The Crimean War corresponded to the long-standing dream of Nicholas I to get the Black Sea straits into Russian possession, which Catherine the Great dreamed of. This was contrary to the plans of the Great European Powers, which intended to oppose Russia and help the Ottomans in the coming war.

The main causes of the Crimean War

The history of the Russian-Turkish wars is incredibly long and controversial, however, the Crimean War is perhaps the brightest page in this history. There were many reasons for the Crimean War of 1853-1856, but they all agreed on one thing: Russia sought to destroy the dying empire, while Turkey opposed this and was going to use military operations to suppress the liberation movement of the Balkan peoples. The plans of London and Paris did not include the strengthening of Russia, so they expected to weaken it, at best, separating Finland, Poland, the Caucasus and Crimea from Russia. In addition, the French still remembered the humiliating loss of the war with the Russians during the reign of Napoleon.

Rice. 1. Map of the fighting of the Crimean War.

During the accession to the throne of Emperor Napoleon III, Nicholas I did not consider him a legitimate ruler, since after the Patriotic War and the Foreign Campaign, the Bonaparte dynasty was excluded from possible contenders for the throne in France. The Russian Emperor addressed Napoleon in a congratulatory letter as "my friend" and not "my brother", as etiquette required. It was a personal slap in the face of one emperor to another.

Rice. 2. Portrait of Nicholas I.

Briefly about the causes of the Crimean War of 1853-1856, we will collect information in the table.

The immediate reason for the fighting was the question of control in Bethlehem of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The Turkish sultan handed over the keys to the Catholics, which offended Nicholas I, which led to the outbreak of hostilities through the entry of Russian troops into the territory of Moldova.

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Rice. 3. Portrait of Admiral Nakhimov, a participant in the Crimean War.

Reasons for Russia's defeat in the Crimean War

Russia took an unequal battle in the Crimean (or as printed in the Western press - Eastern) war. But this was not the only reason for the future defeat.

The Allied forces greatly outnumbered the Russian soldiers. Russia fought with dignity and was able to achieve the maximum during this war, although it lost it.

Another reason for the defeat was the diplomatic isolation of Nicholas I. He pursued a flamboyant imperialist policy, which caused irritation and hatred on the part of his neighbors.

Despite the heroism of the Russian soldier and some officers, theft took place among the highest ranks. A vivid example of this is A.S. Menshikov, who was nicknamed the "traitor".

An important reason is the military-technical backwardness of Russia from the countries of Europe. So, when sailing ships were still in service in Russia, the French and English fleets already made full use of the steam fleet, which showed its best side during the calm. Allied soldiers used rifled guns that fired more accurately and farther than Russian smoothbore guns. The situation was similar in artillery.

The classic reason was the low level of infrastructure development. Railways did not yet lead to the Crimea, and the spring thaws killed the road system, which reduced the provision of the army.

The result of the war was the Treaty of Paris, according to which Russia did not have the right to have a navy on the Black Sea, and also lost its protectorate over the Danubian principalities and returned South Bessarabia to Turkey.

What have we learned?

Although the Crimean War was lost, it showed Russia the ways of future development and pointed out weaknesses in the economy, military affairs, and the social sphere. There was a patriotic upsurge throughout the country, and the heroes of Sevastopol were made national heroes.

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In order to expand their state borders and thus strengthen their political influence in the world, most European countries, including the Russian Empire, sought to divide the Turkish lands.

Causes of the Crimean War

The main reasons for the outbreak of the Crimean War was the clash of political interests of England, Russia, Austria and France in the Balkans and the Middle East. For their part, the Turks wanted to take revenge for all their previous defeats in military conflicts with Russia.

The reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the revision in the London Convention of the legal regime for the crossing of Russian vessels of the Bosphorus Strait, which caused indignation on the part of the Russian Empire, since it was significantly infringed on its rights.

Another reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the transfer of the keys to the Bethlehem Church into the hands of Catholics, which provoked a protest from Nicholas I, who, in the form of an ultimatum, began to demand their return to the Orthodox clergy.

In order to prevent the strengthening of Russia's influence, in 1853 France and England signed a secret agreement, the purpose of which was to oppose the interests of the Russian crown, which consisted in a diplomatic blockade. The Russian Empire severed all diplomatic relations with Turkey, and in early October 1853 hostilities began.

