Some linguists believe that the Russian language is rich in cases. It means that there are not six of them, as schoolchildren study, but more. And, as it turns out, they have every reason to hold such an opinion. So, how many cases are there in Russian? Let's try to understand this issue.

Case system

The term "case" in translation from Greek sounds like "fall", and from Latin - "fall".

Case (declension) is a grammatical category designed to show the syntactic role of nouns and their interaction with other words of the sentence. In addition to the noun, adjectives, participles, numerals, and pronouns also change in cases. It is worth noting that the case of these adjectival words depends on the declension of the noun being defined. It is expressed by changing the ending.

How many cases are there in Russian?

Considering the morphology of the Russian language, as a rule, six main cases are called:

• Nominative (initial form of declension).
• Genitive.
• Dative.
• Accusative.
• Instrumental.
• Prepositional.

These cases are called the main ones due to their widespread use. In addition, it is worth noting that their prevalence is due to the fact that the parts of speech that were mentioned earlier have grammatical forms for the listed cases.

For the correct declension of words, you need to know that all cases answer questions. In addition, each of them expresses several meanings. Let's get acquainted with each in more detail.

Nominative case

Correspond to the questions "who?", "What?" To recognize this case, you need to add the word "is" to the noun. For example: there is (what?) a light bulb. Used without prepositions. The singular has the following endings:

• 1 declension: -a, -z.
• 2 declension: -o, -e or zero.

And in the plural: -s, -i, -a, -я.

Since the nominative case is the original case form of the word, its duties include:

• give a name to the subject of an action or state ( mother is cleaning, the children are tired);
• define, characterize an object, person or action (n your daughter is a doctor; war is a disaster);
• name the subject of the message, subject, action, property (used in sentences of this type: Morning. Sun.);
• Express an appeal to the interlocutor ( Baby how old are you?).

Genitive

The questions “who?”, “What?” To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "no" for the noun. For example: there is no (what?) snow. Used with prepositions near, at, after, without, about, from, for, around, before, from, with. The singular number is defined by the following endings:

• 1 declension: -s, -i.
• 2 declension: -a, -z.
• 3rd declension: -i.

It has an ending: zero, -ov, -ev, -ey.

The genitive case can indicate:

• Item belonging ( son's car).
• The property carrier ( blue sky).
• The object to which the action is directed ( watching TV).
• The subject doing the action mom's arrival).
• parts of the whole ( piece of cake).

Dative

Words in the dative case answer the questions "to whom?", "what?". To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word "dam" to the noun. For example: ladies (to whom?) sister. Used with prepositions to, by. In the singular, words in the dative case end in:

• 1 declension: -e, -i.
• 2 declension: -u, -u.
• 3rd declension: -i.

The plural declension is characterized by the endings: -am, -yam.

Words in the dative case are intended to denote:

• Action destination ( gave a magazine to a friend, wrote a letter to mom);
• The subject of an action or state ( the kids couldn't sleep).

Accusative

The questions “who?”, “What?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to substitute the word “I see” for the noun. For example: I see (whom?) Mom. Used with prepositions in, for, on, about, through. Endings correspond to the singular number:

• 1 declension: -u, -u.
• 2 declension: -o, -e.
• 3rd declension: zero ending.

Plural: -s, -i, -a, -i, -ey.

The accusative case, in turn:

• Designates an action object ( clean the room, sew a dress).
• Expresses quantity, space, distance, measure of time (drive a kilometer, weigh a ton, wait a year, cost a penny).

Instrumental case

The questions “by whom?”, “by what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “proud” to the noun. For example: I am proud of (whom?) Son. Used with prepositions for, over, under, before, with

• 1 declension: -oy (-oy), -ey (-ey).
• 2 declension: -om, -em.
• 3rd declension: -u.

Plural: -ami, -ami.

