Answers to the crossword AiF 38 2017 (09/20/2017)

Horizontally:

1. Fairy blond. The answer has 10 letters: SNOW WHITE
2. Anniversary feast. The answer has 6 letters: BANQUET
3. Who replaced Leon Trotsky as People's Commissar for Defense? The answer has 6 letters: FRUNZE
4. “Tambov wolf to you…!” (from the film "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Profession"). The answer has 6 letters: BOYARIN
5. Who discovered ultraviolet rays? The answer has 6 letters: RITTER
6. “There is elderberry in the garden, but in Kyiv…”. The answer has 6 letters: UNCLE
7. What does Joe play from the movie "Only Girls in Jazz"? The answer has 8 letters: SAXOPHONE
8. What branch of agriculture does the hero of our film comedy "The Pig and the Shepherd" work for? The answer has 11 letters: SHEEP BREEDING
9. Goods at a gas station. The answer has 6 letters: PETROL
10. What musical instrument can replace an entire orchestra? The answer has 5 letters: ORGAN
11. "Pip you on ...!". The answer has 4 letters: LANGUAGE
12. Which of the Russian revolutionaries became the father-in-law of Joseph Stalin? The answer has 8 letters: ALLILUEV
13. The palace where the cloak and sword of the Prophet Muhammad are kept. The answer has 7 letters: TOPKAPI
14. "Herbal assortment" from the pharmacy. The answer has 4 letters: COLLECTION
15. Show in the sky. The answer has 5 letters: SALUTE
16. Where did Helena Blavatsky put all the "souls of the dead"? The answer has 6 letters: ASTRAL
17. "Severe supervision" of "freedom of speech". The answer has 7 letters: CENSORSHIP
18. Entertainer at the hotel. The answer has 8 letters: ANIMATOR
19. What did Mikhail Bulgakov dream of devoting his life to from his youth? The answer has 9 letters: ACTING
20. "Each ... my soul heals the beast." The answer has 4 letters: VERSE
21. External ... states. The answer has 8 letters: POLITICS
22. "Alien ... does not know your pain." The answer has 4 letters: BODY
23. What did Delesov lose from the story "Albert" by Leo Tolstoy? The answer has 4 letters: VIST
24. chemical ingredient. The answer has 8 letters: SUBSTANCE
25. German tradesman. The answer has 6 letters: BURGER
26. "The authorities need to know in ...". The answer has 4 letters: FACE
27. "Sense organ" at the device. The answer has 6 letters: SENSOR
28. Military artist. The answer has 8 letters: BATALIST
29. The fourth of the jurors in the film "12" by Nikita Mikhalkov. The answer has 4 letters: GAFT

Vertically:

1. Where is the debit and credit reduced? The answer has 11 letters: ACCOUNTING
2. "Spreads suckers." The answer has 7 letters: SCAM
3. Sheer nonsense. The answer has 11 letters: THIS
4. fatigue limit. The answer has 11 letters: EXHAUSTION
5. Which of our magicians "saws off his own hand" in the movie "Thieves in Law"? The answer has 6 letters: HAKOBYAN
6. The most prestigious brand of wedding rings. The answer has 6 letters: CARTIER
7. Who stole the ambrosia from the Olympian gods? The answer has 6 letters: tantalum
8. "Paradise pleasure" for a businessman. The answer has 5 letters: INCOME
9. How does the world owe the Athenian Cleisthenes the attitude towards dissidents? The answer has 9 letters: OSTROKISM
10. Passion for the singer Alexander Marshal. The answer has 9 letters: AIRPORT
11. Seller's fault. The answer has 5 letters: FABRIC
12. A living symbol of Belarus. The answer has 4 letters: ZUBR
13. A verdict from heaven. The answer has 4 letters: KARA
14. "Revealed...". The answer has 4 letters: PLUTO
15. Matinee with Santa Claus and Snow Maiden. The answer has 4 letters: YOLKA
16. It is about him that the Frenchman Gustave Flaubert jokingly writes in his book: firstly, he did not exist, and secondly, he is famous for his laughter! The answer has 5 letters: HOMER
17. Red deer from North America. The answer has 6 letters: WAPITI
18. Which marshal of France was married to Napoleon's sister? The answer has 5 letters: MURAT
19. "The Razor of the Reaper". The answer has 4 letters: SERP
20. "Ripple of Music". The answer has 4 letters: RHYTHM
21. Country around Vientiane. The answer has 4 letters: LAOS
22. Rhythm "from under the hooves". The answer has 5 letters: ZOKOT
23. “I grab onto…, drink milkshakes.” The answer has 7 letters: DUMBELLS
24. From which city do they rule the country? The answer has 7 letters: CAPITAL
25. "Venetian lace" now. The answer has 5 letters: GUIPURE
26. "Sexual appetite" pills. The answer has 6 letters: VIAGRA
27. It is forbidden! The answer has 6 letters: PROHIBITION
28. “How can a woman remain attractive and not starve to death?!” (classic comedy). The answer has 5 letters: TUTSI
29. How does a fox cover his tracks? The answer has 5 letters: TAIL
30. The scent of dog life. The answer has 5 letters: PSINA
31. Which parrot from the cartoon speaks in the voice of Khazanov? The answer has 4 letters: KESH
32. "Road to the Heart" for blood. The answer has 4 letters: VIENNA
33. "We live to give... to each new day." The answer has 3 letters: FIGHT

Trotsky was not the organizer of the October uprising in 1917, just as he was not the creator of the Red Army.

On January 28 (15th according to the old style), 1918, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin signed a decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the creation of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and the establishment under the People's Commissariat for Military Affairs of the All-Russian Collegium for the Organization and Management of the Red Army ("Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR". Encyclopedia, Moscow, 1983, p.292).

Podvoisky, Yeremeev, Mekhonoshin, Krylenko, Trifonov, Yurenev were appointed members of this structure (ibid., p. 125).

As you can see, Trotsky is not among these people. At that time, he held the position of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, and it was through his fault that the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on conditions that were unfavorable for Soviet Russia. Trotsky disrupted peace negotiations with Germany, and the Germans launched an offensive against Soviet Russia, where on February 23, 1918, near Pskov and Narva, they were stopped by units of the Red Army.

The failure of negotiations with Germany was the reason for the removal of Trotsky from the post of People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. That is, on February 23, 1918, on a day that is symbolic for the Red Army, Trotsky had nothing to do with it.

The first people's commissar of defense in Soviet Russia was an old Bolshevik (member of the party since 1901), Russian by origin, Nikolai Ilyich Podvoisky. He held this position from December 10, 1917 to March 14, 1918.

