Exercise 228
1.1. Love involuntary disinterested innocently betrayed
she was lying (I.). 2. Heavy cold clouds lay on top
tires of the surrounding mountains (L.). 3. And together with the chilling jet
she takes out from the depths of the building a slow deaf
doubtful (T.). 5. He was met by a skinny, hunchbacked old woman
with a sharp chin (Ch.). 6. I saw a young woman
blowing beautiful kind intelligent charming
(Ch.). 7. It seemed that the muscles melted from the heat and remained
only thin elastic nerves were left (M. G.). 8. Smooth mo-
musical muttering is interrupted (Seraph.). 9. In the chest
I found a yellowed hetman written in Latin
a charter (Paust.). 10. Chapaev loved a strong decision
solid word (Furm.). 11. Downstairs in blue yellow
purple spots swayed the reflection of the city (Sayan).
12. Through a small ice-covered window punched-
moonlight (Closed). 13. She really looked like
on the young "Velaya slender flexible birch (Field).
14. Learned cheerful decisive
young people who were burning with the desire to prevent the enemy
to the great city (Trans.). 15. Righteous scarlet blood
our friendship is forever sealed (Oshan.). 16. More recently
there were low wooden houses in this area, and now -
high stone.
II. 1. Loud laughter filled the surrounding snowy fields
(Ax.). 2. An old black silk scarf wrapped around
the rumpy neck of the Wild Master (T.). 3. Alyosha gave him
small folding round mirror (Supplied).
4. The sun disappeared behind the advanced low torn
cloud (L. T.). 5. Snow drifts twitched
which ice crust (Ch.). 6. Dark July boundless
nye steppe nights (Seraf.). 1. Do you imagine
nasty southern county town? (Kupr.). 8. Fedo-
ru brought a black nimble stallion (Furm.). 9. Run-
a stern winter dawn appeared through the deadly
haze (Fad.). 10. Give me another interesting book.
Reference.
1. Definitions are homogeneous if:
a) indicate the distinguishing features of different objects,
for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels
lights fall on passers-by, slide along the facades (Cat.);
b) denote different signs of the same pre-
meta, characterizing it on the one hand, for example: Everything fell asleep
sound, motionless, healthy sleep (T.).
Each of the homogeneous definitions is directly related to
refers to the noun being defined; between homogeneous
definitions, you can insert a coordinating union.
Homogeneous definitions can also characterize the subject
from different sides, being combined in the context of both
some common feature (appearance, similarity of pro-
impression, causality, etc.), for example:
Her sweet, hard, red lips were still wrinkling as before.
de, at the sight of him from uncontrollable joy (L. T.); One melted in the sky
small, golden cloud (M. G.) (appearance); cf. Also:
spring, morning, thin ice (a common feature is “weak,
fragile"); red, swollen eyelids ("red because
scorched"); moonlit, clear night ("lunar, and therefore clear").
As a rule, artistic definitions (epi-
teta), for example: The old woman closed her leaden, extinguished eyes
(M. G.); Some grasshoppers crackle in unison, and this un-
ceaseless, sour and dry sound (T.).
Definitions are homogeneous if, in the context between them,
synonymous relations are given, for example:
nye, hard days (T.).
Definitions are homogeneous if they form a semantic gradation
tion (each subsequent definition reinforces the designation
their sign), for example: Joyful, festive, radiant
new mood was bursting, and the uniform seemed to be becoming cramped
Homogeneous are usually a single definition and
the definition following it, expressed by the participial
mouth, for example: That was the first, not clouded by any dangers
canopies the joy of discovery (Gran.); His black, not covered by anything
that head flashed in the bushes (T.); It was kinda good
he is sad in this small, already touched by late autumn
garden (hump.); In the Collective Farmer's House, a fast, city-dressed
the man looked at her ID... (Nikol.).
As a rule, agreed-upon definitions are homogeneous,
after the word being defined, for example: On the winter road,
boring troika greyhound runs (P.). Deviations from the rule
tea in poetic speech, for example: Hello, blue days
old autumn ... (Bruce.). Also, in some combinations of terminology
logical character, for example: black cloth trousers, pear
winter late-ripening, thin-walled electric-welded stainless steel pipes
Homogeneous are definitions opposed to
a combination of other definitions with the same defined word,
for example: This vial contains plain, black ink, and that one contains
chemical purple.
2. Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding is related
does not refer directly to the noun being defined,
but to the combination of the subsequent definition and this being
telno, for example: There was an old hanging wall clock in the office
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object with different
different sides, in different ways, for example: In the corner of the living room,
there was a pot-bellied walnut bureau (G.). - form of m a and m a t er and a l;
Magic underwater islands quietly float and quietly pass
white round clouds (T.) walk - color in e t and form; We lived
in the basement of a large stone house (M. G.) - size and material
r and a l; Once upon a time I had a chance to sail along the gloomy Siberian
river (Kor.) - quality of location
etc. Such definitions become homogeneous if they are combined
gives a common feature, for example: For the tourist base allotted
a large, stone house (a unifying concept - “comfortable .
Heterogeneous definitions are usually expressed by combinations
I eat qualitative and relative adjectives, because
they denote heterogeneous "signs, for example: Bright winter
her the sun looked into our windows (Ax.); Suddenly horse alarming
neighing resounded in the darkness (Fad.). Less often heterogeneous definitions
are formed by a combination of some qualitative adjectives, on-
example: A light, restrained whisper woke me up (T.).
