I don't want to incite hatred and discord. But if someone wants to remember about May 18 and speculate on this topic, then let them remember why it happened. So, in the Sudak region in 1942, a group of self-defense Tatars liquidated a reconnaissance landing of the Red Army, while the self-defenses caught and burned alive 12 Soviet parachutists. On February 4, 1943, Crimean Tatar volunteers from the villages of Beshui and Koush captured four partisans from S.A. Mukovnin’s detachment. Partisans L.S. Chernov, V.F. Gordienko, G.K. Sannikov and Kh.K. Kiyamov were brutally killed: stabbed with bayonets, laid on fires and burned. Particularly disfigured was the corpse of the Kazan Tatar Kh.K. Kiyamov, whom the punishers apparently mistook for their fellow countryman. The Crimean Tatar detachments dealt equally brutally with the civilian population. As noted in the special message of L.P. Beria to the State Defense Committee addressed to I.V. Stalin, V.M. Molotov and G.M. Malenkov No. 366/b dated April 25, 1944: “Local residents say that they were persecuted more from the Tatars than from the Romanian occupiers.” It got to the point that, fleeing from reprisals, the Russian-speaking population turned to the German authorities for help - and received protection from them! Here is what Alexander Chudakov writes, for example: “My grandmother in forty-three was almost shot by Crimean Tatar punitive forces in front of my mother - at that time a seven-year-old girl - only because she had the misfortune of being Ukrainian, and her husband was mine grandfather - worked before the war as chairman of the village council and at that time fought in the ranks of the Red Army. Grandmother was saved from a bullet then, by the way... by the Germans, who were amazed at the degree of brutality of their lackeys. All this happened a few kilometers from Crimea, in the village of Novodmitrovka, Kherson region of Ukraine.” Beginning in the spring of 1942, a concentration camp operated on the territory of the Krasny state farm, in which at least 8 thousand residents of Crimea were tortured and shot during the occupation. According to eyewitnesses, the camp was guarded by Crimean Tatars from the 152nd auxiliary police battalion, whom the head of the camp, SS Oberscharführer Speckmann, recruited to perform “the dirtiest work.” After the fall of Sevastopol in July 1942, the Crimean Tatars actively helped their German masters catch the soldiers of the Sevastopol garrison trying to get through to theirs: “In the morning, five small boats of various types (torpedo carriers, and Yaroslavchiki) of the 20th air base of the Black Sea Fleet Air Force left Krugloya Bay heading for Novorossiysk . In the raid area of ​​the 35th battery, they were joined by the sixth boat, which left Cossack Bay on the evening of July 1 at about 11 p.m. In total, these six boats carried about 160 people - almost the entire group of 017 paratroopers of the Special Purpose Group of the Black Sea Fleet (about 30 people) and Red Navy submachine gunners from the security battalion of the 35th battery. Everyone was armed. At sunrise, a group of boats heading into the wake with a distance of 150-200 meters between the boats was discovered by enemy aircraft. Airplane attacks began. The boats' engines overheated and often stalled, as the boats were overloaded. According to the testimony of the commander of group 017, senior lieutenant V.K. Kvariani, group members senior sergeant A.N. Krygin, N. Monastyrsky, sergeant P. Sudak, enemy planes, setting from the direction of the sun, began to bomb them and fire at them with machine guns of their choice. Two boats were immediately sunk by a direct hit from bombs. The boat on which Kvariani and Sudak were located received holes in the hull and began to settle from the water it received. One engine stalled, and the boat had to turn towards the shore occupied by the Nazis. All this happened in the coastal area near Alushta. On the shore there was a battle between the paratroopers and an armed group of Tatars. As a result of the unequal battle, all those who survived were captured. The wounded Tatars shot at point-blank range. The Italian soldiers arrived in time and sent some of the prisoners by car and some by boat to Yalta.” “After July 5, the enemy withdrew his troops from the Heraclean Peninsula and left reinforced posts along the entire coast from the Chersonesus lighthouse to the St. George Monastery. On the night of July 6, when Ilyichev’s group was making their way along the shore of the 35th battery towards the lighthouse, they suddenly saw Red Army soldiers and commanders climbing a rope up the cliff wall. As it turned out, it was a group of signalmen from the 25th Chapaev Division. They decided to climb after them. They lay down at the top. A patrol located about forty meters away discovered them, fired rockets and opened fire. Ilyichev and Koshelev ran along the bank towards Balaklava, and Lynchik and another group of signalmen ran to the left along the bank. Many died, but a small group of 6 people, in which Linchik found himself, managed to break through the upper reaches of Cossack Bay and go into the mountains. This group, as it later turned out when we met, was led by the communications chief of the 25th Chapaev Division, Captain Muzhailo. He had a compass and knew the area well. The group also included an assistant prosecutor of the Primorsky Army, a senior sergeant and two Red Army soldiers. The last two later left, and the group of four continued on their way into the mountains. At the end of July, in the mountains, somewhere above Yalta, they were captured at dawn while resting by Tatar traitors in German uniforms and taken to the commandant’s office of Yalta.” With particular pleasure, the future “innocent victims of Stalin’s repressions” mocked the defenseless prisoners. This is what M.A. Smirnov, who participated in the defense of