Biography of Vladimir Dahl

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801 - 1872) - writer, doctor, lexicographer, creator of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.

Vladimir was born in the village of Lugansk Plant (now Lugansk) on November 10, 1801. His family was highly educated. His father was a doctor, a linguist, and his mother was a pianist, knew several languages, and was interested in literature. It is not surprising that Vladimir received an excellent education at home. As a child, in his biography, Vladimir Dal became very attached to his native land, and later even took on the pseudonym Cossack Lugansk.

Education in the biography of Vladimir Dahl was received at the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps. After graduating in 1819, he went to serve in the Navy. But after several years he decided to choose a different path - he began to study medicine at the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu).

In 1828-1829 he took part in the Russian-Turkish war. Dahl takes part in battles, helps the wounded, operates in field hospitals. Award-winning, he begins to work in the military land hospital of St. Petersburg as a resident. Soon Dahl's biography becomes widely known: he was known as an excellent doctor. During his medical practice, including military, Dahl wrote several articles and sketches.

Dahl then took up literature in earnest. In 1832, his Russian Tales were published. Five first." He makes acquaintances and friendship with famous writers and poets: Gogol, Pushkin, Krylov, Zhukovsky and others. Together with Pushkin, Dal travels around Russia. Dahl was present at the death of Pushkin, treated him after the duel, participated in the autopsy.

For his biography, Vladimir Dal wrote more than a hundred essays in which he spoke about Russian life. He traveled a lot, so he knew Russian life very well. Dahl also compiled the textbooks "Botany", "Zoology", and in 1838 became a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

But the most significant and voluminous work in the biography of Vladimir Dahl remains the Explanatory Dictionary, containing approximately 200 thousand words. Being well acquainted with many professions, crafts, omens and sayings, Dal placed all his knowledge in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.

From 1849 to 1859, Dal lived in Nizhny Novgorod, where he served as the manager of a specific office, after which he moved to Moscow. During this time he published many articles and works. The first volume of the "Explanatory Dictionary" was published in 1861. A year later, "Proverbs of the Russian people" were published. Dahl's biography was awarded the Lomonosov Prize.

Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language (published in 1863-1866). consisting of 4 volumes, includes more than 200 thousand words and 30 thousand proverbs, sayings, sayings, riddles, which are given as illustrations to explain the meanings of words.

The compiler of this dictionary, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal (1801 - 1872), was a talented and hardworking person. He was educated first as a naval officer (Petersburg Naval Corps - 1814 - 1819), then as a doctor (Derpt, now Tartu University - 1826 - 1829), from 1833 he was a government official in various departments.

Dahl's interests were varied; he excelled in many fields of knowledge: engineering, botany and zoology (corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences in the department of natural sciences since 1838), ethnography, folklore (collection "Proverbs and sayings of the Russian people", 1861 - 1862). The writer Dal (pseudonym Cossack Lugansky) created many works: fairy tales, stories, stories, essays, mostly written in the spirit of the natural school. Dahl's complete works comprise 10 volumes.

But Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary, the work of his whole life, brought the widest fame and recognition. Dal was not a philologist, a linguist by education, he became one by vocation, because he loved and understood his native language, he knew how to listen, to ponder over the living folk word.

V. I. Dalem wrote several theoretical articles on the dictionary and dialects of the Russian language. He devoted half a century to collecting words, nurturing the idea of ​​creating a dictionary and its implementation. Wherever he was: on a military campaign, in a hospital, on a business trip, he wrote down words everywhere, it’s not for nothing that almost half of the words included in the dictionary were collected by the author himself. Dahl also had numerous assistants who sent information about words from various parts of the Russian state. It is hard to believe that one person did the gigantic job of compiling the dictionary. Before Dahl and after him, dictionaries so large in scope of material were not compiled alone; entire teams of specialists worked on them. Therefore, Dal with good reason should be called an enthusiastic ascetic.

Dahl was the first to call his dictionary explanatory. In the epigraph, the author pointed out: "The dictionary is called explanatory, because it not only translates one word to another, but interprets, explains the details of the meaning of words and concepts subordinate to them." Subsequent dictionaries of this kind also began to be called explanatory. Dahl wanted to use his dictionary to acquaint contemporaries with the richness and expressiveness of the existing folk language, "because this language is strong, fresh, rich, short and clear ...". That is why the author included the words “living Great Russian language” in the title. Alive, which means the one that is spoken at the present time. Therefore, the dictionary included a huge number of words (according to Dahl's estimates - about 80 thousand), which were not included in other dictionaries, as they were regarded by the compilers as not worthy of attention, simple, everyday words (unlike book words). The Great Russian language meant the Russian language (as opposed to Little Russian, or Little Russian, as the Ukrainian language was called in those days).

How is a dictionary built? The author arranged the vocabulary material according to the alphabetic-nesting principle: words that have a common root and initial letter are combined into a “nest”, and prefixes with the same root should be searched for on the letter of the alphabet with which the prefix begins (in the “walk” nest we find the words walk, walk, walk, move, walk, etc., prefix formations in nests with the corresponding initial letters: nurse, go out, go in, cross, leave, etc.).

The explanation of words is given not only descriptively, but mostly with the help of synonyms, which Dahl called "identical words". Among them are literary, colloquial, dialectal words (for example, the nest "February": February, old, cut, fierce; now people, bokogrey, wide roads). Dal makes notes about dialect words: where, in what places in Russia they are common. For example: Novgorod, Pskov, Ryazan, etc.

The Dalev dictionary is an excellent collection of not only lexical, but also ethnographic material. Dictionary entries contain a variety of information about the life of the people: about housing, household methods, tools, life, clothing, utensils, food, family life, religion, superstitions, signs, mythology, rituals, customs, mores, etc.

So, in the dictionary entry “Izba” we find the following information: “Izba (stoker, source, east-ba, hut) ... a peasant house, hut; residential wooden house; living room, room, clean (not cooking) half, human or kitchen, housing for servants in the manor's yard; old, inner peace in the royal wooden palace; star, ward, order, government office... In Siberia, the hut is called a separate cooking, kitchen, and front hut, in contrast to the kuti, back, cooking, woman's hut. A prefabricated hut, hired by the world, for gatherings and for visiting foremen. A black, or chicken, hut in which a stove without a chimney. A white hut, or a white hut, in which there is a stove with a chimney and therefore there is no soot. Red hut, with a red, i.e., large or binding window, not with portage alone. The old hut was divided into three parts: the sholnush, or kitchen and bedroom; hut, dining room and residential; Gorenka, clean, without oven or with Dutch; Gorenka was decorated with paintings and sometimes placed as a separate annex.

In general, our hut is chopped, log; it is usually four-walled; if it is fenced off with a chopped wall, then it is five-walled, or about six chopped corners; ... six-walled, if the canopy is in the middle and from them the entrance to both halves, to winter and summer ... "Followed by proverbs, sayings and riddles, in which the hut is mentioned (for example: The honor is more expensive and the hut is covered. What is not visible in the hut? heat), and then derivative words (for example: the hut is old, a servant at the royal hut, room).

When describing many realities (objects), Dal acts as a fine connoisseur of folk life. So, from the dictionary we learn more than a dozen names for a pen (for which they take, hold, lift a thing): an ax handle - at an ax, a bow, a bandage - at a bucket, a black, a block - at a chisel, a knife, a broomstick - at a broom, a rake - at the rake, the bracket - at the chest, the hammer - at the hammer, the rod - at the fishing rod, the chain, the chain - at the flail, the scythe, the braid - at the scythe, the shaft - at the banner, peaks.

