Synonymy is a common phenomenon in almost every language. Different types of synonyms enrich the language and give speech a certain stylistic character. Synonymy allows you to choose the best words for different communication styles, as well as more accurately describe a specific situation.

Synonym concept

Synonyms are words that belong to the same part of speech, and whose meaning is identical or very close. Synonyms can be replaced with each other. In this case, the proposal does not lose its meaning. For example, the word "option" can be easily replaced by the word "version", while the sentence will carry identical information.

Synonymic series

The choice of the optimal synonym for a particular situation or sentence is carried out from a group of words that are in a synonymous relationship. In this case, these words are called synonymous series. Such a group may include different types of synonyms. A synonymic series has one central or main word, which more accurately conveys and generalizes the meaning of all words in a particular group. This word acts as a dominant, and it can be easily applied in absolutely any style of speech and situation. For example, dare - dare - dare. All the words in this synonymous series have almost identical meanings, but it is the word “decide” that generalizes them. For example, in the synonymic series: loud - sonorous - deafening - thunderous, the dominant word is loud, since it does not have additional meanings.

Synonym types

Depending on the features and basic characteristics, the following types of synonyms in the Russian language are distinguished:

• Complete or absolute. In this case, the synonyms are absolutely interchangeable, and they can be safely used in the same situations without losing their meaning. For example, a hippopotamus is a hippopotamus, spelling is spelling, etc.
• Semantic or semantic. The semantic types of synonyms belong to the same style of speech and can be interchangeable, but differ in additional shades of meaning. For example, shine - sparkle - shine.
• Stylistic. In this case, we are talking about situations where there is interchangeable synonymy. The types of synonyms then describe the same object or phenomenon, but they cannot replace each other in the same style of speech. For example, fall - slam. The second word is used in a colloquial style and cannot be used in official speech.
• Semantic-stylistic. These synonyms differ from each other in the presence of additional semantic or stylistic nuances, as well as in a diverse scope of use. For example, contract - pact - contract - condition - agreement. Despite the obvious closeness, these words have different meanings. A contract is an agreement of a commercial nature. Covenant - means an international treaty. A condition is an agreement on something, either orally or in writing. An agreement is a formal contract. The very word "contract" is broad and universal.

Features of absolute synonyms

Synonyms, their types and role in the language depend on how much they can enrich the language and give additional semantic meaning to speech. As for absolute synonyms, since they are completely interchangeable, they do not have such a function. In this regard, the number of absolute synonyms in almost any language is small. We are talking about such words as prefix - prefix, fricative - slot, etc.

The existence of such synonyms is not eternal. Over time, absolute synonyms begin to receive additional meanings and semantic or stylistic shades and cease to be absolute. For example, in the 19th century, words such as "believe" and "believe" were absolute synonyms, but today these words have different meanings.

Value types of semantic synonyms

The semantic types of lexical synonyms may have additional shades that indicate:

• The scope of actions or phenomena. In this case, the synonym may have a broader or narrower meaning. For example, "cook - cook" or "catch up - catch up." In these variants, the first words have a broader meaning than the second.
• The degree of manifestation of a particular symptom. For example, "hobby - passion" or "fast - lightning." In these pairs, the words are close in meaning, but have a different level of their manifestation.
• Description of the category of concreteness or abstractness. For example, "way - road" or "exist - live." The first words in pairs describe abstract meanings, while the second words describe more concrete ones.

Semantic synonyms can also give other additional meanings to words. For example, the words "guarantee" and "provide". The second option means not only a guarantee, but also involves the creation of conditions for the implementation of these guarantees.

Groups of stylistic synonyms

The types of synonyms of this series have a heterogeneous meaning. The environments of these synonyms are divided into the following groups:

• Words that describe categories from different historical periods. For example, this one, this one; airplane, plane; velmy, very, etc.
• Words that have different stylistic connotations. The shade can be bookish, official, generally accepted, colloquial, colloquial, etc. For example, sleep, rest; face, muzzle; smart, smart, etc.
• Words that are used in different speech areas. Words can be general, professional, slang and dialect. For example, cook, cook; parents, ancestors, etc.
• Words that do not mean the direct name of an object or action, but its euphemism. For example, restroom, toilet; crazy, mentally ill, etc.
• Words with different lexical origin - Russian and foreign. For example, agricultural, agrarian; thought, idea; lack, deficiency, etc.

Such an additional meaning of words concretizes the scope of their use and makes speech richer and more focused.