On March 4, 1918, at the suggestion of Lenin, the Supreme Military Council was formed. Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich became the head of the Air Force, Proshyan and Shutko were appointed commissars (“Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR”. Encyclopedia. M., 1983, p. 292).

And again, we do not see Trotsky's name in the composition of the council. And only on March 19, Trotsky was appointed chairman of the Supreme Military Council, and the position of Leader (which was occupied by Bonch-Bruevich) was not abolished. Bonch-Bruyevich and Trotsky worked in parallel for several months.

In January 1918, the formation of the First Corps of the Red Army began in Petrograd. The largest part of it was made up of St. Petersburg workers. In March 1918, this unit already included 10 battalions, machine-gun and cavalry regiments, a heavy artillery battalion, a light artillery brigade, a mortar battalion, 3 air squadrons, a motorcycle, engineering and automobile units, a searchlight team. In February and March 1918, parts of the corps took part in the famous battles with the Germans near Pskov and Narva, as well as near Vitebsk and Orsha (“Civil War and Military Intervention in the USSR.” Encyclopedia. M., 1983, p. 447).

Trotsky came to the ready. The foundation of the Red Army was laid without his participation. The process of creating the Soviet armed forces before the arrival of Trotsky developed successfully.

Lev Davidovich

Battles and victories

A prominent figure in the communist movement, a Soviet military-political figure, people's commissar for military affairs.

Trotsky, not being a military specialist, managed to organize the Red Army from scratch, turning it into an effective and powerful armed force and becoming one of the organizers of the Red Army's victory in the Civil War. "Red Bonaparte".

Trotsky (Bronstein) Lev Davidovich was born in the Kherson province in a family of wealthy Jewish colonists. He graduated from St. Paul's College in Odessa. He had a broad outlook, developed intellect. From his youth, he participated in revolutionary activities, collaborated with the Social Democrats (although he repeatedly came into conflict with V.I. Lenin). Repeatedly arrested, exiled and escaped. He spent many years in exile in France, Austria-Hungary, and visited the North American United States.

As a war correspondent, Trotsky participated in the First and Second Balkan Wars, gaining the first insights into the war and the army. Even at that time, he proved to be a serious organizer and specialist. Although he demanded for himself as a correspondent a salary that exceeded the monthly salary of a Serbian minister, he used this money to pay a secretary who performed technical work and compiled certificates, and he himself supplied the customers with extremely accurate and verified information. It included not only a presentation of events, but also attempts to analyze and synthesize the material, deeply comprehend the life of the Balkan region and fairly accurate forecasting, which is fully confirmed by the studies of modern domestic and foreign Balkan researchers. There is no reason to believe that, being at the head of the Soviet military department, Trotsky showed less thoroughness in his work.

During the First World War, again as a war correspondent, Trotsky became acquainted with the French army. He independently studied the issues of militarism.

In 1917, Trotsky arrived in Russia, actively participated in revolutionary propaganda among the troops of the Petrograd garrison. In September 1917, he took the post of chairman of the Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, in October he created the Military Revolutionary Committee, which led the work on preparing an armed seizure of power in the capital. Through the efforts of Trotsky, the Petrograd garrison did not support the Provisional Government, and the Bolsheviks seized power. Trotsky organized the defense of Petrograd from the offensive of the troops of General P.N. Krasnov, personally checked the weapons and was at the forefront.

At the end of 1917 - beginning of 1918. Trotsky served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. He supported the unsuccessful policy of "neither peace nor war", as a result of which he left the post of people's commissar.

In the middle of March 1918, L.D. Trotsky, by decision of the Central Committee of the party, became People's Commissar for Military Affairs (he held this post until 1925) and Chairman of the Supreme Military Council. Trotsky was the military leader of the Red Army during the Civil War era, concentrating immense power in his hands. In the autumn of 1918 he headed the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic.

Not being a military specialist, he showed outstanding organizational skills and managed to organize the Red Army from scratch on a regular basis, turning it into a massive, efficient and powerful armed force based on the principles of universal military service and strict discipline. In the highest military posts in Soviet Russia, Trotsky demonstrated his character - iron will and determination, colossal energy, a fanatical commitment to achieving the intended result in the presence of undoubted ambition.

Under the leadership of Trotsky, the military-administrative apparatus of Soviet Russia took shape, military districts, armies and fronts were created, mass mobilizations were carried out in a country decomposed by revolutionary ferment. The Red Army won its victories over the internal counter-revolution.

Trotsky became the main ideologist and conductor of the policy of recruiting former officers of the old army, who were called military specialists, into the Red Army. This policy ran into fierce resistance both in the party and among the masses of soldiers who ended up in the Red Army. One of Trotsky's ardent opponents on this issue was a member of the Central Committee I.V. Stalin, who sabotaged this course. IN AND. Lenin also doubted the correctness of Trotsky's course. However, the correctness of this policy was confirmed by successes at the fronts, and in 1919 it was declared the official party course.

During the Civil War, Trotsky showed himself to be a talented organizer who understood the nature of war and the methods of control in its conditions, as well as a person who knew how to find a common language with military experts. Trotsky's strength as the leader of the Red Army was a clear understanding of the strategy of the Civil War. In this matter, he far surpassed even the old military specialists with an academic education, who poorly understood the social nature of the Civil War.

This was especially evident during the discussion about the Soviet strategy on the Southern Front in the summer - autumn of 1919. Commander-in-Chief S.S. Kamenev planned the main thrust of the offensive through the Cossack areas, where the Reds faced fierce resistance from the local population. Trotsky sharply criticized the direction of the main attack proposed by Kamenev. He was against the offensive through the Don region, as he reasonably believed that the Reds would meet the greatest resistance in the Cossack territories. Meanwhile, the Whites achieved significant success in their main Kursk direction, which threatened the very existence of Soviet Russia. Trotsky's idea was to separate the Cossacks from the volunteers by delivering the main blow precisely in the Kursk-Voronezh direction. In the end, the Red Army moved to implement Trotsky's plan, but this happened only after several months of fruitless attempts to implement Kamenev's plan.

Trotsky spent the hottest time of the Civil War traveling around the fronts in his famous train (“flying control apparatus,” as Trotsky called it), organizing troops on the ground. Repeatedly traveled to the most threatened fronts and established work there. He made an outstanding contribution to the strengthening of the front near Kazan in August 1918, when the Red Army was demoralized. Trotsky was able to strengthen the morale of the troops by punitive measures, propaganda and strengthening the grouping of Soviet troops in the Kazan region.

