M
municipal government educational institution

secondary school No. 6

them. Hero of Russia Sherstyannikov A.N.

Ust-Kut municipality

I've done the work:

Grigorchuk Sergey,

5th grade student

Supervisor:

Agafonova Valentina Evgenevna,

mathematic teacher

Ust-Kut

Content

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………….…………………2

The concept of “time”………………………………………………………………………………..4

Time units………………………………………………………………………………….5

1. Day, hour, minute, second……………………………………………………………...6

   Millennium, year, month, week………………………………………………………6

Clock………………………………………………………………………………………..7

The invention of the clock as a device for keeping time……………………………………...6

1. Classification of watches according to operating principle…………………………………………….7

   Classification of watches by shape………………………………………………………...10

3.3. The biological clock................................................ ........................................................ eleven

Time and folk wisdom……………………………..……………………....………..12

Interesting facts about time and its measurement………………………………………………………..12

Research activities…………………………………………………………….13

1. Questionnaire of students……………………………………………………………….13

   Practical part…………………………………………………………………………………15

Conclusions……………………………………………………….…………………………..16

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………16

Research perspective……………………………………………………………......17

List of references………………………………………………………..18

INTRODUCTION

Stealing time with subtle skill

Creates a magical feast for the eyes

And at the same time, in a circular run

It takes away everything that made us happy.

W. Shakespeare

Every person thinks that he knows what time is, but if he thinks about it, then I think each of you will be at a dead end. So what is time? Time is nothing more than an artificially invented man-made measure of the distance between two events.

Until now, the concept of “time” is an insoluble problem in philosophy and natural science. And at all times it was answered differently. For example, for Plato, time is divine eternity, divided by celestial bodies into days, months, years.

Aristotle called time “the number of motion.” Leibniz wrote that “time is the abstraction of all relations of succession.” And Einstein spoke of time as a physical reality that changes its course due to the movement of bodies.

The main property of time is that it lasts and flows incessantly. It's non-stop. And with this problem time a person faces every day, tearing off a piece of calendar or looking at his watch. That is, time is a special quantity. Time passes by itself, regardless of whether we want it or not.

This means that the problem of determining and measuring time was relevant And remainsrelevant for humanity throughout its existence.

Subject of study:

I want to learn about how humanity, through constant labor, created a culture, accumulated knowledge that was necessary to determine time, to create all the things that we now use. That is, to trace the path from the simplest methods of determining time to the current accurate ones. The subject of my work is time and its measurement.

Research hypothesis: I think that time is a special quantity that has such properties as uniqueness, duration, irreversibility. I became interested in this topic and asked myself the question: what are the different units of time based on, what instruments exist for measuring time.

To find out more about time, I conducted a survey among students in grades 5, 6, 11. The following questions were asked:

What is time?

How is time measured?

Does time affect a person?

Do you believe that there is a biological clock?

Name proverbs and sayings about time.

The survey I conducted showed that the children of our school find it difficult to characterize the concept of “time,” although it is one of the most common concepts, both in life and in school. That's why:

Goal of the work: research and study of information about the concept of “time” and its dimensions at a level that is understandable to my peers.

Find information on the Internet.

Broaden your horizons, gain new knowledge.

Make a classification of watches from ancient man to the present day.

Summarize and systematize information about the concept of “time” and its measurement by creating a Microsoft Power Point presentation and booklet.

Introduce the collected information to your classmates, for example, during “Math Week”.

The main stages of the study were:

formulation of the problem,

survey,

studying literature to obtain information about time,

working with the Internet,

practical part,

electronic product development.

Project type – information and research.

Research methods:

analysis; synthesis;

generalization;

classification and systematization;

• experiment;

  description;

  use of computer technology.

Finished product – booklet, album, multimedia presentation in Power Point.

1. THE CONCEPT OF “TIME”

TIME - This:

In philosophy: one of the main objective forms (along with space) of the existence of infinitely developing matter is the consistent change of its phenomena and states. Outside of time and space there is no movement of matter.

Duration, the duration of something, measured in seconds, minutes, hours. Average daily time.

An interval of one duration or another in which something happens, a successive change of hours, days, years. Time interval.

A specific moment at which something happens. Set a meeting time.

Period, era. At all times (always).

It's time of the day, of the year. Evening time. Kids time.

A suitable, convenient time, a favorable moment. This is not the time to sit back. Everything has its time.

A period or moment not occupied with anything, free from anything. . Free time. No time for walks.

Based on the explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by V. I. Dahl, the concept TIME is

Duration of existence

Sequence of existence;

continuation of cases, events;

days after days and centuries after centuries;

sequential course of day after day.

In natural science, they distinguish between sidereal, solar, universal, local, zone, and maternity time.

The universal properties of time are duration, non-repetition, irreversibility.

TIME UNITS

The whole life of a person is connected with time, and therefore the need to measure it arose in ancient times. During my searches I found short periods of time:

Moment of time - a point on the time axis. Events corresponding to one point in time are spoken of as simultaneous. In scientific models, a moment in time corresponds to the state of the system ( instantaneous state). In everyday life, a moment in time can be understood as so many hours, minutes, seconds of such and such a date.

Period - the period of time during which a cyclic process completes a full cycle of changes.

Instant (moment, moment) - short period of time. 1 Blink = 1 Click = 0.001 second .

2.1. Day, hour, minute, second.

AND historically, the basic unit for measuring short intervals of time was the day (often said “day”), equal to the period of revolution of the Earth around its axis. As a result of dividing the day into smaller time intervals of precise length, hours, minutes and seconds arose. The origin of division is probably related to the duodecimal number system followed by the ancients. The day was divided into two equal consecutive intervals (conditionally day and night). Each of them was divided into 12 hours. Further division of the hour goes back to the sexagesimal number system. Each hour was divided into 60 minutes. Every minute - for 60 seconds. Thus, there are 3600 seconds in an hour; There are 24 hours in a day = 1440 minutes = 86400 seconds. Assuming that there are 365 days in a year (366 in a leap year), we get that there are 31,536,000 (31,622,400) seconds in a year.

Hours, minutes and seconds have become firmly established in our everyday life and have become naturally perceived even against the backdrop of the decimal number system. Now these units (primarily the second) are the main ones for measuring time intervals. The second became the basic unit of time in SI and GHS.

Midnight is taken as the starting point for counting time. So midnight is 00:00:00. Noon - 12:00:00 . The point in time after 19 hours and another 14 minutes since midnight is 19:14.

Day - a unit of time, approximately equal to the period of revolution of the Earth around its axis. (24 hours)

Hour - . (an hour is equal to 3600 or 60.) In the field of education, the unit of time used is the academic hour (45 minutes). Also in secondary schools the word hour is used to mean the duration of one lesson, that is, 40 minutes).

Minute - unit of time measurement. By modern definition, a minute is equal to 60 seconds (1/60 of an hour or 1/1440 of a day).

Second - This unittime, one of the basic unitsInternational System of Units (SI system) units physical quantities) and systems SGS (system units of measurement that were widely used before the adoption of the international system of SI units.

Third - unit of time measurement. By definition, a third is equal to 1/60 of a second.

Centisecond 10 −2 seconds

Millisecond 10 −3 seconds

Microsecond 10 −6 seconds

Nanosecond 10 −9 seconds

Picosecond 10 −12 seconds

2
.2. Millennium, year, month, week.

To measure longer time intervals, the units of millennium, year, month and week, consisting of a whole number of days, are used.

Millennium ( millennium ) - a unit of time equal to 1000 years .

Century ( century ) - a unit of time equal to 100 years. Ten centuries make a thousand years .

Indicator - a period of 15 years, which was used in Europe (both Western and Eastern) in the Middle Ages when dating documents.

Decade - A decade most often means a calendar decade, a period of time that includes ten years.

Year - unittime, in most cases approximately equal to the circulation period The lands around Sun (365 or 366 days).

