In order to correctly find the rest of the word, it is customary to highlight the ending first and only then the stem. Other parts like suffix, root and prefix can be found easily in the second step. So the child will not get confused and will be able to understand in time exactly where he made a mistake. You will learn how to find these parts of the word in this article.
How to find the ending
First of all, you need to find exactly the ending, since the rest of the word is its basis. In order for the child to understand the very essence of such a part as the ending, it is necessary to explain to him that it helps us change words according to numbers and gender. Without the ending, we simply would not be able to indicate the belonging of a particular part of speech to a particular person.
Change by numbers
The surest step is to change the word. If you can change the number, then determining the ending will only take a couple of seconds. Let's take a few simple examples:
- The child needs to determine the ending in the word "took". Let's change its number, namely: they took. Only the last letter has changed, therefore, this will be the ending.
- Change the word "beautiful" to "beautiful". It immediately becomes clear that the end is a bunch of "th".
- In the noun "squirrel" it is easy to find the ending by changing it to "squirrels".
To be completely sure of the result, it is not enough to change the word once. So you can make a mistake, and the child will get confused. After you have changed the word by numbers, move on to the next method.
Change by birth
So you can make sure that the part that you considered the ending is really changing in the word. Change gender to neuter, masculine, and feminine.
- In the word “took”, the ending disappears when we put it in the masculine gender “took”.
- "Amazing" expands the ending, changing to "Amazing".
- "Built" drops the last letter in the word "built".
In this way, it is easiest to find endings in verbs and adjectives, since they either completely change their ending or completely discard it.
Use the genitive
To eliminate doubts with nouns, you can put the word in the genitive case. First, the child will have to analyze it and present it in the nominative case, since it is quite difficult to immediately change the case to the genitive. Already at this stage, the baby can guess what the base is. Next, the genitive case is substituted.
- The word "cottage" is asking to become completely a root, but substitute it in the genitive case and the letter "a" will disappear: there is nothing? - no dachas.
- The word "needles" no longer seems so difficult to parse: there is nothing? - no needles.
- "Titmouse" also loses its ending, when placed in the genitive case: "tits".
If you first change the noun at times, and then put it in the genitive case, then the ending is very easy to find.
How to find the stem of a word
If you can find the ending, then determining the basis is an extremely simple task. First, explain to the child that the stem is all parts of the word, except for the ending. That is, by highlighting the ending with a square, you see the basis.
It is underlined by a straight line with small bends along the edges, so that it is easier for the teacher to understand: where is the beginning and where is the end. Let's look at an example.
- In the word “Beautiful”, the ending is “th”, which means the base will be “beautiful”.
- In the word "Houses" we remove the ending "a" and select "house".
The stem may contain many parts of the word, or it may turn out that it will contain only the root - there is no difference, the main thing is that the ending should not be included in the stem.
If there is no ending in the word, then in most school programs it is customary to put an empty box next to it, which symbolizes the zero ending of the word. This means that it can be theoretically, but it is in this form of the word that it simply does not exist.
In most concepts, the morpheme is considered as an abstract language unit. The concrete realization of a morpheme in a text is called morph or (more often) morph.
At the same time, morphs representing the same morpheme may have a different phonetic appearance depending on their environment within the word form. A set of morphs of one morpheme that have the same phonemic composition is called allomorph.
The variation of the expression plan of the morpheme forces some theorists (namely, I. A. Melchuk and N. V. Pertsov) to conclude that the morpheme is not a sign, but a class of signs.
So, in the works of N.V. Pertsov it is stated that “in everyday life, even among specialists in morphology, the term“ morpheme ”is often used in the sense morph and that "sometimes such indistinction in word usage permeates even published scholarly texts." N.V. Pertsov believes that “one should be careful in this regard, although in the overwhelming majority of cases it is clear from the context what kind of entity - a concrete text morphe or an abstract linguistic morpheme - is in question.”