He later recalled his trips to the fronts:

Looking back over the three years of the civil war and looking through the journal of my continuous trips along the front, I see that I hardly had to accompany the victorious army, participate in the offensive, directly share its successes with the army. My trips were not of a festive nature. I only traveled to disadvantaged areas when the enemy broke through the front and drove our regiments in front of him. I retreated with the troops, but never advanced with them. As soon as the defeated divisions were put in order, and the command gave the signal for the offensive, I said goodbye to the army for another unfavorable sector or returned to Moscow for several days to resolve the accumulated problems in the center.

“Of course, this method cannot be called correct,” Trotsky noted in another work. - The pedant will say that in supply, as in all military affairs in general, the most important thing is the system. This is right. I myself tend to sin rather in the direction of pedantry. But the fact is that we did not want to die before we managed to create a coherent system. That is why we were forced, especially in the first period, to replace the system with improvisations, so that we could rely on the system in the future.

For example, what did Trotsky do during the defense of Petrograd in the autumn of 1919? Documents testify that with his authority he ensured the supply of everything necessary for the 7th Army, which was defending the Cradle of the Revolution. He dealt with the problems of supplying the army, solved personnel issues. He carried out strategic planning: he put forward very sensible proposals for turning Petrograd into an impregnable fortress, raised in advance the question of the prospects for relations with the Estonians in the event of the defeat of Yudenich's army and its withdrawal to Estonia. He carried out the general supreme administration, and also instructed the military and political leadership and, as Trotsky himself noted, gave "an impetus to the initiative of the front and the immediate rear." In addition, with his characteristic seething energy, he held rallies, made speeches, and wrote articles. The benefits of his presence in Petrograd were undeniable.

Trotsky wrote about the achievements of the first days near Petrograd: “The command staff, drawn into failures, had to be shaken up, refreshed, renewed. Even greater changes were made in the composition of the commissars. All parts were strengthened from within by the communists. Some fresh parts also arrived. Military schools were thrown into the front lines. In two or three days, they managed to pull up the completely lowered supply apparatus. The Red Army soldier ate more densely, changed his underwear, changed his shoes, listened to the speech, shook himself, pulled himself up and became different.

Already at this time, Trotsky worked out a universal formula for victories in the Civil War. On October 16, 1919, he wrote to the former General Dmitry Nikolayevich Nadezhny, who was entrusted with the command of the 7th Army: “As always in such cases, this time we will achieve the necessary turning point with the help of organizational, agitational and punitive measures.”

According to Trotsky, “it is impossible to create a strong army on the fly. Plugging and darning holes at the front will not help the cause. The transfer of individual communists and communist detachments to the most dangerous places can only temporarily improve the situation. There is only one salvation: to transform, reorganize, educate the army through persistent, persistent work, starting from the main cell, from the company, and, rising higher through the battalion, regiment, division; to establish the correct supply, the correct distribution of communist forces, the correct relationship between commanding staff and commissars, to ensure strict diligence and unconditional conscientiousness in reports (highlighted in the document. - A.G.)". Thus, the secret of Trotsky's success lay far beyond the number of bayonets.

Trotsky described the reasons for the defeats of the Whites as follows:

As long as they, Dutov, Kolchak, Denikin, had partisan detachments of the most qualified officer and cadet elements, as long as they developed a large strike force in relation to their number, because, I repeat, this is an element of great experience, high military qualification. But when the heavy mass of our regiments, brigades, divisions, and armies built on mobilization forced them themselves to go over to the mobilization of the peasants in order to oppose the masses to the masses, then the laws of class struggle came into play. And their mobilization turned into internal disorganization, called forth the work of the forces of internal destruction. In order to show this, to reveal it in practice, only blows from our side were needed.

The chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the republic tried to find a common language with elements disloyal to the Bolsheviks. Thus, in the spring of 1919, Trotsky proposed to integrate the anarchists Nestor Makhno into the Red Army by sending detachments of party workers, Chekists, sailors and workers to the “anarchist gangs” of the Makhnovists.

Trotsky was an excellent speaker, his speeches at the fronts played a role in raising the morale of the soldiers of the Red Army. He showed concern for ordinary Red Army soldiers. In the autumn of 1919, he wrote to the Central Committee about the need for warm clothes for the army, because. “You cannot demand more from the human body than it can bear.”

Trotsky in every way contributed to the dissemination of military knowledge in the Red Army, the development of military science. So, under his patronage, a serious military-scientific journal "Military Affairs" was published in Moscow by a group of former officers.

Taking care of the training of commanders, the leaders of the Red Army did not forget about ordinary soldiers. Their training since 1918 was carried out through Vsevobuch (Universal military training). In a short time, training and formation departments appeared in all work centers. As conceived by Trotsky, Vsevobuch was to create large military units up to and including armies. As part of the Vsevobuch, pre-conscription training was carried out in labor schools, which was completed by 60,000 people, or 10% of all those registered.

Trotsky attached great disciplinary importance to the factor of repression in the army. The secret “Instructions to responsible workers of the 14th Army”, signed by Trotsky on August 9, 1919, spoke about the principles of the punitive policy: “All the leading institutions of the army - the Revolutionary Military Council, the Political Department, the Special Department, the Revolutionary Tribunal must firmly establish and enforce the rule that no crime in the army goes unpunished. Of course, punishment must be strictly consistent with the actual nature of the crime or misdemeanor. Sentences must be such that every Red Army soldier, reading about them in his newspaper, clearly understands their justice and necessity for maintaining the combat capability of the army. Punishments should follow as soon as possible after the crime."

Not only the rank and file, but also the command staff and even commissars needed to strengthen discipline. The leader of the Red Army, Trotsky, was ready to go to the end in this regard, up to the execution of party workers. It was on his orders that a tribunal was appointed that sentenced to death the commander of the 2nd Petrograd regiment Gneushev, the commissar of the regiment Panteleev and every tenth Red Army soldier, who, with part of the regiment, abandoned their positions and fled on a steamboat from near Kazan in the summer of 1918. This case caused a discussion in the party about the permissibility of executions of party workers and a wave of criticism against Trotsky. The resonant case gives reason to believe that the executions of party members were still an exceptional and isolated phenomenon.

Another means of intimidation, which, however, did not actually find real use in the Red Army, was orders to take hostage the families of defectors from among the military experts.

A few years after the Civil War, Trotsky commented on the meaning of such harsh orders (primarily orders to shoot commissars): “It was not an order to be shot, it was the usual pressure that was then practiced. Here I have dozens of the same kind of telegrams from Vladimir Ilyich ... It was a common form of military pressure at that time. Thus, it was, first of all, about threats. Trotsky is often accused of some kind of excessive cruelty, which is not true.