Intended to refer to:

• Permanent or temporary employment in any activity ( serves as a soldier, worked as a plumber).
• Subject of action - for passive constructions ( house demolished by workers).
• Action object ( breathe oxygen).
• Tool or means of action ( peroxide).
• Locations ( follow the path).
• Method, mode of action ( sing bass).
• Measures of time or amount of something ( carry buckets).
• Item parameter ( the size of a fist).
• Compatibility of persons and objects ( brother and sister).

Prepositional

The questions “about whom?”, “About what?” Correspond. To recognize this case, you need to put the word “I think” to the noun. For example: I think (about whom?) about my beloved. Used with prepositions in, on, oh, about, both, at. The singular has the endings:

• 1 declension: -e, -i.
• 2 declension: -e. -and.
• 3rd declension: -i.

The plural cases end in: -ah, -ah.

Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case help determine what it stands for. Namely:

• Action object ( think of a girl).
• Place of action, states ( sit on the chair).
• Time after doing some action upon arrival).

Additional cases

In the Russian language, in addition to the six main cases, there are several forms that have a controversial status, close to the case. They are also called cases of nouns, since they are intended solely for their declension. These include: the second genitive (partitive or quantitative-separative), the second prepositional (locative, local), the second accusative (transformative, inclusive, collective), the vocative (vocative), the countable, the expectant, the deprivative. The peculiarity of these forms is that each of them occurs in a limited circle of words. In addition, they can exist in certain contextual conditions. Let's study these cases a little. Examples will help us understand them better.

The second is intended for the declension of some masculine words in the singular related to the second declension: a cup of tea, a spoonful of sugar. The ending of this case, namely “-y”, is more often used in colloquial speech and is not mandatory (you can say bag of sugar or bag of sugar). Exceptions are certain cases: let's have a cup of tea. Quite a lot of masculine nouns are not used in the partitive form: ice cube, slice of bread.

The second prepositional declension has special endings for a group of nouns, in the singular having a masculine gender. The case is used, for example, in the following words: on the shore, in the closet, in battle. Also, the locative is characterized by the transfer of stress to the ending of certain nouns of the 3rd declension, which are feminine and singular: in silence, aground, in the furnace.

The second occurs with some verbs ( enroll, ask, choose, go, prepare, get out, mark etc.) after the preposition "in". In addition, its endings are the same as in the plural: ( sign up as a pilot).

The expectant case practically coincides with the genitive, but it can be distinguished due to the declension of some words with the same grammatical form in the form of the accusative case: wait for (whom? what?) telegrams and wait for (who? what?) brother.

The countable case is slightly different from the genitive case and is used when counting: two steps, three canteens.

The vocative case is almost identical to the nominative form, but differs in the formation of an independent figure of speech, similar to an interjection: Van, Mash, Sing, Tan. That is, it is more often used in colloquial speech to address the interlocutor.

The deprivative case is a kind of accusative case, but it is used only with negation with the verb: have no right, do not know the truth.

How many additional cases are there in Russian? According to our calculations, there were seven of them. But the most interesting thing is that some linguists consider only two full-fledged cases: local (second prepositional) and transformative (second accusative). Others argue that the wait case also has some meaning. But since the deprivative and second genitive cases can very often be replaced by the genitive, they can only be called variants of the genitive form of the declension. The vocative and countable are also often not considered cases. In the first case, it is simply a noun in the nominative case, and in the second, it is a noun formed from an adjective.

Summing up

After reviewing the information described above, you can answer the question of how many cases there are in the Russian language. So, at school we study six basic cases. They are used daily in any type of communication: conversation, correspondence, etc. But, apart from them, there are seven more forms of declension, which are found mainly in colloquial speech. How many cases do you get in total? We can safely say that there are thirteen of them. Considering that additional forms of declension are variants of the main ones, they are not offered for study at school to simplify the educational process. But it is possible to offer acquaintance with them in out-of-class time for general development.