Double interpretation and double punctuation allow
type combinations: another leather briefcase (previously had
leather briefcase) - another, leather briefcase (before that there was
not a leather briefcase). In the latter case, the second definition
is explanatory (before such a definition, one can
to twist not a coordinating union and, but explanatory unions a name-
but, that is)", cf .: ... I saw a completely different, unknown to me
places (T.); Quite different, urban sounds were heard outside and
inside the apartment (Cat.).
SIMPLE COMPLICATED SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are "complicating elements" that express an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the proposal and isolated members of the proposal; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and plug-in constructions, appeals and interjections.
HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating link and performing the same syntactic function in a sentence. Homogeneous members are connected or can be connected by coordinating unions and are pronounced with the so-called enumeration intonation. Both main and secondary members of the sentence can be homogeneous, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, groves have already stretched along the banks. - homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds - homogeneous definitions. Homogeneous members of the sentence can be non-common and common, that is, they can carry explanatory words: My horse jumped through the bushes, tore the bushes with his chest. Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but may be morphologically heterogeneous: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, slept badly. The presence of homogeneous members of the sentence is not seen when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc., for example: Food, food in an open field. HONOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to indicate the distinguishing features of different objects: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for my sister. b) to denote various features of the same subject: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.
Definitions are NON-HOMOGENEOUS if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined: The sun has disappeared behind a forward low broken cloud. HETEROGENEOUS definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different ways, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material). Homogeneous members concretize the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The whole estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them. SEPARATION - semantic and intonation separation of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Separate members of the sentence contain an element of an additional message: He woke up from a horse's clatter, suddenly escaping from behind a hillock. There are so-called semi-predicative relations between the isolated members and the words being defined, as a result of which the isolated members, in their semantic load and in intonational design, approach subordinate clauses.
There is also an intonation-semantic selection of words that can be not only secondary, but also the main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.
CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of the concept, its limitation: Ahead, near the road, a fire was burning. Most often clarifying are the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the mode of action: Quietly, with fear, she said something strange to him. Definitions often act as clarifying members: He examined the little schoolboy from all sides, in a long overcoat, to the heels. EXPLANATION is the designation in this context of the same concept by another word or other words. Explanatory can be both secondary and main members of the sentence, for example: I need only one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Quite different, urban sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment - the definition is explained. INTRODUCTORY WORDS AND PHRASES are not grammatically connected with members, are not members of a sentence and express the attitude of the speaker to the expressed thought. Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole, or to its individual members: Fortunately, no one noticed me; - . . . Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately not in a deep place.
According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories: 1. EVALUATION by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of what is reported: of course, without any doubt, maybe: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health. 2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of the reported: fortunately, unfortunately, a strange thing, etc.: But, unfortunately, at that time the governor turned up. 3. The connection of thoughts, SEQUENCE OF STATEMENT is indicated by introductory words and phrases firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, was an unceasing service. 4. INDICATION OF THE SOURCE of what is being reported: according to, according to, in my opinion, from the point of view: According to the captain, there are two days' journey to the nearest port.
INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information into the main sentence, incidental remarks, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc., usually not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker's attitude to the thought being expressed, do not contain an assessment of the message, indication of its source, on connection with other messages, etc., insert constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual hardness, and his grief (usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints. APPEAL can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: Sergey Sergeyevich, is that you! The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, the vocative case was used for this purpose, which in the modern language is sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you need, old man? Very rarely, the words that name the sign of the person to whom the speech is addressed act as an address: Hey, in a white scarf, where can I find the chairman?
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More on the topic 23. The specifics of a complicated sentence. Types of complicating structures.:
- Constructions that are not included in the structure of the sentence (address, nominative representations, introductory and plug-in constructions, interjections)
- 31. Types and functions of introductory words. Introductory constructions as a rheme updater. Methods for isolating introductory structures.
- Compound sentences of open and closed structure; homogeneous and heterogeneous composition; with reversible and irreversible parts; these types of structures in their correlation and opposition; distribution of semantic-syntactic types of a compound sentence according to these types of structures. Typology of compound sentences
Literature: Russian language (Cheat sheet)
Russian language (Cheat sheet)
42. Syncritical members of the sentence. Causes of syncretism.
In Russian there are syncretic members of the sentence. Causes
occurrence of syncretism
The development of secondary syntactic functions in different parts of speech.
Ellipsis of the verb form
Lexical and grammatical properties of combined word forms
Double syntactic links and relations
The development of secondary syntactic functions (associated with the concept
morphologized and non-morphologized main member of the sentence), if
sentences are not morphologized. Indian summer has come. Babie -
morphological member. Such a word loses some signs and
acquires new ones as part of speech. What is the result of the mismatch
Where? What?) is polysemantic and non-morphologized. Syncretism
nature are syncretic, because in their meaning as parts of speech can
be connected with the meanings of other parts of speech, because their word formation
causes the combination of the meanings of the new word and the word from which
they are educated. The trip to the city was indeed a holiday for them. drive -
educated from go. The infinitive, due to its hybridity, is easy
used in different parts of the sentence. substantive meaning
intensifies if the infinitive is in the position of the subject. Love it
Wonderful.
If inf. is in the complement position in a row with other complements.
Give tea and snack.
In the position of the definition of the combination of the values of the complement and the definition. Dream
to leave (about what?) did not leave him.
Ellipsis of the verb form (omission of the verb form) or participle
also leads to the formation of syncretic forms. Then from the hole (what?) under
a black bumblebee came out with a stump.