A great variety of lexical material related to trades and crafts was reflected in Dahl: fishing, hunting, hunting, butter-churning, cheese-making, brewing, tanning, plumbing, carpentry, shoemaking, trade, weaving, tailoring, making bast shoes, spoons, hats , baskets, various games, etc. That is why the dictionary is called the encyclopedia of folk life of the 19th century.

A talented writer, Dahl approached dictionary work as an artist. The articles are written so vividly and captivatingly that many of them are perceived as artistic miniatures (see the words life, animal, boat, circle, window, monkey, etc.).

Dahl's great work was noted by the scientific community. For the creation of the dictionary, the Russian Academy of Sciences awarded the author the Lomonosov Prize (1869), the Geographical Society - a gold medal (1862), Dorpat University - a prize for achievements in linguistics (1870). Dahl was elected an honorary academician (1868).

V. I. Lenin gave Dahl’s dictionary a high rating: “a magnificent thing” (from a note by A. V. Lunacharsky, 18. I. 1920). According to the memoirs of contemporaries, the dictionary was in the Kremlin office of V. I. Lenin. N. K. Krupskaya noted: “In order to understand what figurativeness is close to the peasantry, Vladimir Ilyich, by the way, especially carefully read and studied Dahl’s dictionary, insisted on its speedy reprinting.”

At present, the dictionary cannot be used as a reference book on the modern Russian language, as it reflects the state of the language of the last century and is, first of all, a dialect dictionary. In addition, it is not free from some errors, inaccuracies, which are caused by the linguistic views of the author (this includes the spelling of individual words, the explanation of the origin (etymology) of words, grammatical marks, the replacement of foreign words with Russian equivalents, sometimes created by Dahl himself, the distribution of words into nests and inside nests, etc.).

But, without a doubt, the value of Dahl's dictionary will not fade with time. Specialists constantly turn to him: linguists, historians, ethnographers, folklorists, writers; it is used as a source in the creation of new dialect dictionaries, it is consulted when reading and studying the literature of the 19th century.

Dahl's dictionary is an inexhaustible treasure trove for all those who are interested in the history of the Russian people, their culture and language.

The history of the creation of the Dahl dictionary

On one of the autumn days of 1859, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, a retired St. Petersburg official, settled in Moscow on Presnya. This event attracted the attention of others, except for the number of paper bales brought into the house. Few knew at that time that this extraordinary official had been collecting all his conscious life that which could neither be felt, nor hung on the wall, nor hidden in a pocket. What is heard everywhere and does not belong to anyone in particular. Vladimir Ivanovich collected ... words.

At first he did it almost unconsciously. For example, I wrote down the first word on the road, when as a young man, just after graduating from the Naval Corps, he went to serve in the Black Sea. "Relaxes!" - said the coachman, looking at the cloudy sky. When you leaf through the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, pay attention to this word. It all started with him. The first of two hundred thousand!

Later, Dahl specifically asked people what and how is called in their area. And fate, as if on purpose, helped him in this matter. As a cadet, he sailed on a training ship on which one hundred and fifty sailors from all over Russia served. After graduating from Dorpat University, he became a doctor and ended up in the army. But even in war he found an opportunity to gather soldiers around him and conduct his research. Amazing chains of words appeared in his notebook. Well, for example, did you know that the “head” is noise and scream, rebellion, quarrel, ringing, noise, knock, tongue, rumble, rumble, response, second, echo! "Balda" is not a dunce, but also a knob, a club, a sledgehammer, a rammer.

And the "baldovina" is not at all what you thought, but "a muddy, crucian lake."

Dal wrote down the words, wandering in the flea market of the famous Nizhny Novgorod fair. And even while serving in the Ministry of the Interior in St. Petersburg, he sent out circulars to cities and villages, which contained all the same questions: what and how is it called? It even happened that all ministerial scribes were engaged exclusively in copying the words sent, local dialects, fairy tales, proverbs, beliefs.

What kind of "illness" is Dahl struck by? Why did he pursue every word he didn't know with the passion of a hunter? And why?

Vladimir Ivanovich was born in a very peculiar family. His father was Danish, his mother was German. But everyone, including my grandmother, spoke many languages. There were a lot of books in the house, and among them were dictionaries. Grandmother translated plays by foreign authors into Russian, and sometimes the whole family looked for the right word for her here. In such an environment, it was probably difficult not to be infected with love for the word.

Later, Dahl traveled a lot around Russia, talking with ordinary people. He was amazed at the accuracy and capacity of their speech and bitterly complained to his friends: “We don’t know our language ... and what’s even worse, we don’t want to know it ...” The times were like this - such a stream of foreign-language sayings poured into us through the window cut by Peter I from Europe, that the top of Russian society not only forgot how to speak and write in Russian, but also considered it shameful to think in their native language. There was an opinion that our language is poor and incapable of expressing any complex concepts.

The first person who, according to Dostoevsky, "spoke in a conscious Russian language" was Pushkin. We know that Dahl was on duty at the bedside of the dying poet, that he was bequeathed a talisman ring and a friend's frock coat shot through. There is evidence that it was Pushkin who inspired Dahl to compile the dictionary. But Dahl did not decide on this soon.

Dahl's life was restless, full of events, work, creativity. This was a man of all trades. And he succeeded in everything. He was a skilled and determined surgeon, writer, scientist. Back in 1838, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences for collecting collections on the flora and fauna of the Orenburg region. Between times he wrote textbooks on zoology and botany. He sang beautifully, played many musical instruments ... "We must catch on to any knowledge that we meet on the way," he believed, "it's impossible to say ahead of time what will come in handy in life."

Only after retiring, was Dahl finally able to take a look at the treasures collected over half a century and ... got scared. He realized that no one but him could give these sketches a finished look, that is, create a dictionary that would serve people. Is the rest of your life enough? Will there be knowledge? He's not a linguist, after all. After weighing all the pros and cons, Dahl got down to business, modestly calling himself a carrier during the construction of the chambers. "Front rear axle".

In recent years, Dahl worked in his house on Presnya, sometimes to the point of fainting. He practically single-handedly created a dictionary that is almost twice as large as the dictionary published by the team of the Academy of Sciences! People have been gratefully using this dictionary for a hundred and fifty years now.

Dahl's dictionary is called an encyclopedia of Russian folk life in the first half of the 19th century. From it you can find out what the peasant sowed, how he built a house, what agricultural implements he used, what he wore, what holidays and customs he had. And it does not matter that many of the words collected by Dahl are no longer used. Dahl explained the purpose of his work in this way: “... I do not claim that all folk speech, or even all the words of this speech, should be included in the educated Russian language; I only affirm that we must study the simple and direct Russian speech of the people and assimilate it for ourselves, just as all living things assimilate good food for themselves and turn it into their own blood and flesh.

Few people know that Dahl and Pushkin were united not only by a great personal friendship, but also by a common idea of ​​the great significance of the Russian language, a common concern for it. In the Museum of Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, on Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street, at the Moscow City Branch of VOOPIIK, an exposition dedicated to the friendship of the two great sons of our Fatherland, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin and Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, has been opened. The exposition was timed to coincide with two significant anniversaries in the history of Russian culture - the 200th anniversary of the birth of A.S. Pushkin (June 6, 1999) and the subsequent 200th anniversary of V.I. V. Gogol wrote about Pushkin - a recognized genius, glory and pride of Russia: "A.S. Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon and, perhaps, the only phenomenon of the Russian spirit: this is a Russian person in his development, in which he, perhaps, will appear through two hundred years."