#History #Man - BUT!!! Not in Russian, but in Russian!!! Expand text... - Stop-stop-stop... I'll put it another way: - "in today's Russian". So fit? After all, the language we now speak can be considered Russian, only with a certain degree of conventionality. The language that Belarusians speak today is much closer to the true Russian language. Now, if you are sure that you know the Russian language, then tell me how many cases are in it? - What's question! Everyone knows that six! - But that's not true! In the real Russian language they are ... the Novgorod Psalter. If you are Russian, read? 1) Nominative case - who ?, what? 2) Genitive case - no one ?, what? 3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action. 4) Accusative case - I see whom ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of the action; 5) Instrumental case - I create by whom ?, with what ?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night); 6) Prepositional case - think about whom, what 7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out! 8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "At", "In" and "On". Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Russia, in Ukraine? 9) Separative case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there? 10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step). 11) Deferent case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost. 12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with negative verbs: I do not want to know the truth (not the truth), I cannot have the right (not the right). 13) Quantitative-separative case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move). 14) Waiting case - He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? what?) letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? what?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather). 15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons. More recently, I thought that there were nine cases in the Russian language, but it won’t, that ... Kuzmich ... FIFTEEN! Well, in addition. Since today, like a holiday, the day of national unity, the word “solidarity” sounds from all the stands for sure. Speakers probably seriously believe that this word is foreign. Well, what else, the Russians have recently appeared, and they borrowed all the words from the great ancient Ukrainians and the Romans. Here is what the dictionaries tell us about this concept: https://ru.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/solidarity Etymology Comes from adj. solidarity, further from the French. solidaire "solidary; acting together”, from lat. solidus "dense, hard"; relatives salvus "intact, whole", from Proto-Indo-Heb. *sol- "whole" Honestly, it's funny. Well, as children, right ... Is “hospitality” also a Latin word? No, guys ... "Salt" is a Russian word, and the word "gift" is also Russian. Therefore, just as hospitality is synonymous with hospitality, so is solidarity synonymous with mutual assistance. Have you ever had to go to a neighbor for a pinch of salt in your life? This is what SOLIDARITY is. When you pour half a glass of salt to your neighbor and say: “You don’t need to return it.” Salt is only given, given for free, and returning the salt taken as a gift later is a bad sign, a bad omen. For such a thing before, you could get in the nose. Salt is taken only as a gift, and never returned. That's what solidarity is.

As you know, Russian is considered a difficult language. All the "charms" of European languages ​​\u200b\u200bin it have a place to be. Here and its own writing, here and the discrepancy between how it is written and how it is pronounced. In Ukrainian, for example, writing dictations at school was just a pleasure. As you hear, so you write! There is no article here. If someone thinks that with articles the language becomes more confusing, he is wrong. We're just used to it. And a foreigner without articles has to figure out for a long time what subject is being discussed in this sentence.

The system of declensions and conjugations of the Russian language also does not please students. Where is the English or German system of tenses of verbs! Three genders, three declensions, three tenses, three conjugations - this alone is enough to go crazy. But there are still types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. Does anyone, even from those for whom Russian is their native language, feel this interspecies difference? If you look at the Turkish language from this unconquerable grammatical peak, you just take envy. There are no genders or declensions in Turkish.

There are more of the same cases in Russian than in all neighboring languages, except perhaps Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian. Whole six!

And how many exceptions are there in Russian! You learn any rule and suspect that there will always be a few exceptions to this rule. And in fact, premonitions do not deceive! Against this background, languages ​​such as Arabic and Hebrew delight with their harmony, simplicity and almost absolute absence of exceptions.

However, sometimes it turns out that some exceptions to the rules are a consequence of the fact that these rules are poorly or incompletely formulated. Here, for example, linguists say that in Russian there are actually not six cases, but much more. Many of these cases were excluded from the grammar in order to make it easier to study grammar. As a result, many seemingly non-existent cases fall into the category of exceptions.

The actual number of Russian cases fluctuates depending on what counts as cases. But if you take it to the maximum, linguists count 14 cases in Russian. What are these cases?

We all studied the first 6 cases at school in Russian lessons.

1) Nominative. Answers the questions “Who? what?"

2) Genitive. Answers the questions “who? what?" (No one? What?)