Military operations in the Crimean War: the first victories

During the first six months of hostilities, the Russian Empire received a series of stunning victories: the squadron of Admiral Nakhimov actually completely destroyed the Turkish fleet, besieged Silistria, and stopped the attempts of Turkish troops to seize Transcaucasia.

Fearing that the Russian Empire could capture the Ottoman Empire within a month, France and England entered the war. They wanted to attempt a naval blockade by sending their flotilla to major Russian ports: Odessa and Petropavlovsk - on Kamchatka, but their plan did not meet the desired success.

In September 1854, having consolidated their forces, the British troops made an attempt to capture Sevastopol. The first battle for the city on the Alma River was unsuccessful for the Russian troops. At the end of September, the heroic defense of the city began, which lasted a whole year.

The Europeans had a significant advantage over Russia - these were steam ships, while the Russian fleet was represented by sailboats. The famous surgeon N.I. Pirogov and the writer L.N. participated in the battles for Sevastopol. Tolstoy.

Many participants in this battle went down in history as national heroes - these are S. Khrulev, P. Koshka, E. Totleben. Despite the heroism of the Russian army, she could not defend Sevastopol. The troops of the Russian Empire were forced to leave the city.

Consequences of the Crimean War

In March 1856, Russia signed the Treaty of Paris with European countries and Turkey. The Russian Empire lost its influence on the Black Sea, it was declared neutral. The Crimean War caused enormous damage to the country's economy.

The miscalculation of Nicholas I was that the feudal-serf Empire at that time had no chance of defeating strong European countries that had significant technical advantages. The defeat in the war was the main reason for the start of a series of social, political and economic reforms by the new Russian Emperor Alexander II.

Causes of the war, its beginning and general characteristics

The natural development of the "Eastern Question": more and more real prospects for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire, the intensification of the struggle of the great powers for its heritage. Nicholas first of all wanted to solve the problem of the straits. England and France, among other things, believed that Russia had grown too strong and wanted to weaken it. Anti-Russian campaign in Europe, incl. participation in it of the left forces, including Marx (against the "gendarme of Europe").

In the early 50s. Nikolai's incorrect assessment of the international situation, as a result of which increased pressure on Turkey, counting on the support of the great powers as a "reward" for the suppression of revolutions in Europe. In fact - isolation: England's refusal to seize Egypt and Crete with the help of Russia, hostility and Austria.

The tactless behavior of the tsar's envoy Menshikov in Istanbul. Nikolay demanded that Russia be recognized as the patron of all Orthodox in Turkey, in reinforcement - the introduction of Russian troops into the territory of Moldova and Wallachia. In response, the English and French squadron entered the Sea of ​​Marmara. October 1853 - Turkey started the war.

During the war, three of its theaters: Transdanubian, Transcaucasian and later Crimean, therefore it is more correct to call (as historians most often do) not Crimean, but Eastern.

Periodization - can be conditionally divided into four periods:

1. October 1853 - March 1854: war with Turkey,
2. March - September 1854 - entry into the war of Western countries and their first military operations against Russia,
3. September 1854 - August 1855: defense of Sevastopol,
4. August 1855 - March 1856: final battles, capture of Kars and Peace of Paris.

First stages of the war

October 1853 - the beginning of the war. The biggest event: November 1853 - the victory of the Russian fleet under the command of Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov over the Turks in the Sinop Bay - the last major battle of the era of the sailing fleet. Rebuff to the Turkish invasion of Georgia. Saving Turkey from imminent defeat, the Anglo-French squadron entered the Black Sea.

March 1853: England and France declared war, and the Kingdom of Sardinia joined. The Anglo-French squadron in the Baltic Sea, the blockade of Kronstadt, the heroic defense of the Solovetsky Monastery on the White Sea and Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

Defense of Sevastopol and the end of the war

September 1854 - landing of the allies in the Crimea, the defeat of the Russians at Alma (commander Menshikov). The beginning of the siege of Sevastopol. Under the leadership of Kornilov, Nakhimov, Istomin and Totleben, a fortress was actually created anew - earthen fortifications. During the first assault in October, Kornilov died (defend Sevastopol!). In October - the battle at Balaklava, the "valley of death". The defeat of the Russians near Inkerman.