About Dal, the great lexicographer, creator of the famous "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language", ethnographer, writer, V.G. Belinsky once spoke: root, in the very core, the basis of it, that he loves a simple Russian person ... How well he knows his nature! He knows how to think with his head, see with his eyes, speak with his language.

V.I.Dal himself indicated the time of his acquaintance with A.S. Pushkin: "It was at the end of September or at the beginning of October 1832, when, after the end of the Turkish and Polish campaigns, I arrived in the capital and published my first experiments - I published a collection" Russian tales"". This collection brought Dahl fame as a writer. In fairy tales, the writer set himself the task of acquainting "his countrymen with the folk language, with the dialect, which opened wide scope in the Russian fairy tale."

Zhukovsky, being impressed by the collection of fairy tales by Dahl, who had entered the literary field, sympathetically promised to go with him to Pushkin, but the visit kept getting delayed. Not wanting to delay any longer, Dahl took his collection and went himself to introduce himself to the eminent Pushkin. Dahl subsequently noted Pushkin's magnificent Moscow dialect.

A.S. Pushkin, opening the book from the beginning, from the end, where necessary and laughing joyfully, sorted out loud the necklaces strung by Dal from wonderful words, proverbs, sayings and well-aimed figurative words: "What a luxury, what a meaning, what is the use of each our proverb!" he exclaimed.

The publisher of the "Russian Archive" P.I. Bartenev will write down later according to Dahl that Pushkin was constantly interested in the Russian folk language, highly appreciated the treasures of Russian folk speech collected by Dahl. He began compiling his famous Dictionary at the insistence of A.S. Pushkin. Love for the living Russian word became the basis of a strong and sincere friendship with the great poet.

A new meeting took place in the early autumn of 1833, on September 8, when Alexander Pushkin arrived in the distant Orenburg province to survey the study of the historical sites of the uprising of Yemelyan Pugachev. On the trip, he was accompanied by V.I.Dal, an official for special assignments under the Orenburg military governor-general N.A. Perovsky. Listening to the steppe winds, for five days in a lively and friendly conversation they traveled around historical places.

Contemporaries, recalling their communication, emphasized that V.I. Dal for Pushkin was a living lexicon. Dal showed Pushkin the places of the uprising, helped him meet and establish a conversation with the right people. We visited the Berdsk village - the place of Pugachev's stay during the siege of Orenburg, met with the 75-year-old Cossack woman Buntova and others who remembered Pugachev's uprising. Pushkin questioned them, entered their stories and the lively figurative speech he liked into his notebook. Dahl also made notes, wrote down the same words, proverbs, sayings and songs...

Dahl continues to serve as an official for special assignments of the Orenburg military governor, devoting all his free time to literary pursuits. In Orenburg, Dal writes a lot, quickly, and luck favors him - he is readily read and praised in St. Petersburg and Moscow. And in addition to literary studies, Dahl is occupied with the study of the region and the peoples inhabiting it, natural history, the organization of the museum ... And, as always and everywhere, the constant replenishment of the dictionary: collecting words, proverbs, songs, legends ...

The thread of friendship with Pushkin does not break: Dal takes the side of Pushkin when he created Sovremennik, defending the advanced artistic and aesthetic direction of the magazine. "The feeling fed by all of us should inflame each of us to noble competition in the field of useful and elegant," writes Dahl in one of his articles for Sovremennik. (20) And when, at the beginning of 1836, Pushkin received permission "to publish four volumes of purely literary articles" - this will be Sovremennik, - Dahl will respond joyfully:

At last, noble rumors have reached

To degrees that are deaf and dry...

Later, in 2-3 years, V.I.Dal will read with reverent attention the "History of Pugachev" and "The Captain's Daughter" created by Pushkin, where, of course, he recognizes both familiar places and mutual acquaintances.

And again Dahl's meeting with Pushkin.

In the first half of December 1836, the Orenburg military governor and his subordinate V.I. Dal arrived in St. Petersburg on official business. (20a)

Dahl and Pushkin met several times. One of the meetings is known for certain. A few days before the duel, Pushkin heard from Dahl that the skin that the snake sheds annually from itself is called “crawl out” in Russian - he liked this word, and our great poet, among jokes, sadly said to Dahl: “Yes, here we are writing , we are also called writers, but we don’t know half of the Russian words! ”... The next day, Pushkin came to Dahl in a new frock coat. “What a creep out!” he said, laughing with his merry, sonorous, sincere laugh. “Well, I won’t crawl out of this creep out soon. I'll do more!..."

Dahl learns about the duel that took place on January 27, 1837, and about Pushkin's mortal wound, hurries to the poet's house on the Moika embankment, where their last meeting took place and those last 46 hours of the life of a mortally wounded man, and knowing that there is no hope.

At Pushkin's, Dal had already found a crowd of his closest friends in the front hall: Zhukovsky, Vyazemsky, Odoevsky. There were doctors in the office of the wounded Pushkin. V.I.Dal stayed with the poet, not leaving him until the last hour, the great hour of torment and courage. V.I.Dal looked after Pushkin like a doctor: he gave medicines, applied ice to his head, put poultices. To Pushkin's question: "Dal, tell me the truth, will I die soon?" Dahl answered: "We still hope for you, really, we hope!" Pushkin shook Dahl's hands and said: "Well, thank you!..."

Alexander Ivanovich Turgenev, a person very close to Pushkin (it was he who would take the coffin with the poet's body to the Holy Mountains), immediately wrote in the next room: "His friend and Dr. Dahl facilitated his last minutes"

On the 29th, at 2:45 pm, Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin died. In the "Literary Supplements" to the journal "Russian Disabled" there will be a well-known woeful announcement by Prince Odoevsky in a mourning frame: "The sun of our poetry has set! ... Pushkin died in the prime of life, in the middle of his great career!"

The dictionary, which gives an explanation of the meanings of words, as well as phraseological units through the same language, is called explanatory. All the words in it are in alphabetical order. After the specified word comes its brief description, which tells about its semantics. The explanatory dictionary also gives examples of the use of certain words in speech.

Modern dictionaries were preceded by handwritten ones, and later by printed ones (the Middle Ages). In Russia, back in the Middle Ages, lists of difficult-to-understand words were written, and their interpretation was also given there. These incomprehensible words, as a rule, Church Slavonic and Greek, were found in ancient monuments. Such kind of collections were called glosses.

One of the most famous and popular explanatory dictionaries is the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Great Russian Language”, compiled by V.I. Dalem. The first edition of this dictionary appeared in 1863-1866. This work contains more than 200 thousand words and about 30 thousand proverbs. To create his dictionary, Dahl used a living folk language, as well as its regional modifications. This included the vocabulary of not only written, but also oral speech of the century before last. The dictionary contains many phraseological units and terms related to various professions and types of human activity.

The principle by which the described dictionary was compiled is called alphabetic-nesting. In most normative dictionaries, words that have passed the selection are given, and all vocabulary is characterized stylistically. Dal was opposed to imposing any kind of stylistic assessments on native speakers. His vocabulary did not pass any selections.