Of course, Trotsky also made mistakes that corresponded to the scale of his activities. So, by his actions to disarm the Czechoslovaks, he provoked an armed uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps. His hopes for a world revolution, as well as the specific plans and calculations associated with these hopes, did not come true either.

Having lost in the inner-party political struggle, Trotsky went into exile, and in 1929 he was expelled from the USSR and subsequently deprived of Soviet citizenship. In exile, he was the founder of the Fourth International, created a number of historical works, memoirs. Mortally wounded by an NKVD agent in 1940 in Mexico.

During the Soviet period, researchers and memoirists sought to belittle the role of L.D. Trotsky in the creation of the Red Army, since his figure was actually excluded from the historical process in the Stalinist interpretation of the history of the Civil War and was mentioned only in extremely negative terms. However, in the post-Soviet period, it became possible to speak with an open mind about Trotsky's prominent role in the creation of the Soviet armed forces. Of course, Trotsky was not a commander, but he was an outstanding military administrator and organizer.

GANIN A.V., Ph.D., Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Literature

My life. M., 2001

Stalin. T. 2. M., 1990

Kirshin Yu.Ya. Trotsky is a military theorist. Klintsy, 2003

Krasnov V., Daines V. Unknown Trotsky. Red Bonaparte. M., 2000

Felshtinsky Yu., Chernyavsky G. Leon Trotsky is a Bolshevik. Book. 2. 1917-1924. M., 2012

Shemyakin A.L. L.D. Trotsky about Serbia and the Serbs (military impressions of 1912-1913). V.A. Tesemnikov. Research and materials dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the birth of V.A. Tesemnikov. M., 2013. S. 51-76

Internet

Barclay de Tolly Mikhail Bogdanovich

Finnish war.
Strategic retreat in the first half of 1812
European campaign of 1812

Loris-Melikov Mikhail Tarielovich

Known mainly as one of the secondary characters in the story "Hadji Murad" by L.N. Tolstoy, Mikhail Tarielovich Loris-Melikov went through all the Caucasian and Turkish campaigns of the second half of the middle of the 19th century.

Having shown himself excellently during the Caucasian War, during the Kars campaign of the Crimean War, Loris-Melikov led intelligence, and then successfully served as commander-in-chief during the difficult Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, having won a number of important victories over the united Turkish troops and in the third once captured Kars, by that time considered impregnable.

Katukov Mikhail Efimovich

Perhaps the only bright spot against the background of the Soviet commanders of the armored forces. A tanker who went through the entire war, starting from the border. The commander, whose tanks always showed their superiority to the enemy. His tank brigades were the only (!) in the first period of the war that were not defeated by the Germans and even inflicted significant damage on them.
His first guards tank army remained combat-ready, although it defended from the very first days of the fighting on the southern face of the Kursk Bulge, while exactly the same Rotmistrov's 5th guards tank army was practically destroyed on the very first day when it entered the battle (June 12)
This is one of the few of our commanders who took care of his troops and fought not by numbers, but by skill.

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

General Kotlyarevsky, son of a priest in the village of Olkhovatka, Kharkov province. He went from private to general in the tsarist army. He can be called the great-grandfather of the Russian special forces. He carried out truly unique operations ... His name is worthy of being included in the list of the greatest commanders of Russia

Ridiger Fedor Vasilievich

Adjutant general, cavalry general, adjutant general... He had three Golden sabers with the inscription: "For courage"... In 1849, Ridiger participated in a campaign in Hungary to suppress the unrest that arose there, being appointed head of the right column. On May 9, Russian troops entered the borders of the Austrian Empire. He pursued the rebel army until August 1, forcing them to lay down their arms in front of the Russian troops near Vilyaghosh. On August 5, the troops entrusted to him occupied the fortress of Arad. During the trip of Field Marshal Ivan Fedorovich Paskevich to Warsaw, Count Ridiger commanded the troops stationed in Hungary and Transylvania ... On February 21, 1854, during the absence of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich in the Kingdom of Poland, Count Ridiger commanded all the troops located in the area of ​​​​the active army - as a commander separate corps and at the same time served as head of the Kingdom of Poland. After the return of Field Marshal Prince Paskevich to Warsaw, from August 3, 1854, he served as the Warsaw military governor.

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich

The great Russian naval commander, who won victories at Fedonisi, Kaliakria, at Cape Tendra and during the liberation of the islands of Malta (Ioanian Islands) and Corfu. He discovered and introduced a new tactic of naval combat, with the rejection of the linear formation of ships and showed the tactics of "alluvial formation" with an attack on the flagship of the enemy fleet. One of the founders of the Black Sea Fleet and its commander in 1790-1792

Suvorov, Count Rymniksky, Prince of Italy Alexander Vasilyevich

The greatest commander, a genius strategist, tactician and military theorist. Author of the book "The Science of Victory", Generalissimo of the Russian Army. The only one in the history of Russia that did not suffer a single defeat.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR during the Great Patriotic War. Under his leadership, the Red Army crushed fascism.

Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich

During the outbreak of the war with England and France, he actually commanded the Black Sea Fleet, until his heroic death he was the immediate superior of P.S. Nakhimov and V.I. Istomin. After the landing of the Anglo-French troops in Evpatoria and the defeat of the Russian troops on the Alma, Kornilov received an order from the commander-in-chief in the Crimea, Prince Menshikov, to flood the ships of the fleet in the roadstead in order to use sailors to defend Sevastopol from land.

Golenishchev-Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich

(1745-1813).
1. GREAT Russian commander, he was an example for his soldiers. Appreciated every soldier. "M. I. Golenishchev-Kutuzov is not only the liberator of the Fatherland, he is the only one who outplayed the hitherto invincible French emperor, turning the "great army" into a crowd of ragamuffins, saving, thanks to his military genius, the lives of many Russian soldiers."
2. Mikhail Illarionovich, being a highly educated person who knew several foreign languages, dexterous, refined, able to inspire society with the gift of words, an entertaining story, served Russia as an excellent diplomat - ambassador to Turkey.
3. M. I. Kutuzov - the first to become a full cavalier of the highest military order of St. George the Victorious of four degrees.
The life of Mikhail Illarionovich is an example of service to the fatherland, attitude towards soldiers, spiritual strength for the Russian military leaders of our time and, of course, for the younger generation - the future military.