3) Dative. Answers the questions “to whom? what?" (Give to whom? what?) Specifies the end object of the action.

4) Accusative. Answers the questions “who? what?" (See whom? what?) Denotes the immediate object of the action.

5) Instrumental. Answers the questions "by whom? how?" (I create by whom? with what?) Defines the instrument, and therefore it is sometimes called instrumental. In addition, the same case determines some types of temporal belonging (day, night);

6) Prepositional. Answers the questions “about whom? about what?. (Think about who, what?)

Listed below are those cases that are not taught at school, but which, meanwhile, are present in the language.

7) Vocative. Used when referring to another person. This case is available in the Ukrainian language. Remember how N. Gogol's story "Taras Bulba" begins? “Turn around, son!” There was this case in the Church Slavonic language. Only a few forms with a clear ecclesiastical “taste” remained of it in Russian: “God!” "Father!"

But the use of the vocative case in Russian is limited not only by these forms. We quite often change words when referring to another person, cutting off their endings: Mom! Dad! Uncle Van! It's also a kind of inclination.

8) local case. Answers the questions “Where? on what? with what? Usually words in the local case are used with the prepositions "at", "on" and "in". On the closet (and not "on the closet"), in Ukraine. By the way, “in Ukraine” is also an allowed form of the local case.

9) Separative case. It is used when a part is taken from something whole. Answers the question "what?" (take part of what?) This case does not apply to animate objects. In the case of its application to inanimate objects, the form of the word is different from the form of the genitive case, with which the dividing case is associated. Drink tea (not "tea"!), eat cranberries (not "cranberries"!), set the heat, speed up.

10) Counting case occurs in phrases with numerals: Two hours (not “two hours”!), Take four steps (not “steps”).

11) Ablative determines the starting point of the movement: from the house (not “from the house”!), From the forest (not “from the forest”!). In this case, the noun becomes unstressed, and the stress falls on the preposition. Remember the poem you taught as a child? “I came out of the forest; it was very cold."

12) deprivative case used only in negative terms: I do not want to know the truth (not the truth!).

13) Waiting case is, as it were, intermediate between the genitive and the accusative case. Answers the question “wait for whom? what?". Wait for a letter (and not a “letter”), wait for punishment (and not “punishment”!), Wait for the weather by the sea (and not “weather”!).

14) Inclusive case. This case is derived from the accusative. He answers the question “to whom? into what?" Usually used where joining a group is implied: I would go to the pilots, marry, be fit as sons.

As you can see, the appearance of new cases legitimized the forms of words that otherwise would have been listed under the category of exceptions. On the other hand, the case table, which we would have to learn at school in Russian language lessons, has more than doubled. What's better? This is probably a philosophical question.

On the other hand, the Russian language has not at all frozen in some definite forms cast once and for all. He has room to develop. And how, in what way, will this development proceed? In order to determine this, philologists work.

Or do you think they don't work?

Languages ​​are constantly evolving, and thanks to semi-literate people. One aunt from the village will say “put it down” and “call”, and then “I was with my sister, tomorrow I’ll go to my sister again” - in a month half the village will say this, and in twenty years some professor, brushing away a mean tear, will add these options in the new academic dictionary as "permissible colloquial options"...

Letters and diacritical marks that seemed superfluous to someone are thrown out, and cases are abolished over time. Few people remember, but in one of the most common Germanic languages ​​today, English, once there were also several cases, but now they only distinguish between common and possessive. In addition, not only the presence of cases, but also their number is unstable. For example, in Finnish there are 14-16 cases, and in Tabasaran up to 52! Why can't you name a specific number?

Cases are often difficult not only for a foreigner who is a native speaker without a case system, but also for those who learn their native language. It is generally accepted that in modern Russian there are 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional), however, some linguists distinguish from seven to twelve more forms that have limited distribution and functions. "Russian Grammar" explains it this way: "prepositional-case forms have greater opportunities for concretization and differentiation of case meanings: these possibilities are contained in the meanings of prepositions." Unclear? Let's figure it out together.