Sevastopol as a military paramedic, recalls: “The new transition to Bakhchisarai turned out to be even more difficult: the sun burned mercilessly, and there was not a drop of water. We walked about thirty-five kilometers. Even now I can’t imagine how I was able to overcome this march. At this crossing we were escorted by Crimean Tatars, dressed entirely in German uniforms. In their cruelty they resembled the Crimean horde of the distant past. And, having mentioned the uniform, I want to emphasize the special disposition of the Germans towards them for their dedicated service. Vlasovites, policemen and other henchmen were given German military uniforms from the First World War, which were lying in the warehouses of the Kaiser’s Germany. In this transition we lost most of our comrades. The Tatars shot those who tried to draw water from the ditch, and those who were at least a little behind or were wounded and could not keep up with everyone else, and the pace of the march was accelerated. There was no need to rely on the local population of the villages to get a piece of bread or a mug of water. Crimean Tatars lived here, they looked at us with contempt, and sometimes threw stones or rotten vegetables. After this stage, our ranks thinned noticeably.” Smirnov’s story is confirmed by other Soviet prisoners of war who were “lucky” to encounter the Crimean Tatars: “On July 4, he was captured,” wrote Red Navy radio operator from the Black Sea Fleet training detachment N.A. Yanchenko. On the way we were escorted by traitors from the Tatars. They beat the medical staff with batons. After prison in Sevastopol, we were escorted through the Belbek Valley, which was mined. A lot of our Red Army and Red Navy soldiers died there. In the Bakhchisarai camp they packed us in, there was nowhere for an apple to fall. Three days later we drove to Simferopol. We were accompanied not only by Germans, but also by traitors from the Crimean Tatars. I once saw a Tatar cut off the head of a Red Navy man.” “V. Mishchenko, who walked in one of the columns of prisoners, testifies that out of three thousand of their column, only half of the prisoners reached the “potato field” camp in Simferopol, the rest were shot along the way by a convoy of Germans and traitors from the Crimean Tatars.” In addition, the Crimean Tatars helped the Germans look for Jews and political workers among prisoners of war: “At Belbek, the German translator announced that the commissars and political officers should go to the indicated place. Then the commanders were called. And at this time, traitors from the Crimean Tatars walked among the prisoners and looked for the named people. If they found someone, they immediately took away another 15-20 people lying nearby.” “All prisoners of war first underwent preliminary filtration at the place of captivity, where commanders, privates, and wounded were separated separately, who were subject to treatment and transportation or destruction. In the field camp near Bakhchisarai, filtration was more thorough. G. Volovik, A. Pochechuev and many others who passed through this camp note that there units of traitors from the Crimean Tatars, dressed in German uniforms, agitated the entire mass of prisoners of war, looking for Jews, trying to find out who would point to the commissar. All those identified were concentrated in a special barbed wire fence measuring 8x10. In the evening they were taken away to be shot. Pochechuev writes that during the six days of his stay in this camp, every day 200 people gathered in this fence were shot.” Akhmed Gabulaev, a volunteer of the 49th watch battalion of the German army, arrested by the NKVD, during interrogation on April 23, 1944, testified as follows: “In the Tatar detachment, which joined the 49 watch battalion, there were Tatar volunteers who dealt especially cruelly with Soviet people. Ibraimov Aziz worked as a guard in a prisoner of war camp in the cities of Kerch, Feodosia and Simferopol, systematically engaged in the execution of Red Army prisoners of war, I personally saw how Ibraimov shot 10 prisoners of war in the Kerch camp. After we were transferred to Simferopol, Ibraimov was specially involved in identifying and searching for hiding Jews; he personally detained 50 Jews and took part in their extermination. The SD platoon commander, Tatar Useinov Osman, and volunteers Mustafaev, Ibraimov Dzhelal and others actively participated in the executions of prisoners of war.” As you know, the Germans widely used our prisoners for mine clearance work in Sevastopol and its environs. And here it could not have happened without Crimean Tatar assistants: “Foreman 1st Article A.M. Voskanov from the 79th Marine Brigade took part in the same demining, but near Balaklava and miraculously survived. There was one peculiarity. Behind them, 50 meters away, was a line of Tatars with sticks, and behind them at a distance were Germans with machine guns.” Such zeal did not go unrewarded. For their service to the Germans, many hundreds of Crimean Tatars were awarded special insignia approved by Hitler - “For courage and special merits shown by the population of the liberated regions who participated in the fight against Bolshevism under the leadership of the German command.” So, according to the report of the Simferopol Muslim Committee for 01. 