHSHCHN Y UEUFTPK VYTPOB. CHULPTE MPCHLYK LHTMSODEG RTECHTBFYMUS CH CHPЪMAVMEOOPZP BOOSCH Y RETCHSHCHN DEMPN DPVYMUS HDBMEOYS VEUFHTSECHB, LPFPTSCHK FBLTS CHSHCHRPMOSM RTY ZETGPZYOE PFOADSHOE FPMSHOE FPMSHOE. "Dengan Pendapatan H Oehophopk, - Ryubm Velufhzhech Ubekki DPYETY HU 1728 Z. - URBB NEW DHY DHETTSIFUS, RPFPNH, YUFP YUETS Kamshki Madek DTHZ NPK PFKEYUMOSTEK PF NEOS PFNEUMUS, B CBS DTHZ (WightPo) " - b.

CHULPTE RPUME CHPUYUFCHYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TENTANG RTEUFPM, VYTPO VSCHM HFCHETSDEO H DCHPTSOUFCHE, B BLFEN CHPCHEDEO H ZTBZHULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP uchSEOOOPK TYNULPK YNRETY. h 1737 Z. PO RPMHUYM FYFHM ZETGPZB lKhTMSODULPZP Y uENYZBMSHULPZP. RP PFЪSCHCHBN VPMSHYOUFCHB UPCHTENEOOYLPC, ZHBCHPTYF PYUEOSH TECHOYCHP PVETEZBM UCHPE RPMPTSEOIE RTY PUPVE YNRETBFTYGE Y VETSBMPUFOP TBURTBCHMSMUS U RTPFICHOYLBNY. TSYCHYIK CH REFETVKhTZE CH 1733 Z. BOZMYKULYK RKhFEYUFCHEOOIL Zh. DYCHHD PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPYI BRYULBI: “x ZTBZhB NOPTSEUFCHP OEDTKhZPCH (B LBLPK CHSHCHDBAEYKUS YI OE YNEEF?), Y PO CHUEZDB UFBTBEFUS OBFSH, UFP MADY ZPCHPTSF Y DEMBAF. MADEK BUFBCHMSAF VSHCHFSh PUNPFTYFEMSHOSHCHNY Y DETTSBFSH SJSHL OLEH KHVBNY OEEBNEDMYFEMSHOSHOSCHE, UHTPCHSCHE OBLBBOYS, LPFPTSHCHN RPDCHETZBAF TENTANG PUOPCHBOY PDOYI MYYS RPDPTEOYK. fBL H RPUMEDOIK ZPD RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH VYTPO PFRTBCHYM TENTANG LYBZHPF LBVYOEF-NYOYUFTB b. R. ChPMSCHOULPZP, RPRSCHFBCHIEZPUS PUMBVYFSH EZP CHMYSOIE TENTANG ZPUHDBTSCHOA.

LTPNE RPDPTYFEMSHOPUFY, VYTPO PFMYYUBMUS FSZPK L LBOPPLTBDUFCHH, NPPFCHUFCHPN, FEEUMBCHYEN Y OEPDOPLTTBFOP HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UBNSCHI FENOSCHI NBIYOBGYSI. zhEMSHDNBTYBM v.-l. nYOYI, LPFPTSCHK UOBYUBMB memiliki ZHBCHPTYFPN DTHTSYM, B RPFPN CHTBTSDPCHBM, PFSCHCHBEFUS P Oen FBL "FPF YUEMPCHEL, UDEMBCHYYK UFPMSH HDYCHYFEMSHOHA LBTSHETH, OE YNEM OF CHPPNDOUCTY ON DBCE DPCHPMSHOP RMPIP YUYFBM RP-OENEGLY, CH PUPVEOOPUFY, EUMY RPRBDBMYUSH MBFYOULYE YMY ZHTBOGKHULYE UMCHB. PO VSCHM DPCHPMSHOP LTBUICHPK OBTHTSOPUFY, CHLTBDYUCH Y PYUEOSH RTEDBO YNRETBFTYGE, LPFPTHA OILPZDB OE RPLYDBM, OE PUFBCHYCH PLPMP OEE UCHPEK TSEOSCH. yNRETBFTYGB OE YNEMB CHCHUE UFPMB Y PVEDBMB YMY HTSYOBMB U UENEKUFCHPN VYTPOB Y DBTSE CH LPNOBFBI UCHPEZP ZHBCHPTYFB. PO TSYM CHEMYLPMEROP, OP CHNEUFE U FEN VSHCHM VETETSMYCH, CHEUSHNB LPCHBTEO Y LTBKOE NUFYFEMEO.

MEDY tPODP, OE YNECHYBS RTYUYO RYFBFSH L ZHBCHPTYIFKH OERTYSSOSH, FEN OE NEOEE, PFNEYUBEF CH UCHPEN RYUSHNE: “ZETGPZ PYUEOSH FEEUMBCHEO, LTBKOE CHURSCHMSHUYCH. ON RTEITBEF THUULYI Y UFPMSh SCOP CHSHCHULBSHCHBEF UCHP RTEITEOYE PE CHUEI UMHYUBSI RETED UBNSHCHNY OBFOSHCHNYY YOYI, UFP, S DKHNBA, PDOBTsCH UFP RTYCHEDEF L EZP RBDEOYA.

MYGB, CEMBCHYE UDEMBFSH RTYDCHPTOHA LBTSHETH, Y YYOPUFTBOOSCHE DYRMPNBFSCH BYULYCHBMY OE FPMSHLP RETED UBNYN VYTPOPN, OP Y RETED EZP TPDUFCHEOOILBNY.

rP UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHH YCHEDB l.-t. vETLB, UBLUPOULYK RPUMBOOYL nPTYG mYOBT HDPUFPYM UHRTHZH vYTPOB "YUEUFY, RTYOBDMETSBEEK CHPPVEE-OP MYYSH YUMEOBN YNRETBFPTULPK ZHBNYMYY, GEMPCHBOYS THLY RTY CHIPDE ON LHTFBZ" B NOPZYE PZHYGETSCH "PVIBTSYCHBAF FBLTSE AOPZP ZTBZHB vYTPOB (USCHOB ZHBCHPTYFB b. n.) DCHEOBDGBFYMEFOEZP NBMSHYUKHZBOB.

pDOIN Y UPPVEOYLPCH VYTPOB CH OEULPMSHLYI PYUEOSH OEVMBZPCHYDOSCHI DEMB VSCHM PVET-ZPZHNBTYBM LBTM-TEKOZPMSHD MECHEOCPMSHDE, LPFPTSCHK RPMShCHPCHBMUS FBLTS RPLTPCHYFEMSHUFCHPN b. th. PUFETNOB. oELPFPTSHCHE UPCHTENEOOYLY RPMBZBMY DBTSE, UFP MECHEOCPMSHDE DPOPUYM PUFETNBOKH P DEMBI ZHBCHPTYFB, B FPF UCHPEZP RTYSFEMS RPVBYCHBMUS. UBN PUFETNBO CH PFLTSCHFShKK LPOZHMYLF U VYTPOPN OE CHUFHRBM, OP CHEM RTPFICH YOFTYZY, LBL, CHRTPYUEN, Y RTPFICH DTHZYI CHMYSFEMSHOSCHI CHEMSHNPTS.

dari ECE PDOYN CHEUSHNB RTYNEYUBFEMSHOSCHN YUEMPCHELPN SCHMSMUS bODTEK yChBOPChYYu hYBLPCh, THLPCHPDYFEMSH lBOGEMSTYY FBKOSCHI TPSCHULOSCHI DEM, UREGYBMSHOPZP PTZBOB RPMYFYYUEULPZP USCHULB, UPDBOOPZP × 1731 Z. hYBLPCh RTPYUIPDYM DV PVEDOECHYYI OPCHZPTPDULYI DCHPTSO, B OBYUBME uEChETOPK CHPKOSCH PFMYYUYMUS, LBL ITBVTSCHK PZHYGET J VSCHM OBOBYUEO A GBTA rEFTH BDYAAFBOFPN. H 1712 Z. Ubosm DPMTSOPSUFS Zhyolebmb, b h 1718 Z. Obukm Umkhtsvch h FBKOPK LBOHEMSTYY, LPFPTBS LBS Hytecdeod DMS Umpefuchys RP DEMS GBTECHYUB BMELES, OP OBBFEN UFBBYBBBBNBFSUS TP. YDEUSH HYBLPC RTPYEM RPDMYOOHA YLPMH "LOHFPVYFYS" RPD OBUBMPN r. b. fPMUFPZP. RTY DPRTPUBI CH LBOGEMSTY YYTPLP RTBLFILPCHBMYUSH RSHCHFLY: TENTANG CINTA, TBULBMEOOCHNY EIRGBNY YMY ZPTSENY CHEOILBNY. h PFOPIOYY PDOPZP Y RPDUMEDUFCHEOOOSCHI fPMUFPK UPCHEFPCHBM HYBLPCHKH "YUBEE EZP RSHCHFBFSH, DPLPME YMY RPCHYOYFUS YMY YIDPIOEF ...". pDOBLP CH 1726 Z. fBKOBS LBOGEMSTYS VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB, B ZPDPN RPЪTSE BODTES yCHBOPCHYUB UBNPZP BTEUFPCHBMY RP DEMKH fPMUFPZP Y DECHYETB. MYYSH UP CHUFHRMEOYEN TENTANG RTEUFPM BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH HYBLPCH UNPZ CHETOHFSHUS L RTYCHSHCHUOPNKH BOSFYA. lBOGEMSTYS FBKOSHCHI TPSHULOSHCHI DEM OBRPNYOBMB fBKOHA LBOGEMSTYA OE FPMSHLP RP OBCHBOYA, OP Y RP ZHOLGYSN, Y RP NEFPDBN TBVPFSCH. oEKHDYCHYFEMSHOP, YUFP YNS hyblpchb CHOKHYBMP FTEREF UPCHTENEOOILBN. “bTEUFPCHBOOPNKH RP EZP RTYLBKH YUEMPCELKH, - RYUBM l. t.VETL, - CHRPTH ZPFPCHIFSHUS L LOHFH.

rPDPTYFEMSHOPUFSH YNRETBFTYGSHCH Y VYTPOB OETEDLP RTYCHPDYMB CH THLY HYBLPCH DBTSE BUMMHTSEOOSCHI UBOPCHOYLPCH. Oleh HubufchpchBM H TBVPTE SELET LThrochki RPMYFYUYULY DEM GBTUFCHPCBOCKA YBBOBOCHT PDOPCHTEOPOP UFPMYGE UBB RPTSDLPN H Ufptime, LPNBodfchbm PDojn Ya Upnashi RTYCHEEZYTPHBYOBSET TPUYKULY. yOPUFTBOOSCHE RHFEYUFCHEOOOYL OE TSBMEMY NTBYUOSCHI LTBUPL DMS PRYUBOYS FEMEUOSHI OBBLBBOYK Y URUPUPVPCH LBOY, RTYOSFSHCHI CH tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY. l. yaitu pohon willow RPDTPVOP TBUULBSCHCHBEF J P "RSCHFPYUOPN VYFSHE, LPZDB PVCHYOSENPZP ... RPDOYNBAF UP UCHSBOOSCHNY UBDY THLBNY BLTERMEOOSCHNY OPZBNY J" J P BOFPBOCHUEFCHF VBTPBOOSCHNY ", VBBOFPZBNYFNY BLTERMEOOSCHNI pDOBLP CH TPDOPC ENH yCHEGYY CH FP CHTHENS EEE RTYNEOSMPUSH LPMEPCHBOYE, BCH YURBOYY - TBUFSZYCHBOYE RTEUFHRROILB MPYBDSHNY. tentangBYUBMP XVIII CHELB CHPPVEE OE PFMYUBMPUSH NSZLPUFSHHA OTBCHCHCH.

l UPVUFCHEOOP CHPEOOOPK LMYFE RTYOBDMETSBM FBLTSE ZEOETBM-RPTKHYUL (U 1736 Z. - ZEOETBM - ZHEMSHDNBTYBM) REFT REFTCHYU mBUUY, YTMBODEG RP RTPYUIPTSDEOYA. menurut RPUFKHRIM TENTANG THUULHA UMHTSVKH EEE CH 1700 Z., HYUBUFCHPCHBM CH UCHETOPK CHPKOE Y rTHFULPN RPIPDE REFTTB I, CH BCHZHUFE 1725 Z. UFBM YUMEOPN chPEOOPC LPMMEZYY. rP PGEOLE d. vBOFSHCHY-lBNEOULPZP, mBUUY "U RTPUCHEEEOOOSCHN HNPN UPYUEFBM DPVTPE UETDGE, CHPCHSHCHIEOOOSCHE YUKHCHUFCHB... VSHCHM TEYYFEMEO H CHPEOOSHHI RTEDRTYSFISI, PUFPPTSEO H ; OE OBM RTYDCHPTOSCHI YOFTYZ ... ". h UYMH RPUMEDOEZP PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB MBUY OETEDLP VSCHCHBM PFFEUOEEO PF TEEYOYS CHBTSOSCHI ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOSHCHI CHPRTPUPCH Y TEDLP CHSHCHIPDYM B ZTBOYGSSHOBMSHOUCH.

NOPZYE THUULYE BTYUFPLTBFSCH PE READING OB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TsBMPCHBMYUSH TENTANG BUYMSHE OENGECH. CHRPUMEDUFCHYY RPDPVOSHCHE PGEOLY RETEYMYY Y CH FTHDSCH OELPFPTSHCHI YUFPTYILPCH, RTYUEN CHUE DESFEMY FFPZP RETYPDB TBUUNBFTYCHBMYUSH YNY, LBL OELBS EDYOBS, CHTBUTYtDEVOBS . pDOBLP, VMYCE L YUFYOE VSCHM CHUE-FBLY y. n. UPMPCHSHECH, YUEFLP PFDEMSCHYK PUFETNBOB Y NYOYIB PF CHTENEOEILCH CHTPDE VYTPOB Y MECHEOCPMSHDE. rETChSchI DI IBTBLFETYPCHBM, LBL "YOPUFTBOGECH, PYUEOSH DBTPCHYFSCHI J HUSCHOPCHYCHYYI UEVS tPUUYY, OETBTSCHCHOP UPEDYOYCHYYI UCHPA UMBCHH nya UMBCHPK" B CHFPTSCHI LBL "RBTBYFPCH, LPFPTSCHE RTPYCHPDYMY VPMEOEOOPE UPUFPSOYE tPUUYY B GBTUFCHPCHBOYE bOOSch".

2. "HUTETSDEOYE REFTB CHEMILPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSh".

UTBYH RPUME RTYIPDB L CHMBUFY OPCHPK YNRETBFTYGE Y HER RTYVMYTSEOOSCHN RTYYMPUSH TEYBFSH UMPTSOSCHE RTPVMENSCH, LBUBCHYEUS CHPPTHTSEOOSCHI UIM UFTBOSHCH. REFT II CH FEYUEOYE UCHPEZP LTBFLPCHTENEOOOPZP GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BTNYEK RPYUFY OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. rPUME PFUFBCHLY CH 1727 Z. b. d. NYOYI UPUFPSM CHYGE-RTEYDEOFPN, OP RTY RETEEEDE DCHPTTB CH nPULCH, PUFBMUS CH REFETVKhTZE DMS OBVMADEOYS OB TBVPFBNY TENTANG mBDPTSULPN LBOBME. fBL UFP LPMMEZYS VSCHMB ZHBLFYUEULY PVEZZMBCHMEOB. h PLFSVTE 1729 Z. CHETIPCHOSCHK UPCHEF DPMPTSYM YNRETBFPTH, UFP CH lPMMEZYY DBCHOP HCE OEF RTEYDEOBB, YЪ-B YuEZP RPRPMOOEOYE ChPKUL OPCHPVTBOGBNY Y UOBVEOYE VPERTYRBUNY. UPCHEF TELPNEODPCHBM HYUTEDYFSH PUPVKHA LPNYUUYA, LPFPTBS BOSMBUSH VSC TBVPTPN DEM PZHYGETPCH, HCHPMEOOSHHI U CHPEOOPC UMHTSVSHCH, Y CHETOHMB VSC CHUEI RTYZPDOSHCHI H UFTPC. OP RMBO FFPF OE VSCHM TEBMYHCHBO. PUFBMUS TENTANG VKHNBZE Y BNSCHUY PUFETNBOB - KHUFTPIYFSH CHEUOPK 1729 Z. RPD nPULCCHPK CHPEOOSHK MBZETSH TENTANG DCHEOBDGBFSH FSHCHUSYU YuEMPCHEL, YuFPVSHCH OEN PVCYUYUYFSH REFTTB.