Current position

The six main cases are determined by means of grammatical questions that can be put in place of the word (who? what? whom? what?, etc.), the remaining cases can be distinguished only by indirect semantic features (for example, the explanatory and local cases are determined by one question: about / on / in whom, what?)

Nominative case - who? what? - is the only direct case in Russian, used as the main part of the sentence.

Genitive case - no one? what? - defines belonging, kinship and some other relationships.

Dative case - give to whom? what? - defines the end point of the action.

Accusative case - I see whom? what? denotes the immediate object of the action.

Instrumental case - I create by whom? how? - defines the tool, some types of temporal belonging.

Prepositional case - to think about whom, about what.

Consequence of the reforms. Lost 8 cases

Throughout its development, Russian speech has undergone a lot of changes and reforms. If we talk about cases, then there are almost half as many of them left in modern Russian. There used to be 14 cases in the Russian language, which probably made it not only more logical, but also much brighter and more original.

1. Local case (second prepositional)

The second prepositional case was also called the "local case", indicating the location of the object. For example, in the form of the local case there are the words "home" (emphasis on the first syllable), "home". Some of the words of the local case turned into adverbs. It is called one of the most understandable among alternative cases, since its forms are obvious, they are used and cannot be replaced.

The original (non-prepositional) form of the local case has been almost completely lost and passed into the prepositional and instrumental forms, however, some nouns have a grammatically different form of the prepositional case: in the forest, in the shade ́. The unprepositional forms domʹ and domʹ are apparently adverbs.

The prepositional case can be divided into two main functions: an indication of the object of speech and an indication of the place or time of action. For example, you can talk about (who? What?) Square and you can stand on (who? What?) Square, think about (who? What?) Room and be in (Whom? What?) Room. The first case is called "explanatory case" and the second case is called "local". For the "square" and "room" these forms do not depend on the function. Often, it is not the preposition that controls the case, but the meaning that is embedded. If we come up with a construction with the preposition "in" when being in the appropriate place is not meant, we will definitely want to use the explanatory case, not the locative case. For example, "I know a lot about the forest." If you say "I know a lot about the forest", then it will sound like "I only know this while in the forest."

2. Vocative case (new vocative)

The use of the vocative case is considered characteristic of Old Russian words, which today are classified as obsolete. For example, such words as "older" and "human". The vocative case was abolished because it turned out to be identical to the modern nominative case. Probably, over time, the vocative case became redundant for the Russian language. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word “God” (Jesus, Father, Lord, Panteleimon, etc.). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by truncation of the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Svetul, Andryush), come in!

The question of whether to consider the vocative case is widely discussed, since the resulting words and forms of the name are generally difficult to consider as nouns. By the same logic, the possessive case is not distinguished, since the words "daddy" or "Andryushin" are not nouns.

3. Quantitative-separative (aka separative) case

This case is a variation of the genitive case, which also led to speech redundancy. For example, we say: a cup of tea (or a cup of tea). In pre-reform Russian speech, these phrases were of different cases, in modern Russian we refer them to one (nominative) case.

The quantitative-separative case is a kind of genitive and is in many ways similar to it, but it has some different forms: a cup of tea (together with tea), set the heat (not heat), add a move (not a move), drink cognac. Pour kefir into a glass (drink kefir), a head of garlic lies (eat garlic), take a sip of tea (drink tea), young man, is there a spark?

4. Deprivative case

The deprivative case is a kind of accusative case, but is used exclusively with negation with the verb: not to know the truth (not the truth), not to have the right (not the right). So the expression "not knowing the truth" differs from the expression "not knowing the truth." In modern Russian, these case distinctions have been erased, and the deprivative case is no longer distinguished.