After that, the war becomes protracted, which inevitably leads Russia to defeat, because. limited resources. And this despite the unprecedented heroism of the Russians (three admirals, sailor Koshka, Dasha Sevastopolskaya, "Sevastopol stories" by L. Tolstoy).

February 1855 - the death of Nikolai, similar to suicide. Before his death, the replacement of Menshikov by Gorchakov. Soon after that - the death of Istomin. In June - the death of Nakhimov ("they shoot quite accurately today"). August - the decisive assault, the capture of Malakhov Kurgan, the abandonment of the southern side of Sevastopol by the Russians. Thus ended the 349-day defense of Sevastopol.

At the end of 1855: success - the capture of the Kare fortress in Transcaucasia. Pressure from Austria - a threat to oppose Russia. We went to negotiations.

Results of the war. Reasons for defeat. Meaning

March 1856 - Paris peace treaty: the relative moderation of the allies after Sevastopol ("Nakhimov's shadow stood behind the back of the Russian delegation"). Small territorial losses (part of Bessarabia). The most difficult thing is the prohibition to keep the navy in the Black Sea.

Reasons for the defeat

The main thing is backwardness, serfdom:

1. limited resources, weakness of transport (on oxen), lack of ammunition, even bandages and cotton wool (lint was plucked),
2. military-technical backwardness: sailing fleet and smooth-bore weapons,
3. the failure of autocratic rule: Russia's foreign policy isolation, mediocre Menshikov as commander, wild theft.

Meaning

On the one hand, the heroism of the Russian people, important patriotic traditions. On the other hand - a decisive blow to the Nikolaev regime, the most important impetus for reforms. Herzen: Defeat in the Crimean War "rolled off the stone from the coffin of Russia".

Crimean War 1853-1856 Causes of war, causes of defeat, terms of the Paris Peace Treaty

Russia's participation in the Crimean War was due to Russia's geopolitical interests.

By the middle of the XIX century. Russia was pushed out of the markets of the Middle East ka England and France, who subjugated Turkey to their influence. The Russian monarchy did not want to lose its advantages gained in the victorious wars with Turkey in 1735-1739, 1768-1774, 1787-1791, 1806-1812, 1828-1829. In these wars, Russia secured Southern Ukraine, Crimea, Bessarabia, and the Caucasus. Russia mastered the Black Sea lands. As a result of the successes of Russian weapons, the autonomy of Serbia was ensured in 1829, the power of the Sultan over Moldavia and Wallachia was limited, and in 1830 the independence of Greece was proclaimed.

In the first half of the 19th century, there was weakening of the Ottoman Empire. Russia sought

To the division of the Ottoman Empire,

Creation of independent states in South-Eastern Europe

Achieve a protectorate over the Danubian Principalities

Establish control over the Black Sea straits

Strengthen the country's influence in Europe

Secure the Russian Black Sea coast

Do not let someone else's fleet into the Black Sea.

In the middle of XIX. intensified struggle for spheres of influence in the Balkan Peninsula and the Middle East.

Britain - n Russia's most powerful rival. Britannia

Feared the strengthening of Russia

Seeked to limit Russia's influence in Europe,

It sought to oust Russia from the Balkans.

England was not interested in dividing the Ottoman Empire, because she hoped to put it under her financial, political, economic control

England hatched plans for the military defeat of Russia in order to achieve its own conquest goals in the Middle East.

London drew closer to Paris, and in the future, these powers acted jointly on the Eastern question.

France announced the Russian threat in the Middle East. Palmerston, Prime Minister of England, declared that the aim of England's policy in the Middle East was to resist the despotic governments of the East.

Austria. Hostile position in relation to the eastern claims of Nicholas I took Austria

She could not come to terms with the transition of the Balkan Peninsula under the economic and political control of Russia. Austria itself sought to bring the Balkan peoples under its control.

There was a deep antagonism between Russia and Austria in the Eastern question

Nicholas I, after the suppression of the Hungarian revolution by Russian troops in 1849, believed that the Habsburg monarchy owed its salvation to Russia. He considered Austria his reliable ally in Europe and the Balkans. Nicholas I was mistaken in his assessment of the position of Austria.

Prussia was not yet interested in the Eastern question and preferred to evade European disputes over the Ottoman Empire. In the struggle between England and Russia, Prussia could not play the role of a reliable and active ally of Russia.