Morpheme classification
Roots and affixes
Morphemes are classified into two main types - root (roots) And affixal (affixes) .
Root- the main significant part of the word. The root is an obligatory part of any word - there are no words without a root (except for rare secondary formations with a lost root like the Russian “you-well-be (prefix-suffix-ending)”). Root morphemes can form a word both accompanied by affixes and independently.
Affix- an auxiliary part of the word, attached to the root and serving for word formation and expression of grammatical meanings. Affixes cannot form a word on their own - only in combination with roots. Affixes, unlike some roots (such as cockatoo), are not single, occurring only in any one word.
Classification of affixes
Affixes are divided into types depending on their position in the word. There are two types of affixes most common in the languages of the world - prefixes, located before the root, and postfixes located after the root. The traditional name for the prefixes of the Russian language is prefixes. The prefix clarifies the meaning of the root, conveys the lexical meaning, and sometimes also expresses the grammatical meaning (for example, the aspect of verbs).
Depending on the expressed meaning, postfixes are divided into suffixes(having a derivational, that is, derivational meaning) and inflections(having a relational, that is, indicating a relationship with other members of the sentence, meaning). The suffix conveys both lexical and (more often) grammatical meaning; can translate a word from one part of speech to another (transposing function). Inflections are word-changing affixes. The traditional name for inflections of the Russian language is graduation, since they are mostly located at the very end of words.
There are languages (Turkic, Finno-Ugric) in which there are no prefixes, and all grammatical relations are expressed by postfixes. Some other languages - such as the Swahili Bantu family, (Central Africa) - use prefixes and almost no postfixes. In Indo-European languages, to which the Russian language belongs, both prefixes and postfixes are used, but with a clear preponderance towards the latter.
In addition to prefixes and postfixes, there are other types of affixes:
- interfixes- service morphemes that do not have their own meaning, but serve to connect roots in compound words (for example, forehead- O-shaking);
- confixes- combinations of a prefix with a postfix, which always act together, surrounding the root (as, for example, in the German word ge-lob- t - "praised");
- infixes- affixes inserted into the middle of the root; serve to express a new grammatical meaning; found in many Austronesian languages (for example, in Tagalog: sumulat"to write", cf. sulat"letter");
- transfixes- affixes, which, breaking the root, consisting of only consonants, break themselves and serve as a “layer” of vowels among consonants, determining the grammatical meaning of the word (found in Semitic languages, in particular, in Arabic). There are very few vowels in Arabic, there are only 3 of them, since the language is consonantal:
Literature
- A. A. Reformatsky. Introduction to linguistics
- Modern Russian language (edited by V. A. Beloshapkova)
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
Synonyms:See what "Ending" is in other dictionaries:
END, end, cf. (book). 1. Completion, the end of something. End of work. He left without waiting for the show to end. 2. The final part of a literary work. The end of the novel in the next book of the magazine. Ending to be... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov
Cm … Synonym dictionary
Ending- the final part of the work printed in the issue (number, volume) of the serial edition, published in parts in several (many) issues (numbers, volumes) of this edition. On the page where O. begins, in a footnote or before the main. text ... ... Publishing Dictionary
ending- ENDING, completion, completion, end, final FINAL, final, last, book. definitive TO END / END, to complete / to complete, to end / to end, to end / to end, to end / to end, ... ... Dictionary-thesaurus of synonyms of Russian speech
In the verse, see clause...
Same as flex... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
END, I, cf. 1. see finish, sya. 2. The end, the final part of what n. Prosperous about. story. O. novel in the next issue of the magazine. 3. In grammar: the same as inflection. Case about. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949… … Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov
ending- radio channel The physical location of the antenna of the radio equipment (ITU R F.1399). Telecommunication topics, basic concepts Radio channel synonyms EN radio termination ... Technical Translator's Handbook
ENDING- (termination). The part of a word added to the stem when the word is grammatically modified, both in Latin and Greek... Terms of botanical nomenclature
ending- wait for the end of modality, wait for the end of the continuation, modality, wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end of the modality, wait for the end follows the subject, approach / removal (not) ... ... Verbal compatibility of non-objective names
One of the features of the Russian language is the presence of endings in words. The ending is the part of the word that comes after the root and suffixes. Changing the endings for a logical link of words in a sentence corresponds to the rules of the Russian language, the rules of which answer the question of how to determine the ending. In a short example of a sentence of three words, when the ending changes in two of them, the changed meaning is clearly visible: the present tense has become past, the singular has become plural: "I read a book" - "I read books." The endings of the verb and noun have changed, changing the sentence itself.