It cannot be said that in the negative version we use the genitive case, because in some cases the words remain in the accusative form: “do not drive a car” (not cars), “do not drink vodka” (not vodka). This case arises only if we believe that any one specific case must correspond to each function of a noun. Then the deprivative case is such a case, the forms of which can correspond to the forms of the genitive or accusative. Sometimes they are interchangeable, but in some cases it is more convenient for us to use only one of the two options, which speaks in favor of the superfluous case. For example, "not a step back", from the point of view of linguistics, would sound more correct than "not a step back".

5. Waiting case

In modern Russian, it actually coincides with the genitive, its boundaries are also erased, and the case is abolished. Some words in the same grammatical form are inflected in the accusative form. Wed wait for (whom? what?) letters, but wait (whom? what?) for mom. Also: wait by the sea for the weather.

The expectant case is not an easy form, since we can “wait” for someone or something, then logically we must use the genitive case with these verbs. However, sometimes this genitive case suddenly takes the form of an accusative. For example, we are waiting for (whom? What?) Letters, but (whom? What?) Mom. And “waiting for a letter” or “waiting for mom” is unacceptable. Of course, if we take these forms as the norm of the Russian language, then we can conclude that there is no waiting case, and both genitive and accusative cases are used with the verb wait.

6. The transformative case (another name is inclusive)

Answers the questions of the accusative case (to whom? to what?). But it is used only in speech turns of this form: take as a friend, become a pilot, go out to the people, run for deputies, be suitable for sons, presidents, take as sons-in-law, etc. In modern Russian, the transformative case is also abolished, merged with the accusative case.

If, analyzing the phrase "he went to the pilots", we put "pilots" in the accusative case, then it will turn out that "he went to (who? What?) pilots." But traditionally they say "he went to the pilots." However, this is not a nominative case for three reasons: 1) there is a preposition before “pilots”, which does not exist in the nominative case; 2) the word "pilots" is not a subject, so this case should be indirect; 3) the word "pilots" in this context does not answer the questions of the nominative case (who? what?), since one cannot say "who did he go to?", but only "who did he go to?". Therefore, we have a transformative case that answers the questions of the accusative, but the form of which coincides with the form of the nominative in the plural.

7. Counting case

This case was previously used in counting. In pre-reform Russian, it was distinguished from the genitive case, but today this case is also absorbed by the genitive case. For example: three hours (stress on the last syllable), not hours (stress on the first syllable); two steps (stress on the second syllable), not steps (stress on the first syllable).

An independent group of examples are nouns formed from adjectives. In the counting case, they answer the questions of the adjectives from which they originated, and in the plural. For example, “there is no (whom? What?) lookout”, but “three (what?) lookouts”. Note that the use of the plural here is not justified by the fact that there are three lookouts, because when we have two chairs, we say "two chairs" and not "two chairs."

8. Delayed case (ablative, original)

Sometimes the original case is also distinguished. This case is also called the original. If we talk about Russian, then the form of the ablative is similar to the form of the genitive case, used with such prepositions as “s”, “from”, “from”, and sometimes with the instrumental case. The ablative indicates the trajectory of movement, or rather, its starting point. “From whom?”, “Why?”, “Where?”, “From what?” - it is precisely such questions that are answered by words in the form of the deferred case: from the forest, from home, “to go from the lesson”, but “there is no lesson” (this is already the genitive, or genitive case).

Modern case system. Difficulties of definition

Let's return to the question raised at the very beginning. Why can't you name a specific number? Often, experts cannot agree on whether one or another form should be distinguished or not and how to determine the case initially.

The traditional way to determine the case is the question method, when using which one of the so-called case questions is asked to the form of the name (in Russian, who? What? Whom? What? To whom? What? And so on). This method is intuitively simple and clear, but has a number of theoretical shortcomings. It assumes reliance on the metalinguistic ability to ask questions and therefore depends on the competence of the speaker, which prevents its formalization, is not able to distinguish between case forms to which the same question is asked (for example, what? - tea or tea). That is, it is not possible to give strict definitions of the case. V. A. Uspensky and A. N. Kolmogorov singled out 9 cases of the modern Russian language without doubt, and with the adoption of some assumptions - up to 12. However, the question remained at the level of experimental research.