12.1943 - 01.31.1944: “For services to the Tatar people, the German command awarded: a badge with swords of the 2nd degree, issued for the liberated eastern regions, the Chairman of the Simferopol Tatar Committee, Mr. Dzhemil Abdureshid, a badge of the 2nd degree, the Chairman of the Department of Religion, Mr. Abdul- Aziz Gafar, employee of the religion department Mr. Fazil Sadiq and Chairman of the Tatar table Mr. Tahsin Cemil. Mr. Cemil Abdureshid took an active part in the creation of the Simferopol Committee at the end of 1941 and, as the first chairman of the committee, was active in attracting volunteers into the ranks of the German army. Abdul-Aziz Gafar and Fazil Sadyk, despite their advanced years, worked among volunteers and did significant work to establish religious affairs in the [Simferopol] region. Mr. Tahsin Cemil organized the Tatar Table in 1942 and, working as its chairman until the end of 1943, provided systematic assistance to needy Tatars and volunteer families.” In addition, the personnel of the Crimean Tatar formations were provided with all sorts of material benefits and privileges. According to one of the resolutions of the Wehrmacht High Command (OKB), “any person who actively fought or is fighting against the partisans and Bolsheviks” could submit a petition for “the allotment of land or the payment of a monetary reward of up to 1000 rubles.” At the same time, his family had to receive a monthly subsidy from the social security departments of the city or district administration in the amount of 75 to 250 rubles. [Photo: Crimean Tatar “volunteer”; In the photo: a guy in a new military uniform and a skullcap, showing off a bandage on his right hand] After the Ministry of the Occupied Eastern Regions published the “Law on the New Agrarian Order” on February 15, 1942, all Tatars who joined volunteer formations and their families began to be given full property of 2 hectares of land. The Germans provided them with the best plots, taking land from peasants who did not join these formations. As noted in the already cited memorandum of the People’s Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, State Security Major Karanadze, to the NKVD of the USSR “On the political and moral state of the population of Crimea”: “Persons included in volunteer detachments are in a particularly privileged position. All of them receive wages, food, are exempt from taxes, received the best plots of fruit and grape gardens, tobacco plantations, taken away from the rest of the non-Tatar population. Volunteers are given items looted from the Jewish population. The vineyards, orchards, and livestock that previously belonged to them are returned to the kulaks at the expense of the collective farms, and they estimate how many offspring this kulak would have had during the collective farm system, and are given back from the collective farm herd.” It is very interesting to leaf through the file of the newspaper “Azat Krym” (“Free Crimea”), published from January 11, 1942 until the very end of the occupation. This publication was the organ of the Simferopol Muslim Committee and was published twice a week in the Tatar language. At first, the newspaper's circulation was small, but due to the directives of the German command to strengthen the propaganda impact on the local population in the summer of 1943, it reached 15 thousand copies. Here are some typical quotes: March 3, 1942: “After our German brothers crossed the historical ditch at the gates of Perekop, the great sun of freedom and happiness rose for the peoples of Crimea.” March 10, 1942: “Alushta. At a meeting organized by the Muslim Committee, Muslims expressed their gratitude to the Great Fuhrer Adolf Hitler Effendi for the free life he had given to the Muslim people. Then they held a service for the preservation of the life and health of Adolf Hitler Effendi for many years.” In the same issue: “To the Great Hitler - liberator of all peoples and religions! 2 thousand Tatar village. Kokkoz and the surrounding area gathered for a prayer service...in honor of the German soldiers. We made a prayer to the German martyrs of the war... The entire Tatar people prays every minute and asks Allah to grant the Germans victory over the whole world. Oh, great leader, we tell you with all our hearts, with all our being, believe us! We, Tatars, give our word to fight the herd of Jews and Bolsheviks together with German soldiers in the same ranks!.. May God thank you, our great Master Hitler!” March 20, 1942: “Together with the glorious German brothers who arrived in time to liberate the world of the East, we, the Crimean Tatars, declare to the whole world that we have not forgotten the solemn promises of Churchill in Washington, his desire to revive the Jewish power in Palestine, his desire to destroy Turkey, capture Istanbul and the Dardanelles, raise an uprising in Turkey and Afghanistan, etc. and so on. The East is waiting for its liberator not from lying democrats and swindlers, but from the National Socialist Party and from the liberator Adolf Hitler. We took an oath to make sacrifices for such a sacred and brilliant task." April 10, 1942. From a message to Adolf Hitler, received at a prayer service by more than 500 Muslims in the city. Karasu-bazara: “Our liberator! It is only thanks to you, your help and thanks to the courage and dedication of your troops that we were able to open our houses of worship and perform prayer services in them. Now there is not and cannot be such a force that would separate us from the German people and from you. The Tatar people swore and gave their word, having signed up as volunteers in the ranks of the German troops, hand in hand with your troops to fight against the enemy to the last drop of blood. Your victory is a victory for the entire Muslim world. We pray to God for the health of your troops and ask God to give you, the great liberator of nations, long life. You are now a liberator, the leader of the Muslim world - gases Adolf Hitler." And here is a congratulation from the members of the Simferopol Muslim Committee to Hitler in honor of his birthday on April 20, 1942: “To the liberator of oppressed peoples, the faithful son of the German people, Adolf Hitler. To you, the great leader of the German people, the liberated Crimean Tatar people turn their eyes today from the threshold of the Muslim East and send their heartfelt greetings on your birthday. We remember our history, we also remember that our peoples will continue