Features of semantic-stylistic synonyms

Semantic-stylistic types of synonyms are characterized by the presence of words with different stylistic coloring and semantic meaning. This is expressed as follows:

• The presence of a common meaning, but a different style. For example, take out and take out. The first word is generally accepted, while the second is more bookish, and at the same time it additionally means that something is obtained with some difficulty.
• Common style, but the presence of a different meaning. For example, long and long. Two words can be used in different styles of speech, but the second word has an additional semantic meaning - very long.
• Having a positive or negative connotation. For example, a poet and a poet. The meaning of the words is identical, however, the second has a clear negative connotation.

Semantic-stylistic synonyms make speech more figurative and artistic.

Synonymy in English

English, like almost any language, is characterized by the presence of synonyms. They can appear in the language both accidentally and with the aim of giving the word additional stylistic and semantic meaning. As for the synonyms of the English language, they can:

• Match not in all meanings of the word. This is especially true if the word is ambiguous and only one of its meanings can be synonymous with another word.
• It does not coincide in all combinatorial values. This means that a word can act as a synonym only if it is combined with other words or stands in a specific context.
• Vary in place, sphere and time of use.

It is on these characteristics that the types of synonyms in the English language depend.

Types of English synonyms

In English, there are the following types of synonyms:

• Full and partial. Full synonyms have the same dictionary meanings. For example, scriptwriter and screenwriter. As for partial synonyms, we are talking about polysemantic words, in which only some meanings of the word act as synonyms. For example, the words convince and convince. Two words have a common meaning - to make someone believe in something. The second word, however, has yet another meaning - to persuade, which the first word does not have.
• Combinatorially identical and combinatorially non-identical. We are talking about the fact that some words may coincide in lexical meanings, but not in combinatorial ones, i.e. they cannot replace each other in different contexts. For example, the words prison and jail. The two words mean "prison". They can be replaced in the phrases in prison and in jail, but the phrase jail bird, which colloquially describes a prisoner, cannot be replaced by the same phrase with the word prison.
• Words with the same meaning but different emotionality. For example, the phrases get arrested and get nailed. Both phrases mean "to be arrested", but the second has a rude connotation.

There are also structural types of English synonyms. We are talking about simple and complex words. Simple ones consist of one word, complex ones - from several. For example, flyer and flying man.

The emergence of synonymy in the language

Both in Russian and in English, synonyms can appear for various reasons:

• "Split" the meaning of the word. In this case, the unambiguous word becomes polysemantic, and the new meanings of the word can be synonyms in relation to other words. For example, the word "layer", which now also means "group".
• "Divergence" of the meanings of the word. This means that the meanings of the word depart so far from each other that they can be included in different synonymous series. For example, the word "dashing", which can serve as a synonym for the word evil, as well as a synonym for the word brave.
• Borrowing from other languages. In this case, the language contains both native words and words of foreign origin. For example, area - sphere, general - global, etc.

These processes in the language do not stop, which leads to the disappearance of the meaning of some words and the appearance of others.

Synonym functions

In any language, synonyms perform the following functions:

• Substitution. With the help of synonyms, a person can avoid repetition.
• Refinement and specification. The ability of a person to more accurately convey his thought.
• Expression. Synonyms allow you to give speech an emotional and stylistic connotation.
• Grade. With the help of synonyms, you can demonstrate your attitude to objects or events.
• Explanation. Synonyms can be used to explain specific terms.
• Comparison and opposition. With the help of synonyms, the author can demonstrate the differences between objects and phenomena.

Synonyms make a language richer and more varied. Different types of synonyms allow you to clarify, concretize, evaluate and give emotionality to speech.

In the modern Russian language, there are several types of synonyms that are distinguished depending on the nature of the differences between words with their general semantic similarity.

Words that have the same meaning are called full synonyms, absolute synonyms, or lexical doublets:linguistics=linguistics , throw=throw, look=look, stop=cease, strike=strike, original=original, everywhere=everywhere, spelling=spelling, cavalry=cavalry. These are words that have neither semantic nor stylistic differences. From this point of view, all other types of synonyms are incomplete, relative. There are few complete synonyms in Russian, as the language tries to avoid duplication.

Incomplete synonyms ( quasi-synonyms) .

Semantic (ideographic, conceptual), denoting the same phenomenon of reality, they distinguish different aspects in it and different so apart shades of its meaning I.

If the meaning of one of the quasi-synonyms is completely “embedded” in the meaning of the second, and at the same time, there are some more semantic components in the meaning of the second, then there are relations of “inclusion” between them. The words carry = drag, attack = aggression are related in this way: drag- this is carry, but with difficulty (you can carry a bag and drag it, but you can’t drag a cup of coffee, for example); any aggression is attack, but not every attack can be considered aggression (in combination attack by robbers on a passerby word attack cannot be replaced by aggression).