ZhMPF REFTB II FPTS OE YOFETEUPCHBM. vPMSHYI RBTHUOSHI LPTBVMEK RTY OEN CHPPVEE OE UFTPMY, B UPPTHTSBMYUSH PDOY MYYSH ZTEVOSHCHE UHDB. H BLYME 1728 Z. PROBEKHPZPE CHATIPHPPP FBKOPZP UPTEFBM IFPVSKHPT RTLBM, IFPVSHKU Chuzp Tpuuykulpzp ZHPFB RPUFPSOP KHSTPDYMY HPTE MyshShschkt ztzbfb y Dchm Zhmekfb, dtem EE. RTPUYN LPTBVMSN, DMS "UVETETSEOIS LBOSCH" OBDMETsBMP PUFBCHBFSHUS CH RPTFBI. zhTBOGKHULYK DYRMPNBF n. nBOSHSO UPPVEBM UPPVEBM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH, UFP TENTANG DPCHPDSH CHPEOOSCHHI NPTSLPCH P OEPVVIPDYNPUFY RPUFPSOOP DETTSBFSH ZHMPF TENTANG NPTE, GBTSH PFCHEFYM: “lPZDBFTEVYTSlPZDBFTEVVPKFDB; OP SOE OBNETEO ZKhMSFSH RP OEN, LBL DEDHYLB.

oETEZHMSTOSHCHE CHSHCHRMBFSCH TsBMPCHBOYS CHEMY L PFFPLH PZHYGETCH YЪ CHPPTKhTSOOOSHI UYM, B OEICBFLB LPNBODYTPCH, H UCHPA PYUETEDSH, CHCHPUCHBMB RBDEOYE DYUGYRMMYOSCH UTEDY. ChP CHTENS UYMSHOPZP RPTSBT Ch nPULCHE CH BRTEME 1729 Z. ZCHBTDEKULYE UPMDBFSCH, RTYUMBOOSCHE DMS VPTSHVSHCH U PZOEN, RTYOSMYUSH ZTBVYFSH DPNB, B PZHYGETSCHOE TEYBMYOCUSH. fPMSHLP U RTYVSHCHFYEN CH ZPTPD YNRETBFPTB RPZTPNSCH RTELTBFYMYUSH, OP OILFP YJ CHYOPCHOSHI OBBLBBO OE VSCHM, FBL LBL OB OYI BUFHRIMUS yCHBO dPMZPTHLIK, NBKPT ZCHBTDYY.

xCE CH YAOE 1730 Z. YNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB TBURPTSDYMBUSH HYUTEDYFSH UREGYBMSHOHA CHPIOULHA LPNYUUYA, GEMSHHA LPFPTPK VSCHMP OCHEDEOYE RPTSDLB CH BTNYY. HLB ZPUHDBTSCHOY ZMBUYM "chUSLYK CHETOSCHK Uscho PFEYUEUFCHB RTYOBFSH DPMTSEO, YUFP LTERPUFSH VEPRBUOPUFSH ZPUHDBTUFCHB NY, NY UPDETTSBOYE NYTB UCHSFPZP RPLPS PF YUHTSYI OERTYSFEMEK Q, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, VMBZPRPMHYUYE CHUEI RPDDBOOSCHI RP VPE PF UPDETTSBOYS RPTSDPYUOPK BTNYY BCHYUYF; B RP LPOYUYOE DSDY OBYEZP NOPZYE OERPTSDLY J RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB RTY OEK SCHYMYUSH J OSCHOE dari ECE SCHMSAFUS J RTPYUIPDSF, ICH RPRTBCHMEOYS LPFPTSCHI dari ECE RTY FEFLE OBYEK (b eLBFETYOE I. N.) J RMENSOOYLE OBYEN (b Reft II. N.) PUPVMYCHSCHE LPNYUUYY HYUTETSDEOSCH VSCHMY , OP CH DECUFCHP OE RTPYCHEDEOSCH. UMUM UPYCHPMEOYE EUFSH - HUTETSDEOYE REFTTB CHEMYLPZP LTERLP UPDETTSBFSH, CHUE OERPTSDLY Y RPNEYBFEMSHUFCHB YURTBCHMSFSH Y RTYCHEUFY BTNYA CH DPVTPE UPUFPSOYE VE YЪMYYOYEK FKSPUFPYOYEK. rTEDUEDBFEMEN lPNYUYY OBOBYUMY v.-l. NYOYIB.

PUOPCHH THUULPK BTNY L OBYUBMH GBTUFCHPCHBOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMB TEZHMSTOBS REIPFB. POB CHLMAYUBMB DCHB ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLB (rTEPVTBTSEOULYK Y UENEOPCHULYK), UPTPL BTNEKULYI RPMLCH Y UENOBDGBFSH RPMLPC PFDEMSHOPZP OYJPCHPZP LPTRKHUB, UZHPTNYTPCHBOOPZP.

pDOPK YЪ RETCHSHI NO RTBCCHYFEMSHUFCHB UFBMP UPDBOYE CH 1730 Z., CH nPULCHE, OPCHPZP ZCHBTDEKULPZP RPMLB, OBCHBOOPZP y'NBKMPCHULYN. BOOB yPBOOPCHOB Y EE ​​​​RTYVMYTSEOOSCHE U OEDPCHETYEN PFOPUYMYUSH L "UFBTSHCHN" rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKH Y yЪNBKMPCHULPNKH ZCHBTDEKULYN RPMLBN, CH LPFPTSCHI UMHTSYMY RTEDUFBCHY USCHO ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB v.-l. nYOYIB TOUF nYOYI B UCHSY memiliki FYN RPDYUETLYCHBM ON UFTBOYGBI UCHPYI BRYUPL "rTYNEYuBFEMShOP, YUFP RP UDEMBOOPNH RTPELFH, HRPNSOHFSCHK REIPFOSCHK RPML OE DV OBUFPSEYI TPUUYKULYI TELTHF, OP dv FBL OBSCHCHBENSCHI PDOPDCHPTGECH (RPFPNLPCH UMHTSYMSCHI MADEK, TSYCHYYI ON ZTBOYGBI UFTBOSCH b n.). YMY HLTBYOGECH OBVTBO, B PZHYGETCH PRTDEEMSMMY H POSCHKOOE YOSCHI, LTPNE MYZHMSODGECH YMY DTHZYI YUKHTSEUFTBOOSCHI. OBNETEOIE RTY UEN VSHMP FBLPE, UFPVSC DTECHOAA FPMRH YЪVBMPCHBOOSCHI Y OEPVHDBOOSCHI MADEK UPDETTSBFSH CH THLBI, UFP, LBCEFUS, DMS FPZDBYOYI MEMBACA OEVEOKHTSOP VSMP. rPMLPCHOYLPN Y YEZHPN YЪNBKMPCHGECH UFBM ZOEETBM-BDYAFBOF, PVET-YFBMNEKUFET YNRETBFPTULPZP DCHPTB l.-z. MECHEOCPMSHDE, B RPNPEOYLPN L OENKH OBOBYUIMY sLPVB LEKFB, YPFMBODGB RP RTPYUIPTsDEOYA. h UEOFSVTE 1731 Z. RPML VSCM RETECHEDEO Y nPULCCHCH CH REFETVKhTZ, ZDE TBNEUFIMUS CH UMPVPDE b TELPK zhPOFBOLPK.

h FPN CE 1731 ZPDH DCHB BTNEKULYI RPMLB TBUZHPTNYTPCHBMY. dari ECE DCHB ZPDB URHUFS, B UCHSY memiliki RPDRYUBOYEN UPAOPZP DPZPCHPTB memiliki rETUYEK, RPMLY oYPChPZP LPTRHUB CHPCHTBFYMYUSH tPUUYA H J L RTYUPEDYOYMYUSH BTNESHYCHULYN, RFBHTECHGFEKULYN L 1735 Z., TPUUYKULBS REIPFB OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMB FTY ZCHBTDEKULYI Y RSFSHDEUSF BTNEKULYI RPMLPC.

uPZMBUOP CHSCHTBVPFBOOSCHN chPYOULPK LPNYUUYEK YFBFBN, BTNEKULYK RPML H NYTOPE CHTENS DPMTSEO VSCHM OBUYUYFSCHCHBFSH 1406 YUEMPCHEL 38 PZHYGETPCH 68 HOFETBOCHUETTSPECTBHYPCH h CHPEOOPE CHTENS YUYUMEOOPUFSH RPMLB HCHEMYYUYCHBMBUSH DP 1556 Yuem. LBCDSCHK BTNEKULYK RPML DEMYMUS TENTANG DCHB VBFBMShPOB, B LBCDSCHK VBFBMShPO - TENTANG YEFSCHTE TPFS. ZCHBTDEKULYE RPMLY VSHMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOE BTNEKULYI. rTEPVTBTSEOULYK RPML CHLMAYUBM YuEFSCHTE VBFBMShPOB, B UENEOPCHULYK Y y’NBKMPCHULYK - RP FTY VBFBMShPOB.

UPMDBFSCH-REIPFYOGSC YNEOPCHBMYUSH JKHYIMETBNY. SING CHPPTHTSBMYUSH LTENOECHCHNY THTSSHSNNY (ZHESNY) Y YRBZBNY. h 1731 Z. DMS OII VSCHMB RTYOSFB ZhKhES OPCHPZP PVTBGB. POB, LBL Y RTETSOSS, CHSKFBS TENTANG CHPPTHTSEOYE EEE RTY REFT I, YNEMB LBMYVT 19.8 NN, OP PFMYUBMBUSH VPMSHYPK DMYOPK (147 UBOFYNEFTCH CHNEUFP 142) Y VPMSHYYN CHEUPN (5.7 LZ CHEUPN).

h BRTEME 1732 Z. ON fHMShULYK PTHTSEKOSCHK BCHPD DV lBOGEMSTYY ZMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY RPUFHRYMP TBURPTSTSEOYE, UPDETTSBCHYEE LPOLTEFOSCHE HLBBOYS, LPFPTSCHNY NBUFETBN UMEDPCHBMP THLPCHPDUFCHPCHBFSHUS RTY YZPFPCHMEOYY OPCHSCHI ZHHEK: UFCHPMSCH OE DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY PFMYYUBFSHUS DTHZ PF DTHZB RP FPMEYOE UFEOPL J CHOEYOEK PFDEMLE, BRBMSCH RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH RTPUCHETMYCHBFSH, D OE RTPVICHBFSh. h TBURPTSEOY CHRECHSHCHE ZPCHPTYMPUSH P OEEPVIPDYNPUFY CHBYNPBNEOSENPUFY PDOPFIROSHCHI DEFBMEK, YUFPVSHCH "CH RPMLH PF PDOK ZhKHEY LBTsDHA YUBUFSH NPTsOP VSCHMP RTYNEOYN".

uFTEMSMB ZhKhES PVTBGB 1731 Z. RHMEK CHUEPN CH DECHSFSH BPMPFOILPC (38 ZTBNNPC). rPOSFOP, UFP FBLBS FTSEMBS RHMS OBOPUIMB UFTBYOSCHE TBOSCH, OP RTYGEMSHOBS DBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSCH OE RTECHSCHYBMB FTEIUPF YBZPCH. LBCDShK TSDPPK YNEM RTY UEVE DCHBDGBFSH RHMSh, LPFPTSHCHE OPUIM H DCHHI RBFTPOOSCHI UHNLBI. eEE RP FTYDGBFSH RHMSH TENTANG YuEMPCHELB RPMBZBMPUSH CHPYFSH CH SAILBI TENTANG UREGIBMSHOSHCHI ZhHTBI. dMS VMYTSOEZP VPS ZhKHES VSHMB UOBVTSEOB FTEIZTBOOSHCHN YFSCHLPN DMYOPK 44.5 UN. j 1737 LTPNE FPZP, UFCHPM UFBM LTERYFSHUS L MPTSH OE TSEMEKOSHCHNY YRYMSHLBNY, LBL X ZhKHEK 1715 Y 1731 ZZ. zhHES PVTBGB 1737 Z. PUFBCHBMBUSH TENTANG CHPPTKHTSEOY PERMATA DECHSFOBDGBFSH MEF. pDOBLP UOBVDYFSH CHUA REIPPHH EDYOPPVTBOSCHN PTHTSYEN CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH OE HDBMPUSH, Y OETEDLP DBTSE H PDOPN RPMLH UPUEDUFCHPCHBMY ZhKHJEY, OEULPMSHLPDOPN.

UETTSBOFSHCH REIPFOSHCHI RPMLCH CHPTHTSBMYUSH BMEVBTDBNY - OEPPMSHYNY FPRPTYLBNY TENTANG DMYOOSHCHI DTECHLBI. oEUFTPECHSHCHE UPMDBFSCH CHNEUFP YRBZ OPUIMY RPMHUBVMY RTHUULPZP PVTBGB. pZHYGETBN RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH YRBZY Y URBOFPOSCH. URBOFPO RTEDUFBCHMSM UPVPK LPTPFLPE LPRSHE U RMPULYN Y YYTPLYN OBLPOEYUOILPN Y VSHCHM PTHTSYEN ULPTEE GETENPOIBMSHOSHCHN, OETSEMY VPECHSHCHN. h 1736 Z. NYOYI TBURPTSDYMUS, UFPVSCH PZHYGETSCH CH RPIPD URBOFPPOCH OE VTBMY "YVP CHOYI RTPFYCH OSHCHEYOEZP OERTYSFEMS OKHTSDSHCHOE RTJOBEFUS". CHNEUFP VEURPMEOSCHI LPRYK PZHYGETSCH RPMHYUYMY LPTPFLYE THTSSHS UP YFSCHLBNY.

LUFBFY, VPTSHVB U FBFBTULPK LPOOYGEK UFBMB RTYUYOPK EEE PDOPZP OPCHCHCHEDEOYS. RP YOYGYBFICHE NYOYIB, REIPFOSHCHE RPMLY UVBVTSBFSHUS "RILIOETOSCHNY" Y "TPZBFPYUOSCHNY" LPRSHSNNY. RETCHCHNY CHPPTKHTSBMY, RTY TBCHETOHFPN UFTPE, UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY. CHFPTSCHE, VPMEE FTSEMSHCHE, BLTERMSMYUSH CH UREGIBMSHOSCHI VTHUSHSI Y RTECHTBEBMYUSH CH UCHPEPVTBOBOSCHE "RTPFYCHPLBCHBMETYKULIE" ETSY. h LBTsDPN RPMLH, YDHEEN CH RPIPD, OBDMETsBMP YNEFSH 288 RYLYOETOSCHI LPRYK, 1200 TPZBFPYUOSCHI LPRYK Y 48 VTHUSHECH.

lTPNE ZhKHYMETPCH H UPUFBCH REIPFSCH CHIPDYMY ZTEOBDETSCH, UPMDBFSCH CHPPTKhTSEOOSCHE, RPNYNP ZhKHEK, THYUOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY. EEE h GBTUFCHPCHBE RFTB I Vicky UzregibmschoRPMLY, OP H 2 1731 Z., RP Joygjbfich Nyoyibm, Yi TuzhphotytPchbmi, b Zteopdachdchbmiy RP Saya RPBURFB YTPEYE TBURPYE fBL LBL ZTBOBFSCH CH FP CHTENS VSCHMY DPCHPMSHOP FTSEMSHCH (2,5 LZ), CH ZTEOBDETSCH PFVITBMY OBYVPMEE UIMSHOSHI Y TPUMSHCHI OPCHPVTBOGECH.

h BCHZHUFE 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUYS YODBMB TBURPTSEOYE, RTEDRYUSCHCHBCHYEE OPUIFSH CHUEN "CHPYOULYN YUYOBN" ZHPTNKH HUFBOCHMEOOPZP PVTBGBB. DEMP CH FPN, UFP IPFS EDYOPPVTB'OPE PVNHHODYTPCHBOYE DMS LBTsDPZP TPDB ChPKUL VSCHMP CHCHEDEOP EEE REFTPN I, PVEUREYUYFSH YN CHUE CHPYOULYE YUBUFY DPMZPE CHTENS O HDBCOBLUMPYMPY. CHRTPYUEN, CHOPCHSH RTYOSFBS ZHPTNB PYUEOSH OBRPNYOBMB REFTTPCHULHA. UPMDBFSCH CHUEI BTNEKULYI REIPFOSHCHI RPMLCH RPMHYUYMY PHENOP-EMEOSHCH PDOVPPTFOSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH DMYOPK DP LPMEO Y LPTPFLIE LTBUOSCHE IFBOSHCH U VESSCHNY YUKHMLBNY. RPD LBZHFBO OBDECHBMUS LTBUOSCHK LBNPM. rPDVPK, CHPTPFOYL, PVIMBZB X LBZHFBOB FBLCE VSHMY LTBUOSCHNY. h LBYUEUFCHE PVCCHY UPMDBFSCH OPUIMY VBYNBLY, L LPFPTSHCHN DPVBCHYMY VEMSHCHE UHLPOOSCHE ZBNBY TENTANG RHZPCHYGBY. ZPMPCHOSCHN HVPTPN ZhKHYMETPCH RP-RTETSOENKH UMHTSYMB YueTOBS FTEHZPMSHOBS YMSRB, OP RETEDOIK HER HZPM VSCM RPDOSF, Y FTEHZPMLB UFBMB RTETSOENH UMHTSYMB H DCHKhZPMLH. ZTEOBDETBN RPMBZBMBUSH LPOHUCHIDOSCHE YBRLY, OE Fancy bbnbih RTY VTPULE ZTBOBFS. CHOP OEHDBYUOSCHN OPCHYUFCHPN SCHMSMPUSH CHCHEDEOYE CH 1730-E ZPDSCH DMS UPMDBF OBRHDTEOOOSCHI RTYUEUPL U LPUBNY. yFY RTYUEULY PFOINBMY H CHPYOPCH NOPZP READING Y PLBBMYUSH PYUEOSH OEZYZYEOYUOSCHNY, FEN VPMEE UFP CH OELPFPTSCHI RPMLBI B OEYNEOYEN RHDTSCH YURPMSHCHCHBMY NH, UNLYBOOKHALH.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE PZHYGETCH RPIPDYMP TENTANG UPMDBFULPE. EZP PFMYUYFEMSHOSCHNY YUETFBNY VSHMY YEKOSCHE NEFBMMYUEULYE OBBLY CH CHYDE YITPLPZP RPMHNEUSGB Y FTEIGCHEFOSHCHE LTBUOP-UYOE-VEMSCHE YBTZHSC, LPFPTSHCHE OPUIMYUSH YUETE RTBCHPE. yFBOSHCH H PZHYGETPCH VSCHMY OE LTBUOSCHE, B IEMEOSCHE. DMS TBMYYUYS PFDEMSHOSHCHI BTNEKULYI RPMLCH UMHTSYM RMEFEOOSHK YOKHTPL TENTANG MECHPN RMEYUE LBZHFBOB, DBMELYK RTEDYUFCHEOOIL RZPOB. h ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLBI VSCHMY TB'OPGCHEFOSHCHE LBZHFBOOSCHE CHPTPFOYLY: UYOYE X UENEOPCGECH, LTBUOSCHE X RTEPVTTBTSEOGECH, EMEOSCHE X YЪNBKMPCHGECH. ZCHBTDEKULYE ZTEOBDEKULYE TENTANG YBRLE RSHCHYOSCHK RMANBTS YЪ LTBUOSCHI Y THINGS UFTBKHUYOSCHI RETSHECH.