IN During the Great Patriotic War, representatives of all peoples of a large country fought side by side. One hundred and sixty-one Tatars received the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. As a rule, they went to the front when they were 20-30 years old, who grew up during the years of Soviet power, which had a negative attitude towards any religion. At the same time, the warriors, for the most part, grew up in Tatar villages, where the worldview, relations between neighbors, concepts of honor and honesty, justice and duty have always been based on the traditions of Islam. Before the start of the battles, according to eyewitnesses, suras of the Holy Quran were often heard from the mouths of Muslim Red Army soldiers.

Hitler and his comrades believed that several decades of struggle against religion had turned the Soviet people into an amorphous crowd of dissatisfied, embittered and unprincipled “subhumans.” However, Soviet Muslims showed patriotism from the first days of the war.

It is known that on May 5-17, 1942, a congress of Muslim clergy was held in Ufa, in which representatives of believers from all over the country participated. At the congress, an “Appeal from representatives of the Muslim clergy to believers regarding the Nazi aggression” was adopted, which stated: “The German fascist invaders, without declaring war, treacherously attacked the Soviet Union... The Great Allah says in the Koran: “ Fight in the path of Allah with those who fight against you, but do not transgress the boundaries of what is permitted. Indeed, Allah does not love criminals "(Quran, 2:190) / " Destroy them wherever you find them; expel them from where they expelled you; rebellion and temptation are more destructive than murder "(Quran, 2:191).

There is not a single true believer whose son, brother or father would not fight with the Germans today, defending our common Motherland with arms in hand, just as there is probably not a single one who in the rear would not help the cause of victory with his labor in factories and factories. We, Muslims of the Soviet Union, remember well the words of the great Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him): “Hubbul watan minal iman”, which means: “ Love for the Motherland comes from faith " Helping a warrior going to the front with weapons is tantamount to participating in a battle. Even the peaceful labor of men and women who took the positions of soldiers who went to the front is tantamount to participation in battle.” This appeal, translated into the languages ​​of different nations, was distributed in places where Muslims lived densely. Representatives of the Muslim clergy were provided with newspaper pages and radio broadcasts for sermons and appeals to believers, in which they called on them to honorably fulfill their civic and religious duty.

During the Great Patriotic War, one hundred and sixty-one Tatars received the high title of Hero of the Soviet Union. About 70 thousand Tatars were awarded military awards. The names of many of them, sounding like Russian, are distortedly written Tatar: Veniamin - from Ibnamin, or Boris - from Bary. The names of baptized Tatars (Kryashens) stand out separately: major, participant in the defense of the Brest Fortress in 1941 Petra Gavrilova, general Dmitry Karbyshev, participant in the battles with the Japanese invaders near Lake Khasan Evgenia Bikbova. The great feat of Alexander Matrosov (who, according to modern historians, is the Tatar Shakiryan Mukhametyanov) was repeated by other heroes - the sons of the Tatar people: Gazinnur Gafiyatullin, Bary Shavaleev, Abdulla Salimov, Akhmet Muhammetov, Mansur Valiullin. Among the major military leaders were generals Fatykh Bulatov, Zaki Kutlin, Gani Safiul-lin. Almost half of the members of the Writers' Union of the Republic of Tatarstan, together with the chairman Musa Jalil, went to the front. Tatar writers and poets such as Fatih Karim, Miftah Wadud, Mansur Gayaz, Nur Bayan, and Gadel Kutuy died heroically on the battlefields and in captivity.

Let's talk about the immortal feat of the great Tatar poet Musa Jalil (Musa Mustafovich Zalilov). He was born in the Tatar village of Mustafino, Orenburg province, on February 2, 1906, into a peasant family. His mother Rakhima-apa was the daughter of a mullah. In their house, in addition to the Holy Quran, there were other Muslim books. From childhood, Musa was brought up in the spirit of Islam. In the Orenburg Madrasah "Husayniyya", like everyone else, he studied religious subjects and, according to his comrades, knew many suras of the Koran by heart.

Impressed by the manifestations of violence and cruelty during the civil war, twelve-year-old Musa wholeheartedly welcomed Soviet power and communism, which, it seemed to him, brought peace and justice. Returning to his native village after the death of his father, he actively became involved in public life. In the fall of 1922, Jalil moved to Kazan. Here he worked as a copyist in the newspaper “Kyzyl Tatarstan” (“Red Tatarstan”), studied at the workers’ faculty at the Eastern Pedagogical Institute, and met the most prominent representatives of Tatar Soviet poetry. He devoted all his free time to creativity, published in Kazan newspapers and magazines. Later in Moscow, Jalil studied at the literary department of Moscow State University and worked as an editor for children's magazines. He published articles in periodicals about the workers of the first five-year plans and wrote poetry. His poems combined iron will with soft lyricism, great anger with tender love. In 1935, Musa Jalil was appointed head of the literary department of the Tatar studio at the Moscow State Conservatory. P.I. Tchaikovsky. The studio was supposed to train national personnel to create the first opera house in Kazan. Jalil wrote the libretto for the operas “Altynchech” (“Golden-haired”) and “Fisherman Girl”.