45. The concept of a complicated sentence. Semi-predicative.
There is a tradition of highlighting complicated sentences as a special
class of simple sentences, implicitly opposed to the class
uncomplicated (or elementary) sentences. In the class of complicated accepted
consider proposals: 1) with separate members (or
semi-predicative constructions) 2) with homogeneous members (composing
phrases); 3) with introductory constructions; 4) with appeals. Yu n o sha
pale with burning eyes! Now I give you three covenants. In complicated
sentences can express not one event, but several; We worked that
in the field, then in the garden - We worked in the field. We worked in the garden. However
semantic complexity does not constitute the specificity of precisely and only complicated
offers. Many uncomplicated ones can also be semantically complex.
offers. PREDICATIVITY. In grammar: a category, which is whole
a complex of formal syntactic means correlates the message with that or
different time plane of reality.
47. Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions.
Homogeneous definitions are each directly related to the defined
word and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous among themselves
definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation
or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses. Homogeneous
definitions are used in two cases: a) to indicate distinctive
signs of different objects, b) to designate various signs of one and
the same subject. Red, green, purple, yellow, blue curtains of light
fall on passers-by, slide on facades. Homogeneous definitions can
characterize the object also from different sides (a unifying feature can
serve as a distant general concept, the similarity produced by the features
impressions, appearance, etc.) Napoleon made an inquiring gesture with his
small, white and plump hand. As a rule, they are homogeneous
artistic definitions (epithets). Usually act as homogeneous
definitions of an adjective and the participial phrase following it. It was like-
then in a good way it is sad in this small garden, already touched by late autumn.
Homogeneous are definitions that are opposed to a combination of others.
definitions with the same defined word, for example: Earlier this quarter
there were narrow, dirty streets, and now they are wide, clean. Heterogeneous
definitions. Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding
the definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined,
but to the combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined,
e.g.: Sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud
Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different angles, in different
relationships, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material),
oblong pale face (shape and color).
48. Offers with separate members. Semi-predicative isolated
Isolation is called semantic and intonational separation
minor members in order to give them some independence in
offer. Detached members contain an additional message element.
The semantic allocation of isolated members of the sentence is achieved in the oral
speech by intonation highlighting them: in front of a separate member (if he
is not at the beginning of the sentence) there is a rise in voice, is done
pause, it is characterized by phrasal stress, characteristic of intonation-
semantic segments (syntagmas) into which the sentence is divided. Between
isolated members and defined words, due to the presence
additional affirmation or negation, there are so-called
semi-predicative relations, as a result of which the isolated members in their
semantic load and intonation design approaching
adjunctive offers. There are general and particular conditions of isolation.
The first concern all or most of the minor members, the second - only
their individual types. The general conditions for separation include the following: 1)
word order, 2) the degree of prevalence of the sentence member, 3)
clarifying the nature of one member of the sentence in relation to another, 4)
semantic load of a minor member of the sentence.1. Word order has
Prepositive definition expressed by participle or adjective with
explanatory words, is not isolated (if it does not have additional shades
values), the postpositive, as a rule, is isolated. - At the porch stood
several wagons and sleighs drawn by goose. b) Prepositive application,
standing in front of a proper name, as a rule, is not isolated,
postpositive - separates. About two months ago, a certain person died in our city.
Belikov, teacher of the Greek language. c) A circumstance expressed by a single
gerund, usually isolated if it precedes the predicate, and more often not
is isolated in a postpositive position in relation to the predicate. Near
the porch, smoking, crowded about ten Cossacks
2. The degree of prevalence of the sentence member matters for
isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances, additions. a) Single
postpositive definition is usually not isolated, common -
separates. Already the willow, all fluffy, spread around (Fet). b) Single
an application expressed by a common noun and referring to
common noun, usually does not stand apart, closely merging
with it, and the common application is isolated. Memory, this scourge
unfortunate, revives even the stones of the past (M.G.). c) Single
the circumstance expressed by the participle is usually not isolated in
postpositive position in relation to the predicate, and common
a circumstance with the same meaning (participle turnover) is isolated. 3.
The clarifying nature of one member of the sentence in relation to another has
value for isolating definitions, applications, additions,
circumstances.4. The semantic load of the secondary member of the sentence has
value for the isolation of definitions, applications, circumstances. A)
A prepositive definition that has only an attributive meaning is not
is isolated, and the definition, complicated by adverbial meaning,
separates. Tightly tied to young oak trees, our good horses endured
terrible torture from the attack of a gadfly. b) Prepositive application relating to
to a proper name, is not isolated if it has only an attributive
meaning, and is isolated if it is complicated by adverbial meaning.
A man of small stature, almost capacious, was not visible from behind the podium. c)
A circumstance expressed by a noun in the indirect case with
preposition, stands apart if, in addition to its main meaning (for example,
temporary) has an additional shade of meaning (for example, causal,
conditional, concessive). With the approach of the enemy to Moscow, look
Muscovites not only did not become more serious about their position, but, on the contrary,
even more frivolous.
49. Proposals with separate definitions (agreed and
inconsistent).
As a rule, common definitions expressed are isolated
participle or gerund with words dependent on them and standing after
defined noun. Science alien to music was a shame to me.
2. Two or more postpositive single definitions are separated,
explaining the noun, for example:
single postpositive definition if it has an additional
circumstantial meaning. The people, amazed, became like stones. 4.
A definition is isolated if it is divorced from the defined
noun by other members of the sentence; in these cases, the definition
sense is also connected with the predicate and has an additional adverbial
shade. Sun-drenched, buckwheat and wheat fields spread across the river. 5.
A definition immediately before the noun it defines
is isolated if, in addition to the attributive, it also has an adverbial
meaning. Raised in poverty and hunger, Paul was hostile to those who
was in his understanding, rich. 6. Definitions are always isolated,
relating to a personal pronoun; such definitions are attributive
predicative character and have an additional circumstantial value.