The meanings of two quasi-synonyms may have a common part, and the meaning of each of them differs in some feature, in which case their meanings "intersect". So, greedy means ‘obsessed with the passion to capture someone else’, stingy- ‘obsessed with passion not to give what is his’. Consider the following group of synonymous nouns: stillness, stillness, stillness. All of them mean ‘lack of wind’, but differ from each other in shades of their lexical meanings: the word calmness has the meaning ‘complete absence of wind, calm weather’; word silence– ‘calmness, absence of noise’; word calm– ‘weakening, temporary cessation of wind, noise’.

Stylistic synonyms, denoting the same phenomenon of reality, differ from each other stylistic affiliation. They also have differences in semantic expressiveness and emotional coloring. An example of stylistic synonyms is the words to sleep - to rest - to sleep. Verb sleep is neutral in stylistic terms and does not contain emotional overtones. Verb rest is obsolete, stylistically bookish; word sleep is vernacular with an emotional appraisal of disapproval.

Stylistic or multi-style synonyms also include the words: face - face - muzzle(neutral - bookish - vernacular), to die - to die - to die(neutral - bookish - colloquial), satisfactory - triple, tired - tired(neutral - colloquial), argument - argument, view - look(neutral - bookish).

Within the framework of stylistic synonyms, the following are also distinguished:

a) Synonyms that differ from each other in the degree of modernity. In such a synonymous series, one word refers to modern vocabulary, the other to obsolete: plane - airplane, minister - people's commissar, this - this, cinema - cinema;

b) Synonyms that differ in the scope of use. This includes, for example, series consisting of a national word and a term or professionalism : kitchen - galley, cook - cook(maritime), jaundice - hepatitis(honey.), page - strip(polygraph.); literary jargon : parents - ancestors, dining room - feeder, knife - pen, search - shmon;

Semantic-stylistic synonyms differ both in shades of lexical meanings and in stylistic coloring. An example of such synonyms are the verbs go and trail, which have a close but not identical meaning: go- "to move, stepping over your feet", and trail- "move slowly, sluggishly." Therefore, the verb trail has an additional semantic connotation - "to move with difficulty, barely stepping over." In addition, synonymous verbs go and trail differ in stylistic affiliation: verb go is neutral and the verb trail used in colloquial speech with an emotional assessment of disapproval. Thus the words go and trail are semantic-stylistic synonyms. Comp. Also: reserve - reserve: stock- a common word, means "everything that is prepared for the future"; reserve- bookish, special, meaning "what is left for a special, exceptional case." Semantic and stylistic differences are also characteristic of synonyms angry - angry(colloquial), hasty - hasty(colloquial), eat - eat(simple);

All the previously given synonyms are common language, i.e. they are characteristic of the lexical system of the Russian language, understandable to all or the vast majority of its speakers. It should be distinguished from general language contextual, or individual author's synonyms. These include words that enter into synonymous relations temporarily, only in this context. For example, between words showered and pasted over there are no synonymous relations in the lexical system of the Russian language. However, in the story "Chelkash" A.M. Gorky uses the word pasted over as a synonym for the word showered: He fell asleep with a vague smile on his face covered with flour dust. Let's compare more examples of the use of contextual synonyms : Ostap was about to take the pounds for the starched collar and show him the way, the way(collar- contextual synonym of the word collar); The whole plain is covered with loose and soft lime (lime – snow).

Polysemantic words can be included in several synonymous rows, participating in each of them with only one meaning. So, short in meaning ‘small in height’ is synonymous with the word low; quasi-synonymous with words squat, stunted, undersized(about a human); in the meaning ‘relating to the lower sound register’ is a synonymous series with bassy, ​​bassy(for example, about the voice); in the meaning of ‘unsatisfactory in quality’ is synonymous with the word bad; when designating a certain quality of a person short enters into synonymous relations with the words vile, dishonorable.

Synonyms can also differ in their compatibility with other words. So, brown has free compatibility with many words: pencil, shoes, coat. Meaning brown is phraseologically related to the word eyes; chestnut can only be hair.

12. Synonym functions

In everyday speech, synonyms perform two new functions for everyone who speaks Russian. First, this substitution function one word with another. It is caused by the desire to avoid unwanted repetitions of the same words in speech: The whole hall applauded. Clapping hands up. Secondly, refinement function. A person with a large weight can be called and complete, and thick, and overweight. Moreover, each of the synonyms has its own peculiarity of meaning, emphasizing the volume (full), shape ( thick), the weight ( overweight). Such a person can sit down or about start I'm on a chair, maybe plop down; at the door he is not always included- in a narrow squeezed in or squeezes through; his voice may to sound, to roar, to rumble(if it's bass) hum, whine etc.