Okhtsi PFNEFFSH, YUFP PVNHATITPCHEBEE PP Tserob Burst Posborath, RPUFBCHMPUCH HT RPMLY OE H Chede SPF / CHEEK, B UUFN, OUFSNY, RHZPCHYGBNY, LBTBGEK Tentang Ripdlumbdlh Y F. D. FYRYUOSCHI DMS XIX CHELB LBBTN FPTS OE UHEEUFCHCHBMP. yuBEE CHUEZP UPMDBFSCH UFPSMY RPUFPEN CH DPNBI PVSCHCHBFEMEK. rTY LFPN IPSECHBN RPMBZBMPUSHE FPMSHLP RTEDPUFBCHMSFSH RPNEEEOYE, OP Y UOBVTsBFSH UPMDBF DTPCHBNY, MHYUYOPK, UEYUBNY.

rPUFPK MPTSYMUS TENTANG RMEYUY ZTBTSDBO PYUEOSH FSTSLYN VTENEOEN, Y DEMP DEUSH VSHMP OE FPMSHLP CH NBFETYBMSHOSHCHI TBUIPDBI: SBZTHVECHYE H VPSI CHPYOSCH DBMELP OE CHUEZDB PVCHE. UMHYUBMYUSH RHSSOLY, DTBLY, CHPTCHUFCHP Y DBCE YOBUYMPCHBOIS. LP CHUENH RTPYUENH TBNEEEOYE RPUFPEN PYUEOSH BFTHDOSMP UVPT UPMDBF CH UMHYUBE FTECHPZY: YOPZDB PDYO RPML UFPSM H OEULPMSHLYI DETECHOSI YMY PFDBMEOOOSCHI DTHZ PF DBOBITHZP. pDIO Y RHOLFCH CH FBLPN UMHYUBE UMHTSYM NEUFPN TBNEEEOYS "YFBVOPZP DChPTB". lTPNE UBNPZP YFBVB, CH OEN OBIPDYMYUSH: MBBTEF, VBOS, DPNB DMS PZHYGETPCH, LBTBHMSHOSHCHE RPNEEEOYS, VMPLZBKHSHCH, RPTPIPPK RPZTEV, LPOAYOY, LBBTNB DMS UPMHTSYCHBAEY. h TBKPOBI TBULCHBTFYTPCHBOYS RPMLCH UPPTHTSBMY FBLCE RTPDCHPMSHUFCHEOOSHCH VBSHCH ("NBZBYOSCH"). pDOBLP RPTPK UCHSHSH NETsDH YFBVPN Y HDBMEOOSHCHNY PF OEZP TPFBNY RPMLB PUFBCHMSMB TSEMBFSH MHYUYEZP.

OBYVPMEE LPNRBLFOP TBNEEBMYUSH OBIPDICHYYEUS CH REFETVKhTZE ZCHBTDEKULIE RPMLY, DMS LPFPTSCHI UFTPMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHE CHPEOOSHCH ZPTPDLY - UMPVPDSHCH. OEE H TPSNA 1726 Z. ENETROBFTIGEGB ELBFYOB I HLBBBBM PFCHOUFY RTTWTBTSOULPNH YEENOPCHULPH RPMLBN RTEREMY RP VPTPZE (TSRPUMEDUFCHYYY - Ochulike RTPUREELF) Ocherpdbmelch PF BDNT. CHEUOPK UMEDHAEZP ZPDB UENEOPCHGSCH URMBCHYMY RP OECHE, CH REFETVKhTZ UFTPECHPK MEU Y UMPTSYMY EZP TENTANG VETEZH zhPOFBOLY. l OEUYUBUFSHHA, CH NBE GBTYGB HNETMB, B OPCHSHCHK ZPUHDBTSh, REFT II UHDSHVPK UFTPIFEMSHUFCHB OE YOFETEUPCHBMUS. BZPPFCHMEOOSHK MEU YBUFYUOP YURPMSHЪPCHBMY TENTANG RPYUOLKH YFBVOPZP DChPTB (OBIPDYMUS TENTANG NEUFE OSHOEYOEZP AUHRPCHULPZP DCHPTGB), YUBUFYUOP RTPDBMY. bBFP, AOSHK YNRETBFPT RPDBTYM rTEPVTBTSEOULPNKh RPMLKH DCHPTEG b. n. DECHEYETB (ON NEUFE OSCHOEYOEZP BOYULPCHB DCHPTGB), CH LPFPTPN TBNEUFIMUS RPMLPPK YFBV. oEPVIPDYNPUFSH LFPK NETSHCH VSCHMB PYUECHIDOB, FBL LBL TBOSHIE DEMP DPIPDYMP DP LHTSHEB — SAIL U RPMLPPK LBOPK ITBOYMUS RPRETENEOOOP CH TBOBOSCHI YUBUFSI ZPTPDB.

12 DELBVTS 1739 Z. YNRETBFTYGB payudara yPBOOPChOB YDBMB HLB P UFTPYFEMSHUFCHE ZCHBTDEKULYI RPMLPCHSCHI UMPVPD B rEFETVHTZE, ON nPULPChULPK UFPTPOE, B TELPK zhPOFBOLPK, HLBE h, H YUBUFOPUFY, ZPCHPTYMPUSH "chNEUFP LBBTNPCH UFTPYFSH RPMLPCHSCHE UMPVPDSCH, DBVSCH UPMDBFSCH memiliki CHEEEA CHSCHZPDPK telah TSEOBNY UCHPYNY TSYFSH, B DEFI YI UVETETSEOSHCH Y RTY RPMLPCHSCHI YLPMBI PVCUEOSCHI Y CHPURYFBOSH VSHCHFSH NPZMY ". dBMEE HLB HFPYUOSM NEUFP TBNEEEOYS UMPVPD: "... rTEPVTBTsEOULPNH RPMLH RPBDY mYFEKOPZP DCHPTB, uENEOPChULPNH RPBDY zhPOFBOLY B PVSCHCHBFEMSHULYNY DCHPTBNY, yNBKMPTNY..." CHRPUMEDUFCHYY DMS yЪNBKMPCHULPZP RPMLB PFCHEMY HYBUFPL, PZTBOYUEOOSCHK OSHOEYOYOYNY nPULPCHULYN Y METNPOFPCHULYN RTPURELFBNY, zhPOFBOLPK Y pVCHPDOSHCHN LBOBMPN.

h UMPVPDBI UPMDBFSCH TSYMY CH DETECSOOSCHI YЪVBI (YI OBSCCHBMY "UCHSSNNY"). rPUTEDY "UCHSY" OBIPDYMYUSH VPMSHYYE UEOY, B RP UFPTPOBN UPMDBFULYE LPNOBFSCH-UCHEFMYGSCH. lPMYUEUFCHP YЪV CH LBTsDPN RPMLH VSCHMP TBOBOSCHN. obrtynet, Ch rTEPVTBTSEOULPN RPMLKh YI OBUYUYFSHCHCHBMPUSH 192. ChPPVEE, PVYFBFEMI UMPVPD NPZMY CHEUFY UCHPE IPSKUFCHP, CHSHCHTBEYCHBFSH PCHPEY Y ZHTHLFSCH, UPDETTSBFSH DPNBYOAA RFYGH Y ULPF. LCA RPDDETTSBOYS ON FETTYFPTYY UMPVPDSCH DPMTSOPZP RPTSDLB OBOBYUBMYUSH DETSHTOSCHE PZHYGETSCH, B RP OPYUBN RTPYCHPDYMPUSH RBFTHMYTPCHBOYE, DBVSCH "OE VSCHMP CHYOOPK RTPDBTSY LPTNYUEUFCHB J" J UPMDBFSCH "OE CHSCHIPDYMY dv DPNPCH VE ZHPTNSCH, OE THVYMY DTPCHB B RPMLPCHSCHI TPEBI".

LBCHBMETYS H GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH RPDCHETZMBUSH ZPTBDDP VPMEE ZMHVPLPK TEPTZBOYBGYY, YUEN REIPFB. L 1730 Z. TEZKHMSTOBS LPOOYGB UPUFPSMB YULMAYUYFEMSHOP Y DTBZHO, LPFPTSCHI OBUYUYFSHCHBMPUSH 33 RPMLB. dTBZHOSHCH SCHMSMYUSH UCHPEZP TPDB "EDSEEK REIFPPK" Y PVCYUBMYUSH CHEDEOIA VPS, LBL CH REYEN, FBL Y CH LPOOPN UFTPZP. pDOBLP, YNEOOP CH UIMH FBLPK DCHPKUFCHEOOPC TPMY, LBL LPOOYGB POI VSCHMY DPCHPMSHOP UMBVSCH. h 1731 Z. chPYOULBS LPNYUUIS RTEMPTSYMB RETEZHPTNYTPCHBFSH YUBUFSH DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC CH LITBUYTULYE. lYTBUITBN RTEDUFPSMP UFBFSH HDBTOPK UYMPK THUULPK LBCHBMETYY. sing UOBVTSBMYUSH BEYEBCHYNY ZTHDSH DPUREIBNY (LITBUBNY), RPMKHYUBMY UBNSCHI MHYUYI MPYBDEK Y RTPIPDYMY HUYMEOOHA RPDZPPFPCHLH. bTZHNEOFYTHS OEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPDBOYS FPZP OPCHPZP FYRB LPOOYGSCH, YUMEOSCH chPYOULPK LPNYUUYY B PDOPN dv UCHPYI "TBUUHTSDEOYK" HLBSCHCHBMY "rPOETsE B TPUUYKULPN CHPKULE YOPK LBCHBMETYY, LTPNE DTBZHOULYI RPMLPCH, B YNEOOP: TEKFBTPCH J LYTBUYT OE VSCHCHBMP, B RTY DTHZYI RTY CHUEI ECHTPREKULYI CHPKULBI YNEAFUS VPMSHYE TEKFBTULYE , OETSEMY DTBZHOULYE RPMLY, RTY OELPFPTSCHI b, b PUPVMYCHP RTY TYNULYI GEUBTULYI (b BCHUFTYKULYI. n.) CHPKULBI, YNEAFUS LYTBUYTULYE RPMLY, LPFPTSCHE RTPFYCH FHTEGLPZP CHPKULB DEKUFCHPCHBMY MHYUYE DTHZYI, J MEZLYE DTBZHOULYE RPMLY RTPFYCH FBLYI TEKFBTULYI J LYTBUYTULYI RPMLPCH OE NPZHF BCHBOFBTSEN UFPSFSH, FP TBDY chPYOULBS LPNYUUIS TBUUKhTSDBEF, DBVSHCH CH OSHOEOYOEE CHTENS HYUOYFSH FBLYI LIGHTBUYTULYI DEUSFSH RPMLPC TENTANG OENEGLYI MPYBDSI.

l UPTSBMEOYA, dv-B ZHYOBOUPCHSCHI BFTHDOEOYK A OBYUBMH CHPKOSCH memiliki FHTLBNY J FBFBTBNY Khurem UPDBFSH CHUEZP FTY LYTBUYTULYI RPMLB: PDYO × 1731 J Z. DCHB × 1732 Z. lTPNE MEKV-TEZYNEOF OBCHBFSH LPOOBS ZCHBTDYS, B CH TBOZ VSHCHFSH RTPFYCH ZCHBTDYY, B VSHCHYK H RPMLH HOFET-PZHYGETCH Y TSDPCHSHCHI FSHCHUSYUH YUEMPCHEL". fBL RPSCHYMUS MEKV-ZCHBTDYY lPOOSCHK RPML, PYO YO OBYVPMEE RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI CH THUULPK BTNYY. UEVE YNRETBFTYGB RTYUCHPYMB JSCHBOYE RPMLPCHOYLB LFPZP RPMLB, B RPDRPMLPCHOYLPN OBOBYUMB PVET-YFBMNEKUFETB sZKhTSYOULPZP. rPUME CHUEI RETEZHPTNYTPCHBOYK THUULBS LBCHBMETYS CHLMAYUBMB PDYO ZCHBTDEKULYK, 3 LITBUYTULYI Y 29 DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC, OBUYUYFSHCHCHBAEYI RPYUFY 36 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL.

rP YFBFH 1731 Z. YUYUMEOOPUFSH PDOPZP DTBZHOULPZP RPMLB UPUFBCHMSMB 1093 Yuem. CH NYTOPE CHTENS Y 1225 YUEM. CH CHPEOOPE CHTENS. yuYUMEOOPUFSH LITBUYTULPZP RPMLB OE NEOSMBUSH, CHUEZDB TBCHOSSUSH 974 Yuem. LBCDSCHK DTBZHOULYK YMY LIGHTBUYTULYK RPML DEMYMUS TENTANG DEUSFSH TPF. dTBZHOSHCH CHPTHTSBMYUSH JKHESNY UP YFSHCHLBNY, RBMBYBNY Y RYUFPMEFBNY. LYTBUITBN CHNEUFP ZhKHEK RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH YNEFSH HLPTPYUEOOOSCHE LBTVBYOSCH, B RBMBY X OII VSHMY BNEFOP DMYOOEE Y FTSMEEE DTBZHOULYI.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE DTBZHO, LBL Y REIPFOPE, PUFBCHBMPUSH RPIPTSYN ABOUT FP, UFP VSCHMP RTYOSFP RTY REFTE I. yn RPMBZBMYUSH UYOYE LBZHFBOSHCH U LTBUOSCHNY CHPTPYSHCHENYZBUNY Y PVY. h LPOOPN UFTPA, DTBZHOSHCH OBDECHBMY UBRPZY U TBUFTKHVBNY, B H REYEN - VBYNBLY. lPOOPZCHBTDEKGSHCH RTY UYOEN LBZHFBOOE OPUIMY LTBUOSCHE LBNPM Y YFBOSHCH. l FPNKh CE YI NHODYTSCH VSCHMY VPZBFP HLTBIEOSCH BPMPFSCHN ZBMHOPN.

LYTBUITBN RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH H UFTPA YNEFSH UHLPOOSCHE YMY LYTPCHSCHE NHODYTSCH-LPMEFSCH VEMPZP GCHEFB U AEMEOSCHNY CHPTPFOYLBNY Y PVYMBZBNY, LITBUSCH, MPUYOPCHSCHE YFBOSHCH Y. choe UFTPS YN RPMBZBMPUSH PVNHODYTPCHBOYE, PYUEOSH UIPDOPE U DTBZHOULYN. VEDB, PDOBLP, VSCHMB CH FPN, YUFP YЪZPFPCHYFSH DPUFBFPYUOPE LPMYUEUFCHP "HUFBCHOSCHI" NHODYTPCH DMS RETCHSHI LITBUYTULYI RPMLPC PE CHTENS OE KHUREMY. h YAOE 1733 Z. nYOYI RYUBM YNRETBFTYGE "chBYE yNRETBFPTULPE CHEMYYUEUFCHP, OE UPYCHPMYFE MSH HLBBFSH ON POSCHE DCHB LYTBUYTULYE RPMLB, OELPFPTSCHE NHODYTOSCHE J BNHOYYUOSCHE CHEEY, LPYI B tPUUYY DPUFBFSH OECHPNPTSOP ... CHSCHRYUBFSH dv OENEGLYI LTBECH". CHETPSFOP, YNEOOP RPFPNKh BOZMYUBOYO zhTIOUYU DIYCHHD, TSYCHYK CH REFETVKhTZE MEFPN 1733 Z., RYEF, YUFP THUULIE LITBUYTSCH “PDEFSCH CH UYOYE Y CELBPCHBFP-CHELPTYUNOMSCHEES”. uYOYE LBNPMSHCH - DTBZHOULIE, B CEMFPCHBFP-LPTYUOECHSHCHE - RPLKHROSCHE, OENEGLIE. ZPMPCHOSCHN HVPPTPN Y CH LITBUYTULYI, Y CH DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI UMHTSYMB YueTOBS IETufsoBS YMSRB.

bTFYMMETYS CHTENEOB BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH DEMYMBUSH TENTANG RPMECHHA, PUBDOKHA Y LTERPUFOHA. rPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH, ZPCHPTS SHCHLPN HUFBCHB FPZP READING, “UFPSFSH ABOUT CHSHCHUPLYI NEUFBI YY HELP (RHIEL - b. N.) ULPMSHLP CHPNPTSOP RP OERSFTYSHEMA UFTEMSFTYSHEMA.”

h LBTsDPN REIPFOPN BTNEKULPN RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., UMEDPCHBMP YNEFSH DCHE RHYLY, VYCHYYE SDTBNY CHUPN RP FTY ZhKHOFB (1,2 LZ). dTBZHOBN RPMBZBMPUSH FPMSHLP RP PDOPC FBLPC RHYLE TENTANG RPML, DB Y FP OE CHUEN RPMLBN. uHEEUFCHPCHBM FBLCE PFDEMSHOSHCHK bTFYMMETYKULYK RPML YUYUMEOOPUFSHHA CH 1046 PZHYGETCH Y OYTSOYI YUYOPCH. LBD EYOPE RPDTBDEMEYEYEYE PADA SECUFCHCHBM, OP HUMP RPMEKHY TPF ZhPTNTPCHBMYUSHOBDSHOBDCH, LPFPMSHOPK Schyuyuyuz, LPFPTCHOBCHWENPUFUY PF PVUFFCHLY NPSMY VSHFSH Rtydotos Chpotbn. l bTFYMMETYKULPNH RPMLH, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH 63 PTHDYS.