Nicholas I made a number of serious diplomatic miscalculations, incorrectly defining the interests of England, France, and Austria. He was sure that they would not interfere in the military conflict between Russia and Turkey. In fact, these countries were interested in weakening Russia's influence on the solution of European problems.

Russia suffered defeat in the Crimean War. Main reasons steel damage:

Russia's military-economic lag behind England and France;

Excessive centralization of government; low efficiency of the bureaucracy; among the ministers at that time mediocre and irresponsible persons prevailed. Embezzlement reigned at all levels. The army was supplied ugly: the soldiers were half-starved, and in Sevastopol the army and the population were starving; the quartermasters plundered everything that could be appropriated.

The low level of military art of the Russian command; among the senior officers, persons who held positions by seniority or patronage prevailed, they did not have military talents, and were poor strategists. This applies to Gorchakov, Menshikov, Paskevich. The command made strategic and tactical mistakes. Minister of War V.A. Dolgorukov (1852-1856), preoccupied with his career, misinformed Nicholas I, falsified data on the position of the Russian army and its combat readiness.

The officers were afraid to take the initiative and act according to the situation;

The army lacked modern weapons. In the 1840s, new types of artillery pieces were developed, but they were not taken into service. The War Department hampered the introduction of new technology. Most of the guns were old. The army was armed with smoothbore guns, which were inferior in range (120-150 m) to rifled guns (fitting) (800 m), which were in service with the British and French armies. Rifled guns in the Russian army accounted for 4.6% of all guns. The Black Sea Fleet was sailing, while England and France had a steam-powered navy. The reasons for the military-technical weakness were the economic backwardness of Russia.

Bad communications. The delivery of military supplies on dirt roads was slow. In spring and autumn, it was impossible to drive along these roads. England and France, having entered the war in 1854, laid a railway from Balaklava, the landing site of their troops, to Sevastopol. In Russia there was not a single railway connecting the central provinces with the Black Sea coast. The Crimean army was left without rear support. In the Crimea, Sevastopol, there were not enough hospitals, doctors, medicines. Mortality among the wounded was very high.

Target it is to deprive Russia of its exclusive position and dominant influence in the East. To this end

The Ottoman Empire was recognized as equal with other European states in international relations

Russia lost the right to patronize the Orthodox peoples of the Balkan Peninsula

The Allies returned their conquests in the Crimea, and Russia returned its conquests in the Caucasus to Turkey

Russia ceded the mouth of the Danube and the southern part of Bessarabia, which was annexed to the Principality of Moldavia

Russia, together with Turkey, was deprived of the right to keep a navy in the Black Sea

Both powers undertook to destroy the naval arsenals on the shores of the Black Sea and not to keep other warships in this sea, except for six steam and four light ships. The Black Sea was declared neutral. Access to its waters was forbidden to the military courts of all powers.

The Bosporus and Dardanelles were declared closed to all warships in peacetime. In case of war, Turkey could bring its squadron into the Black Sea. She could be accompanied by warships of Western European countries. The Black Sea straits were controlled by Turkey.

Peace conditions were not beneficial for Russia. Russian influence in the Middle East and the Balkans was undermined. The international prestige of Russia has decreased. The most important consequence of the war was the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s.

Russian society It was outraged by the defeats Russian army. The defeats offended the national feelings of the Russian people. FROM. M. Solovyov wrote: "We painfully accepted the information about the defeats of Russia, knowing that the news of the victories would lead us to the abyss." The intelligentsia believed that defeats would force the government to reform. Thinking people believed that Russia's victory in the war would strengthen the Nikolaev political system. The Russian people rooted for their homeland with their souls, but they understood that the defeats would force the authorities to think about the question of their causes and understand that Russia had lagged behind.

from Western European countries. The Crimean War summed up the previous version of development and showed the need for change. The thinking part of society demanded freedom of speech, the abolition of serfdom, the development of education, and judicial reform.

Russia's defeat in the war forced AlexandraII think about causes of injury and spend reforms. Society demanded expand freedom of speech. Even conservatives understood that reforms were needed. Pogodin, who previously supported the ideas of Uvarov, after the death of Nicholas I spoke about freedom of speech. Everyone is tired of administrative and police arbitrariness.