The clarification function is associated with the method of stringing synonyms to emphasize the identity or semantic similarity of words: Mind, reason, she agreed with Sergei in everything.« We will close the file cabinet, bury it,” Volodya said. In this case, in one synonymous row there may be words that are different in stylistic affiliation and emotional coloring: They shouted that it was sinful, even vile, that the old man was out of his mind, that the old man had been deceived, cheated, deceived(Dost.). Comp. also: And soon a crowd gathers near the wood warehouse ... Ochumelov makes a half turn to the left and steps towards the crowd(A. Chekhov.) - here in a synonymous pair crowd - gathering the second word in the meaning of "a large crowd of people" has the stylistic marks "disapproved." and “colloquial”, which “reduces” its meaning in the text and serves as an expression of a negative assessment.

The use of synonyms can create a comic effect and be a means of characterization:

-- Died Claudia Ivanovna, - said the customer.

“Well, the kingdom of heaven,” agreed Bezenchuk. -- passed away so old lady...

Old ladies, they always pass away... Or give your soul to god- it depends on what an old woman. Yours, for example, is small and in the body, which means it has passed away. And, for example, the one who is bigger and thinner is considered to give her soul to God ...

- So how is it considered? Who considers it?

- We count. At the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, of lofty stature, although thin. You are considered, if, God forbid, die, what in box played. And who is a merchant, a former merchant guild, that means ordered to live long. And if someone is of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: spread or legs stretched out. But the most powerful, when they die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is believed that give oak. So they say about them: "But ours, they heard, gave oak."

Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveyevich asked:

- Well, when you die, what will the masters say about you?

- It’s impossible to give me oak or play in the box: I have a small complexion ...(I. Ilf and E. Petrov. Twelve chairs)

Sometimes there is the use of synonyms in the so-called antonymic situation. For example : this city is old but not old. Compare the following statement by K.S. Stanislavsky: Actors do not have hands, but hands, not fingers, but fingers ... They do not walk, but march, do not sit, but sit, do not lie, but recline ...

Antonyms(gr. anti - against + onima - name) words with opposite meanings are called.

Words enter into antonymic relations that are correlated with each other in terms of logical connection, common semantics and grammatical meanings (refer to the same part of speech). For example, ruddy - pale, cheerful - sad, polite - rude, health - illness, joy - sadness. The above pairs contain opposite meanings in the field of quality, state, as well as the properties of objects and phenomena. Antonyms can also express contrasting concepts of time (early - late, morning - evening), space (close - far, south - north), size, volume (small - large, shallow - deep), feelings (love - hate, happiness - sorrow ), age (old - young), natural phenomena (cold - heat, windy - quiet), contrasting concepts in the field of objects and phenomena associated with human social activity (labor - idleness, victory - defeat, peace - war), etc.

AT antonymic relationship come far not all words Russian language. So, nouns with a specific meaning (house, table, wall) do not have antonyms, numerals, most of the pronouns and proper names do not have antonyms. As a rule, there are no antonyms among quality adjectives denoting the names of colors and their shades (with the exception of a few: black - white, dark - light), although in general antonymic pairs among quality adjectives are formed especially actively, and this is precisely what serves as one of the distinctive signs of quality adjectives.

By structure antonyms are divided into heterogeneous ( day Night) and single-rooted ( come - go, revolution - counter-revolution).

Antonyms, as already mentioned, usually form pairs in the language. However, this does not mean that a particular word can have one antonym. Antonymic relations make it possible to express the opposition of concepts in an “open”, polynomial series, cf.: specific - abstract, abstract; happy- sad, sad, dull, boring.

Such a correlation of synonymous and antonymic relations reflects the systemic connections of words in the vocabulary. The interrelation of ambiguity and antonymy of lexical units also points to the consistency. When choosing antonyms, take into account the possibility of multiple meanings. So, the word low can be an antonym not only to the word high (low house - high house), but also to the words noble (low deed - noble deed), lofty (low goal - lofty goal).

14. Semantic types of antonyms.

Antonymic pairs (unlike synonyms) differ not in stylistic and emotional-evaluative features, but almost exclusively in conceptual ones. Their logical basis is incompatible concepts, that is, concepts whose volumes do not match. Incompatible concepts are of three types - opposite (counter) and contradictory (contradictor), multidirectional (vector).

1) Contradictor antonyms are presented in pairs whose members are mutually exclusive. Into the Contradictory Opposition the inclusion of a neutral member is not allowed. Contradictor antonyms are mainly represented by pairs of cognate words, one of which contains a negative derivational prefix, meaning the absence or lack of any feature, for example, loading - unloading, good faith - bad faith. This kind of opposition shows a gradualness in the expression of a generic feature.