Pada CHPPTHTSEOYY RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY OBIPDYMYUSH RHYLY CHEUPCHSCHN LBMYVTPN B FTY, YEUFSH, CHPUENSH DCHEOBDGBFSH ZHHOFPCH TH, TH RHDPCHSCHE RPMHRHDPCHSCHE ZBHVYGSCH, B FBLTSE NPTFYTSCH PUPVSCHE BTFYMMETYKULYE PTHDYS, RTEDOBOBYUEOOSCHE LCA CHEDEOYS OBCHEUOPZP EPC. dBMSHOPUFSH UFTEMSHVSHCH X PTHDYK TB'OPZP LBMYVTB OEULPMSHLP TB'MYYUBMBUSH. fBL DCHEOBDGBFIZHHOFPCHSCHE RHYLY NPZMY CHEUFY PZPOSH TENTANG 800 YBZPC, CHPUSHNYZHHOFPCHSCHE RHYLY - TENTANG 700 YBZPC, YEUFYZHHOFPCHSCHE - TENTANG 650 YBZPC, FTEIZHHOFPCHS. rPUMEDOYE VSCHMY OBYVPMEE HRPFTEVYFEMSHOSHCHNY Y UPUFBCHMSMY, RP YFBFBN 1731 Z., OE NEOEE YUEFCHETFY CHUEK RPMECHPK BTFYMMETYY. UFTEMSMY RHYLY SDTBNY, TBTSCHCHOSCHNY ZTBOBFBNY, NEFBMMYUEULYNY RHMSHLBNY - LBTFEYUSHA Y VTBODULKHZEMSNNY (UREGYBMSHOSHCHNY BTSYZBFEMSHOSHCHNY UOBTSDBNY). tentang LBCDHA FTEIZHHOFCHHA RHYLH, OBRTYNET, RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH 120 SDET, 25 ZTBOBF Y 30 LBTFEYUOSCHI BTSDHR.

h 1737 Z. NYOYI RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKH P OEPVVIPDYNPUFY KHUYMEOYS RPMLPPK BTFYMMETYY. rP EZP TELPNEODBGYY YNRETBFTYGB BOOB yPBOOPCHOB RTYOSMB YNEOOOPK HLB, LPFPTSHCHK RTEDRYUSCHCHBM YNEFSH RTY LBTsDPN REIPFOPN RPMLH RP YuEFShTE FTEIZHHOFPCHSHCHE LCHBTMLsDU. “hCHEMYYUEOYE RPMLPPKh BTFYMMETYY RPYUFY CHDCHPE, - RYUBM RP LFPNKh RPCHPDKh CHPEOOSHK YUFPTYL b. vBKHR, - OEUPNOEOOP, DP OELPFPTPK UFEROY HNEOSHYYMP RPDCHYTSOPUFSH RPMLCH; PDOBLP, LFP OEHDPVUFCHP U YVSHCHFLPN ChPOBZTBTSDBMPUSH FPK RPMShBPK, LPFPTHA BTFYMMETYS RTIOPUYMB RTY VPECHCHI UFPMLOPCHEOYSI U FHTLP-FBFBTBNY. UMEDHEF FBLCE BNEFYFSH, UFP BCHFPTSCH OPCHPZP YFBFB CHUE OE BVSCCHBMY P RPDCHYTSOPUFY RPMLPC: HCHEMYYUEOYE BTFYMMETYY VSCHMP DPUFYZOHFP SHIB UYUEF FTEIZHTEFC.

PUBDOBS BTFYMMETYS RPDTBDEMSMBUSH TENTANG FTY LPTRHUB. eE PUOPCHH B PRYUSCHCHBENPE CHTENS UPUFBCHMSMY NPTFYTSCH, B OE LTHROPLBMYVETOSCHE PUBDOSCHE RHYLY, LBL RTY reft I. lTERPUFOBS BTFYMMETYS OBIPDYMBUSH ZBTOYPOBI H J J LTERPUFSI CHLMAYUBMB, OBTSDH memiliki PTHDYSNY, LPFPTSCHE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMY FTEVPCHBOYSN CHTENEOY, OENBMP HUFBTECHYYI NPDEMEK. yFBFSCH PUBDOPK Y LTERPUFOK BTFYMMETY RTEFETRECHBMY NOPZPLTBFOSH YЪNEOEOYS, OP OP PDYO Y CHSHCHTBVPFBOOSCHI lPNYUUYEK CHBTYBOFPC FBL YOE VSCHM HFCHETSDEO. PUOPCHOSCHE HER VBSHCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH REFETVKhTSE, VTSOULE, PUETEDE.

TBTBVPFLB OPCHSCHI LPOUFTKHLGIK BTFYMMETYKULYI PTHDYK, RP NOOYA NOPZYI CHPEOOSHHI YUFPTYLPCH, CHEMBUSH CH ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOF tentang. e.vTBODEOVKhTZ, TLPCHPDYCHYK CH 1877–1903 ZZ. bTFYMMETYKULYN NKHEEN, RYUBM: “CHUE PZTBOYYUYCHBMPUSH PDOK CHOEYOPUFSHHA, Y FPMSHLP TBICHE UMHYUBKOP PFLTSCHCHYYEUS CHPRYAEEYE OEUPPVTB'OPUFY CHSHCHCHCHBMY OB OB. ...rTPYCHPDYMY UNPFTSHCH RTBLFYUEULPK UFTEMSHVSCH YMY PVCYUEOYE RPUMEDOEK, OP RTY HUMPCHYSI, DEMBCHYYI YOYI VPMEE CHPYOULHA RPFEIKH, YUEN UETSHHEOPE DEMP. pDOBLP LBLYI-MYVP DPCHPDCH CH RPMShH FBLPK FPYULY TEOYS vTBODEOVKhTZ OE RTYCHEM. pFYSHCHSHCH TSE UPCTENEOOILPC P VPECHI LBYUEUFCHBI THUULPK BTFYMMETYY PYUEOSH TBOPTEYUYCHSHCH. lTYFYYUEULY OBUFTPEOOSHK YCHED t.l. VETL TBUULBSHCHCHBEF, UFP RTY PUBDE TKHUULYNY CHPKULBNY dBOGYZB CH 1734 Z. NOPZYE RHYLY OE UNPZMY UFTEMSFSH, FBL LBL "OE RPDIPDYMY OY SDTB, OY MBZHEFSCH". bozmyyuboyo dts. lHL, OBRTPFICH, BSCHMSEF, UFP TENTANG REFETVKhTZULPN MYFEKOPN DCHPTE "PFMYCHBAF OBIMHYUYE CH NYTE RHYLY, NPTFYTSCH Y VPNVSHCH".

l YUYUMH VEUURPTOSCHI OEDPUFBFLPC TPUUYKULPK BTFYMMETYY CH 1730-E ZPSCH UMEDHEF PFOEUFY OETBGYPOBMSHOHA PTZBOYBGYA EE MYUOPZP UPUFBCHB. Dempo H FPN, YUFP EDPCHSCHE (FE UPMDBFSCH J PZHYGETSCH, PFCHEYUBCHYYE B RETECHPLH PTHDYK J VPERTYRBUPCH) VSCHMY PFDEMEOSCH PF UPVUFCHEOOP BTFYMMETYUFPCH, UCHEDEOSCH H UBNPUFPSFEMSHOHA YUBUFSH ( "RPMECHPK ZHHTYFBDF") Q RPDYUYOEOSCH UCHPENH LPNBODYTH, OEBCHYUYNPNH PF LPNBODYTB bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB.

pVEEE THLPCHPDUFCHP BTFYMMETYEK PUKHEEUFCHMSM ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFET. RFCPUBUBMSHP OKHKM UBN Nyoya, OP Hub 1735 Z. di Vault Opproveo Zambchoplpnbodkhein H Decufchhahaeha BNYA, BTFimmeta ChPZZMBCHM Rthyog Madchiz-Cheymshzene-ypzboo Zeuuo-ZPNVHTZULYK. l. VETL PFNEYUBM CH UCHPYI BRYULBI, UFP RTYOG "VPMEE TBURPMPTSEO L LFPNH (BTFYMMETYKULPNH - b. n.) DEMKH, YUEN EZP RTEDYUFCHEOOIL". chRTPYUEN, OH RTYOG, OH NYOYI RTPZHEUUIPOMSHOSHCHNY BTFYMMETYUFBNY OE VSCHMY. DMS TEOYOYS UREGYBMSHOSHCHI CHPRTPUPCH RTY ZEOETBM-ZHEMSHDGEKINEKUFETE YNEMUS YFBV.

pVNHODYTPCHBOYE UPMDBF bTFYMMETYKULPZP RPMLB UPUFPSMP Y LBZHFBOB Y LBNPMB LTBUOPZP GCHEFB. RP RPLTPA LBZHFBO OBRPNYOBM REIPFOSHCHK, OP, RPNYNP GCHEFB, PFMYYUBMUS PF RPUMEDOEZP VPMSHYN LPMYUEUFCHPN NEDOSHI RHZPCHYG, LPFPTSCHE RTYIPDYMPUSH RPUFPSOOP DTBYFSH.

yFBFSCH YOTSEOETOSHCHI ChPKUL VSCHMY HFCHETSDEOSCH OYEBDPMZP DP CUFHRMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH TENTANG RTEUFPM, CH YAOE 1728 Z. Y CH 30th ZPDSH UFPMEFIS OE NEOSMYUSH. h UFTBOE UHEEUFCHPCHBM yOTSEOETOSHCHK RPML Y NYOETOBS TPFB, RTYUEN UFTPECHPK YUBUFSHHA VSHMB FPMSHLP RPUMEDOSS. rPML UPUFPSM RTEYNKHEUFCHEOOP YЪ PZHYGETCH, LPFPTSHCHE RP NO OBDPVOPUFY LPNBOYTPCHBMYUSH DMS TEYOYS LPOLTEFOSHCHI BDBYu.

pF RPMECHSCHI BTNEKULYI YUBUFEK VSCHMY YUEFLP PFDEMEOSCH ZBTOYPOOSCHE CHPKULB, RTEDOBOBBYEOOSCHE DMS CHOKHFTEOOOEK UMHTSVSHCH. nyanyikan FBLTS UPUFPSMY YЪ REIPFSCH Y DTBZHO. l 1730 Z. ZBTOYPOOSCHE ChPKULB OBUYUYFSHCHBMY UPTPL DECHSFSH RPMLCH Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI VBFBMSHPOB REIPFSCH, YuEFShCHTE RPMLB Y DCHB PFDEMSHOSHCHI ULBDTPOB DTBTHO. j 1734-1736 ZZ. L OYN VSCHMY DPVBCHMEOSCH EEE FTY DTBZHOULYI RPMLB. lTPNE FPZP, DMS PITBOSHCH mBDPTSULPZP LBOBMB UZHPTNYTPCHBMY UREGYBMSHOSHCHK mBDPTSULYK LBOBMSHOSHCHK VBFBMShPO. rPNYNP PUOPCHOPK ZHOLGYY, ZBTOYPOOSCHE CHPKULB UMHTSYMY DMS RETCHPOBYUBMSHOPK RPDZPPFPCHLY OPCHPVTBOGECH RETED PFRTTBCHLPK CH RPMECHHA BTNYA.

obtsdkh U TEZHMSTOSHCHNY CHPYOULYNY YUBUFSNY CH UPUFBCH TPUUYKULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCHE YTTEZHMSTOSHCH ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS. rTETSDE CHUEZP, LFP VSCHMY LBBLLY: DPOULYE, NBMPTPUUYKULYE, YUKHZHECHULYE, SYGLYE, UMPVPDULYE Y DT. lPMYUEUFCHP TEEUFTCHSCHI (F.E. PZHYGYBMSHOP CHSFSCHI TENTANG HYUEF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHPN) DPOULYI LBBLPC CH GBTUFCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UPUFBCHMSMP PLPMP 15 FSHCHUSYU. NYOYI PYUEOSH CHSHCHUPLP PGEOYCHBM DPOGPCH Y RYUBM CH PDOPN YU UCHPYI RTYLBCHPCH, UFP SOY "FBL CHETOP Y TBDEFEMSHOP L UMHTSVE Y PFEYUEUFCHH RPUFHRBMY, LBL VPMEE FTEVPC".

h VPA DPOULYE LBBLY YUBEE CHUEZP CHSHCHRPMOSMY ZHHOLGYY MEZLPK LBCHBMETYY. mPYBDEK, PTKHTSIE Y PDETSDH SING RTYPVTEFBMY TENTANG UCHPK UYUEF. PVSCHYuOP DPOGSH OPUIMY UYOYE YUELNEOY (PDOPVPTFOSCHE LBZHFBOSH FTBDYGYPOOPZP THUULPZP RPLTPS) VE RHZPCHYG, YTPLYE YBTCHBTSHCH, NSZLE UBRPZY Y NEIPCHSHCHE RBRBII. ChPPTKhTSEOYE LBBLB UPUFPSMP YЪ RYLY, UBVMY, THTSSHS VE YFSHLB, OP, CH UYMH PFUHFUFCHYS LBLYI-MYVP RTBCHYM UOBVTSEOIS, PFMYUBMPUSH VPMSHYYN TBOPPVTBBYEN. lBBLY BLBSHCHCHBMY THTSSHS Y UBVMY TENTANG TPUUYKULYI NBOKHZHBLFHTBI, RPLKHRBMY H PFDEMSHOSHCHI TENEUMEOILPCH, PYUEOSH MAVIMY FTPZHEKOPE PTHTSYE. pFRTBCHMSSUSH CH RPIPD, POI PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH RPMLY TB'OPZP UPUFBCHB. ChPEOOBS LPMMEZYS FPMSHLP CHEMB HYUEF DPOULYN LBBLBN, B TENTANG MAVSH RPRSHCHFLY CHNEYBFEMSHUFCHB CH YI CHOHFTEOOYE DEMB LBYUEUFCHP TEBZYTPCHBMP PYUEOSH VPMEEOOOP.

EEE CH 1716 Z. YUBUFSH DPOULYI LBBLPCH, RP YOYGYBFIYCHE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB, RETEUEMYMBUSH OB TELKH YPRET, DMS BEYFSCH OPCHPIPRETULPE LTERPUFY PF FBFBTULYI OBVEZCHB. h 1724 Z. PLPMP FSHCHUSU LBBYUSHYI UENEK VSHCHMY OBRTBCMEOSCH "Tentang CHEUOPE TSIFEMSHUFCHP" OB TEELKH bZTBIBO, B CH 1733 Z. EEE FSHCHUSYUB UENEK TBNEUFIMBUSH NETsDH gBTYGBSCHN LFY RPUEMEOIS RPMPTSYMY OBYUBMP CHPMTSULPNKH LBYUSHENKH CHPKULKH.

yuYUMEOOPUFSH TEEUFTCHSCHI NBMPTPUUYKULYI LBBLPC, RP DBOOSCHN b. vBKCHB, UPUFBCHMSMB PLPMP 55 FSHCHUSYU YEMPCHEL. UMEDHEF BNEFYFSH, YuFP OBYUYFEMSHOBS YUBUFSH LBBYUEUFCHB PYUEOSH FSZPFIMBUSH LPOFTPMEN UP UFPTPOSCH TPUUYKULPZP RTBCCHYFEMSHUFCHB Y PFOADSH OE HFTBFIMB OBDETSDH ABOUT. rTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UP UCHPEK UFPTPOSCH CHUENETOP IPFEMP HTEEBFSH RPMOPNPYUYS UFBTYYOSCH (CHETIHYLY LBBYUEUFCHB). eee RTY REFTE I, CH 1722 Z. VSCHMB MYLCHYDYTPCHBOB CHSHVTOPUFSH ZEFNBOPCH, B HRTBCHMEOYE CHUEK SECHRPVETETSOPC HLTBYOPK RETEDBOP nBMPTPUUYKULPK LPMMEZYY. pDOBLP, RPUFPSOOBS HZTPЪB CHPKOSHCH U fHTGYEK BUFBCHYMB CHMBUFSH RPKFY TENTANG LPNRTPNYUU U NBMPTPUUYKULYNY LBBLBNY. h 1727 Z. REFT II HRTBDOYM nBMPTPUUYKULKHA LPMMEZYA Y TBTEYYM CHSHCHVPTSCH ZEFNBOB, LPFPTSHCHN UFBM NYTZPTPDULYK RPMLPCHOYL dBOYMB BRPUFPM. L ZEFNBOKH, CHRTPYUEN, VSCHM RTYUFBCHMEO "NYOYUFT" ZHEDPT OBKHNPC, CH ZHOLGYY LPFPTPZP CHIPDYMP UMEDIFSH, YUFPVSCH CH UFBTYOKH YЪVYTBMYUSH FPMSHLP "MADYODY DPVTSCH". h SOCHBTE 1734 Z. brPUFPM HNET Y, RP TEYOYA lBVYOEFB NYOYUFTCH, CHMBUFSH RETEYMB L rTBCHMEOYA ZEFNBOULPZP HTSDB - LPMMEZYBMSHOPNKH PTZBOKH Y GBTULYYI YUCHYOPCHO. sFP TEYOYE CHSCCHBMP UIMSHOPE OEDCHPMSHUFCHP LBBYUEUFCHB. zeOETBM-MEKFEOBOF bMELUEK yBIPCHULPK, ​​​​OBIPDYCHYKUS FPZDB TENTANG HLTBYOE, U FTECHPZPK DPOPUYM YNRETBFTYGE: "LPNKh POY ZEFNBOPN VSCFSh TSEMBAF, FPZP BCFMYOOP S NPOBKH OE S NPOBKH".

h UIMKH CHSHCHYEIMPTSEOOSCHI RTYUYO CHP CHTENS CHPKOSHCH 1735–1739 . TPUYKULPE LPNBODPCHBOYE PFOPUYMPUSH L NBMPTPUYKULYN LBBLBN U YЪTSDOSCHN RPDPTEOYEN, BOEPVIPDYNPUFSH UPVMADBFSH OELPFPTSCHE LBBYUSHY RTYCHYMEZY CHSHCHSHCHCHBMB X OEZP TBTTSET. fBL v.-l. NYOYI CH 1739 Z., VKHDHYUI RTPEEDPN CH zMHIPCHE Y HOBCH P OECHSCZPDOPN DMS OEZP TEIEOYY NEUFOPZP UHDB, LTYUBM OB UHDEK: “fBLYI UHDEK RPCHEUIFSH OBDP YYFBYT, VYCH!” pV HLTBIOULYI BLPOBI ZHEMSHDNBTYBM CHSHCHTBYMUS U CHPEOOPC RTSNPFPK: "yEMSHNB RYUBM, B LBOBMShS UHDYM".

OBYVPMEE PTZBOYPCHBOOSCHNY H CHPEOOPN PFOPYOYY VSCHMY UMPVPDULYE Y YUHZHECHULYE LBBLLY. uMPVPDULYE LBBLY Y CH NYTOPE, Y ChP CHTENS CHPKOSH PVYAEDYOSMYUSH CH RSFSH RPMLCH, LPFPTSHCHE UPUFBCHMSMY VTYZBDKH, RPDYUYOEOOHA LPNBODYTH hLTBYOULPK DYCHYYY. at 1729 RP 1731 Z. CH YuEFSCHTEI Y RSFY UMPVPDULYI RPMLPC VSCHMP UZHPTNYTPCHBOP Y LBBLPC RP PDOPC TEZHMSTOPK TPFE. h 1736 Z. FBLYI TPF UFBMP RP DCHE CH LBTsDPN RPMLH, B CH 1739 Z. CHUE DEUSFSH TEZHMSTOSHCHI LBYUSHYI TPF VSCHMY UCHEDEOSCH CH uMPVPDULPK TEZHMSTOSHCHK RPML. zhPTNEOOBS PDETSDB UMPVPTSBO UPUFPSMB dv UYOEZP LBZHFBOB memiliki PFLYDOSCHNY THLBCHBNY J YBTPCHBT, GCHEF LPFPTSCHI BCHYUEM PF RPMLB: W iBTShLPChULPN TSEMFSCHE, B uHNULPN UCHEFMP-UYOYE, B bIFSchTULPN EMEOSCHE, B yANULPN LTBUOSCHE, W B pUFTPZPTsULPN PTBOTSECHSCHE.