Dolgorukov Yury Alekseevich

An outstanding statesman and military leader of the era of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, prince. Commanding the Russian army in Lithuania, in 1658 he defeated hetman V. Gonsevsky in the battle of Verki, taking him prisoner. This was the first time after 1500 when a Russian governor captured the hetman. In 1660, at the head of an army sent under Mogilev, besieged by the Polish-Lithuanian troops, he won a strategic victory over the enemy on the Basya River near the village of Gubarevo, forcing hetmans P. Sapega and S. Czarnetsky to retreat from the city. Thanks to the actions of Dolgorukov, the "front line" in Belarus along the Dnieper was preserved until the end of the war of 1654-1667. In 1670, he led an army sent to fight against the Cossacks of Stenka Razin, in the shortest possible time suppressed the Cossack rebellion, which later led to the Don Cossacks swearing allegiance to the tsar and turning the Cossacks from robbers into "sovereign servants".

Kotlyarevsky Petr Stepanovich

Hero of the Russo-Persian War of 1804-1813
"General Meteor" and "Caucasian Suvorov".
He fought not in numbers, but in skill - first, 450 Russian soldiers attacked 1,200 Persian sardars in the Migri fortress and took it, then 500 of our soldiers and Cossacks attacked 5,000 askers at the crossing over the Araks. More than 700 enemies were exterminated, only 2,500 Persian fighters managed to escape from ours.
In both cases, our losses are less than 50 killed and up to 100 wounded.
Further, in the war against the Turks, with a swift attack, 1000 Russian soldiers defeated the 2000th garrison of the Akhalkalaki fortress.
Then, again in the Persian direction, he cleared Karabakh of the enemy, and then, with 2,200 soldiers, defeated Abbas-Mirza with a 30,000-strong army near Aslanduz, a village near the Araks River. In two battles, he destroyed more than 10,000 enemies, including English advisers and artillerymen.
As usual, Russian losses were 30 killed and 100 wounded.
Kotlyarevsky won most of his victories in night assaults on fortresses and enemy camps, preventing the enemies from coming to their senses.
The last campaign - 2000 Russians against 7000 Persians to the fortress of Lankaran, where Kotlyarevsky almost died during the assault, lost consciousness at times from blood loss and pain from wounds, but still, until the final victory, he commanded the troops as soon as he regained consciousness, and after that he was forced to be treated for a long time and move away from military affairs.
His feats for the glory of Russia are much cooler than the "300 Spartans" - for our generals and warriors have repeatedly beaten a 10-fold superior enemy, and suffered minimal losses, saving Russian lives.

Stalin Joseph Vissarionovich

The commander-in-chief of the Red Army, which repelled the attack of Nazi Germany, liberated Evroppa, the author of many operations, including "Ten Stalinist strikes" (1944)

Prince Svyatoslav

Rokossovsky Konstantin Konstantinovich

Soldier, several wars (including World War I and World War II). passed the way to Marshal of the USSR and Poland. Military intellectual. not resorting to "obscene leadership." he knew tactics in military affairs to the subtleties. practice, strategy and operational art.

Wrangel Pyotr Nikolaevich

Member of the Russo-Japanese and World War I, one of the main leaders (1918−1920) of the White movement during the Civil War. Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in the Crimea and Poland (1920). General Staff Lieutenant General (1918). Georgievsky Cavalier.

Bennigsen Leonty Leontievich

Surprisingly, a Russian general who did not speak Russian, who made up the glory of Russian weapons at the beginning of the 19th century.

He made a significant contribution to the suppression of the Polish uprising.

Commander-in-Chief in the Battle of Tarutino.

He made a significant contribution to the campaign of 1813 (Dresden and Leipzig).

Izylmetiev Ivan Nikolaevich

Commanded the frigate "Aurora". He made the transition from St. Petersburg to Kamchatka in a record time for those times in 66 days. In the bay, Callao eluded the Anglo-French squadron. Arriving in Petropavlovsk, together with the governor of the Kamchatka Territory, Zavoyko V. organized the defense of the city, during which the sailors from the Aurora, together with the locals, threw into the sea an outnumbering Anglo-French landing force. Then he took the Aurora to the Amur Estuary, hiding it there .After these events, the British public demanded trial of the admirals who lost the Russian frigate.

Senyavin Dmitry Nikolaevich

Dmitry Nikolaevich Senyavin (August 6 (17), 1763 - April 5 (17), 1831) - Russian naval commander, admiral.
for courage and outstanding diplomatic work shown during the blockade of the Russian fleet in Lisbon

Govorov Leonid Alexandrovich

Prince Monomakh Vladimir Vsevolodovich

The most remarkable of the Russian princes of the pre-Tatar period of our history, who left behind great fame and a good memory.

Skopin-Shuisky Mikhail Vasilievich

I beg the military-historical society to correct the extreme historical injustice and add to the list of 100 best commanders, the leader of the northern militia who did not lose a single battle, who played an outstanding role in liberating Russia from the Polish yoke and unrest. And apparently poisoned for his talent and skill.

Marshal of the Soviet Union. From June 1942 he commanded the troops of the Leningrad Front, in February-March 1945 he simultaneously coordinated the actions of the 2nd and 3rd Baltic fronts. He played a big role in the defense of Leningrad and the breakthrough of its blockade. Awarded the Order of Victory. The generally recognized master of the combat use of artillery.

K.K. Rokossovsky

The intelligence of this marshal connected the Russian army with the Red Army.

"Traitor to the Revolution" Leon Trotsky

This man, whom Lenin called "an outstanding leader," was one of the brightest and most controversial personalities among those who led the Russian revolutionary movement, the construction and defense of the world's first "state of workers and peasants."

Lev Davidovich Trotsky

Leiba Bronstein (Lev Davidovich Trotsky) was born on October 25 (November 7), 1879 in the village of Yanovka, Elisavetgrad district, Kherson province. His father, David Leontyevich, from among the Jewish colonists, rented 400 acres (about 440 hectares) of land in those parts. He managed successfully, but he learned to read only in old age. Mother, Anna, came from urban philistines.

Trotsky's childhood languages ​​were Ukrainian and Russian; he never mastered Yiddish. Leiba studied at a real school in Odessa and Nikolaev, where he was the first student in all disciplines. He was fond of drawing, literature, composed poetry, translated Krylov's fables from Russian into Ukrainian, participated in the publication of a school handwritten magazine.

How did he join the revolutionary struggle

In 1896, in Nikolaev, Leiba, who changed his name to Lev, entered the circle of lovers of scientific and popular literature. At first he sympathized with the ideas of the Narodniks and vehemently rejected Marxism, considering it a dry and alien doctrine. Already at that time, many features of his personality were manifested - a sharp mind, a polemical gift, energy, self-confidence, ambition, a tendency to leadership. Together with other members of the circle, young Bronstein was engaged in political literacy with the workers, wrote proclamations, published newspapers, and spoke at rallies.