Verb endings: how to determine them
Being one of the main members of the sentence, the verb can change, "adjusting" to other words. And here the concept of how to determine the end of the verb comes to the fore. It depends on the conjugation. There are two conjugations in Russian: I and II. In verbs of I conjugation, the words end in -y, -yu, -em, -et, -eat, -ut, -yut, -et. Let's take the verb "think" and conjugate it: I think, we think, I think, I think, I think, I think. And only 11 verbs are included in the exception. They just need to be remembered in order to correctly determine the endings: drive, hold, breathe, hear, look, see, hate, offend, twirl, depend, endure.
If verbs have endings -u, -u, -it, -ish, -im, -at, -yat, -ite, then they belong to the II conjugation. For example, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking, joking. Determining the ending of a verb is easy if the ending is stressed. In other cases, the verb has to be conjugated. But not all verbs correspond to I and II conjugation. There are different conjugated verbs: run, want and glimpse. The endings of these verbs are suitable for both I and II conjugation: run - run - run, but run - run - run; WANT - WANT, BUT WANT - WANT - WANT. If the verb is imperative, the ending is always the same as in the II conjugation: -ITE. You need to remember the verbs - put - ride - go: with endings in the imperative mood, they look like this: put - put - go.
Determining the ending of a noun
Knowing the declensions, you can answer the question of how to determine the ending of a noun. In the nominative case, the ending is not in doubt. Difficulties may arise when, in order to link words in a sentence, this noun must be changed in gender, number and case, i.e., decline it. In principle, nouns are declined according to the rules. But, for example, a masculine noun in the nominative plural may not have the same ending as rule 1 says: instead of “I” or “Y”, the ending will be “A” or “I”. Example: forest - forests; address - addresses; poplar - poplars.
There is a group of words that have several variants of endings in the plural of the nominative case. As a rule, these are professional words that have become literary: you can write and say “designers and constructors”, “instructors and instructors”, etc. And in the genitive plural, some nouns receive a zero ending, -OV, -EB or -EY . These words are: boots (from felt boots), tangerines (from tangerines), nails (from nails).
In order not to be mistaken in how to correctly determine the endings of a few more words, you need to remember that they are divergent and you just need to remember them. All of them are of the middle gender ending in -MYA: burden, stirrup, udder, time, seed, crown, banner, name, flame and tribe. These nouns in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular are pumped into -I, and in the instrumental case they have an ending, like the nouns of the second declension: -EM.
The Russian language, not in vain they say - the richest and most beautiful, but at the same time the most difficult in the world. No other language in the world has such a huge number of rules and exceptions to them, and also none of them can boast such a wide variety of not only words, but also their forms, which can be formed if, for example, you decline a noun by cases, or conjugate verbs. Endings are especially difficult because they link all the words in a sentence into a single whole. Also, the definition of a null termination can cause problems. We will try to understand in more detail what a zero ending is in this article.
What is an ending?
The ending is one of the morphemes that indicates the connection of this word with other words in one phrase or in a sentence. The ending is most often at the end of the sentence, but there are some exceptions. We will touch on them a little later. Endings, unlike other morphemes, do not affect the meaning of the word, since they are not word-forming. It is thanks to him that you can determine the gender, case, number and person of a given word. For example, in the word "continent" the ending -a indicates that the given word is in the singular, genitive and masculine, and in the word "thinks" the ending -et indicates that this construction is third person singular.