The author of a well-known dictionary described all the words that were familiar to him, while he considered stylistic marks superfluous. Very rarely in Dahl's work one can see marks that are evaluative in nature (swearing, comic, etc.). The creator of the explanatory dictionary gave notes, for example, to bright dialectisms that had a narrow and local use (Tver, Western, Arkhangelsk, etc.). Borrowed words indicated the source language.

Another no less famous dictionary is considered to be a one-volume explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, authored by S.I. Ozhegov. When creating this dictionary, the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language was taken as the basis, the editor-in-chief of which was D.N. Ushakov.

To date, Ozhegov's dictionary is the only short standard dictionary of the Russian literary language. It is designed both for specialists in the field of lexicology and for the general reader.

As for other languages, the Oxford English Dictionary is also considered one of the most famous explanatory dictionaries.

If we do not know the meaning of a certain word, or we have difficulty with its spelling, then we immediately turn to the dictionary. Dictionary- an indispensable assistant who will tell you the answer to any question. The main thing is to know which dictionary to use.

All dictionaries can be divided into two large groups: encyclopedic and philological (linguistic). The first ones tell about objects and phenomena of reality, tell about various events. These dictionaries contain information from various scientific fields. Linguistic dictionaries illuminate the chosen language in all its directions.

Let us dwell in more detail on philological dictionaries.
Dictionary of all dictionaries - explanatory dictionary. He "interprets" explains the meanings of words and gives them certain characteristics. There are several significant explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, but V.I. Dahl and the one-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language by S.I. Ozhegov are the most popular.

The Phraseological Dictionary contains and systematizes phraseological units of the Russian language with an explanation of their meaning, and sometimes with an indication of their origin. Each phraseological unit is usually illustrated with an example from the literature. The authors of these dictionaries are V.I. Dahl, S.V. Maksimov, N.S. and M.G. Ashukins, A.I. Molotkov, V.P. Zhukov and others.

Dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms and dictionaries of new words. The names of these dictionaries speak for themselves. Each of these books tries to most fully reflect the richness of the Russian language with certain linguistic material and reflects the presence in the language of words of a certain type.

To find out the origin of a word, we need to turn to a historical or etymological dictionary. He will reveal to us all the secrets and mysteries of the word. And if we want to clarify the spelling, a spelling dictionary will help us. The orthoepic dictionary will teach us how to pronounce words correctly and put stress in them. The word-formation dictionary will tell you about the ways of forming words and their morphemic structure.

There are many other types of dictionaries: compatibility (lexical) dictionaries, grammatical dictionaries and dictionaries of correctness (difficulties), dialect, frequency and reverse dictionaries, onomastic dictionaries (dictionaries of proper names), dictionaries of foreign words, dictionaries of the language of writers and dictionaries of epithets, dictionaries of abbreviations and dictionaries of linguistic terms. Understanding so many kinds and types of dictionaries and asking for help exactly the dictionary that can really help can sometimes be too difficult. But you can always get the help you need from our online Russian language tutors. What do you need in order to take advantage of the help of online tutors? Choose the most convenient tariff plan for you and connect right now!

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The explanatory dictionary contains words in alphabetical order, as well as their short explanation and meaning. In other words, the explanatory dictionary reveals the lexical designation of words. However, it would be correct to clarify that these dictionaries reveal exactly the meaning of the word accepted for use, and not the essence and cause of things in nature. By the way, there are all dictionaries on the Internet - both explanatory and philosophical ones, so finding a good dictionary in our time is not a problem.

Why explanatory dictionaries are needed

The very name of the dictionary "explanatory" gives an idea of ​​its main function - to "interpret", to explain what is not clear. The most famous dictionaries of this type are Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, as well as Ozhegov's Dictionary of the Russian Language.
These manuals help to quickly find a reference point in the concept of a particular word or an unfamiliar term, as well as their classification. Their purpose is not to convey deep knowledge and clarifications. Since many words can have several meanings at once, most often, the explanatory dictionary describes the abbreviated essence of several of them.
The use of explanatory dictionaries is greatly facilitated by examples of the use of the searched word. Thanks to this, the reader can more clearly understand the meaning and essence of the term.
Some difficulty in using dictionaries is the obsolescence of certain concepts and, as a result, changes in their direct use. It is no secret that many words used to have a completely different meaning. For example, the word "grass" was more quickly associated with greens that grow on the ground than with drugs. That is, the interpretation of many words is currently undergoing fundamental changes. Some words are completely obsolete, and no dictionary will help here. Others completely change their semantic load.
In many ways, the meaning of a word will depend on which language it was borrowed from. When using explanatory dictionaries, it is necessary to pay considerable attention to this fact.
An explanatory dictionary can, in a sense, become a support for those people who are not oriented in the concepts of a particular language. The depth of meanings, the origin of words will help to reveal other types of dictionaries.

Other types of dictionaries

Conventionally, they can be classified into dictionaries with an encyclopedic bias and with a linguistic one. The first reveal the essence of objects and phenomena. The second (philological) dictionaries reveal the depths of the language.
The main function of phraseological dictionaries is to systematize and explain the meanings of phraseological units, as well as indicate the sources of their origin.
Dictionaries of new words, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms are also very popular. Which, judging by the names, help determine the appropriate list of words for the desired one.
If you need to find out the origins of a word and its origin, then you need to turn to etymological, historical, morphemic, word-building dictionaries. For everyone who wants to write correctly, the spelling dictionary should become a desktop one.
There is a huge variety of dictionaries available. The main thing is to want to deepen your speech and not be lazy.

Who is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal? Who is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal? How is a dictionary organized? How many words are in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language? Why is the dictionary called that? Why is the dictionary called that? Like V.I. Dahl created the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language? Like V.I. Dahl created the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language? How is a dictionary entry written? How is a dictionary entry written? I don't have such a dictionary! I want to know the meaning of the word! What to do? I don't have such a dictionary! I want to know the meaning of the word! What to do? What proverbs does the dictionary contain? What proverbs does the dictionary contain? Are there riddles in the dictionary? November 22, 2015 years since the birth of Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl, a well-known Ruru-Russian scientist-Russian specialist, lexicographer, scientist-Russian-lexicographer, scientist-Russian-lexicographer, compiler of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Russian Language. Very interesting! Where can I read about Dahl's dictionary? Very interesting! Where can I read about Dahl's dictionary?