On June 23, 1941, on the second day of the war, Jalil took a statement to the military registration and enlistment office with a request to be sent to the front, and on July 13 he put on a military uniform. After completing short-term courses for political workers, he arrived at the Volkhov Front as a correspondent for the army newspaper “Courage”.

In the first weeks of the Patriotic War, Jalil wrote a cycle of poems “Against the Enemy,” which included battle songs, marches, and passionate patriotic poems, structured as an excited poetic monologue. In June 1942, Musa Jalil, a front-line correspondent for the army newspaper “Courage” on the Volkhov Front, was surrounded and, seriously wounded, captured.

From prisoners of war representatives of the Volga peoples, mainly Tatars, the Nazis formed a Wehrmacht unit - the Volga-Tatar Legion “Idel-Ural”. The idea of ​​​​creating this nationalist legion was proposed by SS experts who were somewhat influenced by the famous Turkish panturist Nuri Killigil. It was supposed to separate all Turkic and Muslim prisoners of war from the rest of the Soviet prisoners of war and create a special camp for them, subsequently organizing combat detachments to use for their own purposes.

Having learned that Musa Gumerov (as Jalil called himself in captivity) was a famous poet, the Germans included him in the “Idel-Ural Committee”. Jalil, agreeing, organized an underground group whose task was to oppose the plans of the Nazis. The actions of the Tatar underground led to the fact that of all the national battalions, the Tatar ones were the most unreliable for the Germans, and they fought the least against the Soviet troops. The very first battalion sent to the front rebelled and went over to the side of the partisans. A similar thing happened with other battalions. The Nazis were forced to abandon the idea of ​​​​using legions on the eastern front.

The Gestapo, with the help of a traitor, managed to uncover the underground organization. Musa Jalil and his comrades were thrown into the Moabit prison. There (1942-1944) his famous collection of 110 poems, “Moabit Notebooks,” was created.

Mullah Usman, the son of Galim, came to Germany after being captured during the First World War and served as imam in the Tatar committee in 1944. He came an hour before the execution to say goodbye to the Tatar prisoners with the Koran: “When I entered, everyone raised their heads and looked at me. Waiting for the last minutes of life was infinitely difficult. I began to tremble, first I felt cold, then hot. I handed the Koran to Alisha first, he put his hand on the Koran and began to cry. I approached everyone, held out the Koran, and everyone, putting their hand on it, uttered words of forgiveness: “Behil, behil.” The last person I approached was Musa. I handed him the Koran. He placed his hand and whispered: “Goodbye, this is fate.”

On August 25, 1944, in the Plötzensee military prison in Berlin, 11 Tatar legionnaires were guillotined for participation in an underground organization: Gainan Kurmash, Fuat Saifulmu-lyukov, Abdulla Alish, Fuat Bulatov, Musa Jalil, Garif Shabaev, Akhmet Simaev, Abdulla Battalov, Zinnat Khasanov , Akhat Adnashev, Salim Bukharov. They were all young, approximately 25-27 years old, and all faced death. The oldest among them, Musa, was 38 years old. During the Soviet era, Jalil was a Komsomol member, joined the Communist Party, neglected religion, but at the hour of death he returned to faith in Allah. The farewell copy of the Koran became the most valuable exhibit of the Musa Jalil Museum in Kazan.

May 1944

The State Defense Committee decides:

1. All Tatars should be evicted from the territory of Crimea and settled permanently as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. Entrust the eviction to the NKVD of the USSR. Oblige the NKVD of the USSR (comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars before June 1, 1944.

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:

a) Allow special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kg per family.

Property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and garden lands remaining on site are accepted by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry; all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat of the USSR; horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat of Meat of the USSR; breeding stock - by the People's Commissariat of State Farm of the USSR.

Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with the issuance of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.

To entrust the NKVD of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Agriculture, the People's Commissariat of Meat and Milk Industry, the People's Commissariat for State Farm and the People's Commissariat for Transport of the USSR from July 1 of this year. submit to the Council of People's Commissars proposals on the procedure for returning livestock, poultry, and agricultural products received from them using exchange receipts to special settlers.

b) To organize the reception of the property, livestock, grain and agricultural products left by special settlers in the places of eviction, send to the site a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, consisting of: the chairman of the commission, Comrade. Gritsenko (Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - Comrade. Krestyaninov (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR), comrade. Nadyarnykh (member of the board of NKM and MP), comrade. Pustovalov (member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Transport of the USSR), comrade. Kabanova (Deputy People's Commissar of State Farms of the USSR), Comrade. Gusev (member of the board of the USSR Narkomfin).

Oblige the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR (comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (comrade Subbotina), the NKP and MP (comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissariat of State Farm of the USSR (comrade Lobanova) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from special settlers (in agreement with comrade. Gritsenko) to Crimea the required number of workers.

c) Oblige the NKPS (Comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed trains according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. Number of trains, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Payments for transportation are made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners.

d) The People's Commissariat of Health of the USSR (comrade Miterev) allocates one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines for each train with special settlers, in a timely manner in agreement with the NKVD of the USSR, and provides medical and sanitary care for special settlers en route.

e) The People's Commissariat of Trade of the USSR (Comrade Lyubimov) provide all trains with special settlers with hot meals and boiling water every day. To organize food for special settlers on the way, allocate food to the People's Commissariat of Trade...

3. Oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (b) of Uzbekistan, Comrade. Yusupov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR Comrade. Abdurakhmanov and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek USSR comrade. Kobulova until July 1 of this year. carry out the following activities for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) Accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special Tatar settlers sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.

The resettlement of special settlers will be carried out in state farm villages, existing collective farms, subsidiary agricultural farms of enterprises and factory villages for use in agriculture and industry.

b) In the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the NKVD, entrusting these commissions with carrying out all activities related to the direct placement of arriving special settlers.

c) Prepare vehicles for transporting special settlers, mobilizing for this purpose the transport of any enterprises and institutions.

d) Ensure that arriving special settlers are provided with personal plots and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials.

e) Organize special commandant's offices of the NKVD in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, attributing their maintenance to the budget of the NKVD of the USSR.

f) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR comrade. Beria's project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts, indicating train unloading stations.

4. Oblige the Agricultural Bank (comrade Kravtsova) to issue special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR in the places of their resettlement a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family with installments of up to 7 years.

5. Oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotin) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables to the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal quantities... Distribution of flour, cereals and vegetables to special settlers during June-August of this year. produce free of charge, in exchange for agricultural products and livestock taken from them in the places of eviction.

6. Oblige the NPO (comrade Khrulev) to transfer during May-July this year. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops garrisoned in the areas of resettlement of special settlers in the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR and Kyrgyz SSR, there were 100 Willys vehicles and 250 trucks that were out of repair.

7. Oblige Glavneftesnab (comrade Shirokova) to allocate and ship before May 20, 1944 to points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline and to the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons. Deliveries of gasoline should be made by uniformly reducing supplies to all other consumers.

8. To oblige Glavsnables of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Comrade Lopukhov), through the sale of resources, to supply NKPS with 75,000 carriage planks, 2.75 m each, with delivery before May 15 of this year; Transportation of NKPS boards must be carried out using your own means.

9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR (Comrade Zverev) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles.

Chairman of the State Defense Committee
I.Stalin

The Crimean Tatars began to provide assistance to the Anglo-French-Turkish interventionists from the very moment they appeared in Yevpatoria. The Allies landed a fairly large army without a convoy, but they could not advance without having a sufficient number of horses and carts. The Crimean Tatars almost immediately provided assistance to the invaders in this matter. Immediately after the landing of the first small detachment in Yevpatoria, British officers saw several hundred horses and 350 Tatar carts on the pier. Someone warned the Tatars and organized the collection of vehicles in advance. Apparently they were Turkish agents. Then the Crimean Tatars began to drive dozens and hundreds of carts and horses into the Evpatoria area every day.

The Crimean War allowed the predatory instincts of the Crimean Tatars to manifest themselves in all their glory. The new Tatar leadership immediately allowed the plunder of all non-Muslim peasants. The Crimean Tatars immediately began to make up for the opportunities lost during “Russian slavery”. The Russian and other Christian populations were plundered.

At the end of 1854, the leader of the nobility of the Evpatoria district informed Governor Pestel that during the indignation of the Tatars, most of the noble economies were ruined, draft animals were taken away, horses and camels were stolen. For example, Popova’s Karadzha estate was completely plundered, the losses amounted to 17 thousand rubles. The Tatars took all the livestock and crops, destroyed the grapevines and orchards, the fish factory, and plundered all property, including furniture. Other estates were robbed in a similar manner.

Another type of activity of the Crimean Tatars was the extradition of Russian officials to the occupiers. Tokarsky ordered to catch all officials and Cossacks, promising promotion and monetary reward. Under the pretext of searching for Cossacks, Hussein's gang conducted searches in the houses of peasants, robbing them along the way. Fleeing from the Tatar atrocities, many surviving landowners were forced to buy themselves safe-conduct with the signature of Ibrahim Pasha. They had to pay significant money for them.

The stolen cattle were driven to Yevpatoria, where the interventionists bought them, generously paying with counterfeit Turkish banknotes. According to S. Babovich’s calculations, the Crimean Tatars managed to transfer up to 50 thousand sheep and up to 15 thousand heads of cattle to the enemy. The Crimean Tatars acted as foragers for the interventionists. The Crimean Tatar elite immediately forgot about the oaths of allegiance and good deeds from Russia and almost without exception began to serve the occupiers. Thus, the head of Dzhaminsky brought a detachment of 200 people with him to Yevpatoria and announced his desire to join the military formations being formed by the invaders. The volost elder of the Kerkulag region took the government money from the volost government and arrived in Yevpatoria, swearing allegiance to Ibrahim Pasha. The entire volost followed his example. From almost all the volosts, collectors brought Ibrahim Pasha up to 100 thousand rubles in silver. At the same time, Ibrahim Pasha quickly assumed the role of “khan”: he treated the local Tatars with arrogance and contempt, beat them and demanded gifts.