Cases where the ending is not at the very end of the word
When determining the ending, some people may have difficulty, because they are sure that it must be at the end of the word. Cases in which the ending can be in the middle of a word:
If there is a postfix in the word, the ending will be placed before it. For example: removed, someone, something, let's go.
In complex quantitative numbers, the ending is present both in the middle of the word and at the end, that is, the ending will be after each stem. For example: fiftyØ, four. However, one should not confuse ordinal numbers or adjectives that are formed from them. For example: fiftieth, four hundred, thirty-five thousandth, eight-story, three-year-old, first-class, heptagonal.
Grammatical meanings of endings
Endings are a very significant morpheme, since they completely affect the lexical meaning of the word and the whole sentence. Indeed, sometimes it is easiest to identify foreigners among a crowd of people precisely due to the fact that the correct use of endings in words is given to them with great difficulty.
All endings in words can denote the following grammatical meanings:
Numbers, gender and case in such parts of speech as, for example, (for example: canvas - ending -o indicates that the word is in the nominative case, it is also in the singular and neuter); adjective (for example: pure canvas - the ending -th indicates the singular, the neuter gender and the nominative case); participle (for example: a washed canvas - the ending -th also says that we have a word in the singular, in the nominative case and the middle gender); some pronouns (for example: your canvas - the ending -ё also indicates a word in the singular, nominative and neuter) and some numerals (for example: one canvas - the ending -o indicates a word in the singular neuter and nominative) ;
Only the case of some pronouns (for example: there is nothing - the ending -th indicates the genitive case) and part of the numerals (there is no seven - the ending -i says that the given word is in the genitive case);
Only persons and numbers of verbs in the future and present tense (for example: I write - the verb of the first person singular);
Only numbers and gender for verbs in the past tense (for example: she spoke - a feminine and singular verb).
What is null ending?
Also, some difficulties may arise in determining the end if it is zero. In order to easily identify it in a word, you need to figure out what a zero ending is. Words with similar endings are often confused with words without endings at all.
The zero ending of a word is an ending that is not expressed by either letters or sounds. Despite the fact that this type of ending is not expressed materially, when analyzing the morphological structure of a word, it must be denoted as an empty square.
Types of words with zero endings
The following types of words have a zero ending in Russian:
First person nouns in the genitive and plural. For example: birds Ø, seals Ø, cows Ø, pets Ø.
Qualitative adjectives, as well as participles in the short form of the singular masculine, for example: resourceful Ø, individual Ø, inclined Ø, magnificent Ø, detained Ø, armed Ø.
Zero ending of masculine nouns of the second type, as well as feminine in the third declension. For example: cockroachØ, parkanØ, feltØ, ovenØ, speechØ, nightØ.
Possessive adjectives in the form For example: fathers Ø, mother Ø, cow Ø, fox Ø, Serezhin Ø.
Singular imperative verbs. For example: learnØ, lookØ, helpØ, translateØ, askØ.
Verbs in the subjunctive and indicative mood in the masculine gender in the past tense and in the presence of the singular. For example: spoke Ø - would speak Ø, listen Ø - listen Ø would, vote Ø - vote Ø, ask Ø - ask Ø would.
Often people confuse words with zero endings with words that have no endings at all. To understand all the differences, consider which words have no ending at all.
Words that have no ending at all
The following invariable words and groups of words do not have an ending:
Indeclinable nouns, for example: taxi, coffee, car, coat;
Indeclinable adjectives, for example: burgundy, khaki, marengo, net, baroque, Esperanto, pleated;
Possessive pronouns that indicate belonging to a third person, for example: them, her, him;
All adverbs, since an adverb is an invariable part of speech and, by definition, no longer has an ending, for example: bad, sad, noticeable, unclear, confused, colored, redone;
Words in comparative form, for example: stronger, smarter, faster, clearer, more beautiful, sadder, more majestic;
All gerunds, since this part of speech has taken its inflexibility from the adverb and, like the adverb, cannot have an ending, for example: having read, washing, understanding, reading, remembering, remembering, analyzing, realizing;
All service parts of speech, for example: to, if, not, nor, despite the fact that, only, barely, just, without, over, under, in;
Interjections, for example: well, yes, yes, fathers, wow, ah, slap, bang, those times;
The initial form of the verb in case -t and -ti is perceived as a suffix, for example: eat, accept, feel, understand, respect, experience, act.