Dahl's dictionary is an exceptional and, in a way, unique phenomenon. It is unique not only in design, but also in execution. "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" is a real encyclopedia of the Ruru Russian folk life, mindset and character, which have found their expression in speech. Dahl's dictionary goes far beyond the limits that are limited by ordinary philological dictionaries: it explains both the objects that characterize Russian folk life, beliefs, and signs associated with the agricultural calendar, and also provides many other ethnographic information. Interpreting this or that word, V. I. Dal selects many synonyms that testify to the exceptional richness of the Ruru-Russian language, its flexibility and expressiveness, he shows the limitless word-building possibilities of the Ruru-Russian language. Dahl's dictionary is an exceptional and, in a way, unique phenomenon. It is unique not only in design, but also in execution. "The Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" is a real encyclopedia of the Ruru Russian folk life, mindset and character, which have found their expression in speech. Dahl's dictionary goes far beyond the limits that are limited by ordinary philological dictionaries: it explains both the objects that characterize Russian folk life, beliefs, and signs associated with the agricultural calendar, and also provides many other ethnographic information. Interpreting this or that word, V. I. Dal selects many synonyms that testify to the exceptional richness of the Ruru-Russian language, its flexibility and expressiveness, he shows the limitless word-building possibilities of the Ruru-Russian language. Look at the illustrated "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dalia, published in 2013 (double click on the frame) Look at the illustrated "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dalia, published in 2013 (double click on the frame)

Vladimir Ivanovich Dal () - Russian writer, ethnographer, linguist, lexicographer. IN AND. Dal graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, served in the Navy for more than five years - in the Baltic, in Kronstadt. In 1826 he retired, entered the medical faculty of Dorpat University and became an oculist surgeon. For participation in the Polish campaign of 1831, Emperor Nicholas I awarded Vladimir Dal with the Order - the Vladimir Cross in his buttonhole. At the end of the war, Dahl entered the St. Petersburg Military Surgical Hospital as an intern, where he worked as an oculist surgeon. Dal began to collect words and expressions of the folk Ruru-Russian language in 1832, "Russian Fairy Tales. First Five", processed by Vladimir Dal, were published. Dahl served in Orenburg for seven years. He lived in St. Petersburg, served as an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. After his retirement, he settled in Moscow. For the creation of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal received a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society, was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences and was awarded the title of honorary academician. Vladimir Ivanovich Dal () - Russian writer, ethnographer, linguist, lexicographer. IN AND. Dal graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval Cadet Corps, served in the Navy for more than five years - in the Baltic, in Kronstadt. In 1826 he retired, entered the medical faculty of Dorpat University and became an oculist surgeon. For participation in the Polish campaign of 1831, Emperor Nicholas I awarded Vladimir Dal with the Order - the Vladimir Cross in his buttonhole. At the end of the war, Dahl entered the St. Petersburg Military Surgical Hospital as an intern, where he worked as an oculist surgeon. Dal began to collect words and expressions of the folk Ruru-Russian language in 1832, "Russian Fairy Tales. First Five", processed by Vladimir Dal, were published. Dahl served in Orenburg for seven years. He lived in St. Petersburg, served as an official for special assignments at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. After his retirement, he settled in Moscow. For the creation of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal received a medal from the Imperial Geographical Society, was awarded the Lomonosov Prize of the Academy of Sciences and was awarded the title of honorary academician. Who is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal? Learn about the life of V.I. Go ahead and check your literacy! Dictation for students in grade 9 Dictation for students in grade 9 Dictation for students in grades 7-8 Dictation for students in grades 7-8 Dictation for students in grades 5-6 Dictation for students in grades 5-6 Dictation for students in class Dictation for students in class CHECK YOURSELF CHECK YOURSELF CHECK YOURSELF CHECK YOURSELF CHECK YOURSELF CHECK YOURSELF CHECK YOURSELF

“Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” (original title: “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language”) is a dictionary compiled by Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl in the middle of the 19th century. This is one of the largest dictionaries of the Ruru-Russian language. Contains about words and proverbs, sayings, riddles and sayings that serve to explain the meaning of the given words. IN AND. Dahl joked: “The dictionary is not called explanatory” because it could turn out to be stupid, but because it explains and interprets the words. and the phraseology of various professions and crafts. The dictionary not only provides information about the language, but also about folk life, beliefs, signs, and other ethnographic information. For example, in an article about the words "mast", "sail" not only names of various types are given masts and sails, but their purpose is also explained; along with the naval names borrowed from Dutch and English, the names that arose and were used in the Caspian and White Seas are also given. with him the customs characteristic of a wedding in the old peasant life.It is important that Dahl, when compiling his explanatory dictionary, displayed all the diversity, heterogeneity ness and greatness of the Ruru-Russian language. The dictionary contains explanations of regional features of speech, as well as terminology and specific phrases for many professions and crafts. . This is one of the largest dictionaries of the Ruru-Russian language. Contains about words and proverbs, sayings, riddles and sayings that serve to explain the meaning of the given words. IN AND. Dahl joked: “The dictionary is not called explanatory” because it could turn out to be stupid, but because it explains and interprets the words. and the phraseology of various professions and crafts. The dictionary not only provides information about the language, but also about folk life, beliefs, signs, and other ethnographic information. For example, in an article about the words "mast", "sail" not only names of various types are given masts and sails, but their purpose is also explained; along with naval names borrowed from Dutch and English, names that arose and were used in the Caspian and White Seas are also given. The article about the word "handshaking" explains the complex wedding ceremony and a number of customs associated with it, characteristic of a wedding in the old peasant life. It is important that Dahl, when compiling his explanatory dictionary, displayed all the diversity, heterogeneity and greatness of the Ruru-Russian language. In the dictionary you can find explanations of regional features of speech, as well as terminology and specific phrases for many professions and crafts.Mast Why is the dictionary called that?

Like V.I. Dahl created the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language? One of the former Ministers of Education (Kn. Shikhmatov), ​​according to rumors that reached him, suggested that I transfer my supplies to the academy, at the rate accepted at that time: 15 kopecks. for each word missing in the Academy's dictionary, and 7½ kop. for additions and corrections. I offered, in exchange for this deal, another one: to give myself completely, and with reserves, and with my feasible labors, at the full disposal of the academy, without demanding or even wanting anything other than the necessary maintenance; but they did not agree to this, but repeated the first proposal. I sent 1000 additional words and 1000 additions, with the inscription: one thousand and one. I was asked how many of them are still in stock? I replied that I didn't know for sure, but in any case tens of thousands. The purchase of such a warehouse of goods, of dubious goodness, apparently did not enter into the calculation, and the transaction ended at the first thousand. March 3, 1819 ... we were released as midshipman, and I, at will, was sent to the Black Sea in Nikolaev. On this first trip to Russia, I unconsciously laid the foundation for my dictionary, writing down every word that I had not heard before. Find out what was the first word written down by V.I. Dahlem for his dictionary Portrait by V. Perov

Starting to streamline the huge stocks of words he had collected, V. I. Dal was looking for a convenient way to arrange them in his dictionary. He was well aware of two opposite methods: the alphabetical order of the arrangement of words and the root word method of grouping them, in which groups of words raised to a common root are combined into nests, and either the root or an arbitrarily established source word is placed at the head of the nest. V. I. Dal chose the middle path for himself: words of the same root (with the exception of prefixed formations placed under the letters with which they begin) are grouped into nests in his dictionary, and a verb or name is placed at the head of such a group of "single nests". The chosen method of word arrangement, according to V. I. Dahl, contributes to the comprehension of the spirit of the language and reveals the laws of its word formation, the advantage of this method is the ability to reveal the semantic connections of words and give a semantic and word-formative characteristic of the word and language as a whole. However, there are also disadvantages: such a dictionary loses the qualities of a convenient reference book, sometimes the desired word is hidden so far away that it becomes difficult to search for it. About himself and his dictionary, V.I. Dal said: “It was not written by a teacher, not by a mentor, not by one who knows the matter better than others, but who worked on it more than many; a student who collected all his life bit by bit what he heard from his teacher, the living Ruru-Russian language". Look how the dictionary entry looks like! How is a dictionary organized?