In January 1898, he was arrested along with several associates. During the investigation, Leo studied English, German, French and Italian, using as a means at hand ... the Gospels. Having begun to study the works of Marx, he became a fanatical adherent of his teachings, and became acquainted with the works of Lenin. He was convicted and sentenced to a four-year exile in Eastern Siberia. While under investigation in Butyrka prison, he married Alexandra Sokolovskaya, a comrade-in-arms in revolutionary activities.

Since the autumn of 1900, the young family was in exile in the Irkutsk province. Bronstein worked as a clerk for a Siberian millionaire merchant, then collaborated in the Irkutsk newspaper Vostochnoye Obozreniye, where he published literary critical articles and essays on Siberian life. Here, for the first time, his extraordinary ability to master the pen appeared. In 1902, with the consent of his wife, Bronstein left her with two young daughters, Zina and Nina, and fled abroad alone. When escaping, he entered his new surname, borrowed from the overseer of the Odessa prison, Trotsky, into a fake passport. It was as Trotsky that he became known to the whole world.

Arriving in London, Trotsky became close to the leaders of Russian Social Democracy living in exile. At the suggestion of Lenin, who highly appreciated his abilities and energy, he was co-opted to the editorial board of Iskra.

In 1903, in Paris, Trotsky married a second time - to Natalya Sedova, who became his faithful companion and shared all the ups and downs that abounded in his life.

In the summer of 1903, Trotsky participated in the II Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). After the congress, together with the Mensheviks, he accused Lenin and the Bolsheviks of dictatorship and the destruction of the unity of social democracy. However, in the fall of 1904, a conflict also broke out between the Menshevik leaders and Trotsky over the attitude towards the liberal bourgeoisie, and he became a "non-factional" Social Democrat, claiming to create a trend that would stand above the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

When the Revolution of 1905 began in Russia, Trotsky illegally returned to his homeland. In October he became deputy chairman, then chairman of the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers' Deputies. And in December, together with the Council, he was arrested.

In 1907, Trotsky was sentenced to permanent settlement in Siberia with the deprivation of all civil rights, but on the way to the place of exile he fled again. From 1908 to 1912 he published the newspaper Pravda in Vienna (this name was later borrowed by Lenin), in 1912 he tried to create an "August bloc" of social democrats. His most acute clashes with Lenin belonged to this period.

In 1912, Trotsky was a military correspondent for the newspaper Kyiv Mysl in the Balkans, after the outbreak of the First World War - in France (this work gave him military experience that would later come in handy). Taking a sharply "anti-imperialist" position, he attacked the governments of the belligerent powers with all the might of his political temperament. In 1916 he was expelled from France and sailed to the USA, where he continued to appear in print.

How to fight and lead

Upon learning of the February Revolution of 1917, Trotsky left the United States. In May, he arrived in Russia and took the position of sharp criticism of the Provisional Government. In July, he joined the Bolsheviks and joined the RSDLP (b), acted as a publicist at factories, educational institutions, theaters, and squares. After the July events, he was arrested and ended up in prison. In September, after his release, he became the idol of the Baltic sailors and soldiers of the city garrison, was elected chairman of the Petrograd Soviet. In addition, he became chairman of the military revolutionary committee created by the Soviet.

Trotsky actually led the October armed uprising. After the Bolsheviks came to power, he became People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs. Participating in separate negotiations with the powers of the "Fourth Bloc", he put forward the formula: "We stop the war, we do not sign peace, we demobilize the army," which was supported by the Bolshevik Central Committee (Lenin was against it). Somewhat later, after the resumption of the offensive of the German troops, Lenin managed to achieve the acceptance and signing of the terms of the "obscene" Brest Peace.

Trotsky was appointed to the post of people's commissar for military and naval affairs and chairman of the revolutionary military council of the republic in early 1918. In this post, he showed himself to be a talented and energetic organizer. To create a combat-ready army, he used decisive and cruel measures: hostage-taking, executions and imprisonment of opponents, deserters and violators of military discipline, and there was no exception for the Bolsheviks. Trotsky did a great job of recruiting former tsarist officers and generals (“military experts”) into the Red Army and defending them from the attacks of some high-ranking communists.

During the Civil War, his train ran on railways on all fronts; The People's Commissar for Military Affairs directed the actions of the fronts, delivered fiery speeches to the troops, punished the guilty, rewarded those who distinguished themselves. At the end of the civil war and the beginning of the 1920s, Lev Davidovich's popularity and influence reached its apogee, and a cult of his personality began to take shape.

In 1920-1921, Trotsky was one of the first to propose measures to curtail "war communism" and move to the NEP.

In general, during this period, there was close cooperation between Trotsky and Lenin, although they had serious disagreements on a number of issues of a political and military-strategic nature.

Before Lenin's death, and especially after it, a struggle for power flared up among the leaders of the Bolsheviks. Trotsky was opposed by the majority of party leaders, led by Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin, who suspected him of dictatorial, Bonapartist plans.

Trotsky's opponents, showing great determination, unscrupulousness and cunning, speculating on the theme of his previous disagreements with Lenin, dealt a strong blow to Trotsky's authority. He was removed from his posts; his supporters were ousted from the leadership of the party and the state. Trotsky's views ("Trotskyism") were declared hostile to Leninism by a petty-bourgeois trend.

In the mid-1920s, Trotsky, joined by Zinoviev and Kamenev, continued to sharply criticize the Soviet leadership, accusing it of betraying the ideals of the October Revolution, including refusing to carry out the world revolution. Trotsky also demanded the restoration of inner-party democracy, the strengthening of the regime of the dictatorship of the proletariat, and an attack on the positions of the NEPmen and kulaks. However, the majority of the party again took the side of Stalin.

How he was overthrown and expelled

In 1927, Trotsky was removed from the Politburo of the Central Committee, expelled from the party, and in January 1928 exiled to Alma-Ata, and the following year, by decision of the Politburo, he was expelled from the USSR.

Together with his wife and eldest son Lev Sedov, Trotsky ended up first on the Turkish island of Prinkipo in the Sea of ​​Marmara, then in France, in Norway.

He tirelessly criticized the policy of the Soviet leadership, exposed the "adventurism and cruelty of industrialization and collectivization", refuted the assertions of official Soviet propaganda and Soviet statistics. In 1935, Trotsky completed his most important work on the analysis of Soviet society, The Revolution Betrayed, where he revealed the contradictions between the interests of the main population of the country and the bureaucratic caste led by Stalin.

At the end of 1936, Trotsky settled in Mexico, where he settled in the house of the famous artist Diego Rivera, and then in a fortified and carefully guarded villa in the city of Coyocan. Turning into a "Koyokan recluse", Trotsky worked on a book about Stalin, in which he described his hero as a fatal person for socialism. And after high-profile trials against the opposition took place in the USSR in 1937-1938, in which he himself was tried in absentia, Trotsky paid much attention to exposing them as falsified.