YUKHZHECHULYE LBBLY VSHMY PVYAEDOOEOSCH CH PDYO RPML RSFYUPFEOOPZP UPUFBCHB, RTYUEN FTY UPFOY UPUFBCHMSMY UPVUFCHEOOP LBBLLY, B DCHE UPFOY - LTEEEOOSH LBMNSCHLY. LBL Y UMPVPDULYE LBBLLY, YUKHZHECHULIE UPITBOSMY UCHPA PTZBOYBGYA CH NYTOPE CHTENS.

h 1734 Z. H THUULPE RPDDBOUFCHP CHOPCHSH VSCHMY RTYOSFSHCH BRPTPTSULYE LBBLLY, RPUEMYCHYYEUS CH OPCHPK uEYU RTY HUFSHET TEL VХЪХЧМХЛ. vPMShYPK PRSCHF VPTSHVSCH memiliki FHTLBNY DEMBM YEE PYUEOSH GEOOSCHNY UPTBFOYLBNY LCA THUULPK BTNYY, OP, L RTYCHSCHLYYE CHPMSHOYGE BRPTPTSGSCH PFMYYUBMYUSH FBLTSE CHEOPHYSHYTOUGYTOEK KOEK OEDY j 1735 .

eEE PDOIN, CHEUSHNB UREGYZHYUOSCHN, YTTEZHMSTOCHN ZHPTNYTPCHBOYEN SCHMSMYUSH ZHUBTSHCHN. eEE REFT I RPTHUIM UCHPHYN DYRMPNBFBN RTYCHMELBFSH TENTANG UMHTsVKH UETVPCH, IPTCHBFPCH, CHEOZTPCH, LPFPTSCHI TBUUEMSMY TENTANG HLTBYOE Y PVEUREYUCHBMY TsBGENCHBOYEN "RPFLBL POY POPE". L 1731 Z. YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP YuEFSCHTEIUPF ZKHUBT, RTEINHEUFCHEOOP UETVPCH. h 1737 Z., HTCH HPDE ChSPSCH, RPMLPCHOIL UFPSOPC UNPZ UPPTULYKTPCH BFML, B EEE ZPD URKUFS RPMLPCHOIL LKNIZ RTYchychy Ye Chehtyy Dche TPFsch Lbchbmetyufpch, LPFPTSKE Choshktulike Chosetolek. oblpoeg, Ch 1739 Z. LOSSH nBNHLPCH-dBCHSHCHDPCH RPMKHYUYM TBTEYOYE PTZBOYPCHBFSH zTHYOULHA ZHUBTULHA TPPHH CH UPUFBCHE 74 YuEMPCHEL. CHUE ZHUBTSCH, OB RTETSOYI PUOPCHBOYSI, RPMHYUBS PF RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHB TsBMPCHBOYE Y HYBUFLY ENMY CH RTYZTBOYUOSCHI TBKPOBI, DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UPDETTSBFSH UEVS UBNY. rPLTPK PVNKHODYTPCHBOYS H OII UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM OBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN FTBDYGYSN: TBUYFSE YOHTBNY LHTFLY Y YFBOSHCH, LPTPFLYE RMBEY, NEIPCHSHCHE YBRLY Y F.D.

UChPEPVTBOSCHN RTPNETSHFPYUOSCHN CHBTYBOFPN NETSDH YTTEZHMSTOCHN Y TEZHMSTOSHCHN CHPKULPN UMHTSYMB MBODNYMYGYS. CHRECHESCHE POB RPSCHYMBUSH CH 1713 Z. CH LPMYUEUFCHE RSFY REIPFOSHCHI RPMLPC, LPFPTSHCHE VSCHMY RTEDOBBYEOOSCH DMS BEYFSCH ATSOSHI ZTBOYG UFTBOSHCH Y ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSCH Y PDOPDCHPTGE CHULPTE RPUME ZHPTNYTPCHBOYS MBODNYMYGYA TBURHUFYMY, OP HSE CH 1722 Z. UPVTBMY CHOPCHSH. h 1729 Z. VSHMP TEKYOP DPCHEUFY YUYUMEOOPUFSH MBODNYMYGYY DP DEUSFY RPMLCH, OP TEBMYЪPCHBFSH FFPF RMBO RPMOPUFSHHA OE HDBMPUSH.

1731 jam AZ, NYOYI RTEDMPTSYM LCA Beyfsch hltbyosch pf fbbtyi obvezpch huftpyfsh "netsdh uechetulyn dpogpn veteufpchpk th th hlm uechetulpnh dpogh myoya j, hunpfts, zde prebhosche neufb a rtpipdh oertysfemshulhnh, udembfsh lterpufy". pVPTPOB FFK MYOYY CHPMBZBMBUSH TENTANG MBODNYMYGYA, TEPTZBOYBGYA LPFPTPK RPTKHYUIMY RPMLPCHOILBN fBTBLBOPCH Y DEVTYOSHY. h YFPZE YI DESFEMSHOPUFY RPSCHIMPUSH DCHBDGBFSH MBODNYMYGEKULYI RPMLPC, J LPFPTSCHI DECHSFSH (YEFSCHTE REIPFOSHCHI Y RSFSH LPOOSCHI) RPUEMMY TENTANG MOYY, B RTPUYE UPVITBMY CHTENSHLP. LBL UPPVEBM NYOYI YNRETBFTYGE CH SOCHBTE 1736 Z., DMS LBTsDPZP RPMLB "HYYOEOP BLLHTTBFOPE TBDEMEOYE BENEMSH Y OBBYUEOSCH ... DPCHPMSHOSCHE NEUFB, LBL TENTANG RBYOA, UEOPLKH LPU". mBODNYMYGYPOETSC TSYMY H UCHPYI DPNBI Y YNEMY IPSKUFCHP, OP, RTY LFPN RPUFPSOOP (B OE RETYPDYUEULY, LBL VPMSHYYOUFCHP LBBLPC) OEUMY UMHTsVKh. h MEFOEE CHTENS YI UPVYTBMY TENTANG HUEOYS CH UREGIBMSHOSCHI MBZETSI. DP 1736 Z. MBODNYMYGYS OE YNEMB UCHPEZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UOBVTsBMBUSH UVBTSCHNY NHODYTBNY REIPFOSHCHY Y DTBZHOULYI RPMLPC. BLFEN DIA UPMDBFBN VSHCHMY RTYUCHPEOSCH VEMSHCHE LBZHFBOSHCH, LTBUOSCHE LBNPMSHCH, YFBOSHCH "LPMCHPK LPTSY" DAN ZTEOBDETULYE YBRLY VEMPZP GCHEFB. pZHYGETSCH RTY FBLYI CE LBZHFBOBI Y LBNPMBI OPUIMY LTBUOSCHE YFBOSHCH.

rPNYNP CHUEI RETEYUMEOOOSCHI CHPKUL, CH UPUFBCH THUULPK BTNYY CHIPDYMY PFTSSDCH LBMNSCHLCH, UPUFPSCHYE RPD OBUBMPN "UFBTYYO Y UCHPYI CHMBDEMSHGECH". nyanyikan OPUIMY OBGIPOBMSHOHA PDETSDH Y VSCHMY CHPPTHTSEOSH MHLBNY, UBVMSNY, LPRSHSNY Y RTPUYN OBGIPOBMSHOSHCHN PTHTSYEN.

lPNRMELFPChBOYE TEZHMSTOPK BTNYY TSDPCHSCHN UPUFBCHPN PUHEEUFCHMSMPUSH RPUTEDUFCHPN TELTHFULYI OBVPTPCH, HUFBOPCHMEOOSCHI rEFTPN I. tELTHFULBS RPCHYOOPUFSH TBURTPUFTBOSMBUSH, RP DEKUFCHPCHBCHYENH BLPOPDBFEMSHUFCHH, ON CHUEI "LPFPTSCHE B RPDHYOSCHE PLMBDSCH RPMPTSEOSCH" FE CH RETCHHA PYUETESH TENTANG LTEUFSHSO. pF OEE VSCHMY PUCHPVPTSDEOSCH, RPNYNP RTYCHYMEZYTPCHBOOSCHI UPUMPCHYK, PDOPDCHPTGSCH chPTPOETsULPK, lYEChULPK, lBBOULPK J bUFTBIBOULPK ZHVETOYK, LPFPTSCHE RPRPMOSMY MBODNYMYGYA, LTEUFSHSOE UMPVPD, RTYRYUBOOSCHI A ELBFETYOVHTZULYN BCHPDBN, FHMSHULYE J UEUFTPTEGLYE PTHTSEKOYLY, Chueh OBUEMEOYE PZTPNOPK uYVYTY J OELPFPTSCHI DTHZYI FETTYFPTYK.

rPUME 1724 Z. OBVPT TELTHFPCH UFBM RTPYCHPDYFSHUS U PRTEDEMEOOOPZP LPMYUEUFCHB "TECHYULYI DHY", BOE RHFEN RPDCHPTOPK TBULMMBDLY, LBL TBOEE. pVEEE LPMYUEUFCHP RTYYSHCHCHOYLPCH PRTEDEMSMPUSH TEBMSHOSHCHNY RPFTEVOPUFSNY BTNYY Y, UMEDPCHBFEMSHOP, H TBOSCHE ZPDSH VSCHMP TBMYUOSCHN. fBL CH GBTUFCHPCHBOYE BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CH PFDEMSHOSHCHE OBVPTSCH FTEVPCHBMY PDOPZP TELTHFB PF 320, 169, 102, 98 DHY. BVPFSSUSH P CHSHCHRPMOOYY RTYOSFSHCHI OPTN, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP OBMBZBMP DEOETSOSCHE YFTBSCHSHCH TENTANG ZHVETOBFPTPCH b LBTsDPZP OEDPVTBOOPZP TELTHFB.

ChPTBUF TELTHFB Refinery LPMEVBFSHUS PF RSFOBDGBFY DP FTYDGBFY MEF, OP RTYYSCHOILPCH NMBDYE CHPUENOBDGBFY MEF BRTEEBMPUSH OBRTBCHMSFSH H DEKUFCHHAEKHA BTNYA. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS UYUYFBMB TSEMBFEMSHOSHCHN, YUFPVSHCH TPUF TELTHFB VSCHM OE NEOEE DCHHI BTYOPCH Y YEFSHCHTEI CHETYLPCH (1 N 60 UN), IPFS RTYJSCHCHBMY Y NEOE CHSHUPLYI.

fBL LBL UPMDBFULBS UMHTsVB VSCHMB RPTSYOEOOOPK, B DYUGYRMYOB CH BTNYY PYUEOSH UHTPPCHPK, LTEUFSHSOE CHYDEMY CH "TELTHFYUYOE" FSEMEKIE VTENS, EDCHB MY OE OBBLBEBOYE. UREGYJYUEULPK ZHPTNPK RTPFEUFB UFBMY RPVEZY. “nOPZYE LTEUFSHOOE, - UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF l. t.VETL, - YU UFTBI VSHCHFSH CH SFSHCHNY CH UPMDBFSCH HVEZBAF PF UCHPYI ZPUURPD CH u.-refETVKhTZ, ZDE, MYVP DPVSCHCHBAF UEVE RTPRYFBOYE TENTANG ZPUHDBTUFCHEOOFTCHI eUMMY ZPURPDB PFSHCHULYCHBAF FBLYI VEZMEGPCH (PF YuEZP FE, RTBCHDB, UVBTBFEMSHOP VETEZHFUS, YUBUFP RETEVITBSUSH U NEUFB OB NEUFP), FP OBZTBDPK UFBOCHYFUS LOHF. OETEDLYNY VSCHMY Y UMHYUBY DETFETUFCHB HCE OBIPDYCHYYIUS TENTANG UMHTSVE UPMDBF. fBL CH PDOPN MYYSH 1732 ZPDH CH VEZBI YUYUMYMPUSH PLPMP DCHBDGBFY FSHCHUSYU "OYTSOYI YUYOPCH". pV PUFTPFE RTPVMENSCH UCHIDEFEMSHUFCHHEF UFTPZPUFSH OBBLOBOYK OB HLMPOEOYE PF CHPEOOPC UMHTsVSHCH. bB YUMEOPCHTEDYFEMSHUFCHP VYMY YRYGTHFEOBNY (NEFBMMYUEULYNY YPNRPMBNY), RPUME YuEZP, Ch eEE UFTPTSE OBBLBSCHCHBMY OB DEETFITUFCHP. fBL UPMDBF VEMPETULPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB i. BUFBZHSHECH, VETSBCHYYK Y LBTBHMB, VSCHM VYF LOHFPN, B BLFEN EZP, CHSCHTEEBCH OPDTY, UPUMMBMY CH uYVYTSH. zhHTSHETB zBMYGLPZP REIPFOPZP RPMLB b. mBTYPOCHB B FBLHA TSE CHYOH FPTS OBBLBBMY LOKHFPN Y PFRTBCHYMY TENTANG ZBMETSHCH.

ChRTPYUEN, LTEUFSHSOYO NPZ YJVETSBFSH RTYYSHCHCHB BLPOOSCHN RHFEN, CHCHUFBCHYCH UEVE OBNEUFYFEMS. rMPIYN RPUMEDUFCHYSN FBLPK RTBLFYLY RPUCHSEEOB UREGYBMSHOBS BRYULB, RPDBOOBS H lBVYOEF NYOYUFTPCH OEYCHEUFOSCHN MYGPN (CHPNPTSOP, UBNYN nYOYIPN) × 1732 C eE BCHFPT UPPVEBEF, YUFP LTEUFSHSOE, UPVTBCH UPPVEB OEPVIPDYNSCHE DEOSHZY, OBOYNBAF VPVSCHMEK, RSHSOYG "HCHEYUOSCHI MADEK" LPFPTSCHE J PFRTBCHMSAFUS CHNEUFP oyi CH BTNYA . DMS "YULPTEOOEOYS MB" CH BRYULE RTEDMBZBMPUSH PZTBOYYUYFSH UTPL UPMDBFULPK UMHTSVSHCH DEUSFSHHA ZPDBNY.

uVPT TELTHFPCH CH 1730-E ZPDSH RTPYCHPDYMUS PUPVSHNY OBVPTEILBNY YY YUYUMB PZHYGETPCH. h YI PVSBOOPUFY CHIPDYMP MYUOP RTYUHFUFCHPCHBFSH RTY RTYENE OPCHPPVTBOGECH Y OBLTERLP UNPFTEFSH, YUFPVSH POY UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBMY CHUEN FTEVPCHBOISN. rTYOSFSHCHN TELTHFBN UTBYE YUBSOIS, RPVETSYF, RP FEN RTYNEFBN RPIOBO Y RPKNBO VSHCHFSH. YOFETEUOP, UFP CH 1734 Z. RP YOYGYBFYCHE NYOYIB CH RTBCHYMB UPDETSBOYS TELTHFPCH, TBTBVPFBOOSCHE EEE CH 1719 Z., VSCHMY CHOUEOSCH Y'NEOEOYS, LPFPTSHE OBYUIFEMSHOPMY. pZhYGETBN RTEDRYUSCHCHBMPUSH CHEUFY TELTHFPCH kilang "RPTSDPYUOP J OYLBLPZP PMPVMEOYS dH PFOADSH OE YUYOYFSH" DOECHOPK NBTY OE RTECHSCHYBFSH FTYDGBFY CHETUF, BVPMECHYYI RPMBZBMPUSH CHEUFY ON RPCHPLBI, B FEI PFT H Yuen-OYVHDSH RTPCHYOYMUS "OBLBSCHCHBFSH, RTY UPVTBOYY DTHZYI CHUEI VBFPZBNY, PDOBLP C memiliki TBUUNNPFTEOYEN, UFPV OILFP YIKHCHEYUEO OE VSCHM, RPOECE PAY MADY OCHSHCHE Y CHPYOULYI RTBCH EEE OE OBAF.

UPMDBF, RPFETCHYI TENTANG UMHTSVE BDPTCHSHHE YMY RPMHYUYCHYI FTSEMSHCHE HCHEYUSHS, OBOBYUBMY UFPTPTSBNY L LBEOOSHCHN ULMBDBN Y NBUFETULYN, YOPZDB RETHECHPDYMY H ZBTOYPOOSCHE YUBUFY. FEI, LFP OE REFINERY CHSHCHRPMOSFSH CHPPVEE OILBLYI PVSBOOPUFEK, HCHPMSHOSMY UP UMHTSVSHCH. DMS PFUFBCHOSHI CHPYOPCH YNEMYUSH VZBDEMSHOY RTY NPOBUFSHTCSI, OP NEUF CHOYI OB CHUIEI OE ICHBFBMP, Y PYUEOSH YUBUFP UFBTSHCH UPMDBFSCH CHMBOBYUYMY UBNPE TsBMLPE UHEEUFCHPCH. Bab 1736 UPZMBUOP HLBKH YNRETBFTYGSHCH, YI UMEDPCHBMP TBUUEMYFSH CH RPCPMTSSE, "VMY ZTBOYG OB RHUFSHCHI NEUFBI", CHSHDEMYCH ABOUT LBTsDHA WENSHA PF 20 DP 30 YuEFCHETFEK ENMY. LFY OBDEMSCH NPTsOP VSHMP RETEDBCHBFSH RP OBUMEDUFCHH, OP BRTEEBMPUSH RTPDBCHBFSH, BLMBDSCHCHBFSH Y PFDBCHBFSH CH RTYDBOPE B DPUETSHNY. pDOBLP, RPDBCHMSAEEE VPMSHYOUFCHP PFUFBCHOYLPCH OE RPTSMBMP EIBFSH CH PFDBMEOOOSCH Y OEURPLPKOSHCHE, Yb-B UFSHYUEL U VBYLYTBNY, TBKPOSHCH UFTBOSHCH. h 1739 Z. UEOBF UPPVEYM lBVYOEFKh NYOYUFTCH, UFP PE CHUEI ZKHVETOISI OBYMPUSH FPMSHLP YEUFSH YUEMCHEL, UZMBUOSCHI RPMKHYUYFSH ENMA TENTANG CHPMZE. h PFCHEF, RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP RPYMP FTBDYGYPOOSCHN DMS tPUUY RHFEN: RTYLBMBMP RETEUEMSFSH PFUFBCHOSCHI CHPYOPCH CH PVSBFEMSHOPN RPTSDLE.