How many words are in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language? At home, he sorts the words in his vaults. He rewrites each proverb twice on narrow strips of paper (Dal calls them "thongs"). One strap "will go as an example for explaining words, the other is pasted into a notebook intended for collecting proverbs. There are already such notebooks" From 1849 to 1859, Dal served as the manager of a specific office in Nizhny Novgorod. This city was famous for many things, but one of the most striking events here was the annual fair. This is how Dahl's contemporaries described this fair: "For a month and 10 days, the fair has been moving, buzzing, shimmering with colors. A thin, nosy man, a Nizhny Novgorod official Dal, is walking around the fair. fish from the pool. And every day Dal brings home countless treasures, the only ones for which they don’t take money at the fair, just pick them up. "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" is one of the largest dictionaries of the Ruru Russian language. Contains about words and proverbs, sayings, riddles and proverbs that serve to explain the meaning of the given words.

Guess riddles from the dictionary of V.I. Dalia The daughter-in-law stands and spread her legs: the world feeds, she does not eat herself. Bows, bows - will come home, stretch out. She eats quickly and chews finely, she does not swallow herself and does not give to others. Day sleeps, night looks on, dies in the morning, another succeeds. Small, round, but not lifted by the tail. A pig of gold bristles, a flaxen tail, jumps in the wide world, clothes the whole world. needle and thread).

What proverbs does the dictionary contain? Dahl took folk proverbs as examples for almost every word in his dictionary. They also collected a lot more than 30 thousand. In 1853, Dahl presented his collection "Proverbs of the Ruru-Russian people" to the Academy of Sciences. On the title page was the epigraph: "The proverb is not judged." In the preface, the author addressed his readers: A proverb for all things, an assistant "What if every lover of our language, running through my collection at his leisure, made notes, corrections and additions ... and handed them over to the collector, isn't it true that the next edition, if if it were needed, could it leave the first one far behind? Click on the picture!

I don't have such a dictionary! I want to know the meaning of the word! What to do? "Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" V.I. Dahl (electronic version): “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl (electronic version): “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl (electronic version): “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl (electronic version): “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dal in the Google electronic library: r&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dal in the Google electronic library: r&hl=ru#v=onepage&q&f=false "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dahl in the electronic library RUNIVERSE: "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" by V.I. Dahl in the electronic library RUNIVERSE:

RUSIST m. Specialist in the field of Russian studies. RUSSIAN STUDIES 1) this is a field of philology dealing with the Russian language, literature, verbal folklore; 2) the science of the Russian language in its history and current state. RUSSIAN STUDIES 1) this is a field of philology dealing with the Russian language, literature, verbal folklore; 2) the science of the Russian language in its history and current state. PHILOLOGY (Greek philologia "love of knowledge") is a field of knowledge (linguistics, literary criticism, textual criticism, paleography, etc.) that studies written texts and the history and essence of the spiritual culture of society. Philology originated in ancient India and Greece. In centuries developed as a science that studies ancient culture (language, literature, history, philosophy, art in their interconnectedness). Textology Theory of Language Folkloristics Ethnolinguistics Applied Linguistics Psycholinguistics Rhetoric You can find out what is being studied by individual branches of philology using the site You can find out what is being studied by individual branches of philology using the site Communication Studies Narratology General Linguistics Paleography Sociolinguistics Literary Studies Comparative Historical Linguistics

LEXICOGRAPHER (Greek lexikos verbal + grapho I write). 1) compiler of the dictionary (lexicon); 2) studying lexicography. LEXICOGRAPHER (Greek lexikos verbal + grapho I write). 1) compiler of the dictionary (lexicon); 2) studying lexicography. LEXICOGRAPHY - the science and practice of creating dictionaries, vocabulary. LEXICOGRAPHY - the science and practice of creating dictionaries, vocabulary. Lexicography began with bilingual dictionaries necessary when learning a foreign language, but gradually the tasks of lexicography expanded, and the skills of lexicographers improved. Rus. lexicography begins in the 18th century, when the first Dictionary of the Russian Academy was created in 6 vols. (178994). Russian masterpiece. lexicography - the dictionary of V. I. Dal, still one of the most popular. In the 20th century Lexicography achieves impressive success: along with general explanatory ones (D. N. Ushakov’s dictionary, the Big and Small academic dictionaries, S. I. Ozhegov’s dictionary), special dictionaries are created that describe a certain part of the vocabulary - phraseology, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms. Normative lexicography is being developed: spelling dictionaries establish spelling standards, and orthoepic dictionaries establish pronunciation. Grammar dictionaries present the morphemic composition of the Russian word and its word-formation system, inflection, control and use of syntactic forms. You can find out about the types of dictionaries of the RuruRussian language on the website About the types of dictionaries of the RuruRussian language can be found on the website

Very interesting! Where can I read about Dahl's dictionary? Krutetskaya V.A. About V. Dal, the compiler of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. Krutetskaya V.A. About V. Dal, the compiler of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language. About the dictionary and its author. Extracts from the preface to the 6th edition. asp asp About the dictionary and its author. Extracts from the preface to the 6th edition. asp asp Katkov M. New Russian Dictionary // M. Katkov Russian Bulletin: Literary and Political Journal. M., T. 39. С =y#v=onepage&q&f=false =y#v=onepage&q&f=false Katkov M. New Russian Dictionary // M. Katkov Russian Bulletin: Literary and Political Journal. M., T. 39. С =y#v=onepage&q&f=false =y#v=onepage&q&f=false Grotto Ya. St. Petersburg: IAN Printing House, esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Ya. St. Petersburg: IAN Printing House, esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false K. S. Gorbachevich. Treasury of the Ruru-Russian word. html html K. S. Gorbachevich. Treasury of the Ruru-Russian word. html

H ... tyre thick volumes with the same ... name on (d / t) p ... sue on the spines: “Dal” is the famous “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” famous all over the world. This famous dictionary for the whole world was compiled by Vladimir Ivanovich Dal. Dictionary with ... holds more than 200 thousand words. If you write out all the words of the dictionary in a column, you will need ... 450 school t ... trades in a l ... neyka. Notes to the words in Dahl's dictionary are small ra (s / ss) kazy about the life ... of the people and their work, about r ... crafts, about folk customs and p ... beliefs. The whole life of a Ruru-Russian person of that time ... was not reflected in the dictionary, as if in a magic mirror. Every more or less educated person knows that Vladimir Ivanovich Dal is ... the maker of the famous dictionary. Huge work took him five ... ten years. But Dahl was (not) an armchair scientist. He was soft-spoken and sailed on the same ship... with the famous Russian navy...leader Pavel Nakhimov. Dahl was an outstanding surgeon and studied at the university together with the founder of military field surgery, Nikolai Pirogov. As a doctor Dahl participated in two wars and saved the lives of a great many wounded. Dahl was… important with… a soldier. Everyone knows that the great Russian (s / ss) cue poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin was wounded in a duel ... But very few know ... but that he died in the arms of Vladimir Dahl, who inseparably accompanied ... led three wounded Pushkin to the bed days and tried as best he could to alleviate the suffering of his dying friend. But there was still many ... years of service in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, where the talented and executive ... Dal very quickly became (not) an irreplaceable assistant ... to the minister himself. There was also a dangerous ... most Bukhara campaign, from which p ... l Ovin, his participants ... did not return. There were a lot of things in his long and such an interesting life. Even a simple listing of its most important events would take several pages. In any Russian library, among many other books, you can see four thick volumes with the same inscription on the tails: "Dal". They stand in the very f...even place and look very solemn. Someone (someone) can say: “Just think! After all, there are a great many different dictionaries in the world. Why is Dahl's dictionary on the bookshelves so honored and respected? Why is he better than everyone else? The answer to such a question will be simple: it is in this dictionary that the whole s ... treasury of Russian living speech is collected, all its words, in general - the entire Russian language. And therefore, the respect that these four beautiful books are surrounded by ... refers not only to them, but also to our ... language.