Exhausted, dirty, wet, we finally reached the shore.
Inconsistent definitions. 1. Inconsistent definitions,
expressed by indirect cases of nouns, stand apart if necessary
emphasize the meaning they express, for example: Headman, in boots and in
throwing an overcoat on the coat, with cloaks in hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his
bright hat. Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated when
own name, since it, being the bearer of an individual
name, in itself quite specifically designates a person. Shabalkin, with
cap on his head, stood akimbo and proudly looked beside him.2. Usually
separate inconsistent postpositive definitions expressed
comparative degree of the adjective. Another room, almost double
more, called the hall ...
50. Separate application.
Separate applications in some cases have a purely attributive
meaning, in others circumstantial shades are attached to it
values, which is associated with the prevalence of isolated
construction, its place in relation to the defined word, morphological
the nature of the latter.
1. A common application is isolated, expressed by the name of the noun.
nav. With dependent words and related to adverbs. noun; such
applications are generally postpositive. On the trash always with a pipe in his mouth
lies a hospital watchman, an old retired soldier. 2. single application,
relating to a common noun is isolated if
the noun being defined carries the explanatory words
behind me is one girl, a polka. 3. Application related to own
name, separates” if it is in a postposition; prepositive application
is isolated if it has an additional circumstantial
meaning. Lies under a mound overgrown with weeds, sailor Zheleznyak, partisan.
4. A person's own name can act as a separate application. 5.
The application is always isolated with a personal pronoun, for example: It's a shame
me, an old man, to listen to such speeches.7. A standalone application can
join with a union as with a causal meaning, words by name, by
surnames, nicknames.
51. Syntactic constructions with the union "as" (a simple sentence
Separate and non-isolated application, comparative turnover
syncretic varieties).
Commas stand out or separate comparative phrases with the union as
in the following cases: 1) if they denote assimilation (as it matters
“like”), for example: With fingers as light as a dream, he touched my pupils
he. Comparative turnover may contain a shade of causal meaning,
for example: Wasenda, as a positive and practical person, found
disadvantageous fixed place...2) Standalone application may
join with the union as (with an additional meaning of causality), and so
the same with the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth, etc. How old
artilleryman, I despise this type of edged weapons. 3) if in the main part
sentences has a demonstrative word so, such, that, so. The coachman was in
as astonished at his generosity as the Frenchman himself at the offer
Dubrovsky.4) if the turnover begins with a combination like and. Children, like
adults should be taught the rules of the road. 5) in revolutions
none other than none other than, for example: From the front, the Rhine Falls are not
nothing but a low water ledge.6) if the turnover is expressed by the combination as
as a rule, as an exception, as usual, as always, as before, as - now,
as now, as if on purpose.
Turnovers with a union are not separated by commas:
1) if the meaning of the circumstance of the image comes to the fore
actions (revolutions with as usual can be replaced in these cases with a creative
case of a noun or adverb). Buckshot fell like hail. 2) if
the main meaning of the turnover is equating or identifying 3) if the union
as it matters "as", then the turnover attached to it is not
separates. The received answer is considered as consent.4) not
the application with the union as is also separated, characterizing the subject with some
or one side. The reading public has become accustomed to Chekhov as
comedian. 4) if the turnover forms the nominal part of the compound predicate or
in meaning is closely related to the predicate (usually in these cases the predicate is not
has a complete meaning without a comparative turnover). Marya Ilyinichna
sat on pins and needles. 5) if the comparative turnover is preceded by
negation of not or words completely, completely, almost, like, exactly the same,
exactly, simply, directly. Children sometimes talk just like adults. 6) if
turnover has the character of a stable combination. You write like a chicken paw.
52. Offers with special circumstances.
1. As a rule, adverbial phrases are separated. After several
steps, the Cossacks turned off the ditch. 2. Separate two single
gerunds acting as homogeneous members of the sentence.
Shouting and squealing, barefoot boys were jumping... 3. Single
gerunds are isolated if they basically retain the meaning of verbality;
more often they come before the verb-predicate, less often after it. Cossacks
parted without an agreement. 4. Single (usually
postpositive) gerunds, close in function to adverbs, with the meaning
circumstances of the course of action. My coachman tears silently and without haste.
Separate circumstances expressed by the names of nouns. and adv.a) time (sometimes
with a touch of reason, condition). Petya, after the decisive
refusal, went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly; b)
reason: For lack of other game yet, I obeyed my hunter and
went to Lgov c) condition: I stood on the corner of the site, firmly resting
left foot into the stone and leaning slightly forward so that, in case of a slight
wounds, do not tip back d) yielding: Despite strong
exhausted, did not want to sleep.
54. Sentences with separate clarifying and explanatory members
offers.
There is an intonation-semantic emphasis in the sentence of words,
which can be not only secondary, but also the main members. This
so-called clarification and clarification.
Ahead, near the road, a fire was burning. Most often clarifying
are circumstances of place and time. The storm started in the evening at
tenth. 2. The circumstance of the mode of action can also be clarifying.
Quietly, fearfully, she said something strange to him. 3. In the role of clarifying
members often advocate definitions. Close to clarifying are explanatory
sentence members. What they have in common is that in both cases there is
there is an explanatory relationship, the difference is that
clarification is a limitation of a concept, a transition from a broader, general
concepts to a narrower, particular one, and an explanation is a designation in a given
context of the same concept by another word or other words.
Explanatory can be both secondary and main terms.
offers. These people were their own, suburban (M. G.) - the predicate is explained.