It should be noted that in the modern Ukrainian language, the Vocal and Local cases are included in the seven commonly used and studied at school: Nazivny (Nominative), Generic (Genitive), Davalny (Dative), Znahіdny (Accusative), Orudny (Cative), Mіstseviy (Local) and Crying (Vocative) - but the Prepositional is not in this list.

And Russian schoolchildren studying Russian need not worry: for them there are still six cases, while the status of the vocative case, by analogy with the cases of the Ukrainian language, is disputed by some experts.

Great and rich, so many subtleties in it that it seems impossible to remember everything. In fact, there is nothing complicated. Just for each question you need to be able to find the right solution. Let's look together at how many cases there are in Russian, what questions they answer, and the easiest way to remember them.

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Definition

What is a fall? To begin with, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the concept itself. . Case is a form that indicates relationship between words. With its help, the proposal can be agreed and formed. For example:

1. We, joy, accept, he, the team.
2. We gladly accepted him into the team.

In the first variant, there is simply a set of words that are in no way related to each other. In the second paragraph, thanks to the shape change, we get a complete sentence with a formed thought.

How many cases are there in Russian? The common number is six. That is how much is offered for study by schoolchildren. However, linguists argue that the present number 15. Apparently, in order to simplify the system, it was decided to remove some of them from the curriculum.

Main types

All nouns are comparable to questions and auxiliary expressions. Their interaction with each other is very convenient: if you forget one thing, another can come to the rescue.

Some cases questions match, and to distinguish between them, you can turn to declensions for help.

What are the main cases in Russian.

Nominative

Used to name objects, has the following identifying features:

• questions who? - mother. What? - frame;
• auxiliary expression "is";
• occurs with endings in the singular: I skl: -a, -ya. II: -oh, -e. III:ÿ;
• plural: -s, -i, -a, -i.

1. Marina has always loved to read books. Is there anyone? - Marina (1 class).
2. The leaves fluttered in the wind. Is there anything? - Leaves (1 cl.).

Genitive

Defines an ownership. To facilitate the memorization of the genitive case in Russian, there are a number of ways:

• you can compare it with the expression "no" who? - father. What? Palace;
• used with prepositions: at, around, before, with, from, near, without, from, after, about, for;
• ending in singular: I skl: -s, -i. II: -a, -z. III: -and;
• in the plural: -ov, -ev, -ey.

1. After my mother left, we were a little upset. No one? - Moms (1st class).
2. There were no horses in the stable. There is nothing? - Horses (plural).

Dative

It has a hint in the name itself, to pass something to someone. Its features:

• defines the last action point;
• "give" to whom? - a boy. What? - a glass;
• prepositions: by, to;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -e, -i. II: -y, -y. III: -and;
• in the plural: -am, -yam.

1. Grandma didn't like our game. Give to whom? - Grandmother (1st class).
2. Running across the field was a lot of fun. Give what? - Field (2 cl.).

Accusative

Names the action object:

• "I see" who? - girlfriend. What? - hand;
• prepositions of the accusative case: through, on, in, for, about;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -y, -y. II: -o, -e;
• in the plural: -, -s, -and, -a, -ya, -her.

1. It was especially nice to hear from the little sister. I see who? - Sister (1st class).
2. A dog was running across the bridge. See what? – Bridge (3rd declension.).

Instrumental

The belonging of a part of speech to this case is determined as follows:

• "admire" who? - wife. How? - chain mail;
• used with prepositions: over, before, under, with, for;
• endings in the singular: I declension: -oy, -oy, -ey, -ey. II: -om, -em. III: -e: -yu;
• in the plural: -ami, -ami.

1. Before which stop did you ask to stop? Love what? – Stop (1st line).
2. Lena and I have been friends since the fifth grade. I love who? - Lena (1 cl.).

Prepositional

Always used with prepositions, and also has the following properties:

• most often used prepositions - on, with, about, in, about;
• "I dream" about whom? - about a fox. About what? – about the assessment;
• endings in unit number: I skl: -e, -i. II: -e, -i. III: -i.
• plural: -ah, -ya.