2) Vector antonyms. They are in opposite directions: there - here, up - down, sunrise - sunset, rise - fall, enter - exit, descend - rise, ignite - extinguish, revolution - counter-revolution.

Synonyms are divided into absolute (full) and relative (partial).

Absolute (full) synonyms are called lexical and phraseological units that have the same meaning, stylistic coloring. Absolute synonyms have neither semantic nor stylistic differences.

For example: abstract - abstract, spelling - spelling, linguistics - linguistics, bucks - greens - green. Such synonyms are most often completely interchangeable. .

For example, absolute PU-synonyms are PU when the crayfish whistles on the mountain, after the rain on Thursday. All these phraseological units have the meaning ‘it is not known when in an indefinite future, never’, a colloquial stylistic coloring.

As the language evolves, one of the variants may become obsolete while the other remains in active stock, for example: airplane - airplane‘(obsolete) aircraft heavier than air with a power plant and a wing that creates lift’ . Sometimes the options start to diverge in meaning, for example: lover 1. ‘a man in relation to a woman who is in an extramarital relationship with him’, 2. obsolete man in love - in love 1. ‘a person experiencing a feeling of love, attraction to someone.’

Relative (partial) synonyms (quasi-synonyms) such lexical and phraseological units are called that have semantic and stylistic differences.

There are three types of relative synonyms:

semantic (ideographic) synonyms differ in shades of meaning. For example: Key - spring: key‘source where the water flows with pressure’, spring‘water seeps in’. Phraseologisms differ in shades of meanings: on knives(colloquial) ‘in sharply hostile relations’ and like a cat with a dog(colloquial) ‘in constant quarrel, enmity’.

Semantic synonyms can

1) differ in shades of meaning in the characteristic of a sign, action. For example, synonyms flare up, flare up, flare up, flare up. All these verbs are used to indicate the initial moment of combustion. catch fire‘start burning’ , get busy use mainly in those cases when the burning starts very intensely, when the flame covers an object, structure, etc.’ , flare up indicates the speed at which the flame appears , blaze‘immediately catch fire with a strong fire’

2) differ in the degree of manifestation of a feature or action.

For example, synonyms run away and rush in the following example: The clouds ran through our village... So they flew to the pine forest, crossed the ravine and rushed on(V. Kozlov). It is clear that the verb rush compared to its synonymous verb run away indicates a greater intensity of action, a greater speed of movement. Therefore, we can say that the verbs used in the text run away and rush allowed the author to clarify the nature of the action, to emphasize the intensity of its manifestation. There are many such examples among synonyms: (bonfire) burned- (bonfire) glowing, fast(step) - impetuous(step), fear, fear, horror, confusion, hot(air) - sultry(air), etc.

Sometimes phraseological synonyms differ in the degree of intensity of action. For example: pour tears, burst into tears, drown in tears, cry out one's eyes- each subsequent synonym conveys a stronger manifestation of the action.

Semantic synonyms can also have a different scope of meaning. For example, among the synonyms bend - curve the word is broad in meaning bend‘rounded corner’: river bend, road bend, branch bend, arm bend etc. Word bend used only when talking about the bends of the river, for example: Lena flows in bends(I.A. Goncharov).

stylistic synonyms differ in their stylistic affiliation, i.e. used in different functional styles of speech. For example, synonyms eyes - eyes, beauty - beauty differ from each other only in a stylistic sense: the first words are stylistically neutral, the second ones are bookish. In the synonymy run away - run away the first word is stylistically neutral, the last word is colloquial.

For example, phraseological units get into the skin and put oneself in one's place have the same meaning ‘to imagine oneself in the position of someone’, but at the same time they differ in stylistic coloring: phraseologism get into the skin has a colloquial stylistic coloring, and phraseological unit put oneself in one's place does not have a stylistic coloring, is neutral.

The differences between the shades of bookishness and colloquialism in synonymous words become obvious if you use a bookish word in a colloquial style or a colloquial word in a bookish one.

semantic-stylistic synonyms differ in shades in meaning and stylistic affiliation. For example, synonymous adjectives interesting and amusing differ in shades of meaning: the word interesting used in the sense of ‘exciting attention with something significant’, and amusing– ‘exciting only external interest’. Besides, interesting- the word is stylistically neutral, and amusing- colloquial. ( Anddti - drag, cough - thump, breathe).

For example, phraseological units dense forest(colloquial) ‘complete obscurity, obscurity. About something unfamiliar or incomprehensible’, gibberish(simple) ‘something incomprehensible, difficult to understand’, sealed book(bookish) ‘something completely incomprehensible, inaccessible to understanding’.

It must be said that synonyms relatively rarely appear in their “pure form”, in one strictly defined role: most often, various “roles” are combined in their use.