- 3 months - 1/4 year (used mainly for accounting purposes)

Quarter (approximately 1/4 of the academic year)

Month - a unit of time associated with the Moon's orbit around the Earth. (30 or 31 days, February 28 or 29 days)

Decade - period of time lasting 10 days, ten days, third part . Used primarily in statistics and economics.

A week - a unit of time greater than a day and less than a month. (7 days)

Five days - five days.

Six days – six days.

3. THE INVENTION OF THE WATCH AS A DEVICE

TO KEEP TIME

A vertical pillar dug into the ground to determine the highest position of the Sun - a gnomon - is the most ancient astronomical device for determining time. At In this case, the moment of convenient reference was clearly visible - the moment of the shortest shadow. It was also a compass, because the midday shadow line pointed north. From the pillar they drew this direction to the north and got the first clock, which showed only one hour a day - noon. Around the gnomon they placed dots for sunrise and sunset on the days when the Sun re-enters at the same point (in spring and autumn). These were the first calendars that, back in the Stone Age, quite accurately determined the length of the year (360 -365 days).

Around 530 BC, the Greek Anaximenes of Miletus undertook the improvement of the gnomon and obtained the first sundial. The gnomon must be tilted in the direction of the earth's axis - towards the North Star. For more than two millennia, sundials adorned the squares of ancient and medieval cities. The largest sundial is in the city of Delhi. A staircase 18 meters high serves as a gnomon. The dial is an arched wall. Except for 4 days a year, the time of such clocks is either “hurry” or “lagging behind”. This happens because the Earth moves along the ecliptic and at the beginning of the year its speed is higher than in summer and the inclination of the earth's axis to the equator is also different.

Sundials are useless in cloudy weather and at night. To help them, water and hourglasses were built. Hourglasses on ships were called flasks.

In the 11th century, pendulum clocks appeared in Europe - mechanical (wind-up) and with only one hand. They were set to “zero” at sunrise. A special watchman corrected them according to the sundial. The summer clock weight was lighter than the winter one. With a heavy weight, the clock went faster, which was what was required for a “winter” day. In the 16th century, small “purse” watches with many hands appeared, which only rich people could afford. In the 17th century, Galileo Galilei and Christiaan Huygens made pendulum clocks accurate.

Over time, the clocks became more and more accurate, but the time in each locality and city was different, just as the sunrise was different in time. Universal time was taken to be the time of the Greenwich Observatory in London, through which the Earth's prime meridian is drawn. The earth was divided into 24 time zones, in the middle of which lie the meridians of 0, 15, 30, 45, etc. degrees of longitude. The International Date Line runs through the Bering Strait between the Pacific Islands from pole to pole. Moscow and St. Petersburg are in 2 time zones. In Russia, in winter all our clocks are set one hour ahead of standard time, in summer - two. Now the clock change has been cancelled.

The astronomical time service constantly monitors the rotation of the Earth using atomic clocks, adding or subtracting a leap second at the very end of the year. The last minute before the New Year could be 59, 60 or 61 seconds. Once every 4 years, an “extra” day is inserted into the calendar - February 29.

4. CLOCK.

It is impossible to imagine modern existence without such a simple and familiar device as a watch. Clocks have become so firmly established in our lives that trying to imagine what modern life would be like without clocks would lead to the writing of utopian fiction. In fact, most likely there would be no modern life, in its current understanding. The emergence of the very process of development of science and technology is too closely connected with the development of watches for one to be imagined without the other.

Every day we wake up from the annoying sound of the alarm clock and run to work, to college, to school, then we ride in transport and look at the clock, make a date and again focus on the time. Over the years, watches have become not only an integral part of the human world, but have also acquired a utilitarian character: they have become part of our interior or a good gift.

Clocks and time have become so ingrained in our lives that it’s scary to imagine what could happen if suddenly there were no more clocks, no alarm clocks, no more that time schedule to which we are all so accustomed!

Has it really always been like this? Did people always know what time of day it was? And how did the first wristwatches appear? History will help us answer this question.

Humanity began trying to measure time as soon as it understood and realized the cyclical nature of processes and periodicity. The first person to realize the cyclical nature of daily events and figure out how to measure time was probably a great shaman, announcing that the sun was about to set. Or maybe they were some kind of prehistoric fishermen or mammoth hunters. It is unknown when exactly the very first watches appeared, and how their existence began.

How to find out the time? Now the answer to this question is simple: everyone has a watch at hand, and in several copies.

Watch– a device for determining the current time of day and measuring the duration of time intervals, in units less than one day.

There are many types of watches.

4.1. Classification of watches according to operating principle

When the sun is shining, it is convenient to determine the time using a sundial. To do this, you need to drive a stick into the ground on a clean, sunlit area so that it does not swing, and then mark with small pegs where the shadow of this stick will be at 6 o’clock, at 7 o'clock, at 8 o'clock etc. until sunset. You can divide the spaces between each two adjacent pegs into 12 equal parts and mark them with dashes. You know it's 60 in the hour min, and if 60 is divided by 12, the result is 5, i.e. the distance between the two nearest lines will correspond to 5 min. This means that in sunny weather, such a watch can determine the time with an accuracy of up to 5 min. A clock made this way will not lag behind or run ahead. But they only show time during the day, and even then on a sunny day.

To this day, similar clocks have been preserved in several places, for example, on the old road from Leningrad to Moscow. So, in the city of Pushkin there is a small pillar with the inscription: “22 versts from St. Petersburg,” and next to it lies a slab with Roman numerals around the circumference. A shadow falling on one or another number, like a clock hand, indicates the time of day.

A traveler driving near such a milestone could, by looking at the inscription and shadow, find out how many miles he had traveled and in how many hours.

Such pillars were placed at every mile along this entire road 200 years ago. Very few mileposts with sundials around them have survived to this day.

During the day when the sun is shining, it is quite easy to indicate the time of day by looking where the sun has moved or what shadow is cast by an object. At night, people noticed that the stars in the sky were moving, and slowly. All of them seem to be tied to one star, which they called the Nail of Heaven. Now we call this star Polaris, it points in the direction of the North Pole. Not far from the North Star in the sky you can always find seven stars arranged in the shape of a bucket. This is the constellation Ursa Major. In one day it makes a full revolution around the North Star, and half a circle in one night. By looking at the position of the Big Dipper and the North Star, an observant person can easily determine how much of the night has passed and how much time is before sunrise.

So it turns out that there is a real clock with a star hand in the sky.

3. Hourglass - two vessels connected by a narrow neck through which sand moves from the upper vessel to the lower one. In ancient times, the well-known hourglass was invented. Mentions of bottle-type clocks, most likely sand clocks, have been available since the time of Archimedes. The first hourglass appeared around the 11th century AD and became widespread. This was facilitated by their prostate, reliability, low price and the ability to measure with their help at any time of the day or night.

The hourglass was made in the form of two funnel-shaped glass vessels placed on top of each other. The upper vessel was filled to a certain level with sand, the pouring of which served as a measure of time. After all the sand has been poured out of the upper vessel, the watch needs to be turned over.

The disadvantage that prevented the widespread use of these watches was the relatively short interval of time that could be measured without turning the watch over. Hourglasses are designed to measure a limited period of time - from a few seconds to several hours or days (depending on the size of the watch).

4. Water clock - a vessel from which water flows slowly. The level of water that remains is used to judge how much time has passed. The sundial does not work on a cloudy day, much less at night. For this case, the ancients had a water clock. Usually, it was a vessel from which water slowly flowed through a narrow tube. U its level in this vessel or in another into which the water was poured indicated the time of day and night. The error of the water clock was at least 10 minutes per day.

The first models of water clocks in ancient Egypt and Babylon.

In ancient times, some eastern cities had city water clocks. On the steps of the stone staircase, one below the other, there were several vessels. The top vessel was filled with water and water was poured through a small hole from it into the second vessel, from it into the third, etc. The attendant watching the clock announced the hour after a certain time.