All this time, the Soviet secret services kept Trotsky under close surveillance, recruiting agents among his closest associates. In 1938, under strange circumstances, in a Paris hospital, his closest and tireless colleague, the eldest son Lev Sedov, died after an operation. At the same time, news came from the Soviet Union not only about the unprecedentedly cruel repressions against the "Trotskyites". His first wife and his youngest son Sergei Sedov were arrested and subsequently shot. The accusation of Trotskyism became the most terrible and dangerous in the USSR.

How they killed him

In 1939, Stalin ordered the liquidation of his old enemy.

And even earlier, in the summer of 1938, a charming young man appeared in Paris, a "macho", as they would say now - a Belgian named Jacques Mornard. There he was soon introduced to a US citizen of Russian origin, Sylvia Agelof (Agelova), an ardent Trotskyite. Inexpressive appearance, not spoiled by the attention of men, besides several years older than her new acquaintance, Sylvia was carried away by him in earnest. Moreover, he diligently pretended to be an adherent of Trotskyism, took her to restaurants and theaters, not embarrassed by means, and most importantly, he promised Sylvia to marry her. Agelova introduced her lover to her sister Ruth, who worked as a secretary for Trotsky and traveled between Paris and Mexico City. The appearance and impeccable manner of "boyfriend" Sylvia made a huge impression on Ruth.

Well, who was this charming and wealthy boyfriend really?

Under the name of Jacques Mornar, the Spaniard Jaime Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernandez was hiding. He was born in 1913 into a rather wealthy family, where besides him there were four more children. During the Spanish Civil War, which lasted from July 1936 to March 1939, Eustacia Maria Caridad del Rio, Ramon's mother, divorced her husband, joined the Spanish Communist Party and became an employee of the agents of the Soviet OGPU. Soon Caridad moved to Paris with her children.

As for Ramon, after graduating from the Lyceum, he served in the army, participated in the youth movement, was arrested in 1935, but was soon released by the government of the Spanish Popular Front that came to power. During the war, he fought on the side of the Republicans with the rank of lieutenant (according to other sources, a major).

Naum Isaakovich Eitingon (aka Naumov, Kotov, Leonid Alexandrovich), one of the then leaders of the Soviet residency in Spain, who died in the late 90s, attracted Caridad to cooperate with the OGPU (according to one version, Eitingon began the recruitment chain by doing caridad by his mistress). With the assistance of Caridad, her son, Ramon, was also recruited.

After three happy months of an affair with Jacques Mornard, Sylvia Agelof returned to her homeland in the United States in February 1939. Three months later, Jacques also arrived there "on business of the film business", but ... already as a Canadian Frank Jackson. He explained his transformation by the desire to avoid being drafted into military service. And an “almost real” passport was made for him in Moscow, in a special laboratory of the NKVD, using the documents of a Canadian volunteer who died in Spain. The new passport to Ramon, now Frank, was presented in Paris in the spring of 1939 by the same Eitingon.

Shortly after arriving in the United States, Ramon moved to Mexico City and settled there, and in early 1940 he summoned Sylvia to him. After some time, Sylvia managed to get a job with Trotsky as a secretary. This happened easily enough, because earlier her own sister Ruth, who had been so fascinated in Paris by Mercader-Mornard-Jackson, worked for him.

Lev Davidovich liked a modest, unobtrusive and unattractive young woman, ready to help him in everything: to take shorthand, print, select materials, make newspaper clippings, and carry out various small assignments. And besides, Sylvia spoke languages ​​- English, French, Spanish and Russian.

When Eitingon learned that Sylvia had begun working for Trotsky, he was very pleased: the process of "infiltration" had begun.

Since Sylvia was staying at the Montejo Hotel with Ramon, he soon began dropping her off at work in his elegant Buick. A smartly dressed businessman got out of the car, opened the door, helped Sylvia out, kissed her on the cheek and waved goodbye. Often he came for her. The guards who replaced each other at the gates of Trotsky's "fortress" gradually got used to the handsome, tall, smiling "groom" Sylvia. Gradually, he became his own man for protection.

Once, Ramon had to bring the Rosmers, close friends of Trotsky and his wife, Natalia Ivanovna Sedova, to the center of Mexico City, who had come to visit them from France. After that, the Rosmers told Trotsky that Sylvia had "a very nice, pleasant fiancé." With the help of Margarita Rosmer, Ramon managed to visit the territory of the "fortress": she, having traveled around the capital's shops, asked a "nice young man" to bring purchases into the house. Having visited the house, Mercader confirmed the data of the Soviet female agent (introduced earlier into the state of the servants) regarding the location of rooms, doors, external alarms, constipation, etc.

It should be said here that Mercader was considered as a potential assassin of Trotsky as a "understudy" of those terrorists who were supposed to commit the assassination first. Its organizer and leader was the well-known Mexican artist Alfaro Siqueiros, who later became famous all over the world. The command to "start liquidation" was given, of course, from Moscow.

Early in the morning of May 24, 1940, a group of "unknowns" in the form of police officers disarmed the guards and attacked the house where Trotsky lived.

“We, the participants in the national revolutionary war in Spain,” Siqueiros later wrote, “considered that the time had come to carry out the operation we had planned to capture the so-called Trotsky fortress in the Coyoacán quarter.”

The attackers literally shot at the room where Trotsky, his wife and grandson were hiding. But they managed to hide in a corner, behind the bed. Several dozen bullet holes turned out to be in the place where they had just been. None of them were hurt.

After this assassination attempt, Siqueiros himself had to hide for a long time, he was in prison, was in exile. Years later, he had the courage to admit: "My participation in the attack on Trotsky's house on May 24, 1940 is a crime."

The news of the failure angered Stalin. All the organizers of the operation had to listen to many angry words of the leader. Now the bet was made on an understudy - a lone militant Mercader-Jackson.

In May 1940, he finally managed to personally meet Trotsky. After that, he occasionally visited Coyoacan and in private conversations made it clear that he liked the political position of the Bolshevik exile. Gradually, Jackson managed to gain confidence in him.

One day, in mid-August, he asked Trotsky to correct his article on some minor issue. Trotsky made several remarks. On the evening of August 20, Jackson came again with the already corrected article, went to Trotsky's office and asked him to look over the text. He put aside the manuscript of the second volume of his monumental work "Stalin", took the pages with Jackson's article and began to read.

He put on a chair a rolled-up raincoat, which he had been holding on his arm until that moment, took out a climbing ice ax from under it and, closing his eyes, brought it down with all his might on the head of the reader Trotsky. There was a terrible, piercing scream...