Also, words that have no endings at all should not be indicated in writing in morphological analysis with an empty square. One rule will help you easily distinguish words without endings from zero endings. Words without an ending are not changed, unlike words with a null ending.
How to determine the end?
To determine the ending in any word, simply decline it by cases. That part of the word that will change is what it is. It is in this way that it is easy to detect the zero ending. Examples of words with such an ending, as well as words that do not have it at all, are presented in the following table:
Singular | Plural | immutable word |
||
Nominative | ||||
Genitive | Whom? What? | |||
Dative | To whom? What? | mirrorAM | ||
Accusative | Whom? What? | |||
Instrumental | a mirror | mirrors | ||
Prepositional | About whom? About what? | mirrors |
In this example, it is noticeable how easily this morpheme can be determined in words. Since the word “pleated” does not decline by case, this word is without an ending, and in the word “mirrors” only a root and a zero ending are presented, because this is a noun in and in the genitive case.
Morphemes with which the null ending interacts
In most of the examples considered, words are most often found in which only the root and the zero ending are used among morphemes. All other morphemes can be combined with a similar ending. For example, words that have a prefix, root, zero ending: story, transition, departure, exit, swim. There are also words, in the morphemic analysis of which you can see the prefix, root, suffix and zero ending. For example: teenager, put, predicted, timed. Very often, words are used that simultaneously contain a postfix and a zero ending in Russian. For example: make up, cheer up, sit down, help, imagine, arm yourself.
Soft sign in morphemic analysis
Please note that a soft sign cannot be the end of a word. This sign does not denote any sound, but only indicates the softness of the consonant that stands in front of it. If a word ends with a soft sign, then it should be considered that it has a zero ending. However, this rule does not apply to immutable words. For example, despite the fact that in the constructions just, away, jump at the end there is a soft sign, these words should not be counted with a zero ending. They are immutable and have no endings at all.
Features of the morphemic analysis of the word
The ending is the only variable part in a word. All other morphemes together form its basis. In morphemic analysis, it is perhaps easiest to identify exactly the ending in a word, since for this it is enough to modify the word a little.
A small difficulty that could arise in the correct definition of the ending is to distinguish between words that have a zero ending, as well as words without any ending at all. Since in this article it was found out what a zero ending is, then this morpheme will not pose any difficulties during analysis.
The ending is a variable meaningful part of the word that forms the forms of the word and serves to link words in a phrase and sentence. This formative morpheme expresses the grammatical meanings of gender, person, number, and case.
Not all words have an ending. It is only for modified words. It happens that a word has an ending, but it is not seen or heard, i.e. it is not expressed in letters and sounds - it is a zero ending. In addition, the ending is not always at the end of a word. A word can have two endings. Sometimes, to highlight the ending, you have to use phonetic transcription.
The ending is a formative morpheme that expresses the grammatical meanings of a word (gender, person, number, case), and not lexical meanings like word-forming morphemes.
The ending differs from formative suffixes in the nature of the grammatical meaning it expresses.
Only changing parts of speech can have an ending(inflected, conjugated or changing by gender and number):
- inflected nouns,
- adjectives,
- numerals,
- pronouns,
- Verbs,
- communion.
To highlight the ending, you need to change the form of the word:
- change number:
meadow () – meadow (A),
herbs (A)– herbs (s),
dared () - dared (s); - change gender for adjectives and participles:
white (th)- white (oh)- white (and I), thinking (s)- thinking (and I), sat () - sat (A);
- case of parts of speech that decline: house () - house (A)- house (y), sin (s)- blue (his)- blue (to him) ;
- face of verbs: write (y)- write (yeah)- write (ut) .