5. Fire clock . In addition to sundials, hourglasses and water clocks, from the beginning of the 13th century. The first fire-candle clocks appeared. This is a very simple clock in the form of a long thin candle with a scale printed along its length. They showed the time relatively satisfactorily, and at night they also illuminated homes. The candles used for this purpose were about a meter long. This is where the custom of measuring the length of the night comes from by the number of candles burned during the night. Usually three such candles burned out during the night, and in winter - more. Metal pins were sometimes attached to the sides of the candle, which fell as the wax burned out and melted, and their impact on the metal cup of the candlestick was a kind of sound alarm.

Candle clocks were especially popular in churches and monasteries. To signal time, areas were applied to the sticks that emitted a different smell when burned. Similar clocks are still used today, for example, during tea ceremonies. Fire clocks were widespread in ancient times using oil. Such an amount of oil was poured into a clay lamp so that it was enough for a certain burning time of the lamp. For example, miners poured enough oil into their lamps to last for 10 hours. When the oil ran out, they knew that the working day was over, and they went upstairs.

6. Mechanical watches. The invention that marked a new stage of development was the “wheel clock,” later renamed mechanical. Initially, for a long time they had only one hand – the hour hand. First they created the tower clock. In Europe, such a clock was first installed in London (1288). Later, similar clocks appeared in Italy, they were installed in Milan (1306) and Padua (1344). And in Rus', the first mechanical clock was installed in 1404 on the Frolovskaya (Spasskaya) tower of the Moscow Kremlin by the monk Lazar.

But the real watch boom occurred after the great invention of H. Huygens in 1675. It was he who came up with the idea of ​​using a pendulum to regulate the accuracy of the clock mechanism. In the future, the history of the development of all exact sciences is closely intertwined with the development of watches. Scientists all over the world worked to improve the clock mechanism. Each sought to surpass its predecessor, and the watches evolved and improved.

IN first mechanical manual The clock was made for Napoleon's stepson in the early nineteenth century. But wrist watches began their main development only at the beginning of the twentieth century. Mechanical hand watches turned out to be very convenient for aviators, and it was then that the fashion for hand watches began. Since they were used by aviators, and many sought to imitate these people, because this profession immediately aroused worship, people began to use the same watches.

First mention of watch with bracelet dates back to 1809. To wind the mechanism, they began to use not a key, but a head. It was invented in 1820 by the Englishman T. Prestout, and the Swiss A. Philippe used the head to adjust the hands. Before World War I, wristwatches were more of a decoration because they were imprecise. Then in England they learned how to make a reliable mechanism. During the war years, the demand for wristwatches arose among military personnel, and later among all other people.

It is unlikely that any other measuring instrument can boast such a variety of incarnations as a watch. Even if we consider, starting only with mechanical ones, we can find clocks with a spring for winding and clocks with weights, cuckoo clocks and pendulum clocks, striking clocks and alarm clocks.

7. Digital Watch – a clock powered by an electronic generator. The operation of an electronic watch is based on a microcircuit that is “powered” by the network or batteries. As a rule, the display serves as the dial of such watches. A type of electronic watch is an electronic-mechanical one, which has the same principle of operation, but the time is indicated on the dial by arrows.

8. Atomic clock - This is the latest achievement of physics and technology, a most complex device. Atomic clocks are ultra-precise; an error of one second only takes a thousand years to accumulate. Atomic clock (molecular, quantum clock) is a time measuring device in which the natural vibrations of atoms or molecules are used as a constant periodic process. The periods of these oscillations are compared with the measured period of time using electronic circuits.

The standard of atomic time is taken to be equal to 10 billion (9192631770) electromagnetic oscillations emitted by a cesium atom.

4.2. Classification of watches by shape

A watch is not only a device needed to determine the time of day. But watches have always been a piece of furniture and a decoration that shows the prestige of the owner of an intricate pocket or massive mantel or floor clock. As for the shapes of watches, the imagination of watchmakers is simply limitless.

Classic – watches for all occasions. As a rule, classic watches have a strict design, a round case, a classic dial, and a dark leather strap. As a rule, they are not equipped with additional functions.

N wall clock - appeared in the fifteenth century. As a rule, they were made of wood, but other materials could be used. The peculiarity of wall clocks was that they had very long pendulums, so they had to hang the clock high on the wall. Many people still have them, only slightly modified and often with the main function - as an element

room interior.

Grandfather Clock appeared in the 17th century. They combined wall and tower clocks, since their body was made in the form of a tall cabinet, which thickened at the top - there was a dial, and the entire mechanism and, most importantly, the pendulum were covered with walls. In the 18th and 19th centuries, grandfather clocks began to be made from expensive types of wood and decorated with carved patterns.

Pocket watch - a source of pride and the ultimate dream of every person in the 16th-18th centuries. It was a rather expensive “toy” for those times. These watches were used mainly as a luxury item, since they often showed the wrong time - because they did not have glass to protect the dial. Instead, a simple leather bag was used, where the watch was placed, and the hands, constantly catching on this bag, got confused and eventually showed the wrong time at all. Glass on the dial appeared only in the 19th century, and by that time pocket watches had already ceased to be a luxury item.

It is significant that craftsmen invented such tiny watches (they can safely be called pocket watches) much earlier than real pockets on clothes. The watch was kept on a chain attached to a staff made of valuable wood.

Wrist watch appeared quite recently - about 100 years ago, naturally in Switzerland. At first, wristwatches were only for women and were decorated with precious stones; men preferred to wear watches on a chain. But due to the not very comfortable wearing of a watch on a chain, soon men began to wear them on their hands.

YU Velir watch – a type of designer watch, a luxury item. Gold, platinum and other precious metals are used in the manufacture of such watches. When designing jewelry watches – both cases and dials – precious stones are widely used.

AND women's watch - a special type of watch. Unlike a man, for whom functionality is important in a watch, for a woman, a watch serves, first of all, as a wardrobe item. Women's watches are a decoration, so their sizes and designs are extremely diverse.

It is unlikely that any other measuring instrument can boast such a variety of incarnations as a watch. You can find clocks with a spring for winding and clocks with weights, cuckoo clocks and pendulum clocks, striking clocks and alarm clocks, and even such

.

4.3. The biological clock!

In addition to the fact that there are clocks that we are accustomed to using, there is a so-called biological clock, when the body of each person adapts to certain conditions. People without watches feel time. And not only people, but also animals and plants. Man has a well-developed sense of time. He may even wake up at the hour he planned since last night. What is this clock that is inside each of us? This is the biological clock. And in a more complex version, biorhythms are periodically repeating alternations in time of any state of the body. In humans, for example, these are the rhythms of heartbeat, sleep, wakefulness, body temperature, and blood pressure. According to the latest scientific data, about 300 circadian rhythms have been identified in the human body.

There is an assumption that the biological clock is located in the human brain and time is felt not by one part of the brain, but by the entire brain. This was verified using a computer containing a mathematical model of a network of nerve cells in the brain. It was also possible to establish that ear for music is closely related to the sense of time and the accuracy of the biological clock.

TIME AND FOLK WISDOM

Appetite comes with eating.

Every vegetable has its time.

Business before pleasure!

Money is lost - you can make money; time is lost - you will not get it back.

Day for night - day away!

Different times, different morals.

To wait is not to get tired, there would be something to look for.

Different times, different burdens.

Better late than never.

A minute saves an hour.

Don't put off until tomorrow what you can do today.

They've been waiting for the promised thing for three years.

There are two cures for everything bad: one is time, the other, worth its weight in gold, is silence.

Protect the past, but embrace the new.

If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

A fallen leaf brings back the arrival of autumn.

Fruits are good in their season.

What's good for Tuesday isn't always good for Wednesday.

INTERESTING FACTS

Atomic clocks have an error of 1 second in six million years.

The clock runs clockwise - from left to right - because that is the direction the sundial's shadow moves.

There are watches in which the hands move “counterclockwise”.

It is incorrect to say “what time is it?” All you have to do is say “what time is it?”

Clocks are not traditionally installed on casino premises.

One second is 9,192,631,770 vibrations of the radiation of a cesium-133 atom.

The oldest sundial dates back to the 15th century. BC, discovered in Egypt.