BFP OEUPNOEOOSCHN KHUREIPN UFBMP TBUYTEOYE UEFY YLPM DMS UPMDBFULYYI DEFEK: RP YNRETBFPTULPNKH HLBKH PF 21 UEOFSVTS 1732 Z. POY HYUTETSDBMYUSH RTY CHUEI ZBTOYPOBI. h FYI YLPMBI USHCHOPCHEK UPMDBF PVCYUBMY YUFEOYA, RYUSHNH, UYUEFKh, BLPOKH VPTSSHENKH, OBYUBMBN CHPEOOPC UMHTsVSHCH, PVEUREYUCHBS RTY LFPN PVNKHODYTPCHBOYEN YOBYEOSFOSHK. "h LBTsDPN ZBTOY'POOPN ZPTPDE EUFSH CHPEOOBS YLPMB, - PFNEYUBEF UMHTSYCHYYK CH tPUUY BOZMYYUBOYO DC. LHL, - CHUE NBMSHUYLY RPMHYUBAF EDYOHA ZHPTNKH. lBRYFBO PVEUREYUCHBEF RPTSDPL. NBMSHUYLY FBLCE PITBOSAF YLPMH. ... rPPETSAF FEI YЪ OYI, LFP RPTSEMBEF VYFSH CH VBTVBBO YMY YZTBFSH TENTANG LBLPN-OYVHDSH CHPEOOPN NKHSHCHLBMSHOPN YOUFTHNEOFE. PDOBLP PMKHIPCH, OE CHSHCHLBSHCHCHBAEYI OILBLYI URPUPVOPUFEK, PVCYUBAF FPMSHLP TKHTSEKOSCHN RTYENBN.

pZHYGETULYK LPTRHU TPUYKULPK BTNY LPNRMELFPCHBMUS RTEINHEUFCHEOOP DCHPTSOBNY. REFT I RTEDRTYOSM GEMSCHK TSD UBNSHCHI TEYFEMSHOSHCHI NO VMI FPZP, UFPVSHCH BUFBCHYFSH "RECHPE UPUMPCHYE" UMHTSYFSH TENTANG "RPRTYEE CHPEOOPN YMY ZTBTSDBOULPN". h NBTFE 1714 Z. VSHCHM RTYOSF OBNEOYFSHCHK HLB P EDYOPOBUMEDYY, UZMBUOP LPFPTPNKH DCHPTSOBN BRTEEBMPUSH DEMYFSH YNEOYS NETSDH USHCHOPCHSNY. RPSUSOs Ukffs LFP Netchkchchchchchbm, YuFP RTY RTEDBE RTODBM, RTPUYE "OE VKHDHF RTBJF, YVP RTyokhtzede VKHDHF Weevb Science Jul Boft Umkhtsvppa, Hyoeienn, Fpptzbyy RTPYUN". UREGIBMSHOPE DPRPMOOEOYE L HLBKH P EDYOPOBUMEDYY BRTEEBMP DCHPTSOOYOH, UPUFPSCHYENH TENTANG CHPEOOPC UMHTSVE, RPLHRBFSH OYENMY TBOEE, YUEN "RP UEDSHNY MEF UMHTsVSHCH EZP". DMS FEI TSE, LFP OE UMHTSYM CHCHUE, FFP BRTEEEOYE DEKUFCHCHBMP "DBCE DP UNETFY". bB PFLB PF UMKhTsVshch DCHPTSOBN ZTPYMB Y LPOZHJULBGYS YNEAEYIUS CHMBDEOYK, RTYYUEN YUBUFSH YI RETEDBCHBMBUSH DPOPUYYLKH, Y'CHEUFYCHYENKH RTBCHYFEMSFUFCHP P "OE. UMPCHPN, YNRETBFPT RPUFBCHYM DEMP FBL, UFP TENTANG BLPOOSCHI PUOPCHBOYSI DCHPTSOIO OILPIYN PVTBPN OE NPZ HLMPOYFSHUS PF UMHTsVSHCH. 'BFP CHSHCHIPDEG Y' OEDCHPTSOULPK UTEDSCH, RPMHYUYCH RETCHSHCHK PZHYGETULYK YUYO RTBRPTEYLB, RPMHYUBM PDOCHTENEOOP Y RTBCHP TENTANG DCHPTSOULPE DPUFPYOUFCHP.

CEMBS YNEFSH RPDZPPFCHMEOOOSHI H RTPZHEUUYPOBMSHOPN RMBOE PZHYGETPCH, REFT I OBUFBYCHBM TENTANG FPN, YUFPVSC DCHPTSOOE OBYUYOBMY UMHTsVKh TSDPCCHNY UPMDBFBNY H ZCHBTDYY. h "chPYOULPN HUFBCHE" 1716 Z. ZPCHPTYMPUSH: "yMSIEFUFCHH TPUUYKULPNKH YOPK URPUV OE PUFBEFUS CH PZHYGETSCH RTPYUIPDYFSH, LTPNE UFP UMHTSYFSH CH ZCHBTDYY." lTPNE FPZP, DMS PVCYUEOYS VHDHEYI LPNBODYTPCH VSCHMY PFLTSCHFSCH UREGYBMSHOSHCHE YLPMSCH: OBCHYZBGLBS, YOTSEOETOBS, BTFYMMETYKULBS Y DT. bB RPVEZ YYLPMSH L HUEOILH NPZMY VSHCHFSH RTYNEOEOSCH UBNSHCHE UHTPCHSCHE OBBLBEOYS, CHRMPFSH DP UNETFOPK LBY.

oEUNPFTS TENTANG CHUA UFTPZPUFSH REFTCHULPZP BLPOPDDBFEMSHUFCHB, NOPZYE DCHPTSO RTPDPMTSBMY CHUSYUEULY HLMPOSFSHUS PF UMHTsVSHCH. h 1732 Z. RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP PVYASCHYMP, UFP VPMSHYPE LPMYUEUFCHP OEDPTPMEK TSYCHEF RP UCHPYN DPNBN Y "L DEMBN OILHDB OE PRTEDEMEOSCH". tBUUNBFTYCHBMPUSH DBCE DEMP P DCHPTSOYOE, LPFPTSCHK, UFPVSCH YЪVETSBFSH UMHTSVSHCH, BRYUBMUS CH LHREYUEUFCHP. CHYOPCHOPZP PFRTBCHYMY UPMDBFPN CH ZBTOYYPO, B U VKhTNYUFTCH, CHOEUYI EZP CH URYULY, CHSMY YFTBZH.

Bab 1736 PFOSCOE PYO Y USHCHOPCHEK RPNEALB NPZ PUFBCHBFSHUS DPNB "DMS UNPFTEOIS DETECHEOSH Y LPOPNYY", B OEVPVIPDYNSCHK UTPL UMHTSVSHCH PUFBMSHOSHCHI PZTBOYUYCHBMUS (RTY REFTE UMBYHTsOPVEVBUSCUTHMBYHTs). dari BFCYE ECE J H UMHTsVKh VSCHM ZPDEO, PF ChPYOUULPK Y UUFBFULPK UMHTsVSH PFUFBCHMSFSH U RPCHSHCHIEOYEN PDOPZP TBOZB Y PFRHULBFSH H DPNSCH, B LFP YOYI DPVTCHPMSHOPHTSYVPMSHY .

h 1737 Z VSCHDEOB PVSBFEMSHOBS TEZYUFTBGYS CHUEI DCHPTSOULYI DEFEK (“OEDPTPUMEK”) UFBTYE UENY MEF. h 12-MEFOEN ChPTBUFE YN OBOBYUBMBUSH RTPCHETLB, PE CHTENS LPFPTPK NBMSHUYLY DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY RPLBBFSH HNEOYE YUYFBFSH Y RYUBFSH. dBMEE, EUMY TPDUFCHEOOOYLY DBCHBMY PVEEBOYE ​​​​YB YEFSCHTE RPUMEDHAEYI ZPDB OBHYUYFSH DEFEK BLPOH VPTSSHENKH, BTYZHNEFILE Y ZEPNEFTYY, YI PFRHULBMY DPNPC. FEI TSE, YUSHS WENSHS FBLPZP PVEEBOYS DBFSH OE NPZMB, OBRTBCHMSMY H TBMYUOSCHE YLPMSCH. pn DPUFYTSEOYY YEUFOBDGBFY MEF DCHPTSOULYI cacat UPVYTBMY B rEFETVHTZE J nPULChE, CHOPCHSH RPDCHETZBMY LBNEOH J CHOPCHSH PRTBYYCHBMY TPDUFCHEOOYLPCH, UNPCHZHF MJOPYBNLHTFZPY ZUPYBNLHTFZPY ZUPY tentang FFPF TB, PDOBLP, OEDPTPUMS NPZMY OE FPMSHLP PFRTBCHYFSH CH HHYUYMYEE YMY PFRHUFYFSH DPNPK, OP Y BYUYUMYFSH TENTANG ZTBTSDBOULHA UMHTsVH. FEI TSE, LFP RP DPUFYTSEOYY YEUFOBDGBFY MEF VSCHM RP-RTETSOENKH OEZTBNPFEO, RPMBZBMPUSH PRTEDEMSFSH CH NBFTPUSH VE RTBCHB CHSHCHUMKHZY. h CHPTBUFE DCHBDGBFY MEF NPMPDSCHE DCHPTSOE DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY SCHYFSHUS ON YUEFCHETFSCHK, RPUMEDOYK UNPFT, RPUME LPFPTPZP YEE OBRTBCHMSMY ON CHPEOOHA UMHTSVH, RTYYUEN RPLBBCHYYE OBYMHYUYYE RPOBOYS H OBHLBI RPMHYUBMY RTBCHP ON HULPTEOOPE RTPYCHPDUFCHP H PZHYGETULYK YUYO.

DMS HMHYUYOYS RPDZPFPCHLY PZHYGETPCH CH 1731 Z. CH REFETVKhTZE VSCHM HYUTETSDEO yMSIEFOSHCHK LPTRHU, SCHYCHYKUS CHPEOOP-HYUEVOSCHN BLCHEDEOYEN OPCHPZP DMS tPUUY " REFTB I, CHSCHSCHCHBMY OEDPCHPMSHUFCHP DCHPTSO, UPDBOOSCHE H GBTUFCHPCHBOYE rEFTB I, CHSCHSCHCHBMY OEDPCHPMSHUFCHP, LPFPTSCHI PFRHZYCHBMY LBL GBTYCHYYE OHYE UHTPCHSCHE RPTSDLY H, J FBL AF YUFP HUPYUPHYPYPYULPCHSHYGBUY DPR pFRTBCHLB NPMPDSHCHI DCHPTSO TENTANG HYUEVH bB ZTBOYGH FBLCE OE PRTBCHDSCCHBMB UEVS. uFPYMY LFY RPEDLY PYUEOSH DPTPZP, B OECHPЪNPTSOPUFSH RPUFPSOOPZP OBDPTB RTYCHPDYMB L FPNH, UFP HYUEOYLY OETEDLP ChPCHTBEBMYUSH DPNPK VE CHUSLYI BOBOIK. dBFSh CE RPMOPGEOOPE PVTBPCHBOYE DEFSN CH WENSHSI NPZMP DBMELP OE CHUE DCHPTSOUFCHP. dPRPMOYFEMShOPE PUMPTSOEOYE BLMAYUBMPUSH B FPN, YUFP PF UMHTSVSCH B ZCHBTDYY, SCHMSCHYEKUS, RP BNSCHUMH rEFTB, ZMBCHOPK LHOYGEK LPNBODOSCHI LBDTPCH. TPDYFEMY UFBMY BRYUSCHCHBFSH UCHPYI PFRTSHULCH CH ZCHBTDYA EDCHB MY OE U TPTsDEOYS. TEVEOPL FPMSHLP YUYUMYMUS CH RPMLH, OP YUYOSCH ENKH YMYY, FBL YUFP L UCHETIOOPMEFYA PO VSCHM HCE PZHYGETPN. obrtynet, bmelubodtb zPMYGSHCHOB, USHCHOB ZHEMSHDNBTYBMB n. n. ZPMYGSCHOB, UTBYKH RTY TPCDEOYY, CH 1724 h 1726 Z. b. b. UMUM VSHCHM RTPYCHEDEO CH NYYUNBOSH ZHMPFB CH CHPTBUFE PDOPZP ZPDB.

h tPUUYY SCHOP OBTEMB OEPVIPDYNPUFSH B FBLPN CHPEOOP-HYUEVOPN BCHEDEOYY, LPFPTPE memiliki PDOPK UFPTPOSCH HDPCHMEFCHPTYMP R ™ £ LPTRPTBFYCHOSCHE YUBSOYS CCHPTSOUFCHB CHPTSOUFCHB PVE Y DTHZPK yMSIEFOSHK LPTRHU FFYN FTEVPCHBOYSN CHRPMOE UPPFCHEFUFCHPCHBM. h OEZP NPZMY RPUFHRBFSH NPMPDSCHE DChPTSOE H ChP_TBUFE PF FTYOBDGBFY DP ChPUENOBDGBFY MEF. khyuevoshchk lkhtu vshchm tbuuyuyfbo o yeufsh mef y chlmayubm, lbl pveepvtbchbfemshoshche, fbl y uregybmshoshche, chpeooshche rtednefshch.

di UBNPZP OBYUBMB LPTRHU VSCHM BLTSCHFSCHN VBCHEDEOYEN. CHPURYFBOOYLY YNEOPCHBMYUSH LBDEFBNY ​​​​(PF ZHTBOGKHULPZP "kadet" - NMBDYK) Y TSYMY CH UREGIBMSHOPN YOFETOBFE RPD RPUFPSOOSCHN OBDPTPN REDBZPZPCH. CHOHFTEOOIK TBURPTSDPL LPTRHUB YNEM CHPEOOOSCHK IBTBLFET. rPNYNP OBHL LBDEFSHCH BOINBMYUSH UFTPECHSHCHNY HRTBTSOEOYSNNY, OEUMMY CH LPTRHUE LBTBHMSHOHA UMHTsVKH Y CHPPVEE DPMTSOSCH VSHMY "PE CHUEN CHEUSHNB RP-UPMDBFULY RPUFHRBFSH". h DEOSH PZHYGBMSHOPZP PFLTSCHFIS LPTRKHUB 17 ZHECHTBMS 1732 Z. CH OEN YUYUMYMPUSH CHUEZP 56 CHPURYFBOOILPCH, OP HCE Yuetey NEUSG YI VSCHMP 300 YuEMPCHEL.

NOPZYE UPCHTENEOOOYLY, YOPUFTBOGSCH Y TPUUYSOOE, PFSCHCHBMYUSH P yMSIEFOPN LPTRKHUE, LBL PV PDOPN YЪ MKHYUYI HYUEVOSCHI BDCHEDEOYK UFTBOSHCH. sTLHA LBTFYOH TSOYOY LBDEF TYUHEF, OBRTYNET, CH UCHPYI BRYULBI l. t. "ChTENS LBTSDPZP LBDEFB, software PFNEYUBEF RPMOPUFSHA TBURTEDEMEOP RP BOSFYSN J HRTBTSOEOYSN, LPFPTSCHE RP ULMPOOPUFSN J H UPPFCHEFUFCHYY memiliki CHPTBUFPN LCA OHYE OBYVPMEE CHBTSOSCH, B YNEOOP: THUULYK, OENEGLYK, ZHTBOGHULYK J MBFYOULYK SSCHLY, YUFPTYS, ZEPZTBZHYS, ZEPNEFTYS, ZHPTFYZHYLBGYS, BTYZHNEFYLB, RYUSHNP Y UPUFBCHMEOYE RYUEN, FBOGSCH, ZHEIFPCHBOYE, CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB, TYUPCHBOYE Y CHETIPCHBS EDDB. LBCDSCHK HUYFEMSH RP OBHLBN Y HRTBTSOEOYSN YNEEF CH UCHPEN LMBUUE URYUPL LBDEF, RTYIPDSEYI TENTANG HTPL, Y DEMBEF YN RP LFPNH URYULH RETELMYULH. uFPVSC PVCYUEOYE YMP LBL NPTsOP KHUREYOEEE, OH X LPZP TENTANG HTPLE OEF VPMSHIE 16 LBDEF. VETL MYUOP RPUEFYM LPTRKHU, LPFPTSCHK TBURPMBZBMUS PE DCHPTGE, TBOEE RTYOBDMETSBCHYEN b. NEOSHYILPCHKH, Y RTYYEM L CHCHCHPDKH, UFP "LPNOBFSCH YUYUFSHCHE Y PRTSFOSHCHE", B LPTNSF CHPURYFBOOYLPC PYUEOSH IPTPYP. ChRTPYUEN, YCHEDULYK RHFEYUFCHEOOIL PFNEFIYM FBLTS OBBLBBOYS, PTSYDBCHYE OETBDYCHSHI HUEOILPCH. rTPCHYOYChYYIUS, RP EZP UMPCHBN, CHSCHUFBCHMSMY A RPPTOPNH UFPMVH, VYMY ZHHIFEMSNY (FE YRBZPK RMBYNS) UBTSBMY CHETIPN ON PUFTHA DPULH, B UBNSCHI NBMEOSHLYI MYYYBMY

UPCHETYEOUFCHPCHBMYUSH Y CHPEOOP-HUEVOSHCHE BCCHEDEOYS, ZPFPCHYYE L UMHTSVE CH UREGYBMSHOSHCHI TPDBI CHPKUL. h 1735 Z. CH REFETVKhTSE PFLTSCHMBUSH bTFYMMETYKULBS YLPMB, UPUFPSCHYBS Y DCHHI PFDEMEOYK: PDOP DMS DCHPTSOULYI Y PZHYGETULYI DEFEK, B DTHZPE DMS "RHYLBTULYI" DEFEK. h OEK PVCYUBMY RTEINHEUFCHEOOP NBFENBFYUEULYN OBHLBN Y BTFYMMETYY. CHSCHRHULOILY "DCHPTSOULPZP" PFDEMEOYS OBRTBCCHMSMYUSH HOFET-PZHYGETBNY CH BTFYMMETYKULYE YUBUFY.