The part of the word that changes when changing the form of a word, is the ending.
Ending not included in the stem because it has only grammatical meaning.
The ends of words of different parts of speech may be the same, but their endings are different, i.e. words have different morphemic structure. Examples:
- small And vision - adjective small and noun vision at the end of the word have -s . Changing the gender of the adjective: small(s) - small(s) -small(s) , we define the changing part - the last two letters change, therefore, -s - ending. Inflecting a noun vision (e) - vision (I) - vision (eat), determine the ending -e .
- yawning And evil - gerund yawning does not have an ending, because is an invariable word, and an adjective hl (th) - evil (oh) - evil (s)) has an ending -and I .
- in vain And Earth - adverb in vain does not have an ending, because is an immutable word, and a noun earthl (i) - earth (ey) - earth (s) has an ending -I .
- banner And biology - nouns znam(s) - znam(s) -znam(em) And biologists(s)-biologists(s)-biologists(s) have the same endings -i.
Attention! Second person plural verbs the present and future numbers and forms of the imperative mood of these verbs may coincide, but have a different morphemic structure, i.e. have two variants of morphemic parsing:
Complete
(imperative mood, you-full-and-(those), -and- -
imperative mood) second task after doing
(present tense, you-full-(ite)) first.
you-years-and-(those)
(imperative mood) - you-years(ite)
;
you-treat-and-(those)
(second conjugation, imperative mood) - you-treat-(ite)
etc.
In verbs of the first conjugation, an unstressed ending -(eat) in sound it coincides in sound with the imperative mood, but is written differently:
jump-and-(those) (mandatory inclination) — jump out-(you ) (first conjugation (to jump), second person, pl.).
With the help of the ending, the forms of modified words are formed.
The ending expresses various grammatical meanings of parts of speech:
- number and case of nouns, numerals, personal pronouns (without a preposition or with
)
noun 2nd declension, Tv.p., singular who?, what? elephant( ohm), father( ohm), con( eat - gender, number, case of adjectives, participles, pronouns
- person and number of verbs in the present and future tenses:
- gender and number of past tense verbs, short adjectives
In addition to distinguishing word forms, endings sometimes perform meaningful function:
bread(s) - cereals and bread(s) - products baked from flour; men are men, teeth are teeth, leaves are leaves.
Sometimes the end is easy define not only form but also Part of speech. For example:
In a phrase, invariable words obey the main word in meaning, with the help of word order and intonation: run fast, run up.
Invariable words have no endings:
| Invariable parts of speech | Examples |
|---|---|
| gerunds | seeing, hearing, collecting, washing |
| adverbs | naked, fun, better, in German, first of all, unbearable, married |
| indeclinable nouns (usually borrowed): | cocoa, necklace, flowerpot |
| indeclinable adjectives: | khaki, bordeaux, beige |
| comparative adjectives: | stronger, higher |
| possessive pronouns denoting belonging to a third person: | him, her, them |
| interjections and onomatopoeia: | wow, ah! |
| Service parts of speech: | |
| unions | though |
| near | |
| let | |
Attention! The absence of an ending in a word is not graphically indicated. In morphemic and word-formation parsing, you cannot put a zero ending sign! The whole word is included in the stem.
Participles and adverbs are invariable parts of speech, therefore they have no endings. Do not confuse gerunds and adverbs with adjective endings. Adjective endings can be changed:
- doom/ A/t - doom / A/I- gerund suffix;
- mil( and I) - the end of the adjective, which can be changed: cute (th), cute (th).
Zero endings
Declined or conjugated (changeable!) Parts of speech in some forms may have a zero ending.