There are 24 time zones. The leap year number (with the added day of February 29) must be a multiple of four. There is an exception: years divisible by 100 are not leap years. There is an exception to the exception: years divisible by 400 are leap years. 1900 was not a leap year, but 2000 was.

There are leap seconds.

No one knows for sure why the year is divided into 12 months (this division does not correspond to either the lunar or solar calendar). It is believed that the division of an hour into 60 minutes is associated with the Babylonian number system, which was based not on 10, but on 60.

Although there are 60 seconds in one minute, there are 1000 milliseconds in one second.

24 hours of sidereal time equals 23 hours 56 minutes 4.091 seconds of mean solar time.

In New Jersey there is the world's largest clock, installed by Colgate in 1924, the surface of the clock is 182.41 square meters, the diameter is 15.24 meters, the minute hand is 7.87 meters long, the hour hand is 6.09 meters.
This clock could be seen from the Twin Towers on the other side of the Hudson River (Manhattan)!

The largest clock in our country was installed on the building of Moscow State University in 1953. The diameter of the watch dial is 9 meters, the length of the minute hand is 4.2 meters, and it weighs 39 kilograms. The weight of the wider and more massive hour hand is 50 kilograms (although it is shorter - 3.7 meters). The clock hands rotate using a small electric motor.

The world's smallest mechanical watches, unlike the largest ones, are quite affordable. – This is a women's watch from the Swiss Jaeger-LeCoultre. The tiny case (1.2 cm long, 0.476 cm wide) houses a mechanism with 15 jewels. Total weight – no more than 7 grams. By the way, they were released back in 1929, but still remain unsurpassedly miniature.

Research activities

7.1.Student survey.

To find out what the students of our school know about time, I conducted a survey among them among students in grades 5 and 6. The questionnaire contained the following questions:

What is time?

How is time measured?

What units of time do you know?

What is the largest unit of time?

Does time affect a person?

After processing the questionnaires, I received the following results:

Time -

this is our life – 6%

these are hours, day and night – 18%

this is a physical quantity - 5%

it goes on forever – 3%

this is what shows when to go to school – 1%

don't know 67%

Time is measured -

Hours, minutes, seconds – 68%

24 hours – 32%

Time units –

Hour -56%

Minute, second – 38%

Year, century – 6%

The largest unit of time is

Hour – 63%

Year – 30%

Era – 7%

Does time affect a person?

• Don't know – 15%

Do you believe that there is a biological clock?

Yes – 66%

No – 11%

Don't know – 23%

Name proverbs and sayings about time.

Time for business, time for fun – 78%

Day and night, a day away – 7%

Don't know – 15%

The survey I conducted showed that the children of our school find it difficult to characterize the concept of “time,” although it is one of the most common concepts, both in life and in school. Only two proverbs about time were named.

7.2. Practical work.

I decided to construct the oldest sundial.

Let's take the cord. We tie one end to the base of the gnomon (pole). Using the free part of the cord as a compass, draw a circle on the ground. When the shadow touches the drawn circle, mark the end of the shadow with a mark (colored paper). Let's draw a dial.

At noon the shadow of a pole

will point to

In one hour…

Now we can determine the moment of true noon on a sunny day.

Water clock.

I poured 1 liter of colored water into the bottle, made a hole, inserted it into the jar and began to observe, all the water poured out within 40 minutes, which means half of it in 20 minutes.

Fire clock They are not practical, since they do not show very accurate time, and they are also unsafe.

Conclusions.

Working within the framework of this project, I collected all kinds of information from the Internet, encyclopedia, about time and its measurement. To implement the assigned tasks, I needed to study, analyze and highlight all the information found, essential and non-essential.

All material was collected over the course of a month in individual work on the Internet on various sites.

So, what is time? Time is nothing more than an artificially invented man-made measure of the distance between two events.At first, man invented time and clocks for convenience, and then, much later, tried to find a measurement standard time .

In this project I have collected the history of the invention of watches and all the most entertaining, most interesting and educational things related to the concept of “time”. In practice, I tested the operation of the sun and water clocks. I learned how time was determined before the invention of mechanical watches, and for the first time I learned that there are biological clocks that remind us of the onset of morning, lunch or evening by the rise or fall of biological processes in the body.

All the tasks posed before starting work were solved: literature on this issue was collected and studied, I gained new knowledge, and compiled a classification of watches from ancient man to the present day. Summarized and systematized information about the concept of “time” and its measurement, creating a Microsoft Power Point presentation and a booklet.

Conclusion.

While working on this topic, I learned a lot about time and its measurement. Every person thinks that he knows what time is, but if he thinks about it, then I think each of you will be at a dead end. So what is time? It is still impossible to confidently define time at this stage of human development. Scientists of natural science and philosophy give different definitions of time.

The history of human development influenced the formation of time measurement units, although the main ones were taken from nature itself. Many nations, in the process of their development, improved the units of time measurement, but the basic ones remained the same as many years ago.

At the moment, a device such as a clock has been invented to determine the current time of day. There are many types of watches that can be classified according to their mechanism of action and size. The history of the development of civilization influenced not only the accuracy of time measurement by watches, but also their portability.

The need to measure time arose among people already in ancient times, and certain methods of counting time and the first calendars arose many thousands of years ago.

In one source I learned that time can flow unevenly, sometimes accelerating, sometimes slowing down. But if so, then the question arises whether time can stop at all, or change its direction. It is almost obvious that if all movement suddenly stopped, and all bodies, including atoms, suddenly froze in their places, then the concept of time would lose its meaning. The same thing would happen if the Universe were completely empty. Thus, the concept of time is a consequence of the existence of material objects and the properties of these objects.

In general, many judgments can be made, but we are unlikely to know what time really is. It is difficult to say now what surprises may await us ahead over time, and what new watches may appear, but I was pleased to learn a lot about time and watches.

I have selected material that can be used both in some life circumstances, and in the classroom, as well as during Maths Week. During homeroom I told my classmates everything that I had studied and found about time, everyone liked my work, the guys learned a lot of new and interesting things. I think this information was useful to them.

Research perspective.

When ancient man was close to nature and knew how to carefully observe it, every morning he saw the rise of a huge fireball, a great deity called the Sun, rising above the horizon every day at some new point. This continues for more than three hundred days, and then the cycle repeats itself... In the modern world, a person does not have time and there is no need to observe the ancient “Great Deity”; humanity at one time came up with another unique “instrument for measuring time” - calendar.

Calendar- a system for noting long periods of time, based on periodic phenomena in the surrounding world, as well as a device for keeping track of time. How was the calendar invented? Who invented it? And what does a calendar represent anyway? I want to answer these and other questions in my next work, “Time Calendars.”

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. Leningrad Publishing House, St.

– Petersburg, 2009

2. Kima A.I., Demykina V.V. Big children's encyclopedia. - M., 2005.

Kovaleva M.A. , 7000 Golden proverbs and sayings. – M., 1999.

1. Ozhegov S.I. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. Russian Cultural Foundation. M., 1992

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Incredible facts

People began to measure time relatively recently in relation to our entire long history. The desire to synchronize our actions came about 5000-6000 years ago, when our nomadic ancestors began to populate the lands and build civilizations. Before this, we divided time only into day and night, namely: bright days for hunting and work, and dark nights for sleeping. But ever since people began to feel the need to coordinate their activities for holding public meetings and similar events, they found it necessary to introduce a system of time measurement.

Of course, scientists will tell you that we are fooling ourselves when we think we are actually keeping track of time. “The distinction between past, present and future is just a persistent illusion,” said Albert Einstein. His daily walks near the clock tower in Bern, Switzerland, led the scientist to some world-changing ideas about the nature of time.

However, whether time is real or not, its measurement has nevertheless become vitally important to us. Over the centuries, people have come up with various creative methods of timekeeping, from the simplest sundials to atomic clocks. Below are different ways of measuring time, some of them are new and some are as old as time itself.