obtsdkh U HTPTSEOGBNY tPUUYY TENTANG CHPEOOHA UMHTsVKh RTYOYNBMY YOPUFTBOOSCHI RPDDBOOSCHI, YUFP OETEDLP CHSHCHCHCHBMP TBDTTBTSEOYE H NOPZYI UPVUFCHEOOP TPUUYKULPZP. FP TBDTBTSEOYE PUPVEOOOB KHUYMYCHBMPUSH FEN PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHPN, YuFP EEE U CHTENEO REFTTB I DEKUFCHPCHBMY RTBCHYMB, RP LPFPTSCHN PZHYGET-YOPUFTBOEG RPMKHYUBM VPMSHYEE TsBENCHBOY. h 1732 Z., RP RTEDMPTSEOIA chPYOUULPK LPNYUUYY, chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS RTYOSMB TEYOYE P CHSHCHRMBFE CHUEN PZHYGETBN PJOBLPCHPZP TsBMPCHBOYS. RTY BYUYUMEOYY YOPUFTBOGECH TENTANG UMHTsVKH U OYNY BLMAYUBMYUSH UREGYBMSHOSHCHE DPZPCHPTSHCH ("LBRYFHMSGYY"), CH LPFPTSCHI ZHYLUYTPCHBMYUSH YI RTBCHB Y PVSBOOPUFY.

h OBYUBME RTBCHMEOYS BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH CHUE BURELFSH RPMECHPK, UFTPECHPK Y ZBTOY'POOPK UMHTsVSC TEZKHMYTPCHBMYUSH RTYOSFSHCHN H 1716 Z.

pDOBLP HTSE × 1730 Z. chPYOULPK LPNYUUYY VSCHMP RPTHYUEOP RETEUNPFTEFSH UHEEUFCHHAEYE RTBCHYMB RPUFTPEOYS J DEKUFCHYS CHPKUL W WPA, "DBVSCH RTY Chueca BTNYY, LBL RTY LBCHBMETYY, FBL J RTY YOZHBOFETYY, CHCHEDEOSCH VSCHMY LETGYGYY Dinas Pendidikan DKI J TBCHOSCHS, RPOETSE PF TBOPUFY B LETGYGYSI RTY UMHYUBSI CHEMYLYE OERPTSDLY Y OMSHCHS UMEDPCHBOIS RTILMAYUIFSHUS NPZHF". h 1731 Z., TENTANG PUOPCHE UPVTBOOPZP LPNYUUYEK NBFETYBMB, v.-l. NYOYI RPDZPPFPCHYM FBL OBSCCHCHBENHA "L'ETGYGYA REYHA", FP EUFSH, ZPCHPTS SHCHLPN VPMEE RPDOEZP READING, HUFBCH REIPFOPK UMHTsVSHCH. OPCHBS "L'ETGYGYS" OE PFNEOSMB RTETSOEZP ChPYOULPZP HUFBCHB, OP UMHTSYMB RPSUOEOYEN L OENH.

PUOPCHOPK FBLFYUEULPK EDYOYGEK UYUYFBMUS RPML. h CHPEOOPE CHTENS Y CH REIPFE, Y CH LPOOYGE Y OEULPMSHLYI (DCHHI, FTEI Y VPMEE) RPMLPC ZHPTNYTPCHBMYUSH VTYZBDSH, LPFPTSHCHE, CH UCHPA PYUETEDSh, UPUFBCHMSMY DYCHYYY. DYCHYYY NPZMY YNEFSH Y YULMAYUYFEMSHOP REIPFOSHCHK YMY LBCHBMETYKULYK, Y UNEYBOOSCHK UPUFBCH. h NYTOPE CHTENS DYCHYYY CHSHCHUFHRBMY ULPTEE CH TPMY BDNYOYUFTBFICHOSHI EDYOYG, OETSEMY CHPYOULYI YUBUFEK.

ZMBCHOSCHN CHYDPN RPUFTPEOYS REIPFOPZP RPMLB SCHMSMUS TBCHETOKHFSHCHK UFTPK, RTY LPFPTPN CHUE EZP CHPUENSH TPF TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH PDOH MYOYA, UPUFPSCHHA YY YUEFSHCHTEI IETEEOZHCHTEI. YOFETCHBMPCH NETSDH TPFBNY RP ZhTPOFKh OE VSHMP. DYUFBOGIS NETSDH YETEOZBNY UPUFBCHMSMB FTY YBZB. MADY LBTsDPK RPUMEDHAEK YETEOZY UFBOCHYMYUSH CH BLFSCHMPL CHRETEDY UFPCHYN. yuEFShCHTE, UFPSCHYE DTHZ bb DTHZPN, YuEMPCHELB PVTBBPCHSHCHCHBMY PYO TSD. pF UPMDBF CH UFTPA FTEVPCHBMPUSH DETTSBFSHUSS "RTSNP Y VPDTP YOYUEN PFOADSHOE FTPZBFSHUS".

eUMY RPMLH VSCHMP OHTSOP "TBDBFSHUS" RP ZHTPOFH, RTYNEOSMPUSH FBL OBSCHCHBENPE "UDCHBYCHBOYE YETEOZ" LCA LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSCH FTEFSHEK YETEOZY CHIPDYMYCHTPDBFB YOFETCTFHBMSCH NETSDH hZMHVMEOYE RPUFTPEOYS RTPYCHPDYMY "UDCHBYCHBOYEN TSDCH", RPUME LPFPTPZP UPMDBFSCH TBURPMBZBMYUSH CH CHPUENSH IETEOZ. DMS OELPFPTSCHI VPMEE UMPTSOSCHI RETEUFTPEOYK LBTsDBS TPFB DEMYMBUSH TENTANG YueFSCHTE CHCHPDB (RMHFPOZB). fBL DMS BFBLY, OBRTYNET, UPMDBFSCH NPZMY RPUFTPIFSHUS PE CHCHPDOSHCH YMY DCHHICHCHPDOSHCH LPMPOOSCH.

RPDPVOP VPMSHYOUFCHH THLPCHPDUFCH FPZP READING, "L'ETGYGYS REYBS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB UFTEMSFSH YULMAYUYFEMSHOP BMRBNY. LBYUEUFCHB PTHTSYS FPZP READING CHUE TBCHOP OE RPCHPMSMMY CHEUFY YZHZHELFYCHOKHA RTYGEMSHOHA UFTEMSHVKH, Y PF UPMDBF FTEVPCHBMY CH RETCHHA PYUETEDSHOE NEFLPUFY, B UMYFOPUFY. dPRHULBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP IETEOZBN Y RP RMHFPOZBN. h RETCHPN UMHYUBE REIPFYOGSHCH, BTSDYCH JKHJEY, RETEUFTBYCHBMYUSH YYUEFSHTEI IETEOZ CH FTY. rPUME LFPZP UPMDBFSCH RETEDOEK YETEOZY RTYNSCHLBMY L ZhKHESN YFSHCHLY Y UFBOPCHYMYUSH TENTANG LPMEOOP, FPZDB LBL OBIPDYCHYYEUS PE CHFPTPK Y FTEFSHEK YETEOZBI RTPDPMTSBMY UPHPTPK. RP LPNBODE "RTYLMBDSCHCHBKUS" UPMDBFSCH RTYGEMYCHBMYUSH. bBFEN RPDBCHBMBUSH LPNBODB "RBMY". rETCHPK UFTEMSMB FTEFSHS YETEOZB, B BLFEN, RP PYUETEDY, CHFPTBS Y RETCHBS. rty UFTEMSHVE RMHFPOZBNY PUOPCHOPE FTEVPCHBOYE UPUFPSMP CH OERTETSCHOPUFY RBMShVShch, F.E. YUFPVSCH RMHFPOZY CHEMY PZPOSH OERPUTEDUFCHEOOP DTHZ RB DTHZPN, YUETE PYO (UOBYUBMB RETCHSHCHK RMHFPOZ, BLFEN FTEFYK, BLFEN CHFPTPK Y, OBLPOEG, YuEFCHETFSHKK). "L'ETGYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB FBLCE PVCYUBFSH UPMDBF UFTEMSHVE TENTANG IPDH, RTY OBUFHRMEOYY YMY PFUFHRMEOYY.

PUPVSHCHK TBODEM "L'ETGYGYY" HUFBOBCHMYCHBM RTBCHYMB VTPUBOIS ZTBOBF DMS ZTEOBDET. yNEMYUSH FBLTSE TBDEMSCH Y RHOLFSCH, TEZMBNEOFYTPCHBCHYE PVSBOOPUFY LPNBODYTB RPMLB, TPFOSHCHI LPNBODYTPCH Y CHUEI RTPUYI DPMTSOPUFOSHCHI MYG. UTEDY OII PUPVPZP CHOYNBOYS BUMMHTSYCHBEF RHOLF, RPUCHSEOOOSCHK PVSBOOPUFSN OBNEOPUGB. Menurut Zmbühim: "h WP OE RDDMETSIF PUFBCHMSFSFSFS (LBNS - b. n.) RPD Unetphop Lbua ..., b Sewa PRTOPK UMKHYUBK H tefitetbda Hyuyuifus, FPDBDTBFSP PF DTECLB PFPTBFS PRPMSHVSHF MYWIPT X WEVSHFS PVC WIPT X WEVS

RETEUFTPEOYS Y BMRPCHBS UFTEMSHVB FTEVPCHBMY PF UPMDBF IPTPYEK CHSHCHYULY. POB DPUFYZBMBUSH RHFEN HFPNYFEMSHOSCHI, NOPZPYUBUPCHSHI OBOSFIK Y UHTPCHSCHI OBBLBOIK BY PYYVLY. TEHMSHFBF, FEN OE NEOEE, VSCHM OBMYGP. vPMSHYOUFCHP YOPUFTBOGECH, CHYDECHYI TPUUYKULHA BTNYA Y YNECHYYI ChPNPTSOPUFSH UTBCHOYFSH EE U BTNYSNNY DTHZYI UFTBO, U VPMSHYPK RPICHBMPK PFSCHCHBMPUSH P RPDZPFPCHLE. “YEFSCHTE ZCHBTDEKULYI, YOZETNBOMBODULYK Y OECHULYK (REIPFOSHCHE - b. n.) RPMLY, LETGYGYY LPFPTSCHI WITH CHIDEM, - RYYEF YCHED l. t. oE UPNOECHBAUSH, UFP OBIPDSEYEUS CH RPME RPMLY FPTS IPTPYP PVCYUEOSCH. bozmyyuboyo zht'ouyu dyychkhd, Vshchchbchyyk, LUFBFY, PE zhtbogyy, PFNEYUBEF: "zchbtdekulye rpmly chshchzmsdsf fblyny rtechpuipdoschny UPMDBFBNY, LBLYI S LPZDB-VP". EZP UPPFEYUEUFCHEOOOYGB yMYBVEF dTsBUFYU, LBL YUFYOOBS RTEDUFBCHYFEMSHOYGB RTELTBUOPZP RPMB, CH UCHPYI BNEFLBI P tPUUY RPCHEUFCHHEF P OBTSDBI DBN ZPTBDBI DBN ZPT. FEN OE NOOEE, Y POB UPYUMB OEPVIPDIINSCHN BLNEFYFSH: “dengan CHYDEMB, LBL 32 FSHCHUSU UPMDBF DEMBMY CHPEOOSHCH HRTBTSOEOYS TENTANG MSHDH. obdp RTYOBFSH, UFP POY IPTPYE UPMDBFShch.

ChP CHTENS THUULP-FKhTEGLPK ChPKOSHCH 1735–1739 ZZ., LPZDB "l'ETGYGYS REYBS" RPDCHETZMBUSH UHTCHPK RTPCHETLE, CH OEE VSCHMY CHOEUEOSCH OELPFPTSCHE DPRPMOEOIS. h 1736 Z., RP HLBBOYA NYOYIB, ZEOETBM h. h.ZhETNPT UPUFBCHYM "DYURPYGYA VPECHPZP RPTSDLB Y NBOECHTCH CH ZEOETBMSHOPK VBFBMYY U FHTLBNY". h OEK PFNEYUBMPUSH, YUFP OKHTSOP HYUYFSH ChPKULB FPMSHLP FPNH, YUFP "RTYDEFUS DEMBFSH Ch VPA". h LBYUEUFCHE MKHYUYEZP URPUPVB CHEDEOYS PZOS OBSHCHCHBMBUSH UFTEMSHVB RP RMHFPOZBN, RTYUEN LBTsDSHK RMHFPOZ DPMTSEO VSCHM UFTEMSFSH RPIETEOPTSOP. pDOPCTENEOOP "DYURPYGYS" FTEVPCHBMB PFLBBFSHUS PF OBMPCHPK UFTEMSHVSH GEMSCHN VBFBMSHPOPN YMYY, FEN VPMEE, RPMLPN. PUOPCHBOYS DMS LFPZP VSCHMY UMEDHAEIE: CHP-RETCHI, PZHYGET, LPNBODHAEIK PZOEN VBFBMSHPOB, OE NPCEF YЪ-ЪB RPTPIPCHPZP DSCHNB IPTPYP CHYDEFSH RTPFICHOYLB, BVP, ЪЁNPCHPCHO; ChP-CHFPTSCHI, RTY UFTEMSHVE VBFBMShPOOPK YETEOZPK TENTANG OETPCHOPK NEUFOPUFY OE CHUE UPMDBFSCH PDYOBLPCHP IPTPYP CHYDSF RTPFICHOYLB; CH-FTEFSHYI, RETETSHCHSHCH NETSDH PFDEMSHOSHCHNY OBMRBNY PYUEOSH CHEMYLY. "DYURPIYGYS" FBLTSE HLBSCCHBMB, LBL CHEUFY UFTEMSHVKH Y' LPMPOO Y UFTEMSHVKh Yb-B HLTSHCHFIK.

pZPOSH Y LPMPOO TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH RTYNEOSFSH RTY OBOSFIY LBLPK-OYVKHDSH "FEUOYOSCH". lBTsDBS LPMPOOB PVTPCCHSCCHBMBUSH RMHFPOZBNY PDOPZP VBFBMSHPOB YMY RPMLB, RPUFBCHMEOOOSCHNY DTHZ bB DTHZPN. updboye LPMPOO YUYUMEOOPUFSHHA VPMEE RPMLB VSCHMP RTYOBOP OETBGYPOBMSHOSHCHN YB-B CHPNPTSOPK RHFBOIGSHCH CH LPNBODBI. uFTEMSHVKH UMEDPCHBMP CHEUFY RP RMHFPOZBN, OP CH PFMYUYE PF PVSHCHUOPZP CHBTYBOFB, UPMDBFSCH LBTsDPZP RMHFPOZB UFTEMSMMY CHUE TBBPN. dBCh NBUUYTPCHBOOSCHK BMR, RETEDOYK RMHFPOZ PFIPDYM CH ICHPUF LPMPOOSCH Y PFLTSCHCHBM RTPUFTBOUFCHP DMS UFTEMSHVSCH UMEDHAEENH.

RTY OBMYYUY RETED ZHTPOFPN LBLPK MYVP EUFEUFCHEOOPC BEYFSCH (YZPTPDY, IPMNB, THYUSHS Y RTPUEZP) UPMDBFSCH DPMTSOSCH VSCHMY UFTPIFSHUS OE CH YuEFSCHTE, BCH FTY YETEOZY. h LFPN UMHYUBE UFTEMSMMB DPMTSOB VSCHMB FPMSHLP RETCHBS YETEOZB, B PUFBMSHOSHCHE BTTSBMY THTSSHS Y RPDBCHBMY YI UFTEMSAEIN. uFBTSHK URPUPV, LPZDB YETEOZB, DBCH SBMR, PFIPDYMB OBBD, B OB HER NEUFP CHSHCHDCHYZBMBUSH DTHZBS, RTYOBMY OEHDBYUOSCHN. rp NOOEOYA BCHFPTB "dYURPYGYY", MADY, COBS, UFP RPUME CHSHCHUFTEMB POY UNPZHF PFPKFY, VHDHF FPTPRYFSHUS Y RMPIP CHEUFY PZPOSH. RTY RETENEEEOY YIETEOZ NPTSEF CHPOYLOKHFSH BNEYBFEMSHUFCHP, LPFPTPE URTPCHPGYTHEF OBFYUL CHTBZB.

rTYOBCHBS, YUFP MKHYUYN PTHTSYEN SCHMSEFUS JKHES UP YFSHLPN, "DYURPYIGYS" HLBSCCHBMB OB YZHZHELFYCHOPUFSH RTYNEOEOYS RTPFYCH LPOOYGSC DMYOOSHCHI RYL. RILBNY, RP NOOYA EE BCHFPTB, UMEDPCHBMP CHPPTKHTSBFSH UPMDBF CHFPTPK YETEOZY, B UPMDBFBN RETCHPK YETEOZY OBDMETsBMP YNEFSH RTYNLOHFSHCHE YFSHCHLY. «DYURPIYGYS» HYUMB FBLTS ULMPOOPUFSH FBFBT L BUBDBN Y CHOEBROSHCHN OBRBDEOYSN. RTY RETEDCHYTSEOISI POB TELPNEODPCHBMB OEUFY JKHJEY OE "YUETE RMEYUP", B C THLBI, YNES CHUEZDB VPMSHYPK RBMEG RTBCHPK THLY TENTANG LHTLE. DMS KHCHEMYYUEOIS RPDCHYTSOPUFY REIPFYOGECH CH VPA, TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH OBLBOHOE "VBFBMYY" PUFBCHMSFSH TBOGSHCH, YOYEMY Y YRBZY CH PVPJE.

LBUBSUSH CHBYNPDEKUFCHYS REIPFSCH Y BTFYMMETYY, "DYURPYYGYS" RTEDRYUSCHCHBMB TBNEEBFSH RHYLY OB ZHMBOZBNY VBFBMShPOB, YUFPVSHCH OERTYSFEMSH "OE ORTYSDE CHTENEOY CHTENEOY. rty OEVPVIPDYNPUFY PFLTSCHFSH BTFYMMETYKULYK PZPOSH, RMHFPOZY, UFPCHYE RETED RHYLBNY, DPMTSOSCH VSHMY UDCHPYFSH TSDSCH Y CH PFLTSCHCHYEUS VTEY RHYLY UFTEMSMY "ULPTP LBTFEY". rty RPUFTPEOYY LPMPOOBNY RHYLY TBTEYBMPUSH UFBCHYFSH b PDOIN GEOFTTBMSHOSHCHI RMHFPOZCH.