One day, the n...hot building, in which Dal served as a doctor, turned out to be ... pressed by the Poles to the banks of the Vistula River. To join the battle, the forces were too (not) equal. And retreat across the river from our soldiers then (same) (not) was in ... the possibility, since the Poles burned the bridge in advance with .... The two ... 10,000-strong enemy army was about to fall ... on a (not) large Russian detachment. But then the div ... zio (n / n) th doctor Dal remembered the engineering skills that he received while studying in the m ... rsky building. Around the abandoned (n / n) th distillery, where Dal had ... lived the wound (n / n) and the sick, there were many empty barrels lying around. Of these, (then) he ... proposed with ... to arrange a time (n / nn) crossing over the Vistula. The command ... agreed and the soldiers under the leadership (d / t) Dahl hurriedly set off to work. From barrels of rafts of boats and p ... rums, Dal in the shortest possible time managed to build his (un) ordinary (n / n) bridge and transfer not only from ... soldiers and horses, but even an arti (l / ll) series across it. When the last Russian soldiers successfully crossed the river of blessings, the advanced detachments of the Polish army approached the deserted shore. (Not) how many enemy officers stepped onto the bridge. Suddenly, Dahl approached them from the distillery and announced that he was a doctor, and in the premises of the distillery there were allegedly sick and wounded (n / n)s, whom he did not have time to transport to the other side. Dahl also said that he hopes ... for a great ... stuffy attitude ... from the Polish command to his be (s / h) help ... wards. So, talking, they together reached the middle of the bridge, and behind them along the crossing was the Polish cavalry. And then Dahl quickened his pace and jumped onto one of the barrels where he had a pre-pasted sharp (n / nn) ax. It was in this place that he specially… connected… the hall of the skr… spitting bridge to… nata so that they could be cut with one blow. The Poles did not have time to come to their senses ... as Dal waved his ax and the entire crossing suddenly fell into pieces. The barrels of the boat were filled with ... rum, and with them everyone who was at the crossing, was carried down the Vistula. Under the shots of the deceived enemies ... Dal blissfully ... swam to the shore and was greeted by the enthusiastic (n / n) cries of our soldiers. So the resourcefulness and courage of the diva ... zio (n / nn) doctor saved the Russian army. How did the whole (n / n) bosses react to this feat? It announced ... Dahl ... a reprimand for "failure to fulfill his direct obligations (n ​​/ nn) awns"! But, fortunately, Tsar Nicholas I assessed his merits in a completely different way, who by personal decree awarded Dal with the combat Vladimir Cross with bri(l/ll) ants and a bow.

When Dal in ... rushed from the Polish campaign, he immediately began to put in order his z ... peeps. It was still very far away from ... to put a real dictionary out of them, while Dal began to compose ... to understand ... ska (s / s) ki. In them, he abundantly and (s / s) used all the riches ... of living Russian speech: p ... proverbs, pr ... fairy tales, jokes and pr ... bouts. It was the very first experience of using a real folk language in Russian literature. Dahl wrote his writings in (d / t) pr ... duma (n / nn) names ... m (pseudonym) Cossack Lugansk, from the name of the city of Lugansk, where he was born. The book of fairy tales by Vladimir Dal was enthusiastically met ... at all the best Russian writers of that time. Pushkin was especially happy about the release of this book. Under the impression ... of decay from the amazing language of Dahl's fairy tales, he himself composed his own fairy tale "About the Fisherman and the Fish." Her hand ... Pushkin gave her ... handed to Vladimir Ivanovich with a (d / t) letter: “Yours from yours! To the storyteller Cossack Lugansky from the storyteller Pushkin. Dal was generally very friendly with Pushkin, who ardently (d / d) held the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bcreating ... a dictionary. “Ska (s / s) ka ska (s / s) koy, he said to Dal, and our language is on its own, and nowhere can he (then) be given this ruru-Russian ra (s / s) share, as in ska (s /s)ke. It would be necessary (s / s) to do in order to learn to speak (in) Russian and not in ska (s / s) ke ... ”But why did Pushkin so want the bright folk speech of Dahl’s fairy tales to enter the spoken language? The fact is that most of the educated (n / nn) Russian people in that era preferred (d / t) to ... communicate ... with each other (in) French or (in) German. The Russian language, on the other hand, was considered rude then, and people in high society (did not) like to speak it. This is what Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin complained about, and his friend Dal directly stated ... neighing that the living Russian language of that time was "squeezed into a Latin framework and glued ... with German glue." And both of them, each (in their own way), tried ... to reveal to the Russian people all the beauty and refinement of their native speech. Shortly after the publication of fairy tales, Vladimir Dal left the city to serve in distant Orenburg. What was his surprise ... when a year later ... Pushkin appeared on his doorstep! Alexander Sergeevich was going ... to collect material for a book about the (s / ss) tani ... Pugachev. Dal helped the poet in any way he could, and together with him he made a trip to Pugachev's headquarters, which was set up once (once) in the village of Berdy. During the road conversations, Dal showed a lot of ra (s / ss) to his friend about his linguistic finds (d / t) made (n / nn) s in Russian s ... lenies. Pushkin especially (n / nn) liked the (un)familiar word “crawl out” to him (as the peasants called the old snake skin left by it after molting). Among the lively (n / nn) oh b ... gray hairs in ... a face poet with sadness ... then said to Dahl: “Yes, here we write, we are also called writers, but we don’t know half of the Russian words! .. What kind of writers are we? Woe, not writers!” A few years later, in 1837, the friends met again, already in St. Petersburg. Pushkin came to Dahl in a new, freshly sewn frock coat and said with a laugh: “Well, brother, what is the crawl out? I will not soon crawl out of this crawl out! ... And in a few days, it is in this frock coat that Pushkin will be mortally wounded in a duel .... Dahl applied all his medical skills for three days and spent three nights inseparably at the bedside of a wounded friend, but he could not save him. Alexander Sergeevich died in Dahl's arms, bequeathing him that very “creep out” with a small bullet hole and a ring with an emerald. Vladimir Ivanovich wore this ring for the rest of his life on his hand, which wrote the Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.