Sun

Ancient people turned to nature to create the first timekeeping system. People began tracking the sun's movement across the sky and then began using objects to measure changes. The Egyptians are supposed to have been the first to create timekeeping science. In 3500 BC. they built obelisks and placed them in strategic places where the “instruments” cast shadows at certain times. At first glance, these obelisks could only mark the time of the arrival of noon, but then they began to make deeper divisions.

Two thousand years later, the Egyptians developed the first sundial, the “dial” of which was divided into 10 parts. Sundials worked by tracking the movement of the sun. When the clock showed noon, it was necessary to move the clock hand 180 degrees in order to measure afternoon time. Of course, ancient sundials could not determine the exact time on a cloudy day or at night. In addition, the time shown by the sundial was inaccurate because at different times of the year the clocks were shorter or longer depending on the season. However, sundials were better than nothing, and by 30 BC. more than 30 different types of clocks were used in Greece, Italy and Asia Minor. Even today, the sun is at the heart of our timekeeping system. We created the planet's time zones to simulate the Earth's rotation around the Sun.

Stars

The ancient Egyptians are believed to have developed the first way to tell time at night, inventing the first astronomical instrument, the merkhet, around 600 BC. The tool is a tensioned string with a weight that works the same way a carpenter today uses a plumb bob.

Egyptian astronomers used two merkhet aligned with the North Star to locate the celestial meridian in the night sky. Time was counted according to the principle of the stars crossing this meridian.

Stars were used not only to mark the passing of hours, but also the passing of days. This measurement of the Earth's rotation is called sidereal time.

When a certain imaginary point among the stars crosses the celestial meridian, then this moment is designated as sidereal noon. The time that has passed from one sidereal noon to another is called a sidereal day.

Hourglass

The origin of the hourglass goes back centuries. They consist of two glass flasks, one on top of the other with a narrow hole between them. Sand gradually gets from the top to the bottom when turning the watch over. When all the sand from the upper part has moved to the lower part, it means that the time is up, however, this does not always mean that an hour has passed.

An hourglass can be made to measure almost any short period of time by simply adjusting the amount of sand it contains, or the hole between the bulbs.

Water clock

The water clock, known as the clepsydra, was one of the first devices that did not use the sun or stars to measure time, meaning it could be used at any time of the day.

A water clock works by measuring the amount of water that drips from one container to another. They were invented in Egypt, but spread throughout the ancient world, and in some countries people even used water clocks in the 20th century.

The ancient Greeks and Romans built large water clocks in the form of towers, and in China such clocks were called "Lu" and were often made of bronze. However, although water clocks were very common, they were not entirely accurate.

Mechanical watches

In Europe in the 1300s, inventors began making mechanical clocks that operated using a system of weights and springs. These first clocks did not have a face or hands, and the passage of an hour was indicated by a bell. In fact, the word clock comes from the French for "bell." These huge first clocks were usually installed in churches and monasteries in order to announce the time of arrival of the need to pray.

Soon a clock with two hands, minute and hour, appeared. Later, table and mantel clocks began to appear. Even though the watches were improved, they were still inaccurate. In 1714, the British Parliament offered a handsome reward to anyone who could develop an accurate clock that would aid maritime navigation. As a result, such watches were invented; their error was only five seconds. With the advent of the industrial revolution, mass production of watches began, thanks to which this device found its way into every person’s home.

Unusual watch

When we think of a watch, we usually imagine a familiar dial with two, or perhaps three, hands. Over the centuries, people have created all sorts of designs to tell time. The Chinese invented incense clocks between 960 and 1279, and they then spread throughout East Asia. In one type of incense clock, metal balls were attached to the incense using wire. When the incense burned down, a metal ball fell and a gong sounded, indicating the passage of the hour.

Other clocks used color in their work, and some used different scents to represent different time periods. There was also a clock made from a marked candle, when the candle burned down to a certain point, a specified period of time passed.

Wrist watch

The discovery in the 1400s that spiral springs could be made smaller led to the creation of wristwatches. At that time and for many centuries after, pocket watches were the priority of men, while women wore wristwatches. All these fashion rules changed during the Second World War, and as a result, since then, men began to wear wristwatches. Giving a watch symbolized the transition to maturity.

However, as the 21st century progresses, the ubiquitous wristwatch may gradually fall into oblivion, since we now most often check the time by looking at the computer monitor, mobile phone or MP3 player display. However, an informal survey of several thousand people showed that most of them are not going to give up their wristwatches.

Quartz watch

Mineral quartz, usually with the help of a battery, is the main driving force of quartz watches.

Quartz is a piezoelectric material, which means that when a quartz crystal is compressed, it generates a small electrical current that causes the crystal to vibrate. All quartz crystals vibrate at the same frequency.

Quartz watches use a battery to create crystal vibrations and count the vibrations. Thus, the system works in such a way that one pulse is created per second. Quartz watches still dominate the market due to their accuracy and low production costs.

Atomic clock

Although the name sounds quite scary, in reality, atomic clocks do not pose any danger. They measure time by tracking how long it takes one atom to go from a positive to a negative energy state and back again.

The official time standard for the United States is set by NIST F-1, an atomic clock at the National Institute of Science and Technology in Boulder, Colorado. The NIST F-1 is a fountain clock named after atomic motion. Scientists inject cesium gas into the watch's vacuum center and then add direct infrared laser beams at a 90-degree angle. The laser force collects all the atoms in one place, which is affected by the microwave-filled area with great force. Scientists measure the number of atoms that are in an altered state and manipulate microwaves at different frequencies until most of the atoms change state. As a result, the last frequency at which atoms change is the vibration frequency of cesium atoms, which is equal to a second. It sounds quite complicated, however, this technology is the world standard for measuring time.

Atomic clocks track even minute changes in time.

Calendars

As we have seen, the actual counting of minutes and seconds requires quite complex procedures, but the counting of days and months is based on the position of the sun and moon. Different cultures, however, use different methods.

The Christian or Gregorian calendar, one of the most popular today, is based on the sun. The Islamic calendar uses the phases of the moon; the Jewish and Chinese calendars rely on a combination of both of these methods.

In the Gregorian calendar, a day is the time elapsed from one sunrise to the next, or one complete rotation of the Earth on its axis. A month, according to the Gregorian calendar, is approximately 29.5 days, which is one complete cycle of the phases of the Moon, and a year is 364.24 days, or the time it takes for the Earth to complete a circle in the orbit of the Sun.

Answering the question “what is time” is not easy. In the most general form, we can say that time is a continuous series of phenomena replacing each other. The main property of time is that it lasts, flows non-stop. Space can be fenced off, but time cannot be stopped. Time is irreversible—traveling into the past with a time machine is impossible. “You cannot enter the same river twice,” said Heraclitus.

The majestic Stonehenge is one of the oldest astronomical observatories, built five thousand years ago in Southern England.

The day is divided into 24 hours, each hour is divided into 60 minutes. Thousands of years ago, people noticed that many things in nature repeat themselves: the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west, summer gives way to winter and vice versa. It was then that the first units of time arose - day, month and year. Using simple astronomical instruments, it was established that there are about 360 days in a year, and in approximately 30 days the silhouette of the Moon goes through a cycle from one full moon to the next. Therefore, the Chaldean sages adopted the sexagesimal number system as a basis: the day was divided into 12 night and 12 day hours, the circle - into 360 degrees. Every hour and every degree was divided into 60 minutes, and every minute into 60 seconds. However, subsequent more accurate measurements hopelessly spoiled this perfection. It turned out that the Earth makes a full revolution around the Sun in 365 days, 5 hours, 48 ​​minutes and 46 seconds. The Moon takes from 29.25 to 29.85 days to go around the Earth.

Let's choose any star and fix its position in the sky. The star will appear in the same place in a day, more precisely in 23 hours and 56 minutes. A day measured relative to distant stars is called a sidereal day (to be very precise, a sidereal day is the period of time between two successive upper culminations of the vernal equinox). Where do the other 4 minutes go? The fact is that due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun, for an observer on Earth, it shifts against the background of stars by 1° per day. To “catch up” with him, the Earth needs these 4 minutes. The days associated with the apparent movement of the Sun around the Earth are called solar days. They begin at the moment of the lower culmination of the Sun on a given meridian (i.e. at midnight). Solar days are not the same - due to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, in the winter in the northern hemisphere the day lasts a little longer than in the summer, and in the southern hemisphere it is the other way around. In addition, the plane of the ecliptic is inclined to the plane of the earth's equator. Therefore, an average solar day of 24 hours was introduced.