Military conflicts are not uncommon for imperialist states, especially when their interests are affected. The Crimean War of 1853, or Eastern, became the decisive event of the middle of the 19th century. Let us briefly consider its causes, participants, the course and consequences of the bloody confrontation.

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Background and participants in the war

Among the many factors that led to the aggravation of the conflict, competent historians single out the main list.

Ottoman Empire – the power and greatness of the Ottomans shook in the New Age. 1820-1830 became decisive for a multinational country. Defeats from the Russian Empire, France and the suppression of internal manifestations of patriotism led to an unstable situation. Greece, like the Egyptian kingdom, having raised an uprising, achieved independence. From the actual collapse of the Ottoman Porte was saved by foreign aid. Instead, a huge state lost the ability to independently conduct foreign policy.

Great Britain b was a trading empire, its interests extended to every corner of the world, Turkey was no exception. The events of the Crimean War were ahead of the signed analogue of the "free trade zone", which made it possible to import and sell British goods without duties or customs duties.

This situation destroyed the Turkish industry, the government became a puppet. The situation was so favorable that the Parliament of England did not want the collapse of the empire, in every possible way prevented Russian reinforcement in the Black Sea and in the Balkans. Anti-Russian information propaganda was carried out.

The French society of that time burned with revenge for the defeats of Napoleonic times. In addition to economic decline, under the rule of King Napoleon III, the state lost some of its colonial influence. To distract people from problems, the press actively voiced calls for a military conflict in alliance with England.

The Kingdom of Sardinia had no political and territorial claims against Russia. However, the difficult situation in the foreign policy arena required the search for allies. Victor Emmanuel II responded to France's proposal to join the Crimean War, at the end of which the French side pledged to help unite the Italian lands.

Austria: dictated some obligations for the Russian Empire. However the Austrian government was not satisfied with the growth of the Orthodox movement on the Balkan Peninsula. The national liberation movement would lead to the collapse of the Austrian Empire. The reasons for the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War will be discussed below.

Why did the Crimean War start?

Historians identify several objective and subjective reasons:

1. The rivalry of European countries and Russia for control over Turkey.
2. The desire of the Russian side to receive access to the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus.
3. The policy of unification of the Balkan Slavs.
4. The decline of the Omani Empire in domestic and foreign policy.
5. Self-confidence in dealing with complex issues.
6. The Crimean War of 1853 as a refutation that Europe is not capable of presenting a united front.
7. The autocratic form of government, which led to a series of wrong decisions.
8. Confrontation between Catholic and Orthodox dioceses on the question of "Palestinian shrines".
9. The desire of France to destroy the established alliance of the times of the Napoleonic conquests.

Reason for the Crimean War

Nicholas I did not recognize the legitimacy of the French monarch, official correspondence took unacceptable liberties. She became offensive to Napoleon III. He took steps to return Christian shrines to the bosom of the Catholic Church, which did not please Russia.

In response to ignoring protest notes the Russian army sent troops to the territory of Moldova and Wallachia. The subsequent Vienna Note was intended to calm the raging monarchs, but the causes of the Crimean War were too serious.

With the support of the British side, the Turkish Sultan demands the withdrawal of troops, which is refused. In response, the Ottoman Empire declares war on Russia, which takes similar steps.

Attention! Many consider the religious reason for the start of the Crimean War only formal pretext for escalation conflict situation in the center of Europe.

Campaigns of the Crimean War

October 1853 - April 1854

The outdated weapons of the Russian Empire were compensated by the number of personnel. Tactical maneuvers were based on confrontation with numerically equal Turkish troops.

The course of hostilities took place with varying degrees of success, but fortune smiled on the Russian squadron of Admiral Nakhimov. In Sinop Bay, he discovered a significant concentration of enemy ships and decided to attack. Firepower Advantage allowed to disperse the forces of the enemy, to capture the enemy commander.

April 1854 - February 1856

The conflict has ceased to be local, it has engulfed the Caucasus, the Balkans, the Baltic and even Kamchatka. Russia was deprived of access to the sea, which resulted in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The defense of Sevastopol was the culmination of the confrontation.

In the autumn of 1854, coalition forces landed in the Evpatoria region. The battle on the Alma River was won, and the Russian army retreated to Bakhchisaray. At this stage, not a single soldier voiced the reasons for the Crimean War, everyone hoped for an easy victory.