With all the strength of his soul, he always wanted one thing - to be quite good, it is explained.
addition. You can insert words before the explanatory term, namely,
exactly, that is. The term "isolation" in a broad sense allows you to include in
him, along with the actual isolation, clarification, explanation, also
accession of members of the proposal, which means additional
comments and clarifications included in the proposal. Connecting
sentence members are close to clarifying and explanatory, but differ from
55. Connecting links in a sentence.
Punctuation. In SRN, attachment is one of the types of syntactic
connections. Accession differs from coordinating and subordinating connections.
When composing, relatively equal, homogeneous in
syntactically, the elements of the utterance, when subordinating one of
elements depends on another, and attachments are, as it were, additional
judgment, clarification, explanation. In a knowledgeable meeting here at large, we
let's talk. If you want. - At the next meeting here, at large, we
we'll talk if you want. Attachment can be a word
(phrase), sentence, can refer to a specific word
(phrase) or to the whole statement, but it always follows
main statement. “Do you think life is fun?” * - “Where is it!
Especially around you. In writing, connecting structures are separated from
main sentence dot, comma, dash, ellipsis. Unionless
connecting structures are closely related to the main
sentence, since without the main sentence the attached part
incomprehensible.
The structurally union-free connecting structure is
any member, main or
secondary. It could be the subject: Well, you see. And suitcases.
your things have been found. Shirts, suits "alarm clock predicate: The river went crazy
from spring water pressure. Unionless connection structures
semantically complement the main sentence, reveal its content in
in general or specify, spread the meaning of any member.. Klokotala.
Seething. Required space. Allied connection structures in
structurally can be simple and complex sentences,
main or secondary members of the sentence. Well, one more detail:
I consider you a friend. Whom I am glad to see with or without reason -
subordinate part of a complex sentence; The radio operator had good taste. AND
good hand - subject; Most clearly express the connecting
connections proper joining unions and allied combinations and, yes and, but,
but and, and (a), so that, but although, mustard gas, and (and) therefore, and that. Reduced at school
score for illiteracy in a written paper in physics is exactly the same as
for illiteracy in an essay on literature. And it's fair "otherwise a schoolboy
will not learn to read. The colloquial character has the union a", usually it
attaches a message. And they would both be very surprised if anyone
told them they were friends. And they were friends, without knowing it. union but in
joining function is rare.
Union or join messages with a touch of choice, clarification: I
here, when one and quiet ... I want to cry all the time ... Or sing. Joining with
with the help of subordinating conjunctions and allied words - a stronger connection than
joining with the help of coordinating conjunctions. Union to join
additional messages are explanatory - target value. In the connecting
meaning, comparative conjunctions are also used as if, as, as if, exactly,
conditional conjunction if. The city will empty. Just cover it with a cap. IN
adverbs, introductory words, particles can act as an adjunctive function:
He lived in Kyiv for twelve whole years. That's why he speaks so well
56. Dash between subject and predicate. Punctuation in an incomplete sentence.
1. A dash is placed between the mean. and tale. in the absence of a ligament, if both
the main members of the sentence are expressed by noun. in I.p. The next station is Horse Racing.
2. If they are both expressed in an indefinite form of the verb, or if one of
the main members are expressed in the nominative case of noun. Drinking tea is not firewood
3. A dash is placed before the words this, this is, it means, this means, here,
connecting the predicate to the subject.
To understand is to forgive
4. A dash is placed if both main terms are expressed in quantitative
numerals or if one of them is expressed by I.p. noun, and the other - the name
numeral or turnover with a numeral. Three times five is fifteen.
5. A dash is placed between the subject, expressed in an indefinite form
verb, and predicate, expressed predicative adverb (category
state) on - o, in the presence of a pause between the main members of the sentence.
It's terrible - to chicken out at the last moment.
6. The dash is placed before the predicate, the expressed phraseological phrase.
Earnings have him now- be healthy.
7. The dash is not put if the subject is expressed by a personal pronoun, but
predicate - nominal case noun. I am an honest man and never say
complements.
8. A dash is not put if the predicate is expressed by an adjective,
pronoun adjective. Whose book is this? Who are you?
A dash in an incomplete sentence.
1. A dash is placed when there is a pause in the so-called elliptical
offers. Behind the night window - fog ..
2. A dash is placed in incomplete (elliptical) sentences when
parallelism of structures. Milk soup - for the first, pancakes - for the second.
3. In incomplete sentences of a special structure, which is based on
two nouns - in dat. and wine. Cases, without mean. and skaz., with a clear intonation
division. Masses - culture.
4. put in an incomplete sentence that is part of a complex
sentences when the missing member (usually the predicate) is restored from
the previous part of the phrase and a pause is made at the gap. We took on
business fun, they - even enthusiastic.
57. Offers with appeal. Difficulties in distinguishing appeals, applications,
vocative sentences.
An address is a word or a combination of words that names a person (or
subject) to which the speech is directed.
The appeal is not grammatically related to the members of the sentence and is not itself
is a member of the proposal. It can take place at the beginning, in the middle
and at the end of the sentence. Do not sing, mower, about the wide steppe! depending
from the place occupied in the sentence, appeal to a greater or lesser extent
degree intonation stands out. Old man! I heard many times that you got me from
saved death. In this position, the appeal can form a special sentence -
appeal (vocative sentence), if the appeal forms the whole
statement and if the speaker not only names the person to whom the
speech, but with intonation expresses various shades of thoughts or feelings - reproach,
fear, joy, etc. -Faith! Vera! - Raisky said in horror, holding out to her
hands to stop her.