Due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun, it shifts for an observer on Earth against the background of stars by 1° per day. 4 minutes pass before the Earth “catches up” with him. So, the Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes. 24 hours – the average solar day – is the time the Earth rotates relative to the center of the Sun.

The Prime Meridian passes through the Greenwich Observatory, located near London. A person lives and works by a sundial. On the other hand, astronomers need sidereal time to organize observations. Each locality has its own solar and sidereal time. In cities located on the same meridian, it is the same, but when moving along the parallel it will change. Local time is convenient for everyday life - it is associated with the alternation of day and night in a given area. However, many services, such as transport, must operate at the same time; So, all trains in Russia run according to Moscow time. To avoid confusion, the concept of Greenwich Time (UT) was introduced: this is the local time on the prime meridian on which the Greenwich Observatory is located. But it is inconvenient for Russians to live on the same time as Londoners; This is how the idea of ​​standard time came about. 24 earth meridians were selected (every 15 degrees). At each of these meridians, time differs from universal time by an integer number of hours, and the minutes and seconds coincide with Greenwich Mean Time. From each of these meridians we measured 7.5° in both directions and drew the boundaries of time zones. Within time zones, time is the same everywhere. To ensure that individual settlements do not end up in two time zones at once, the boundaries between the zones have been shifted slightly: they are drawn along the borders of states and regions. In our country, standard time was introduced on July 1, 1919. In 1930, all clocks in the former Soviet Union were moved forward an hour. This is how maternity time appeared. And in March, Russians move their clocks forward another hour (i.e., already 2 hours compared to standard time) and live according to summer time until the end of October. This practice is accepted in many European countries.

Time zones of the Earth.

According to Moscow winter time, true noon in Moscow occurs at 12 hours 30 minutes, according to summer time - at 13 hours 30 minutes. Returning from the first circumnavigation of the world, Ferdinand Magellan's expedition found out that a whole day had been lost somewhere: according to ship time, it was Wednesday, and the local residents, one and all, claimed that it was already Thursday. There is no mistake in this - the travelers sailed all the time to the west, catching up with the Sun, and, as a result, saved 24 hours. A similar story happened with Russian explorers who met the British and French in Alaska. To solve this problem, the International Date Line agreement was adopted. It passes through the Bering Strait along the 180th meridian. On Kruzenshtern Island, which lies to the east, according to the calendar, one day less than on Rotmanov Island, which lies to the west of this line.

An ancient Indian observatory in Delhi, which also served as a sundial.

Our calendar and our time are adjusted to the Sun and Moon, but these luminaries are not suitable for accurately measuring time: the Earth and Moon move unevenly in their orbits, and the Earth's rotation speed, in addition, gradually decreases under the influence of tides. And it is even more inconvenient to measure short periods of time – minutes and seconds – using luminaries. Since ancient times, sand clocks and water clocks were used to more accurately measure time, and in the 11th century the first mechanical clocks appeared, but their time had to be checked several times a day with a sundial. In the mid-17th century, having discovered the law of pendulum oscillation, Galileo Galilei brought mechanical watches to a new level of accuracy. However, even the best mechanical watches do not show the exact time: they are in a hurry or behind due to inaccurate adjustment, vibration, temperature changes, or some external influences. In 1939, astronomers replaced mechanical pendulum clocks with quartz ones: the accuracy increased hundreds of times and became 10–4–10–6 s per day. And twenty years later, atomic clocks appeared; their travel deviation is only 10–10–10–11 s.

Report
On the topic of:
<< Измерение времени>>

Completed by student 8<<А>> class
Choklya Maxim
Physics teacher
Trunko S.I.

Answering the question “what is time” is not easy. In the most general form, we can say that time is a continuous series of phenomena replacing each other. The main property of time is that it lasts, flows non-stop. Space can be fenced off, but time cannot be stopped. Time is irreversible—traveling into the past with a time machine is impossible. “You cannot enter the same river twice,” said Heraclitus.
The majestic Stonehenge is one of the oldest astronomical observatories, built five thousand years ago in Southern England.
The day is divided into 24 hours, each hour is divided into 60 minutes. Thousands of years ago, people noticed that many things in nature repeat themselves: the Sun rises in the east and sets in the west, summer gives way to winter and vice versa. It was then that the first units of time arose - day, month and year. Using the simplest astronomical instruments, it was established that there are about 360 days in a year, and in approximately 30 days the silhouette of the Moon goes through a cycle from one full moon to the next. Therefore, the Chaldean sages adopted the sexagesimal number system as a basis: the day was divided into 12 night and 12 day hours, circle - 360 degrees. Every hour and every degree was divided into 60 minutes, and every minute into 60 seconds. However, subsequent more accurate measurements hopelessly spoiled this perfection. It turned out that the Earth makes a full revolution around the Sun in 365 days, 5 hours, 48 ​​minutes and 46 seconds. The Moon takes from 29.25 to 29.85 days to go around the Earth.
Let's choose any star and fix its position in the sky. The star will appear in the same place in a day, more precisely in 23 hours and 56 minutes. A day measured relative to distant stars is called a sidereal day (to be very precise, a sidereal day is the period of time between two successive upper culminations of the vernal equinox). Where do the other 4 minutes go? The fact is that due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun, for an observer on Earth, it shifts against the background of stars by 1° per day. To “catch up” with him, the Earth needs these 4 minutes. The days associated with the apparent movement of the Sun around the Earth are called solar days. They begin at the moment of the lower culmination of the Sun on a given meridian (i.e. at midnight). Solar days are not the same - due to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit, in the winter in the northern hemisphere the day lasts a little longer than in the summer, and in the southern hemisphere it is the other way around. In addition, the plane of the ecliptic is inclined to the plane of the earth's equator. Therefore, an average solar day of 24 hours was introduced.

Due to the movement of the Earth around the Sun, it shifts for an observer on Earth against the background of stars by 1° per day. 4 minutes pass before the Earth “catches up” with him. So, the Earth makes one revolution around its axis in 23 hours 56 minutes. 24 hours – the average solar day – is the time the Earth rotates relative to the center of the Sun.
An ancient Indian observatory in Delhi, which also served as a sundial.

Our calendar and our time are adjusted to the Sun and Moon, but these luminaries are not suitable for accurately measuring time: the Earth and Moon move unevenly in their orbits, and the Earth's rotation speed, in addition, gradually decreases under the influence of tides. And it is even more inconvenient to measure short periods of time – minutes and seconds – using luminaries. Since ancient times, sand clocks and water clocks were used to more accurately measure time, and in the 11th century the first mechanical clocks appeared, but their time had to be checked several times a day with a sundial. In the mid-17th century, having discovered the law of pendulum oscillation, Galileo Galilei brought mechanical watches to a new level of accuracy. However, even the best mechanical watches do not show the exact time: they are in a hurry or behind due to inaccurate adjustment, vibration, temperature changes, or some external influences. In 1939, astronomers replaced mechanical pendulum clocks with quartz ones: the accuracy increased hundreds of times and became 10–4–10–6 s per day. And twenty years later, atomic clocks appeared; their travel deviation is only 10–10–10–11 s.

Podgorensky municipal district

Voronezh region

History of time measurement,

or what do we know about watches?