The guards ran in to the cry, grabbed Mercader and began to beat him, but Trotsky was still able to say: “Don't kill him! Let him tell who sent him…”

When the terrorist was searched, in addition to an ice ax, they also found a pistol and a dagger.

After the assassination attempt, Trotsky lived in the hospital for another 26 hours. Despite all the efforts of the doctors, it was not possible to save him.

The funeral took place a few days later. During this time, over thirty thousand people visited the coffin with the body of Trotsky. Even those who did not share his communist beliefs paid tribute to this fierce revolutionary. He was cremated and buried in the garden of his villa. Here and now is his museum.

The fate of the killers

The entire "support group" - Eitingon, Caridad and several other individuals who were waiting for the return of Mercader near Trotsky's villa, immediately after the assassination attempt managed to get out of Mexico City and "get lost". Eitingon and Caridad "lay low" in California. They were waiting for instructions from Moscow. A month later, Moscow thanked them through special channels for completing the task and allowed them to return. They returned to Moscow via China in May 1941, a month before the start of the war.

Mercader-Jackson received the highest sentence under Mexican law - 20 years in prison, of which he spent the first five in solitary confinement. After serving the entire term, he was released in 1960 and ended up in Cuba - along with his wife Raquel Mendoza, an Indian woman whom he married while still in prison. From Cuba, the couple went to Prague, and from there to the Soviet Union. In 1961, Ramon Mercader was awarded the Gold Star of the Hero of the Soviet Union, was given a pension of 400 rubles, a small apartment in Moscow, on Sokol, and was allowed to use the dacha in Malakhovka. Ramon Ivanovich Lopez (now his name was that) worked at the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU, was one of the authors of the History of the Spanish Communist Party.

Mercader spent the last years of his life in Cuba, where he died in 1978. According to the will, his ashes were buried in Moscow, at the Kuntsevo cemetery.

Mercader's mother, Caridad, after arriving in Moscow, sought to meet with Stalin, but the leader did not accept her. However, she was nevertheless invited to the Kremlin. Just before the start of the war, Kalinin, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, presented her with the Order of Lenin. Beria (more on him later) sent on this occasion a box of Georgian wine "Napareuli" bottled in 1907 with royal eagles on wax seals. During the war, Karidad was evacuated to Ufa, lived in the best hotel in the city "Bashkiria". After the war she lived in France.

Caridad died in 1976 in Paris, under a portrait of Stalin. She was 82 years old.

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Today the next issue of "AiF" No. 36 dated September 6, 2017 was released and we have prepared questions and answers for this issue of the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally:

1. Fairy blond.
5. Anniversary feast.
9. Who replaced Leon Trotsky as People's Commissar for Defense?
10. "Tambov wolf to you ...!" (from the film "Ivan Vasilyevich Changes Profession").
11. Who discovered ultraviolet rays?
12. "In the garden of elder, and in Kyiv ...".
13. What does Joe play from the movie Only Girls in Jazz?
16. What branch of agriculture does the hero of our film comedy "The Pig and the Shepherd" work for?
18. Goods at a gas station.
19. What musical instrument can replace an entire orchestra?
20. "Pip you on ...!".
26. Which of the Russian revolutionaries became the father-in-law of Joseph Stalin?
29. The palace where the cloak and sword of the Prophet Muhammad are kept.
30. "Herbal assortment" from a pharmacy (4 letters).
31. Show in the sky.
32. Where did Helena Blavatsky put all the "souls of the dead"?
36. "Severe supervision" of "freedom of speech".
39. Entertainer at the hotel.
40. What did Mikhail Bulgakov dream of devoting his life to from his youth?
44. "Each one of my soul heals the beast."
47. External state.
48. "Alien does not know your pain."
51. What did Delesov lose from the story "Albert" by Leo Tolstoy?
52. Chemical ingredient.
53. German tradesman.
54. "You need to know the authorities in ...".
55. "Sense organ" at the device.
56. Military artist.
57. The fourth of the jurors in the film "12" by Nikita Mikhalkov.

Vertically:

1. Where is the debit and credit reduced?
2. "Brings suckers."
3. Sheer trifle.
4. Fatigue limit.
6. Which of our magicians "saws off his own hand" in the movie "Thieves in Law"?
7. The most prestigious brand of wedding rings.
8. Who stole the ambrosia from the Olympian gods?
12. "Paradise pleasure" for a businessman.
14. How does the world owe the Athenian Cleisthenes what attitude towards dissidents?
15. Passion for singer Alexander Marshal.
17. Sin of the seller.
21. A living symbol of Belarus.
22. Judgment from heaven.
23. "Notorious ...".
24. Matinee with Santa Claus and the Snow Maiden.
25. It is about him that the Frenchman Gustave Flaubert jokingly writes in his book: firstly, he did not exist, and secondly, he is famous for his laughter!
27. Red deer from North America.
28. Which marshal of France was married to Napoleon's sister?
33. Reaper's Razor.
34. "Ripple of music."
35. Country around Vientiane.
36. Rhythm "from under the hooves."
37. "I grab onto ..., drink milkshakes."
38. From which city do they rule the country?
41. "Venetian lace" now.
42. "Sexual appetite" pills.
43. You can't!
45. “How can a woman remain attractive and not starve to death?!” (classic comedy).
46. ​​How does a fox cover his tracks?
47. The aroma of "dog life."
49. Which parrot from the cartoon speaks with the voice of Khazanov?
50. "Road to the Heart" for blood.
53. “We live to give… every new day.”

The correct answers to the crossword "AiF" No. 38

Horizontally: 1. Snow White 5. Banquet 9. Frunze 10. Boyar 11. Ritter 12. Uncle 13. Saxophone 16. Sheep breeding 18. Gasoline 19. Organ 20. Language 26. Alliluyev 29. Topkapi 30. Gathering 31. Fireworks 32. Astral 36 Censorship 39. Animator 40. Acting 44. Verse 47. Politics 48. Body 51. Whist 52. Substance 53. Burger 54. Face 55. Sensor 56. Battalist 57. Gaft.

Vertically: 1. Accounting 2. Swindler 3. Trifle 4. Exhaustion 6. Hakobyan 7. Cartier 8. Tantalum 12. Income 14. Ostracism 15. Aviation 17. Body kit 21. Bison 22. Punishment 23. Rogue 24. Christmas tree 25. Homer 27. Elk 28. Murat 33. Sickle 34. Rhythm 35. Laos 36. Sokot 37. Dumbbells 38. Capital 41. Guipure 42. Viagra 43. Prohibition 45. Tutsi 46. Tail 47. Dog 49. Kesha 50. Vienna 53. Fight.