An appeal at the beginning of a sentence is pronounced with a weakened
vocative intonation. For calls in the middle of a sentence,
double intonation is possible: or intonation of introductory voice (decrease in voice,
accelerated pronunciation), or exclamatory intonation, if
an appeal is distinguished, for example, by adding a particle to it. Cast
of appeals are most often proper names, names of persons by kinship,
by social status, by profession; less often this function is performed by nicknames
animals or names of inanimate objects. natural shape
expression of address is a noun in the nominative case,
performing a naming function. Appeal can be expressed by others
parts of speech, if they act as a noun. These include
adjectives and participles, much less often numerals and pronouns.
Good, beloved, dear, we live far from each other. Personal pronouns
2nd person are more often part of a special turnover, acting as
appeal and containing a qualitative assessment of the person; pronouns you. And
you are in this turnover between the defined word and the definition. What
You. look like such a duchess, are you my beauty? Should not be mixed
homogeneous treatment with a combination of treatment and a separate application when
German There are non-common appeals (expressed in one word) and
common (with the word-address there are explanatory words). Compound
common appeals is very diverse: in it, with the leading word
there may be agreed and inconsistent definitions, applications,
additions, circumstances and even subordinate clauses. Love you,
my dagger is my dagger, my comrade is light and cold.
58. Offers complicated by introductory constructions. functional
semantic varieties of introductory constructions.
In addition to the main and minor members in a simple sentence
there are words and groups of words that are not members of the sentence. and not
enter into syntactic relations with them - introductory and plug-in constructions. They
closely related to the meaning of the sentence, and therefore they cannot be excluded without
violation of the meaning of the sentence. Introductory are called such grammatically not
words associated with members of the sentence and not members of the sentence and
combinations of words that mainly serve to express a relationship
speaker to the spoken word. They are most often located at the beginning or in
end of words. Introductory words and word combinations are not related to the structure
sentences, which finds its expression in intonation. Introductory constructions
are pronounced at an accelerated pace, with a lower tone and are characterized by
weak accent. Samghin ordered wine and sat opposite the guest. Centenary lindens
and the oak trees grew wide and luxuriant; beeches, on the contrary, despite their
old age, grew more up. The following can serve as introductory words: 1) words and
combinations of words that have lost touch with those words and combinations of which
they were formed: firstly, by a sinful deed (colloquial), of course, the hour is uneven
(colloquial), apparently, as a matter of fact, therefore. 2) words and combinations
words that are correlated with certain parts of speech: no doubt,
see (simple), perhaps, should, know, know, really, say
in secret, it happened, so to speak.
Introductory words and combinations of nominal and verbal words are distinguished
type. Introductory words and combinations of words of nominal type can be expressed: 1)
nouns: without a doubt, according to the expression (of someone or someone
any), according to a proverb, according to information, according to words, according to rumors, according to
message, in fairness, in fact, truth, in a word, to annoyance, to
to amazement, to shame, to happiness (what, someone or someone), outside
no doubt, at least on the one hand, for its part, with
point of view (someone's, someone's), in trouble (someone's), at a glance
(someone, someone), etc.;
2) substantiated adjectives: in general, by the way, the most
the greatest, the most important, the best, the least, the worst.3)
pronouns with a preposition: in addition, between us, on the contrary, with
all this, above all, etc.; 4) adverbs: undoubtedly, true, perhaps,
in general, first of all, really, by the way, on the contrary, in my opinion, understandable.
Introductory words and combinations of words of the verb type can be expressed: 1)
verbs in a personal form: do you believe (do you believe), imagine, think, sorry for
frankness, dare to say, believe it (believe it), let, let
to express myself like that, I suppose, remember, imagine, I confess, directly
let's say, let's say, I'll tell you a secret, I assure you, etc.;
2) verbs in an impersonal meaning: goes out, it seems to me
it seems, we think, we remember, of course, it happens, etc.; 3)
infinitive and infinitive combinations: to see, by the way, it’s better
to tell, to tell the truth, to confess, to hear. 4) a combination of gerunds
with an adverb or noun: between us speaking, to put it mildly,
in fact, to be honest. By meaning, introductory words and combinations
words are divided into several groups: 1. Words and combinations of words expressing
various logical connections and relationships between parts of the sentence. They
indicate the sequence of presentation of thoughts, the relationship of this
suggestions to a wider context; serve to highlight or
opposition of certain parts of the sentence, to express
conclusions, generalizations, consequences, etc. (at the same time, firstly, in
in particular, it turns out, as was said, as noted, for example, to say, to
to say, by the way, by the way, on the contrary, in a word, therefore,
on the one hand, therefore, in this way, etc.): You took a private
case and elevated to a general rule, and therefore, slandered 2. Designs,
expressing a different degree of reliability of the expressed thought: without any
doubt, doubtless, very likely, apparently, quite obviously, in fact,
it seemed, as it seems, as it turned out, probably, obviously
of course, of course, of course, of course, etc. With the help of introductory
as certain, possible or supposed: Every person,
undoubtedly, in his actions he is free (T.); 3. Constructions pointing to
source of the message: as they said, as you know, at a glance (of someone or
someone), in your opinion, according to legend, according to information, according to rumors, according to
considerations, heard, from the point of view (of someone or someone), etc.
With the help of introductory words and combinations of words of this group, it is emphasized
credibility of the message, assertion. 4. Constructions expressing
emotional attitude of the speaker to the content of the sentence: a sinful deed,
as if by misfortune, as if on purpose, to annoyance, to amazement, to chagrin, fortunately, to
Joy, unfortunately, is a strange thing. 5. Constructions indicating the method
expressions of thoughts: roughly speaking, in other words, if possible so
to express, in other words, as they say, it is better to say, according to the expression (of someone
anyone or anyone), just say, let's say, I'll tell you
(to you), in a word, with permission to say, so to speak, etc. 6.
as usual, as usual, as usual, happens, etc.) 7.