The garrison of the Sevastopol fortress under the command of General Nakhimov, Kornilov and Istomin turned into a formidable force. The city was defended by 8 bastions on land and a bay blocked by sunken ships. For almost a whole year (1856), the proud defenders of the Black Sea port held the line, Malakhov Kurgan was left under the onslaught of the enemy. However, the northern part remained Russian.

Many local confrontations are combined into one name - the Crimean War. The collision map will be presented below.

Danube campaign

The first move in the Crimean War was made by the Russian corps under the command of Prince Gorchakov. He crossed the Danube for the speedy occupation of Bucharest. The population welcomed the liberators, the received note on the withdrawal of troops was ignored.

Turkish troops started shelling of Russian positions, having broken through the enemy defenses, in March 1854 the siege of Silistria began. However, because of the danger of Austria entering the war, the withdrawal of troops from the liberated principalities began.

Participants of the Crimean War undertook a landing in the region of Varna with the aim of capturing Dobruja. However, the cholera that raged on the campaign prevented the implementation of the plan.

Caucasian theater

A series of defeats of the Turkish troops forced them to moderate their warlike fervor, but the Crimean defensive war of 1853-1856. quickly flowed into the sea plane.

On November 5, 1854, an important battle of steam ships took place, the Vladimir captured the Pervaz-Bakhri. This event anticipated the bloodless capture of the Ottoman steamer Medjari-Tejat.

In 1855, the success was the capture of the fortress of Kars, General Muravyov continued the siege until the surrender of the enemy, the reasons for the defeat were obvious. As a result, the Russian army gained control over a vast area, including Ardagan, Kazyman, Olty.

Important! The defense of Sevastopol consisted of continuous defensive battles of Russian troops. As a result of six allied bombardments, the infrastructure of the city was destroyed. Daily losses from enemy fire amounted to 900-1000 people per day.

The French lost 53 transport ships, several ships of the line.

Signing of a peace treaty

The results of the Crimean War were documented in the framework of the Paris Agreement, which prescribed:

1. Remove navy, fortifications and arsenals from the Black Sea. This applied to Turkey and Russia.
2. The Russian side gave up part of the possessions in Bessarabia and the mouth of the Danube, i.e., lost tacit control over the Balkans.
3. The protectorate over Moldavia and Wallachia was annulled.

The consequences of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War are the suspension of its expansive policy and the development of the Black Sea Fleet.

The reasons for the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War are as follows:

• moral and technical Russia lagging behind Western powers;
• underdeveloped infrastructure, which led to the disruption of logistics and replenishment of troops;
• rear corruption, embezzlement as a general phenomenon in the state apparatus of power;
• the defense of Sevastopol became tragic due to the shortcomings of the commander in chief;

Results of the Crimean War

Top 7 interesting facts about the Crimean War

Among the incredible kaleidoscope of events, the following stand out:

1. The first use of propaganda as a tool to influence public opinion. The occasion turned up after the Battle of Sinop, when English newspapers described the atrocities of the Russians in colors.
2. Appeared war photographer profession, Roger Fenton took 363 pictures of the Allied soldiers.
3. The defense of the Solovetsky Monastery did not lead to human casualties, "domestic" seagulls also did not suffer from the term "Crimean War". An interesting fact is that out of 1800 nuclei and bombs of the Anglo-French squadron, only a few damaged the buildings.
4. The "foggy" bell of Chersonesus was taken to France as a war trophy. For more than 60 years he was in captivity, until in 1913 the causes of the Crimean War were forgotten.
5. Russian sailors came up with a new sign, according to which the third smoker will be seriously injured. This is due to the peculiarities of firing the first rifled guns in the Allied army.
6. Interesting facts testify to the global scale of hostilities. The abundance of theaters of clashes is striking in geography and mass character.
7. The Orthodox population of the Ottoman Empire was deprived of protection from the Russian Empire.

Causes and results of the Crimean War of 1853-1856

Crimean War (1853 - 1856)

Conclusion

The results of the Crimean War showed the strength of the spirit of the Russian people, their desire to defend the interests of the country. On the other hand, every citizen was convinced of the failure of the government, the weakness and expressiveness of the autocrat.