According to A.P. Evgenyeva, it is impossible to draw a line between stylistic and “ideographic” synonyms, “enrolling some as stylistic, and others only as ideographic. The main, overwhelming mass of synonyms serves both stylistic and semantic (shading, clarifying) purposes, often performing both functions at the same time. For example, words drag, weave(colloquial) , trudge(colloquial) , stretch(colloquial) , crawl(colloquial) differ from each other and shades in the characteristics of the action, expressiveness and stylistic function.

By structure lexical synonyms are divided into

single root (deaf‘not sonorous, not sharp, the word is used. advantage In relation to low sounds, regardless of their duration, muted‘weakened by something (distance, obstacle)’) and heteroroot.

Phraseological synonyms by structure divided into single-structured and multi-structured.

Single structure PhU synonyms have the same construction model. For example, phraseological units: in two counts - in one step, at least climb into the noose - at least lie down in the coffin, hurt the living - grab the heart.

Diversified phraseological synonyms are built according to different models. For example: grandmother said in two - it’s written with a pitchfork on the water, for no reason at all - you live great.

Between these two clearly distinguished structural types of PU-synonyms, one-structured and different-structured, there are the so-called similar structural phraseological units. Similar structural phraseological units have the same basic component, expressed by a certain part of speech (verb, noun, etc.), and all other components differ in form. For example, send to the next world, send to another world, send to the forefathers, put in place, knock out the soul -‘kill, kill’.

Synonyms are divided into occasional and general language.

Common language (usual) synonyms synonyms are called, which are characterized by relative independence from the context, sufficient frequency of use. Such synonyms are reflected in modern dictionaries and, as a rule, lend themselves to literal translation into another language (if they do not denote special, nationally limited concepts, phenomena, realities, etc.). For example, cheerful - joyful.

occasional (usual, contextual speech, contextual, situational, individual, author's ) synonyms such words-synonyms are called, which, taken separately, are not synonyms, but, lined up in a row by the speaker in a certain context, seem to converge in a common sense, tk. become expressions of the author's intention.

For example, " They are tired ofdual power , polyarchy , to be more precise -anarchy "(Ros. newspaper. 1994). Dual power and multiple power are equated to anarchy only in this context.

Contextual synonyms approach their meanings only in context.

Distinctive features of such synonyms are a clearly expressed contextual conditionality and fixation, a single (as a rule, individual) nature of semantics (and often word formation), irreproducibility, i.e. a clear limitation of use, absence in dictionaries and the difficulty of literal translation into another language.

internal when phraseological units enter into synonymous relations only with phraseological units. For example, darkness, darkness, do not count the numbers, even a dime a dozen thatthe sand of the sea, like uncut dogs.

Phraseological synonyms can be external when phraseological units enter into synonymous relations with words. External phraseological synonyms form mixed synonymous rows. For example, thin, skinny, skin and bones, like a pole; make a fool of, leave with a nose, wrap around your finger, plumbyou eyes(to whom), rub glasses(to whom), take on the gun, deceive, foolcheat, deceive, deceive, deceive, deceive, mystify).

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ABSOLUTE

Synonyms:

unconditional, complete, undoubted, irrelevant, unlimited, undivided, deep, perfect, imperturbable, detached, dead, grave, imperturbable, all-consuming, all-embracing, continuous, impassable, grave, golimy, one hundred percent, perfect, undisturbed by anything, round, selfless; indestructible, indestructible; independent

What ABSOLUTE, ABSOLUTE this is the meaning of the word ABSOLUTE, origin (etymology) ABSOLUTE, synonyms for ABSOLUTE, paradigm (word forms) ABSOLUTE in other dictionaries

Paradigm, word forms ABSOLUTE- Full accentuated paradigm according to A. A. Zaliznyak

paradigm, forms of the word ABSOLUTE

absolute

absolute,

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absolute

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more absolutely

more absolutely

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more absolute

+ ABSOLUTE- T.F. Efremova New Dictionary of the Russian Language. Explanatory- derivational

what is ABSOLUTE

absolute

absolute Yu thny

adj.

1) Existing, considered, evaluated out of touch, depending on something.

2) Having reached the highest limit; complete, perfect.

+ ABSOLUTE- Modern explanatory dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"

+ ABSOLUTE- S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language

what is ABSOLUTE

absolute

ABSOLUTE, -th, -th; -ten, -tna.

1. full f. Unconditional, independent of anything, taken beyond comparison with something. Absolute value of a real number(in mathematics: the number itself, taken without a + or - sign). A. null(temperature at 273.15 ° C). A. champion(the athlete is the winner in the all-around, in some other types of competitions).