Constructions that are calls to the interlocutor or reader with
the purpose of drawing attention to something, to cause one or another attitude to
reported, to convince of something, to emphasize something [believe (whether),
imagine if you want, know (whether), know, believe, have mercy, remember (whether),
listen, imagine, imagine, forgive me, do me a favor,
agree.
59. Punctuation in sentences with introductory components. Introductory delimitation
constructions and sentence members.
Introductory constructions are stylistically heterogeneous, they are widely
common in bookish and colloquial styles. In artistic speech
introductory words and constructions are used as expressive means when
creating speech characteristics of characters. Introductory sentences can
apply to the entire proposal as a whole, as well as to individual members
offers. Introductory sentences differ from introductory words and combinations of words
relative semantic completeness, syntactic structure. By
structure, introductory sentences can be two-part sentences:
one-part indefinitely personal sentences: While our hero, as
wrote in novels in the leisurely good old days, goes to the illuminated windows, we
we will have time to tell what a village party is, in one-part
impersonal sentences: Suspect him of wrecking - now
seemed ridiculous to him.
60. The concept of plug-in structures. Punctuation in sentences with inserts
constructions.
In speech, the technique of inserting statements into a sentence is widespread,
in one way or another related to the content of the proposal. These are usually words
combinations of words and sentences that contain additional remarks.
Plug-in structures are characterized by a special intonation, in places of break
there are long pauses in the main sentence. Plug-in structures are usually
stand in the middle or at the end of a sentence. This fairway (now the fairway
Nevelskoy) Nevelskoy climbed up the Amur to Cape Kuegda. By ways
inclusions in the main offer plug-in structures can be divided into
the following groups:
1. Constructions included in the main sentence without the help of conjunctions:
The orderly smoothly, managing to silently print a step (the soldiers are still sleeping),
moved towards the sergeant.2. Structures included in the main
a sentence with the help of coordinating conjunctions (a, yes, and, or, etc.). These
constructions are placed after the words to which they refer, and contain
remarks that sometimes contradict what is reported in the main
offer 3. Structures included in the main sentence using
subordinating conjunctions and relative words (if, if, when, because,
as well as others): Kalinich (as I found out later) every day went with the master to
hunting. Plug-in structures can refer to the whole sentence as a whole
or to individual words, can be associated with them syntactically, have the form
proposal members. Semantic and stylistic functions of insert structures
varied. It can be reasoning, digressions "very significant
to understand the message as a whole: Plug-in constructions clarify,
specify the content of individual words or expressions, expanding or narrowing
their meaning: We did it because the morning, whatever it may be -
sunny or cloudy quiet or windy - it's always beautiful anyway
because it is morning. appeals to the reader-listener. Plug-in
constructions can indicate the place and time of action, detail
environment: Fountain Stations did not differ much from each other
(gardens, dachas, steep slopes to the sea, thickets of gorse, destroyed fences and
gardens again), except for different smells and different air densities. By using
plug-in designs can convey a variety of feelings about
messages, statements: On the slope of a ravine, under a canopy of turf - to think,
where did you go! - solar-colored flower: coltsfoot.
Simple compound sentence
There are different ways of complication of a simple sentence, among which there are homogeneous members, isolated and complication methods that are not grammatically related to the sentence: inversion, introductory and plug-in constructions. Let's consider each of them in turn.
Homogeneous members of a sentence
Homogeneous are such members of a sentence that perform the same syntactic function in the sentence, refer to the same member of the sentence, are connected to each other by an allied or allied, coordinative, connection and are pronounced with enumeration intonation. In the absence of unions or when they are repeated, homogeneous members are also connected by connecting pauses.
All members of the proposal, both main and secondary, can be homogeneous. They are usually expressed by words of the same part of speech, i.e., they are morphologically homogeneous, but they can also be expressed by words of different parts of speech, i.e., be morphologically heterogeneous, for example:
1. The air was rare, motionless, sonorous (L. T.); 2. Pushkin amazingly, with brilliant humor outlined: wise tales of the Russian people (M. G.)
Homogeneous members to be uncommon and widespread. For example, in the following sentence I love this twilight of delight, this brief night of inspiration, the human rustle of grass, the prophetic cold on a dark hand: (N. Zabolotsky) homogeneous additions are common.
Homogeneous members of a sentence must be distinguished from the following cases of external similarity:
1) when the same words are repeated in order to emphasize the duration of the action, the multitude of persons or objects, the increased manifestation of the sign, etc.,
for example: I'm going, I'm going to an open field (P.); Here is a dark, dark garden (N.);
2) in integral phraseological expressions: and day and night; both old and young; neither this nor that; neither give nor take; neither back nor forth, etc.;
3) when combining two verbs in the same form, acting as one predicate, for example, I'll go look at the class schedule; took yes and did the opposite, etc.
Homogeneity of predicates
1. The question of the homogeneity and heterogeneity of predicates is difficult. In some cases, several predicates with one subject are considered as homogeneous within a simple sentence.
For example: He already remembered, listened to Dymov's laughter and felt something like hatred towards this person (Ch.); and in others - as predicates included in different parts of a complex sentence, for example: The defendants were also taken out somewhere and just brought back (L.T.),
2.More obvious cases where such predicates are distantly located:
Levin looked ahead of him and saw a herd, then he saw his cart drawn by Raven, and the coachman, who, driving up to the herd, had a talk with the shepherd; then, close to him, he heard the sound of wheels and the snorting of a well-fed horse, but he was so absorbed in his thoughts that he did not even think about why the coachman was going to him (L.T.).