1. My dream of having a puppy has finally come true. Thinking about who? - Puppy (1 declension.).
2. A birch grove grew at the court. Think about what? - Yard (1 declension.).

To memorize all the names, children can be asked to learn a short sentence:

• Irina
• gave birth
• girl
• Velela
• drag
• diaper.

Table - cases.

Additional varieties of case forms

1. Vocative. It could include appeals to someone created by "circumcision". Example: mom, dad, Tan, etc.
2. Local. Prepositions: at, at, on. Answers the questions: where, on what? Example: on the bedside table, at the school yard.
3. Dividing. Genitive derivative In russian language. Example: add speed, set the heat.
4. Countable. Used with numbers. Example: four balls, two cabinets.
5. Deferral. Indicates starting point of movement. Example: from the garden, from the house.
6. Depriving. To negate verbs. Example: Can't go, not ready to say goodbye.
7. Quantitative-determinative. It has similar traits to the parent. Example: a cup of tea.
8. Waiting. Example: wait for a friend.
9. Transformative (inclusive). Example: go to the sailors, go to the stewardesses.

Noun declension

Every noun can be inflected. There are 1, 2 and 3 declensions, as well as words related to this part of speech, may be divergent. These include the words "way", "ten", and nouns ending in "me".

Declension of nouns, table.

case	I declension		II declension		III declension
	Female genus	Husband. genus	Husband. genus	Wed genus	Female genus
Nominative	Road a	pap a Coast I	Watermelon	Zhit about Mor e	Salt
Genitive	Road and	pap s Coast and	Watermelon a Korn I	Zhit a Mor I	Sol and Gran and
Dative	Road e	pap e Coast e	Watermelon at Korn Yu	Zhit at Mor Yu	Sol and Gran and
Accusative	Road at	pap at Coast Yu	Watermelon	Zhit about Mor e	Salt
Instrumental	Road oh An her	pap oh Coast her	Watermelon ohm Korn eat	Zhit ohm Mor eat	Salt Yu edge Yu
Prepositional	Oh dear e About An e	Oh dad e Oh Coast e	About watermelon e Oh corn e	Oh life e Oh mor e	Oh sol and Oh gran and

Attention! Only the nominative case is considered direct, the rest are indirect.

Cases and questions

Case and auxiliary word			Prepositions	Endings by numbers
				Unit h.
						III fold.
Nominative	Who? (father). What? (telephone)	My father always read a lot. The phone rang several times a day.	Without pretexts	-and I	-, -o, -e	—	-s, -i, -a, -i
Genitive	Whom? (parents). What? (inspiration)	There were no parents in the kitchen. I had to draw without inspiration.	Around, at, before, with, from, near, for, from, without, about, after	-s, -and	-and I	-and	-ov, -, ev, -ey
Dative	To whom? (to a kitten). What? (ceiling)	Masha poured milk for the kitten. Garlands were attached to the ceiling.	By, to	-e, -i	-u, -u	-and	-am, -yam
Accusative	Whom? (friend). What? (house)	We invited a friend along. Moving to a new house was not fun.	Through, for, in, on, about	-u, -u	-o, -e	—	-, -i, -s, -a, -i
Instrumental (admire)	By whom? (artist). How? (creation)	She always dreamed of becoming an artist. Katya has been admiring her creation for the fifth hour already.	Under, behind, before, with, over	-oh / oh, -ee / her	-om, -em	-Yu	-ami, -ami
Prepositional	About whom? (about Masha) About what? (about travel)	We didn't even think about Masha. Mom has been thinking about this trip for a long time.	Oh, in, oh, at, on	-e, -i	-e, -i	-and	-ah, -i

How to learn cases easily

How to easily and simply determine the case of a noun and an adjective

Conclusion

For faster and easier memorization, you just need to choose a more convenient option - visual materials. For example, for visual perception easier to work with tables and charts. So cases and questions will not cause you any problems.