(research work)

Completed:

4th grade student

Panyuta Ivan Vitalievich

Head of work:

primary school teacher

Kulkina Lyudmila Vladimirovna

X. Krasyukovsky, 2012

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………………. 3

History of time measurement…………………………………………. ………… 5

The most famous watches………………………………………………………...... ………… 9

Practical part………………………………………………………………………………11

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………… …………13

List of sources……………………………………………………………14

Applications

Proverbs and sayings……………………………………………………… 15

Riddles………………………………………………………………………………… ………… 16

Poems…………………………………………………………………………………. 17

Booklet “Learn to value time”……………………………………………………….18

Introduction Relevance of the topic Time is the score by which a person’s learning, work, and good deeds are assessed. The value of time has now increased significantly because people's time is filled with big and significant things. We often count time not by years or hours, but by minutes. Often precious time is lost due to disorganization, excessive fuss, and inability to use it rationally. You need to learn to take care of your own and other people’s time already at school, since the teenage years are not only years of study, but also the time of personality formation and preparation for work. The ability to appreciate every minute is especially important these days, when the pace of life and work accelerates, and the amount of information and knowledge increases. People who are constantly late everywhere and annoy others with this grow up from children whose parents did not explain the value of time in childhood. We often hear proverbs from grandmothers: “Time for work, time for fun,” “Time is money.” These phrases repeated daily are the key to understanding time and how to properly distribute it. The first clocks arose when a person learned what time was and realized that he needed to keep track of it.
Formulation of the problem: study the history of the appearance and invention of watches by man.
Object of study: clock, time.
Hypothesis: I think that man began to measure time a very long time ago, I want to find out in what ways he did it.
Goals and objectives:

find out how our ancestors measured time; get acquainted with the action and structure of sun, sand, water and other types of clocks; learn to navigate the past hours; prove that people create watches to make their lives easier;

Research methods:

studying literature on this topic; searching for information on the Internet; conducting experiments, experiments.

Research results:

History of time measurement

A watch is a tool with which

you can divide the day into small ones

intervals and do

these gaps are visible.

Johann Litrow. Secrets of the sky. 1834

How did the clock come into being?

It is not known exactly who invented the first clock, since people have tried to measure time at all times and in different ways: using water, sand, oil, candles, etc.

The first clocks arose when a person learned what time was and realized that he needed to keep track of it. The history of the invention of watches goes back to ancient times.

Sundial

And the most convenient way to keep track of time was with the help of the sun, which passed the same path across the sky every day. The most ancient clocks that people used to at least approximately know the time were solar clocks. The dial of such a watch was placed in an open place, brightly illuminated by the sun, and the arrow served as a rod that cast a shadow on the dial.

But people could not always use a sundial. The clock only works in sunny weather. You can't bring them into the house. They do not work at night and in the evening.

Water clock

The man began to think and came up with a water clock. Water was poured into a tall and narrow glass vessel with a hole at the bottom. Drop by drop, water flowed out of the hole. It became less and less. But such watches were inconvenient - you had to add water all the time.

Hourglass

The hourglass also came to us from ancient times. Maybe some of you have seen them? After all, hourglasses are still used in medicine when you need to measure a small but very specific period of time.

An hourglass consists of two small cone-shaped vessels connected at the tops to each other, with a narrow hole at the junction of the vessels. The upper vessel contains sand, which seeps in a thin stream through the hole into the lower vessel. When all the sand from the upper vessel is in the lower one, a certain time passes, for example, one minute.

Fire watch

In addition to solar and water clocks, the first fire, or candle, clocks appeared at the beginning of the 13th century. These are thin candles about a meter long with a scale printed along the entire length. They showed the time relatively accurately, and at night they also illuminated the homes of church and secular dignitaries. Metal pins were sometimes attached to the sides of the candle, which fell as the wax burned out and melted, and their impact on the metal cup of the candlestick was a kind of sound signaling of time.

Flower clock

A long time ago, people noticed that some flowers open in the morning and close during the day, others open in the evening, others only at night, and during the day they are always closed. They open up not when they please, but at “their own” time. This is how the flower clock appeared. But they “walk” only in sunny weather.

Early in the morning, golden dandelions raise their heads towards the sun's rays, and behind them, wild carnations, rose hips, flax and others open their petals.

Flowers that opened their petals early begin to fall asleep during the day... In cloudy weather, the flower clock does not “work” at all. Their flowers remain closed. Therefore, people use them only to decorate flower beds. (According to Yu. Dmitriev.)

Mechanical watches

A long time has passed since man invented a watch with a mechanism. I put a spring inside them, twisted it, and to prevent it from unwinding, I attached a gear wheel to it. It clings to another wheel and spins it. The second wheel turns the hands, and the hands show the hours and minutes. This is a mechanical watch. They have a crown. When it is turned, a creaking sound is heard inside the clock. This is the spring being wound up.

Electric clock

There are watches without a spring. Instead, there is a small electric motor inside the watch, which is powered by a battery. There is no need to wind such a watch. And the crown serves only to move the hands.

Large electric clocks hang on the streets, towers, and subways. Their hands jump at the command of the commander - the main clock. A minute passed - they jumped, another minute - they jumped again.

Digital Watch

But the man did not stop and invented a clock without hands. In such a watch, only the numbers glow. They change very quickly, just have time to see them. These watches are electronic and, like electric ones, run on batteries.

There are also pocket, table, floor, wall clocks, pendant clocks, alarm clocks and many other clocks.

The most famous watches of our country

Kremlin chimes

There are also clocks on city streets and squares. They are installed on towers, station buildings, theaters and cinemas.

The most famous clock in Russia - the Kremlin chimes, installed on the Spasskaya Tower, appeared at the beginning XVII century. They were created by the English master Christopher Galovey. For his work, he received a royal gift - a silver cup and, in addition to it, satin, sable and marten fur.

After some time, Russian Tsar Peter I ordered another watch from Holland. At first they were transported by ship by sea, then delivered on thirty carts to the Kremlin.

Master Galovey's old watch was removed and replaced with a Dutch watch. When this clock became dilapidated, they were replaced by another large chiming clock, which was kept in the Armory Chamber.

For several centuries, the Kremlin's Spasskaya Tower has been decorated with clocks. A whole team of experienced watchmakers maintains their work, making sure that the watches do not lag behind and are not in a hurry. There are 117 stone steps leading to the chimes. Behind them begin the cast-iron steps of a spiral staircase leading to the eighth floor. The chiming mechanism is located here.

“The iron colossus is all shiny and oiled. The polished copper disks of the dials shine, the levers are painted red, and the gilded disk of the pendulum, similar to the circle of the sun, shines. He reigns over this system of shafts, cables, gears, forming a complex timekeeping mechanism” (L. Kolodny).

On December 31, with the first strike of the Kremlin chimes, the country enters the New Year. Having heard the chime of the famous clock, we wish each other happiness and congratulate each other on the New Year!

The clock is a fairy tale

The fairy tale clock hangs on the wall of the Central Puppet Theater in Moscow. As soon as the hands freeze on the number 12, the golden rooster sitting on a high pole turns importantly, spreads his wings and shouts throughout the street: “Ku-ka-re-ku-u!” - inviting people to the show. The ringing of bells is heard, followed by 12 measured strikes. Everyone is waiting for a miracle. And a miracle happens.

One after another, the doors of the magic houses open, and musicians, led by a bear, appear and begin to play cheerful music. The donkey dashes the strings of the balalaika, the ram stretches the bellows of the harmonica, and the cymbals ring in the paws of the bear. “Whether in the garden or in the vegetable garden,” the musicians sing cheerfully.

The musicians will play and hide in the houses again.

Practical part

Experiment

In one minute

Target: form ideas about units of time - seconds, minutes, hours, check what I can do in one minute.

Material and equipment:

watch (stopwatch), book, sheet of paper, scissors.

Experiment:

Time it for 1 minute and during this time read the text, count how many strips of paper I can cut, how many times I can sit down.

In one minute I read 90 words, cut 4 strips 20 cm long, and squatted 50 times.

Conclusion: You can do something in 1 minute, so time must be valued and distributed correctly throughout the day.

Experience

Making a sundial

Target: demonstrate the movement of the Earth around the Sun through the movement of the shadow.

Materials: rod with a pointed end.

Progress:

D We make a sundial according to the algorithm: draw an even circle in the sand, fix the rod exactly in the center and during the day make marks on the circle and put numbers in accordance with the time.