2. Perfect, complete. A. peace. He is absolutely(adv.) rights. Absolute majority(overwhelming majority). Absolute monarchy(autocracy). A. hearing(hearing, accurately determining the height of any tone).

| noun absoluteness, -i, f. (to 2 values).

+ ABSOLUTE- Dictionary of foreign words

what is ABSOLUTE

ABSOLUTE

oh, oh, ten, tna

1. Unconditional, independent of anything, taken beyond comparison with anything A. minimum (the smallest value of something).

2. Perfect, complete. Absolute silence. Absoluteness is a property of the absolute. a

An absolute majority is a majority that far outnumbers those in a minority. Absolute value ( mat.) - a number taken without taking into account the signs + or -, for example, the absolute value of the numbers +10 and -10 is 10; same as module. Absolute humidity ( meteor.) is the amount of water vapor per unit volume of air (usually expressed in g/cm2).

Absolute height ( geod.) is the height of a point on the earth's surface above sea level; the same as the altitude. Absolute zero (temperature) ( physical) - the lowest possible temperature (-273.16 C). absolute pitch ( music) - the ability to easily recognize and reproduce the pitch of a single sound (without comparing it with others already known). Absolute champion (sport.) - an athlete who won first place in several types of sports all-around or scored the most points in them (compared to other participants).

Etymology ABSOLUTE- Etymological dictionary of the Russian language. Vasmer Max

etymology ABSOLUTE

absolute

absolute

for the first time at the book. Kurakina, from Polish. absolutny "autocratic"; absolutism "autocracy" (starting with Peter I) is transformed from Polish. absolutność; see Smirnov 27.

+ ABSOLUTE- Small academic dictionary of the Russian language

what is ABSOLUTE

absolute

Aya, oh; -ten, -tna, -tno.

Irrelevant, taken out of connection, out of comparison with smth.; unconditional; opposite relative.

absolute population growth.

There are no absolute norms of good and evil. It's all about what and how they apply. Veresaev, Apollo and Dionysus.

Perfect, complete.

Absolute peace.

Absolute silence reigned all around. Not the slightest movement in the air, not a single cloud in the sky. Arseniev, In the mountains of Sikhote-Alin.

Lexical doublets denoting the same: a) in meaning; b) stylistic coloring; c) contextual conditions; d) connotative properties of objects and concepts; e) having the same lexical compatibility; e) related to the same style of speech; g) most often used in scientific speech: hippo - hippopotamus; century - century.

• - a class of methods for obtaining the absolute date of a particular archaeological, geological or paleoanthropological object ...

  Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary

• - see synonyms...

  Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism

• - the largest or smallest value of any meteorological or hydrological element observed over a long period of time: air temperature, atmospheric ...

  Ecological dictionary

• - Marks on the maps indicating the heights of terrain points above sea level. ...

  Marine vocabulary

• - modal characteristics applicable to individual objects and, accordingly, to pairs of objects. A. m. act as properties of objects. S. m. - as a relationship between objects ...

  Dictionary of logic

• - ....

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

• - subjective rights, the owners of which are opposed by an indefinite number of obligated persons. Relevant A.p. corresponds to the obligation of all other persons to refrain from committing acts that infringe ...

  Law Encyclopedia

• - based on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and laws, democracy and political pluralism, freedom and equality of citizens, inalienable human rights ...

  Political science. Dictionary.

• - P., requiring the unconditional implementation of this therapeutic or diagnostic measure ...

  Big Medical Dictionary

• - subjective rights, the owners of which are opposed by an indefinite number of obligated persons. They correspond to the obligation of all other persons to refrain from committing acts that infringe A.p. To the absolute...

  Glossary of legal terms

• - subjective rights, the holders of which are opposed by a certain number of obligated persons. The duty corresponding to ABSOLUTE RIGHTS always consists in refraining from committing actions that infringe ...

  Financial vocabulary

• - units of physical quantities included in the Absolute systems of units. The term "A. e." often used in electrical engineering to refer to absolute practical electrical units ...
• - in the theory of law, a term that denotes a certain category of personal property rights. So, A. p. are all forms of property rights. See also Right...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - the result of counting the total number of units of the population ...

  Explanatory Translation Dictionary

• - see absolute synonyms ...

  Dictionary of linguistic terms

• - Lexical doublets denoting the same: a) in meaning; b) stylistic coloring; c) contextual conditions; d) connotative properties of objects and concepts; e) having the same lexical compatibility ...