Such agility surprised and alarmed even the French and British. They wanted to raise a Tatar uprising, and not breed a gang of thieves nearby. Therefore, Ibrahim Pasha and the “Tatar administration” were placed under the strict control of the English and French military governors. It should be noted that the very idea of ​​​​using the Tatars in hostilities was born among the French, who had extensive experience in creating native troops. The Ottoman command had neither a plan nor even thoughts regarding the political future of the Crimean Tatars and the Crimean Peninsula in the event of victory. The French turned out to be more far-sighted than the Ottomans in this matter.

The Crimean Tatars not only became informers, foragers and robbers, but also guides and scouts for the invaders. So, in September 1854, enemy troops landed in Yalta. At the direction of the Tatars, the robbery of state and private property began. Russian authorities detained many Crimean Tatars who served the enemy as guides and scouts. Crimean Tatars were actively used for fortification work. Through their efforts, Evpatoria was fortified, the streets were covered with barricades.

In addition, under the leadership of British, French and Turkish officers, special detachments of “askers” from Tatar volunteers began to be formed in Yevpatoria. Armed with pikes, sabers, pistols and partly guns and led by the Evpatoria mullah, they were used for patrol duty around the city and as a garrison. By the end of 1854, the garrison of Yevpatoria already numbered up to 10 thousand Turkish infantry, 300 horsemen and about 5 thousand Tatars. There were no more than 700 British and French people there. At the same time, Tatar gangs numbering up to 200-300 people wandered around the district, plundered estates, and robbed the population. In a short time, the wave of violence spread all the way to Perekop. Tatar gangs did not pose a threat to Russian regular troops. However, the Tatars, together with the interventionist landings, greatly irritated the Russian command, which could not feel free in Crimea.

The total number of Crimean Tatar units in the service of the interventionists exceeded 10 thousand people. In his order to the commander of the reserve battalion of the Volyn and Minsk regiments dated September 10, 1854, Prince Menshikov pointed out the need to take special care while moving in order to avoid attacks by both the enemy and local residents.

However, the betrayal soon had to be paid for. On September 29, 1854, the Uhlan division of Lieutenant General Korf approached the city. She established a tight blockade of the city, cutting off its ties with the district. Food supplies in the city were insignificant; the British and French cared primarily about their own, and were not going to supply the Tatars. They were given a handful of crackers per day. Bread prices soared, becoming unaffordable for ordinary Tatars. Hunger began. Crimean Tatars died in hundreds. At the same time, the authorities forbade leaving the city under pain of execution. They assured people that the Russians would hang all returning Tatars. However, every day people fled to the Russians, not really believing the tales of the new authorities. They knew about the traditional gentleness and humanity of the Russian imperial authorities.

The “victims of Russian colonialism” also distinguished themselves in Kerch, which enemy troops occupied in May 1855. The local population, abandoning all their property, fled under the protection of Russian troops. Not everyone managed to escape. Dubrovin noted in “The Crimean War: “... the traitorous Tatars rushed in pursuit, robbed, killed, and committed terrible atrocities against young girls. The violence of the Tatars forced the settlers to forget about fatigue and rush after the troops who protected them from danger.” Of the 12 thousand population, no more than 2 thousand people remained in the city. The Crimean Tatars did not hesitate to plunder Christian churches.

It must be said that the enlightened Europeans (the British and the French) were no better than the Crimean Tatars, who lived according to the concepts of primitive times. They robbed no less. (By the way, the Tatars attacked only civilians. There is no data on attacks on the military).

To be fair, it must be said that not all Crimean Tatars turned out to be traitors. Among the representatives of the nobility and local administration there were people who remained loyal to Russia. And the Life Guards Crimean Tatar squadron fought against the allied forces. This elite unit included representatives of noble families such as the Shirins, Argins, Mansurs and others.

Believing that unrest in the Evpatoria district could have a negative impact on military operations and lead to the expansion of unrest among the Tatars, Prince A. S. Menshikov ordered the Tauride governor V. I. Pestel to evict from the Crimean peninsula to the Melitopol district all Tatars who lived along the sea coast from Sevastopol to Perekop. Menshikov informed Minister of War V.A. Dolgorukov that this measure would be useful, since “the Tatars will consider this a punishment,” and will show them that the presence of enemies on the peninsula does not bother the government at all.

Emperor Nicholas approved Menshikov's plan. However, I made a few comments. He called for due attention to be paid so that this measure does not cause the death of innocents, that is, women and children, and does not become a reason for abuses by officials. He also proposed limiting the area of ​​eviction of Tatars to Evpatoria and Perekop districts, without affecting the southern regions, especially if they were not affected by treason. It was also proposed not to carry out this measure in the mountains, due to the difficulties of the terrain and the possibility of a large-scale uprising.

However, this plan, even in a shortened form, was never implemented. On March 2, 1855, Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich died. Before this, Menshikov was removed from command; he was unable to achieve success in the fight against enemy troops. Alexander II Nikolaevich, who ascended the throne, was distinguished by his liberalism and weakened control over the outskirts, which led to a dangerous uprising in Poland in 1863. The Crimean Tatars were forgiven for their betrayal. No measures were taken against the criminals.