M ... on a different evening in March 1819, on the road from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a pair of p ... horses rode a m ... fleet ... cue officer ... cer. The young midshipman(?)man huddled chillily in the sleigh. The coachman, in consolation to the ... trembling to the bone m ... ryak, pointed to the cloudy sky, a sure sign of a change to warmth. Cool down, sir! And although it was said (in) Russian, mich (?) Man (did not) understand what was at stake. How does it "rejuvenate"? he asked. The coachman willingly explained the meaning of this word. And then something strange happens: mich (?) man, shaking from the cold, snatching out ... t from the k ... rman s ... writing book ... ku and ok ... with frost-bitten hands write ... t: about the sky, tend to bad weather ... ". This midshipman was still very young Vladimir Dal. And a few lines written (n / nn) in the cold wind in the s ... written book ... ke floor ... lived the beginning of the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Russian Language." Dahl was then only seventeen years old. Since then, at every opportunity, the book has been filled with new notes. Dal wrote down there regional ... words, special (n / nn) turns of folk speech, n ... proverbs, gossip ... vorks, pr ... bouts. A few years later, the written book ... grew into several thick t ... trades, written with (n / nn) s in small, red ... gray handwriting. He served in the Navy for a short time. After retiring and taking off his naval uniform, Vladimir Dal entered the medical faculty at the University of Dorpat (now it is the Estonian city of Tartu). He studied very hard. He set a task for himself - to learn a hundred new Latin words every day, - for a long time ... he sat in the library, for days he did not leave ... from the cli (n / nn) iki. Soon, the professor (s / ss) ora and students started talking about Dal .... The famous ... famous surgeon Nikolai Pirogov, who studied at the same university ... remembered later: “He was a man, as they say, of all trades. What (not / not) Dahl undertook, he managed to master everything ... ” A brilliant future of a scientist and a teacher opened up before a talented student. However, these plans of his (not) were destined to come true: in 1828, the (Russian) Turkish war broke out. There were (not) enough doctors at the front, so all medical students were urgently called up for military service. And Vladimir Dal went to ... vat. A month later, Dal was already on the Danube. Here he showed himself to be (not) mutable, courageous and resourceful military (n / n) surgeon, distinguished himself in many battles. (Not) looking at the bloody horrors of the war, having (n / nn) about then Vladimir Dal collected a huge collection of (l / ll) material ... material for the future dictionary. The fact is that in the military units, where he was supposed to serve, ... soldiers from all over Russia, from various regions and provinces, were caught. If the war (not/no) brought them together, (no/no) it would take even a lifetime to travel around all these lands and hear the dialects there. Dahl understood that fate was giving him an amazing… opportunity to get acquainted… with the Russian language in all its fullness. In the evening, tired after the op…walkie-talkies, he went into the soldiers…things…patches, sat down…went to the bivouac fires and talked with the soldiers for a long time. He ra (s / ss) asked how in their villages they call certain household items like they celebrate ... they sing a wedding ... what kind of fairy tales they say what songs they sing, and carefully wrote down everything he heard (n / n) in his favorite thick t ... traditions from thick paper. For this war, Dal was awarded ... the Order of St. Anna of the third degree ... and the St. George's m ... distance on a ribbon. True, Vladimir Ivanovich was ironic about the last award, since it was given out to all those who died in the war. But it was a sad irony: out of three hundred doctors called (n / nn) into the army, together with Dahl, more than two hundred died from enemy sabers ... l, bullets and sn ... ranks.

The first word Young Dal graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval Corps and went to serve in the Black Sea Fleet. The sleigh rolled lightly across the snowy field. The wind hummed. The coachman, wrapped in a heavy sheepskin coat, urged the horses on, looking over his shoulder at the rider. He shivered from the cold, turned up his collar, put his hands in the sleeves. The new, brand new midshipman's uniform does not warm well. The coachman poked the sky with his whip, boomed, consoling: It makes you look younger... How does it make you look younger? It’s getting cloudy, the coachman briefly explained. otherwise, to become cloudy in the Novgorod province means to be covered with clouds, speaking of the sky, to tend to bad weather. "This frosty March day turned out to be the main one in Dahl's life. On the road, lost in the Novgorod snows, he made a decision that turned his life upside down. Since then, wherever fate threw him, he always found time to write down a well-aimed word, expression, song, fairy tale, riddle heard somewhere.

Click on the mast diagram. carduelis old., Volzhsk tree., Slya church. a standing log on a ship, for hoisting sails; there are up to three of them (on large ships now and more): mainmast, middle, in the middle; foremast, bow; mizzen mast, stern. The mast is attached to the sides of the ship with shrouds, to the bow with a headstay, slightly inclined towards the stern: depending on the armament, it can be: single-knee (for example, on barns, where it is folded in thickness from three trees from 10 to 13 fathoms. lengths) or cranked; in last case, the second knee is called a topmast, the third is a bramstenga, which ends with a flagpole, or, on the Volga, with a spire. Mast butt: heel, spur; top top: first platform around the top of the mast, mars; lattice around the top of the stengi, saling, around the top of the bramstengi - bomsaling. Take out or put down a removable mast on a rowboat, chop. Dry mast, without yardarms, sometimes with gaff. | The name of the mast is also a log, laid down on the mainland, for the flag and signs, for climbing, etc. Mast (threefold stress), related to the mast. - forest, the largest and purest pine. - a shed where the mast is trimmed. Masthead, mast log, tree: mast forest. Mast, mast wood on the vine. Mastman, mast master.

You can't live without a proverb. White light is not a suburb (not fenced), and empty speech is not a proverb. Stupid (naked) speech is not a proverb. For a saying, a man walked to Moscow on foot. A good proverb is not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye. A riddle, a riddle, but seven miles of truth. You can't take a word out of a proverb. Red speech with a parable (with a saying). Every Egor has a saying. For every word there is a proverb. On the proverb, no trial, no reprisal. To the proverb that there is no trial for a fool; You can't buy proverbs in the market. There is a proverb for your arrogance. Over whom the proverb does not come true? Not every saying for our Yegorka. Not every proverb speaks to everyone. Not every word is a proverb. You can't get away from the proverb. A stump is not a suburb, stupid speech is not a proverb. A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry. The proverb is carried on, like a hut sweeping with a broom. The proverb does not speak to the wind. A proverb is not a feeder, but good with it. The proverb is not in vain. The proverb is indestructible. The proverb is fruitful and living. The proverb lives with a gypsy (rear) mind. Proverbs are not sold in the bazaar. You can't go around the proverb on a curve. Proverbs neither get around nor go around. Rye in the field is not a suburb, and a drunken speech is not a proverb. Arrogance is not nobility, stupid speech is not a proverb. The old proverb never breaks. An old proverb does not pass by. You can't live without a proverb. White light is not a suburb (not fenced), and empty speech is not a proverb. Stupid (naked) speech is not a proverb. For a saying, a man walked to Moscow on foot. A good proverb is not in the eyebrow, but right in the eye. A riddle, a riddle, but seven miles of truth. You can't take a word out of a proverb. Red speech with a parable (with a saying). Every Egor has a saying. For every word there is a proverb. On the proverb, no trial, no reprisal. To the proverb that there is no trial for a fool; You can't buy proverbs in the market. There is a proverb for your arrogance. Over whom the proverb does not come true? Not every saying for our Yegorka. Not every proverb speaks to everyone. Not every word is a proverb. You can't get away from the proverb. A stump is not a suburb, stupid speech is not a proverb. A proverb is a flower, a proverb is a berry. The proverb is carried on, like a hut sweeping with a broom. The proverb does not speak to the wind. A proverb is not a feeder, but good with it. The proverb is not in vain. The proverb is indestructible. The proverb is fruitful and living. The proverb lives with a gypsy (rear) mind. Proverbs are not sold in the bazaar. You can't go around the proverb on a curve. Proverbs neither get around nor go around. Rye in the field is not a suburb, and a drunken speech is not a proverb. Arrogance is not nobility, stupid speech is not a proverb. The old proverb never breaks. An old proverb does not pass by.

Dictionary entry "Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language" V.I. Dahl Dictionary entry "Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language" V.I. Dalia Regional (dialect) variants of the word Interpretation of the meaning of the word Proverbs and sayings with the word Single-root derivative words