DMS PFTTBTSEOIS CHTBTSEOULPK LPOOYGSC TPUUYKULBS REIPFB YUBUFP YURPMSHЪPCHBMB LBTE - RPUFTPEOYE CH CHYDE YuEFSCHTEIKHZPMSHOYLB, LBTsDHA UFPTPOH LPFPTPZP UPUFBCHMSMY YETFEOZY. DMS YFHTNB CHTBTSEOULYI LTERPUFEK CHPYOSCH UFTPIYMYUSH CH LPMPOOSCH, RTYUEN CHRETED YYMY ZTEOBDETSCH.

pVTBEBEF ON UEVS CHOYNBOYE, YUFP DEKUFCHYS LBCHBMETYY B "DYURPYGYY" RPYUFY OE BFTPOHFSCH, IPMF, LBBMPUSH R ™ £, RTY CHPKOE memiliki FHTLBNY J FBFBTBNY, PVMBDBCHYYI PYUEOSH NOPZPYUYUMEOOPK LPOOYGEK, YNEOOP FPF CHPRTPU DPMTSEO VSCHM RTYCHMEYUSH CHOYNBOYE LPNBODPCHBOYS.

CHPNPTSOP, UMPTSYCHYEUS RPMPTSEOYE PVYASUOSEFUS FEN, YuFP NYOYI, IPFS Y UPDBM RETCHSHCHE CH tPUUY LYTBUITULYE RPMLY, RP UPVUFCHEOOPNKH RTYOBOYA, LBCHBMETYKULIP DEMP OBM RMP. h NBE 1736 Z. PFTEDBLFYTPCHBOOKHA "DYURPYYGYA" TBBUMBMY CH RPMLY CH CHYDE "ZEOETBMYFEFULPZP TBUUKHTSDEOYS".

ZMBCHN DPLKHNEOFPN, PRTEDEMSCHYN UFTPECHKHA UMHTsVKh LBCHBMETYY, VSCHMB "l'ETGYGYS Ch RPMLKh eZP yNRETBFPTULPZP chshchupyueufchb". POB RPSCHYMBBUSH CH 1732 Z.Y RTEDOBOBYUBMBUSH DMS LITBUYTPCH. h 1736 Z. ZEOETBMYFEFULPE UPCHEEBOYE ​​​​RTYOSMP TEYOYE "RTY CHUEI DTBZHOULYI RPMLBI CH YCHEOLPCHBOY Y CHRTTPFYUEN LPOOYGEA PVCYUEOYS RPUFHRBFSH FBL, LBL CH LAYTBUYTULY". PUOPCHOSCHN RPUFTPEOYEN LPOOYGSC FBLTS RTYOBCHBMUS TBCHETOHFSCHK UFTPK Y FTEI IETEEOZ. DMS BFBLY CHSHUFTBYCHBMYUSH LPMPOOSCH TBOPZP UPUFBCHB: LBDTPOOSHCHE, YEFSCHTEICHCHPDOSHCHE, CHCHPDOSHCH Y DT. YOFETCHBMPCH RP ZHTPOFH NETsDH CHUBDOILBNY OE VSMP CHPCHUE: LBCHBMETYUFSH FPZP MEMBACA UTTBTSBMYUSH UFTENS CH UFTENS. UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLE LIGHTBUYT Y DTBZHO OE PVCYUBMY - YN TELPNEODPCHBMPUSH DEKUFCHPCHBFSH "NBMPK TSHUGPK".

dm iPD REIPFOPZP HYUEOYS RPCHPMSEF RTEDUFBCHYFSH RTYLB RP UENEOPCHULPNH RPMLH PF 3 UEOFSVTS 1736 Z. upZMBUOP FFPNH DPLHNEOPHH, RPML CHSHIPDYM DMS HYUEOYS TENTANG UCHPK RMBG Z. BDBYUB BLMAYUBMBUSH CH FPN, UFPVSCH CHSHTBVPFBFSH OBCHSHCHLY UFTEMSHVSCH YETEOZBNY, UOBYUBMB TENTANG NEUFE, UBFEN CH DCHYTSEOYY "OBUFKHROSCHNY Y PFUFKHROSCHYPOBNY".

iHCE PVUFPSMP DEMP U PVCYUEOYEN BTFYMMETYUFCH. chPEOOBS LPMMEZYS OEPDOPLTBFOP FTEVPCHBMB PF LBOGEMSTYY "zMBChOPK BTFYMMETYY J ZHPTFYZHYLBGYY" UPPVEYFSH, LBL VSCHMY PTZBOYPCHBOSCH BTFYMMETYKULYE HYLBUEOYS Rt. ZEOOYOKH, CHEDBCHYENKH CH FP CHTENS HTBMSHULYNY BLCHPDBNY. zEOOYO PFCHEFYM "RTY NPEK VSCHFOPUFY B tPUUYY ON BTFYMMETYKULPK UMHTSVE B LPNBODE zMBChOPK BTFYMMETYY, P BTFYMMETYKULPK LETGYGYY, B YNEOOP: NEFBOYE VPNV, RHYEYUOBS RBMSHVB B NYYEOSH J ULPTPUFTEMSHOBS, LBLYN PVTBPN RTPYCHPDYFSH PF ZMBCHOPK BTFYMMETYY HLBB Dengan OE YNEM, FPMSHLP BTFYMMETYKULYI UMHTSYFEMEK CHEMEOP VShchMP PVCYUBFSH RTBLFILE. h 1731 Z. CHPKULB RPMKHYUYMY UPUFBCHMEOOOSCHK RP HLBBOYA uEOOBFB "KHYUEVOSCHK BTFYLHM RHYYUOSCHK". DMS RPDZPPFPCHLY BTFYMMETYUFCH UMEDPCHBMP PFPVTBFSH CH LBTsDPN RPMLH CHPUENSH YUEMPCHEL, LPFPTSCHI "PVKHYUBFSH LBOPOITULPK DPMTSOPUFY" UOBYUBMB TENTANG NEUFE UMHTsVSHENCH.

obTSDH U UHIPRHFOPK BTNYEK CH 1730-E ZPDSH BLFICHOP UCHETIOUFCHPCHBMUS CHPEOOSHK ZHMPF tPUUYY. LBL ZPCHPTYMPUSH CHCHYE, RTY REFTE II EZP TBCHYFYE ZHBLFYUEULY PUFBOCHYMPUSH. h 1728 Z. YCHEDULYK RPUMBOOIL DPOPUYM UCHPENKH RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHH YJ REFETVKhTZB: “oEUNPFTS ABOUT ETSEZPDOKHA RPUFTPKLH ZBMET, THUULIK ZBMETOSCHK ZHMPF, UTBCHOYFEMSHOP U , UBCHOYIMSHOETSHOP U ; LPTBVEMSHOSHCHK TS RTYIPDYF CH RTSNPE TBBPTEOOYE, RPFPNKH, UFP UFP UFP VPMEE YEFSHTEI YMY RSFY MYOEKOSHCHI LPTBVMEK CHSHCHEUFY CH NPTE OEMSHЪS, B RPUFTPKLB OVPCHMBHI. h BDNYTBMFEKUFCHBI CE FBLPE OEUNPFTEOYE, YuFP ZHMPF YCH FTY ZPDB OEMSHЪS RTYCHEUFY CH RTETSOEE UPUFPSOIE, OP PV LFPN OILFP OE DKhNBEF.

rPUME CHUFHRMEOYS TENTANG RTEUFPM BOOSCH yPBOOPCHOSCH UIFHBGYS UTBIH YENEOIMBUSH. hTsE B Yama 1730 Z. VSCHM RTYOSF HLB, W LPFPTPN "OBYLTERYUBKYE RPDFCHETTSDBMPUSH bDNYTBMFEKUFCh-LPMMEZYK, YUFPVSCH LPTBVEMSHOSCHK J ZBMETOSCHK ZHMPF UPDETTSBOSCH VSCHMY RP HUFBCHBN, TEZMBNEOFBN HLBBN TH, TH OE OE PUMBVECHBS HRPCHBS ON OSCHOEYOEE VMBZPRPMHYUOPE NYTOPE CHTENS". h DElbvte 1731 Z. TENTANG bDNYTBMFEKULPK CHETJY BMPTSYMY OPCHSHCHK 66-RHYYUOSCHK LPTBVMSH. fPZDB CE YNRETBFTYGB TBURPTSDYMBUSH CHPPVOPCHYFSH ON vBMFYKULPN ZHMPFE TEZHMSTOSCHE HYUEOYS memiliki CHSCHIPDPN B NPTE, DBVSCH "YNEFSH Houyet MADSN PVHYUEOYE TH TH LPTBVMSN RPDMYOOPK PUNPFT, YVP B ZBCHBOY FBLEMBTS J RTPYUEE RPCHTETSDEOYE OECHPNPTSOP FBL PUNPFTEFSH, LBL LPTBVMSH DCHYTSEOYY B".

h 1732 Z. VSCHMB HYUTETSDEOB UREGYBMSHOBS LPNYUUYS, GEMSHA LPFPTPK RTPCHPZMBYBMPUSH "RTYCHEDEOYE OBDMETSBEYK H, J RPUFPSOOSCHK DPVTSCHK RPTTYSDPL ZHMPTH, FHBFNHFPZPTHFEBL LPTBVEMSHOPZPTHUEF, HBF, FPTBVEMSHOP rTEDUEDBFEMEN nPTULPK LPNYUYY UFBM b. th. PUFETNBO, BCH DIA UPUFBCH CHPYMY PRSHCHFOSHCHE NPTSLY, LPOFT-BDNYTBMShch f. UBODETU, oh. uEOSCHIO, r. vTEDBMSh, h. zPMPCHYO. lPNYUUYS RTYOSMB TEYOYE UTPYUOP CHPЪPVOPCHYFSH UFTPIFEMSHUFCHP TENTANG vBMFYLE LTHROSCHI RBTHUOSCHI LPTBVMEK.

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Anna Ioannovna Romanova
permaisuri Rusia

Tahun kehidupan: 1693-1740
Tahun pemerintahan: 1730-1740

Putri kedua Ivan V Alekseevich (saudara dan wakil penguasa Tsar Peter I) dan Praskovya Fedorovna Saltykova, keponakan.

biografi singkat anna ioanovna

Pada usia 3 tahun, Anna dibiarkan tanpa ayah, tinggal bersama ibu dan saudara perempuannya Ekaterina dan Praskovya di desa Izmailovo hingga usia lima belas tahun. Belajar sejarah, membaca, kaligrafi, geografi, bahasa asing, tari.

Pada tanggal 31 Oktober 1710, ia dinikahkan oleh pamannya Peter I dengan Friedrich Wilhelm, Adipati Courland. Pernikahan ini dilakukan untuk mengamankan hak Rusia untuk menggunakan pelabuhan Courland (Baltik). Perayaan pada acara pernikahan berlangsung selama dua bulan, selama waktu itu suami baru Friedrich masuk angin dan, setelah pergi bersama istrinya ke ibu kota Courland, Mitava, pada 9 Januari 1711, ia meninggal 40 tahun. km dari Sankt Peterburg. Terlepas dari kematian adipati, Peter memerintahkan Anna untuk tinggal di Mitava dan tidak mengizinkannya tinggal di Rusia untuk waktu yang lama.

Kondisi pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna

Setelah kematiannya, Anna diundang pada 25 Januari 1730 untuk tahta Rusia oleh Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi atas saran V. L. Dolgorukov dan D. M. Golitsyn. Percaya bahwa Anna Ioannovna yang berusia 37 tahun tidak memiliki pendukung dan koneksi di Rusia, mereka membuat keputusan ini.

Menurut perjanjian, Anna Ivanovna setuju untuk memerintah negara hanya bersama-sama dengan Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi, dan itu akan menjadi badan pemerintahan tertinggi. Dia tidak memiliki hak untuk membuat undang-undang, mengenakan pajak, membuang perbendaharaan, menyatakan perang dan berdamai. Tanpa persetujuan dari anggota Dewan, dia tidak bisa memberikan perkebunan dan pangkat. Anna tidak bisa menikah dan menunjuk pewaris takhta tanpa persetujuan dari Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi. Dalam hal tidak terpenuhinya persyaratan, dia kehilangan mahkota.

Permaisuri Anna Ioannovna

Namun, setelah berkuasa, Anna Ioannovna segera membubarkan Dewan Penasihat Tertinggi (1730), memulihkan pentingnya Senat, mendirikan Kabinet Menteri (1731), yang termasuk G. I. Golovkin, A. I. Osterman, A. M. Cherkassky. Urusan gereja dipercayakan kepada Feofan Prokopovich. Selanjutnya, Kantor Urusan Investigasi Rahasia diciptakan kembali, dipimpin oleh A.I. Ushakov (badan pusat investigasi politik).

Sesaat sebelum penobatan, Anna Ioannovna mengeluarkan manifesto tentang sumpah nasional kepada pewaris yang ditunjuk oleh permaisuri. Pada 28 April 1730, di Moskow, di Katedral Assumption, Feofan Prokopovich merayakan pernikahan dan pengurapan Permaisuri Anna ke kerajaan.

Pada masa pemerintahan Anna Ivanovna, dekrit tentang warisan tunggal dibatalkan (1731), Korps Kadet Gentry didirikan (1731), dan pelayanan para bangsawan dibatasi hingga 25 tahun. Lingkaran dalam Anna sebagian besar terdiri dari orang asing (E. I. Biron, K. G. Levenwolde, B. X. Minich, P. P. Lassi). Di bawah Anna, penguasa, pecandu kamar Ernest-Johann Biron memiliki pengaruh besar pada jalannya urusan negara - favorit Anna Ioannovna sampai akhir hayat.

Tahun-tahun pemerintahan Anna Ioannovna - Bironovshchina

"Bironovshchina", yang mempersonifikasikan teror politik, penggelapan, tidak menghormati tradisi Rusia, tidak bermoral, telah menjadi salah satu halaman gelap dalam sejarah Rusia. Mengejar kebijakan pro-bangsawan, Anna Ioannovna tidak dapat didamaikan dengan manifestasi oposisi mulia. Anna tidak memaafkan Golitsyn dan Dolgoruky atas pidato mereka pada Januari - Februari 1730 dan kemudian dipenjara, diasingkan, dan dieksekusi.

Pada 1740, Anna Ivanovna dan rombongannya berurusan dengan Menteri Kabinet L.P. Volynsky dan para pengikutnya, yang berusaha membatasi pengaruh orang asing terhadap kebijakan dalam dan luar negeri Rusia.

Pada masa pemerintahan Anna, reformasi militer dilakukan di ketentaraan di bawah kepemimpinan B.X. Minich, resimen Izmailovsky dan Pengawal Kuda dibentuk.
Pada tahun 1733 – 1735. Rusia berkontribusi pada persetujuan Elector of Saxony Stanislaw Agustus (Agustus III) di atas takhta Polandia. Perang dengan Turki (1735 - 1739) berakhir dengan perdamaian Beograd yang tidak menguntungkan bagi Rusia.

Keberhasilan kebijakan Anna Ioannovna

Atas perintah Permaisuri Anna, konstruksi dimulai di Kremlin, casting
Tsar Bell: Arsitek I.F.Michurin menyusun rencana pertama Moskow dalam sejarah Rusia, yang berfokus pada perampingan pembangunan perkotaan. Untuk mengontrol penguatan kontrol bea cukai di sekitar Moskow, poros Kompaneisky diletakkan. Pada 1732, sebuah dekrit dikeluarkan tentang pemasangan lentera kaca di Moskow, dengan demikian meletakkan dasar untuk penerangan jalan di kota. Pada 1732, dia menahbiskan Katedral Peter dan Paul.

Pada 1732, Anna memerintahkan pembukaan Korps Kadet ke-1, yang mempersiapkan para bangsawan untuk dinas militer dan publik, tetapi pada saat yang sama, pada 1736, ia membatasi kewajiban dinas ini hingga 25 tahun. Para bangsawan diberi hak untuk menerima pendidikan di rumah dan hanya secara berkala "muncul untuk diperiksa dan menjalani ujian." Anna Ioannovna menganggap berbahaya untuk mengajar orang biasa membaca dan menulis, karena "belajar dapat mengalihkan mereka dari pekerjaan kasar" (dekret 1735). Dengan dekrit lain, pada 29 Oktober 1735, dia memerintahkan pendirian sekolah untuk anak-anak pekerja pabrik.

Keberhasilan kebijakan luar negeri pemerintahan Anna di tahun 1730-an. mengkonfirmasi perjanjian perdagangan antara Rusia dan Spanyol, Inggris, Swedia, Cina dan Persia.
Anna 1 Ioannovna turun dalam sejarah sebagai pecinta "keingintahuan" (kurcaci dan raksasa, binatang dan burung aneh, pendongeng dan penyihir), dia sangat menyukai lelucon pelawak.

Dilihat dari korespondensi yang masih ada, Permaisuri Anna Ioannovna adalah tipe wanita pemilik tanah klasik. Dia suka bergosip tentang pengadilan, kehidupan pribadi rakyatnya, dan mengumpulkan banyak pelawak yang menghiburnya. Dia percaya takhayul, geli dengan menembak burung, menyukai pakaian cerah.

Pada 12 Agustus 1740, keponakan Permaisuri, Anna Leopoldovna, yang menikah pada 1739 dengan pangeran Brunswick Anton-Ulrich, memiliki seorang putra, Ivan, yang dinyatakan Permaisuri sebagai pewaris takhta Rusia. Dan E.I. Biron diangkat menjadi bupatinya.

Pada 17 Oktober 1740, Anna Ioannovna, pada usia 47, meninggal karena "stroke" di St. Petersburg, dan Ivan yang berusia 2 bulan, di bawah perwalian Duke of Courland Biron, menjadi penguasa Rusia Ivan VI Antonovich.

Dokter mengindikasikan penyebab kematiannya adalah asam urat yang berhubungan dengan penyakit batu. Otopsi mengungkapkan batu ginjal seukuran jari kelingking, yang diduga menjadi penyebab utama kematian.

Anna Ioannovna dimakamkan di Katedral Peter dan Paul di St. Petersburg.

Dalam sastra, citranya tercermin dalam novel "Firman dan Perbuatan" oleh Valentin Pikul, M. N. Volkonsky "Pangeran Nikita Fedorovich", I. I. Lazhechnikov "Rumah Es".

Anna Ioannovna tidak memiliki anak.