In addition, according to Article 5 of the Treaty of Paris signed on March 18, 1856, all warring powers were to grant full forgiveness to those subjects who fought alongside the enemy and were in his service. Thus, the Crimean Tatars were spared any fair retribution for their betrayal. Emperor Alexander II declared an amnesty for the Crimean Tatars who assisted the allies.

It should be noted that after the end of the Eastern War, Muslim clergy and Turkish agents launched a wide campaign in Crimea to resettle them in the Ottoman Empire. Under the influence of this agitation, in the late 1850s and early 1860s, a new wave of mass voluntary emigration of Crimean Tatars to Turkey took place. The Crimean Tatars were afraid of retribution from the Russian government and did not want to accept a new defeat. According to the local statistical committee, by 1863 more than 140 thousand people had moved to the Ottoman Empire. Those who remained never reconciled and harbored anger until “better times.”

Unfortunately, in the USSR, the principle of “proletarian internationalism” prevailed in historical science, therefore the treacherous and unseemly role of the Crimean Tatars during the Eastern (Crimean) War of 1853-1856. was carefully kept silent. The Crimean Tatars did not suffer any punishment; moreover, they chose to forget the truth about their betrayal. However, you cannot hide your predatory nature. The next time she will show herself during the revolution of 1917 and the Civil War.

Sources:
Dubrovin N.F. History of the Crimean War and the defense of Sevastopol. T. 1. St. Petersburg. 1900 // http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3087/.
Crimean Tatars // Pykhalov I. Why Stalin evicted peoples. M., 2013.
Masayev M.V. Crimean Tatars in the Russian army (1827-1874): from the formation of the Life Guards of the Crimean Tatar squadron to the introduction of universal conscription // http://uchebilka.ru/voennoe/127226/index.html.
Masaev M.V. About the Crimean Tatar population during the Crimean War // Culture of the peoples of the Black Sea region. 2004. No. 52. T. 1.
Nadinsky P. N. Essays on the history of Crimea. Part 1. Simferopol, 1951.

Let us say the following about the cooperation of the Crimean Tatars with the German fascists:

The Crimean Tatars, drafted into the Red Army, deserted en masse. “20 thousand Crimean Tatars (almost the entire conscription since the beginning of the war) deserted in 1941 from the 51st army during its retreat from Crimea,” noted in the memo of the USSR Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs Serov addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs, a member of the State Defense Committee (GKO) ) Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria.

Field Marshal Erich von Manstein: “... the majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us... The Tatars immediately took our side... A Tatar deputation arrived to me, bringing fruits and beautiful handmade fabrics for the Tatar liberator “Adolf Efendi.”

According to information from the High Command of the German Ground Forces dated March 20, 1942, about 10 thousand volunteers were recruited to serve in the Wehrmacht. In addition: “According to the Tatar Committee, village elders organized another 4,000 people. to fight partisans. In addition, about 5,000 volunteers are ready to replenish the formed military units... one can assume that all combat-ready Tatars have been taken into account.”

According to other information, in October 1941, the creation of volunteer formations from representatives of the Crimean Tatars began - self-defense companies, whose main task was to fight partisans. Until January 1942, this process proceeded spontaneously, but after the recruitment of volunteers from among the Crimean Tatars was officially sanctioned by Hitler, the solution to this problem passed to the leadership of Einsat Gruppe D. During January 1942, more than 8,600 volunteers were recruited, from among whom 1,632 people were selected to serve in self-defense companies (14 companies were formed). In March 1942, 4 thousand people already served in self-defense companies, and another 5 thousand people were in the reserve.

But the influx of Tatar volunteers did not dry up. In November 1942, the Germans began additional recruitment of volunteers into the ranks of the German army. By the spring, a security battalion was formed - “Noise” (Schutzmannschaft Bataillon) and several more battalions were in a state of formation. Thus, everyone who deserted from the Red Army ended up in the ranks of the Wehrmacht and active collaborators of the Nazis. More than 20 thousand military personnel out of a population of 200 thousand is considered the norm for general mobilization.

There was no Tatar family whose man of military age did not serve the cause of Adolf Effendi. Moreover, he served with the blessing of his older relatives. And it couldn’t be any other way in the patriarchal families of the Tatars. The Tatar newspaper “Azat Krym” (“Free Crimea”), published during the years of occupation, boastfully asserted that not 10%, but 15% of Crimean Tatars are active assistants to the new authorities.

Words from representatives of the Crimean Tatars in our time.

“We would like to remind you that on December 10, 2012, at a rally in Simferopol dedicated to Human Rights Day, Zair Smedlyaev said that he saw nothing wrong with the fact that Crimean Tatars fought under the flag of Nazi Germany.”

Conclusions:

1. Crimean Tatars massively collaborated with the German fascists in various forms, from verbal support or participation in executions to the proposal to “destroy all Russians in Crimea.”
2. The deportation of the Crimean Tatars was a forced response measure of the Soviet government to ensure order in Crimea during the war and preserve the Tatar people.

Any practice of de-Sovietization or de-Stallinization leads to the justification of fascism, the worship of fascism, and therefore to the revival of fascism.