  Syntax: Dictionary

"absolute synonyms" in books

5. Synonyms of the most general nature

From the book Results of Millennium Development, Vol. I-II author Losev Alexey Fyodorovich

5. Synonyms of the most general nature These are, first of all, the common term agathos - "good" and eidos - "special kind". As for the first term, we have already considered in detail its relationship with the terminology of beauty above (IAE IV 153 - 165) on

6.11. Absolute units

From the book Shadows of the Mind [In Search of the Science of Consciousness] author Penrose Roger

6.11. Absolute units The idea (originally proposed by Max Planck (1906) and polished to perfection by John A. Wheeler (1975)) is that the three most fundamental constants of the universe are the speed of light c, Planck's constant (divided by 2?) ? and

Absolute dating

From the author's book

Absolute Dating A fundamentally new stage in the study of the Chinese Neolithic begins in 1972 with the publication of the first series of absolute dating by radiocarbon analysis, the significance of which can hardly be overestimated. Radiocarbon dates have opened completely new

Offensive synonyms

From the book Computer Terrorists [Latest Technologies in the Service of the Underworld] author Revyako Tatyana Ivanovna

Offensive Synonyms Microsoft enlists a renowned Mexican linguist to fix the thesaurus in the Spanish-language version of Office. Representatives of the company met with Professor Luis Fernando Lara, who is the author of the popular Spanish

Synonyms

From the book Encyclopedic Dictionary (C) author Brockhaus F. A.

Synonyms Synonyms are words of close, adjacent, almost the same meaning. The process of creating new forms, new, differentiated categories in thought corresponds in language to the creation of new shades of expression - synonyms. Not always does a new shade of thought receive a new name;

Synonyms

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (SI) of the author TSB

Synonyms of authors

From the book AlReader 2.5 Help olimo

Author Synonyms The Librarian allows you to combine the same authors listed differently in books using a synonym file. This file must have the name ALIASE.txt and be located in the directory with the program settings. Example of lines in the list of synonyms PUSHKIN A=PUSHKIN

3.5. Synonyms

From the book Advertising text. Methodology of compilation and design author Berdyshev Sergey Nikolaevich

3.5. Synonyms Synonyms are words with approximately the same or completely identical (contextually) lexical meaning, but with completely different spelling and sounding. Synonymy is extremely useful as an expressive means of language, because it expands

Dopmin (Dopmin) Synonyms. dopamine, dopamine

From the book Modern Medicines for Children author Pariyskaya Tamara Vladimirovna

Dopmin (Dopmin) Synonyms. Dopamine, Dopamine A group of drugs. Medicines used in circulatory failure. Composition and form of release. Solution for infusion in ampoules of 5 ml (1 ml of solution contains 40 mg of dopamine hydrochloride)

Test 2. Find synonyms

From the book Gifted Child [Illusions and Reality] author Yurkevich Victoria Solomonovna

Test 2. Find synonyms This test reveals your sense of the word. There are six words in each row: two of them are more closely related than the rest, meaning almost the same thing. Find these two words. Underline them. Example: walking, running, driving, flying, sitting,

War and betrayal are synonyms!

From the book Rebel South author Zhirinovsky Vladimir

War and betrayal are synonyms! I knew and felt that the books "Last Dash South" and "The South is War" would require a sequel. Life itself will require. And death. The death that all these years have been sowed by "petty-power chauvinists" of various kinds. To this day, this is the most

“Documentary and contemporary are not synonyms”

From the book Literaturnaya Gazeta 6427 (No. 33-34 2013) author Literary Newspaper

“Documentary and modern are not synonyms” Igor GUSKOV, program director of the international film festival VOICES (Vologda Independent Cinema from European Screens). Lives in France, for Vologda every year he collects a program of films worthy of attention and professional

THE TERM "DAMAGE" AND ITS SYNONYMS

From the book About one ancient fear. Whom and how "spoil" sorcerers author Igumen N.

THE TERM "DAMAGE" AND ITS SYNONYMS The term "damage" in Russia has been used since ancient times. Moreover, it has always been used exclusively to refer to precisely those forms of mental and physical illnesses that were caused with the help of "dark forces" and secret witchcraft knowledge. Full

SIN AND DEATH - SYNONYMS

From the book Patriarch and youth: a conversation without diplomacy author author unknown

SIN AND DEATH ARE SYNONYMS But sin is death. Death came through sin. Sin and death are synonyms. Everyone knows that sin is evil, but they do not always take into account that evil is dynamic. It never stays within the limits predetermined for it. Evil is always

SYNONYMS. ABOUT THE MOANING OF A SINFUL SOUL

From the book Novice and Schoolboy, Mentor and Master. Medieval Pedagogy in Persons and Texts the author Bezrogov V G

SYNONYMS. ABOUT THE MOANING OF A SINNER SOUL Book 2<…>Know yourself, man, know who you are, where your origin came from, why you were born and for what purpose you were born, how you are arranged, in what conditions you were brought up and why you were created in this world. Remember your rank, keep your rank