Conclusion:

The shadow of the peg actually moves in a circle. The inconvenience is that the weather is autumn, the sun often hides behind the clouds - and the clock does not work at this time.

Experience

Manufacturing of water and paraffin watches

Target: immerse yourself in history, understand how our ancestors measured time.

Material: candle, 2 cups, watch with stopwatch.

Manufacturing progress:

Paraffin watch: Take a candle, make marks along its entire length with a marker at regular intervals. We light a candle, note the time and determine how long it takes the candle to burn to each mark. At the end we determine how much time has passed.

Water clock: Take a plastic cup and make a hole in the bottom. We tie ropes to the cup and hang it. We place another cup under this cup. Pour water into the top cup. Every minute we note the water level in the upper cup. This device is used as a minute clock.

Conclusion: The watch is not convenient to use: the candle burns out - you can’t restore it, you have to constantly add water.

Conclusion

I am satisfied with the research: my hypothesis was confirmed - people really came up with different ways to measure periods of time. Many of these methods are not convenient. Nowadays we have precise instruments for measuring time.

I used to think that a minute was a very short period of time, now my idea of ​​a minute has changed - I will try not to waste time.

I also noticed that if you are very passionate about something, then time flies by and you almost never get tired. And if you do a job that you don't like, time passes very slowly.

. In all types of human activity, one way or another, time orientation and a sense of time are required. A person who has not developed this feeling has to overcome many additional difficulties. In turn, the sense of time encourages a person to be organized, collected, helps to save time, use it more rationally, and be precise. All these qualities will help you avoid many problems in adulthood.

List of sources used

Dybina O.V. What happened before... - M.: Sphere shopping center, 2001.

Kobitina I.I. Preschoolers about technology. - M.: Education, 1991.

Kulikovskaya I.E., Sovchir N.N. Children's experimentation. - M.: Pedagogical Society of Russia, 2003.

Encyclopedia for children. Volume 8. Astronomy. – Moscow: “Avanta +”, 1997.

Yudin G. Zanimatika. - M.: ROSMEN, 2005

Internet sources:

http://papa-vlad.narod.ru/photo/predmety/CHasy-2.files/064-Ognennye-chasy.html

Photo from personal archive.

Annex 1

Proverbs and sayings

Order saves time. Establish order - he will move on himself. Time for business, time for fun.

If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

Live and learn.

Appendix 2

Puzzles Knocking
Crumbling,
Spinning,
Ain't afraid of no one
Counts his age
But still not a person. (Watch) Although the morning dream is sweet,
But this ringing persists
Every time he rushes to school.
Tell me, what is his name?
(Alarm)They knock, they knock,
They don't tell you to be bored.
They're going, they're going,
And everything is here and here. (Watch)On the hand and on the wall,
And on the tower above
They walk, they walk smoothly
From sunrise to sunset. (Watch)

I don't walk in vain
I'll wake you up when necessary. (Alarm)

There's a plate hanging on the wall,
An arrow moves across the plate.
The arrow is not for beauty -
Time will tell you... (Clock)

We strike regularly every hour,And you, friends, don’t beat us. (Watch)
From cabin to cabinLittle ones run byThe minutes are counting. (Hourglass)
Behind the wooden doorSomeone's heart is beating. (Cuckoo-clock)

Appendix 3

Poems WATCH
They say: the clock is standing.
They say: the clock is rushing.
They say: the clock is ticking,
But they are a little behind.
Mishka and I watched together,
But the clock hangs in place.
V. Orlov. We know: time is stretchable,
It depends on
What kind of content
You fill it up.
There are times when he has stagnation,
And sometimes it flows
Unloaded, empty,
There is no need to count hours and days.
Let the intervals be uniform,
What separates our days,
But, putting them on the scales,
We find long moments
And very short hours.
(S.Ya. Marshak) The minute is flying by.
The minute is short
But in a minute you can
Find a star, a beetle,

which is still
Nobody opened it.
(S.Ya. Marshak)

People who are constantly late everywhere and annoy others with this grow up from children whose parents did not explain the value of time in childhood. We often hear proverbs from grandmothers: “Time for work, time for fun,” “Time is money.” These phrases, repeated daily, are the key to understanding time and how to properly distribute it.

Modern working conditions require a person to be able to monitor the passage of time in the process of activity, distribute it over time, respond to different signals at a certain speed and at given time intervals, speed up or slow down the pace of their activities, and use time rationally. In all types of human activity, one way or another, time orientation and a sense of time are required. In turn, the sense of time encourages a person to be organized, collected, helps to save time, use it more rationally, and be precise. Time is a regulator not only of various types of activities, but also of human social relations.

Our

Municipal state educational institution

Dankovskaya basic secondary school

Learn

appreciate the time

Prepared by: 4th grade student

Panyuta Ivan

Head: primary school teacher Kulkina Lyudmila Vladimirovna

X. Krasyukovsky,

2012

Time is the score by which a person’s learning, work, and good deeds are assessed. The value of time has now increased significantly because people's time is filled with big and significant things. We often count time not by years or hours, but by minutes.

Often precious time is lost due to disorganization, excessive fuss, and inability to use it rationally. You need to learn to take care of your own and other people’s time already at school, since the teenage years are not only years of study, but also the time of personality formation and preparation for work.

Rational distribution of time is facilitated by periodic timing of your working day: determine how much time is spent on homework, lunch, reading newspapers, talking on the phone, looking for the right textbook, notebook, etc., how much time was lost in class.

At the end of the working day, it is necessary to analyze whether it could have been done more rationally, i.e. where and due to what it was possible to reduce the loss of time, what it would be better to use it for. Subsequently, these findings should be taken into account in your work.

B
a minute ticks by.
The minute is short
But in a minute you can
Find a star, a beetle,
The solution to the problem and a rare mineral,
which is still
Nobody opened it.
(S.Ya. Marshak)

Proverbs and sayings

Order saves time. Establish order - he will move on himself. If you miss a minute, you'll lose an hour. Take care of a second - this is where time gains begin. Time for business, time for fun.

• Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done.

  If you hurry, you will make people laugh.

  Do it quickly - redo it.

• Soon the fire is burning and the water is running.

  Live and learn. It's a long day until the evening, if there's nothing to do. I got up early, but didn’t exert myself much.

“Whoever does not know how to use his time wisely is the first to complain about its lack” (Jean de Labruyère)

How to learn to save time?

1 . Learn to save your time.
“Take a picture” of one of your ordinary days: on a piece of paper on the left, write down every single task, even the smallest one, and on the right, write down the time spent on it. In the evening, look through the records and determine where and when time was wasted. This “photography” will help you learn to value time and develop a rational daily routine.
2. Do your homework within the allotted time.
It is recommended to spend no more than 1 hour on homework: in elementary grades - 1 hour, in grades 5-8 - 2.5 hours, in high school - 3.5 hours. Therefore, strictly plan the start and end time of preparing your homework - this will help you not to be distracted while doing it.
3. Best time to do homework in the first half of the day between 10 and 12 hours, in the second half - between 15 and 18 hours.
4. Before starting homework:
1) a hearty lunch - no later than 2-2.5 hours before they start, a light meal can be 1-1.5 hours before; but do not go to work hungry;
2) performing high physical activity is permissible no later than 2-2.5 hours before performing mental work;
3) ventilate the work area well;
4) prepare your workplace.
5. In what order you should do your homework depends on your characteristics:
if you get into work easily and at the beginning you work with enthusiasm, more productively than at the end of classes, but get tired relatively quickly, then start preparing your homework with the most difficult subject;
if you get involved in work slowly, spend a lot of time “building up”, work productivity increases gradually, and fatigue does not appear so quickly, then you should start with tasks of average difficulty and gradually move on to more complex ones;
if you generally have difficulty starting homework, if any failure in completing it makes you nervous, then it is better to start with the simplest ones, success in which brings you satisfaction;
If you cannot solve a difficult task, put it off “for later”, otherwise you may not have enough time to prepare other tasks.

Rest when signs of fatigue are approaching must be planned in advance.