The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter on the letter. You can find it by changing the forms of the word. If, when changing the form of a word, an ending appears, expressed in letters and sounds, then e
The null ending conveys a specific grammatical meaning:
table(), horse() - Im. n., male gender, second declension; cloud(), puddle(), mam() — meaning of the genitive plural.
When the form of such words changes, after the stem, a pronounced (sounds, letters) ending appears.
| Zero endings have: | Examples |
|---|---|
| masculine singular nouns 2 declensions in the nominative and accusative cases: |
forest() - forest(a), forest(y); |
| feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in the nominative singular: |
mouse() - mouse(s); |
| nouns in the genitive plural different kinds: |
cloud() - cloud(a) - cloud(s), |
| short adjectives and participles of the masculine singular: |
beautiful () - beautiful (a), clumsy - clumsy (a), |
| possessive adjectives in I.p. m.r.h. |
fox () - fox (I) - fox [th "(a)], shark () , wolf ( see below why so) |
| past tense masculine singular verbs in the indicative and subjunctive mood: |
sang(), sang() would - sang (a), |
| for verbs of the imperative mood singular: |
learn(), watch(), write(); |
| numerals in the nominative and accusative cases: |
ten() - ten(s), ten(s) |
Attention! It is necessary to distinguish between zero-terminated words and invariable words, because in a word with a null ending, it is indicated during morphemic parsing of the word, but in invariable words it is not (no ending)!
- noun already() (already (u), already (oh)) has a zero ending, and the adverb already - an invariable word and, therefore, has no ending.
- net()
- noun ( set(s), set(s)),
ses(th ) - verb, where the ending is indefinite — (th),
start(s) - verb,
five() - numeral ( heel(s)),
path() - noun ( put(s), put(s)),
though - union and immutable word, so there is no ending,
let — , immutable word - no ending,
thinking - gerund, unchangeable word - no ending.
The ending can be inside a word:
- If the word has , then the ending is in front of it, inside the stem of the word: uch (y) s, uch (shh) sya, uchivsh (s) Xia(after the end there is a verb -sya / -s - the most common case); go (eat)-te; in the middle of compound pronouns: How (Ouch)-either as (Wow)-either as (Wow) something, to (omu) someday.
- In some difficult words: to Komsomolsk (e)-on-Amur (e) .
Two endings in a word.
Compound words can have two endings:
- for nouns: armchair (O)-bed () - armchair (A)-bed (And) ;
- for numerals: five () ten () - five (And) ten (And) .
But, in compound nouns and adjectives that are written together, after the first there is a connecting vowel, and not an ending: myself- O-years () , red- O- leather (s) .
The ending is distinguished by the sound composition
using transcription, since the spelling does not reflect the morphemic composition of the word:
- Possessive masculine adjectives ending in -y:
fox(), wolf(), bear(), Where - uy is a suffix and has a null ending. When declining, runaway - And - drops out of the suffix, there remains a suffix that sounds like [th'] , and in the letter it is transmitted by a separating soft sign: fox (his) [fox’-th-‘(willow)], wolf (his) [wolf’-th’-(willow)], bear (his) [m’edv’ezh-th’-(willow)] - suffix sounds in transcription [th'] and ending.
- In the following words, the suffix -й- also appears in the sound composition of the word: guns
[rouge-y'-(a)],gun [rouge-y'-(o)]; sparrow ya [sparrow'-y'-(a)], sparrow yu [sparrow'-y'-(y)]
; edge, edge
[edge-th'-(y)].
Suffix -th-
is also preserved in the formation of related words: rifle, sparrow [
sparrow'-y'-in-(th)]
. In these words and others like them (dancer, grumbler; gorge, knowledge, aspiration; May, tram etc.) not in all forms the ending is indicated by letters.
List of used literature
- Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Olympiads in the Russian language. 5-11 grades. - 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
- Panova E.A., Pozdnyakova A.A. Reference materials on the Russian language for exam preparation. - M .: - LLC Astrel Publishing House, 2004.-462 p.
- Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and university applicants / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011 — ISBN 978-5-94776-742-1.