Given the whole context, such predicates can be placed in different parts of a complex sentence: I looked ... I saw ... then I saw (in the latter case, the pronoun is even easily inserted - then he saw ...).
The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects
The form of the predicate with homogeneous subjects depends on a number of conditions: 1) on the position of the predicate in relation to homogeneous subjects (preposition or postposition), 2) on the meaning of the conjunctions connecting the subjects (connective, dividing, adversative or comparative), 3) on the lexical meaning of the noun in the role of the subject (abstract concepts or names of persons; materially close or distant, etc.).
Postpositive predicate
The postpositive predicate, as a rule, has a plural form: The hall and the living room were dark (P.); Nikolai's face and voice, warmth and light in the room soothed Vlasova (M. G.). The predicate, located after homogeneous subjects, can have the singular form only in exceptional cases, for example, with a significant real proximity of the subjects: ... Need, hunger comes (Kr.); or with subjects arranged according to the gradation system: Every day, every hour brings new impressions; or with the emphasized dismemberment of the subjects: The dead silence of the dungeon was not broken by a groan or a sigh (Ryl.); or, finally, in the presence of divisive relations between the subjects: Either the cry of a bird, or the flapping of wings cut the silence of the early morning.
Prepositive predicate form
The form of the prepositive predicate is determined by additional conditions.
1. If the subjects are connected by connecting unions or intonation of enumeration, then the predicate has the form corresponding to the nearby subject (singular form).
For example: Care and need will meet us (N.); One could hear the sniffing of a locomotive, whistles, a switchman's horn (Fad.); On a clay bank stood a handful of natives and about five Europeans (Greene); I would have a wonderful library, various musical instruments, a bee house, a vegetable garden, an orchard (M. G.);
2. The plural form is obligatory if the subjects denote persons, and the predicate denotes the action of these persons: Vitya, Pavlik, Kirill shouted ... (Fed.); the plural is also possible with some other subjects, in which case the predicate is emphatically related to each of the subjects: She liked his directness and ease (T.).
Note 1
If the subjects are connected by dividing conjunctions, then the prepositive predicate has the singular form: In harmony, my rival was the noise of the forests, or the violent whirlwind, or the orioles in a lively chant, or at night the rumble of the sea is deaf, or the whisper of a quiet stream (P.); On his face alternately appeared either fear, or melancholy and resentment (Gonch.).
Note 2
With subjects connected by opposing, as well as comparative conjunctions, the prepositive predicate gravitates towards the first subject and therefore has the singular form: But there was not a strike, but simply a physical and mental impossibility to memorize all this (Pomyal.); Children are introduced into the world of fairy tales not only by folk poetry, but also by theater (Paust.).
Note 3
The predicate, torn apart by homogeneous subjects, has the plural form: There were both summer and autumn rainy (Zhuk.). If there is a generalizing word with homogeneous subjects, then the predicate is formed according to the form of this generalizing word: Everything was gray and gloomy - the sky, and the bay, and the city, and the faces of the inhabitants hiding in their homes (Paust.); Both father and aunt, Lyubov, Sofya Pavlovna - they all teach him to understand life ... (M. G.).
Structure of homogeneous members
Homogeneous members in the sentence structure form a structural-semantic block, which is connected with other members of the sentence by a subordinating connection, except for homogeneous subjects, which themselves subordinate the predicate or common secondary members of the sentence.
For example: Hot stones and sand burned bare feet (V. Konetsky).
With homogeneous members of the sentence, there may be generalizing words. Usually, a generalizing word expresses a generic concept in relation to species, which are denoted by homogeneous members, has the same grammatical form as homogeneous members, and is the same sentence member as homogeneous members, for example:
Every day the old clerk Moiseich began to bring various large fish: pike, ide, chub, tench and perch (Ax.)
Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions
Homogeneous definitions are each directly connected with the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Between themselves, homogeneous definitions are connected by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only intonation of enumeration and connecting pauses.
Use of homogeneous definitions
1. Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate the distinguishing features of different objects, b) to designate various features of the same object.
In the first case, varieties of objects of the same kind are listed, for example: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue panels of light fall on passers-by, slide along the facades (Cat.).
In the second case, the attributes of the object are listed, and most often the object is characterized on the one hand, for example: Chapaev loved a strong, decisive, firm word (Furm.).
2. Homogeneous definitions can also characterize an object from different angles, but at the same time, the context creates conditions for the convergence of the features they express (the unifying feature can be a distant general concept, the similarity of the impression produced by the features, appearance, etc.),
for example: Napoleon made an interrogative gesture with his small, white and plump hand (L.T.). In context, homogeneous definitions are synonymously approaching, for example: The sun looked out long ago in the cleared sky and poured life-giving, calorific light on the steppe (G.).
3. As a rule, artistic definitions (epithets) are homogeneous, for example: Some grasshoppers crackle in unison, as if embittered, and this incessant, sour and dry sound is tiring (T.).
4. In a series of homogeneous definitions, each subsequent one can strengthen the sign they express, as a result of which a semantic gradation is created, for example: In autumn, feather grass steppes completely change and get their own special, original, incomparable look (Ax.)
Ways of Expressing Homogeneous Definitions
1. Usually, the adjective and the participial phrase following it act as homogeneous definitions, for example: It was somehow sad in a good way in this small garden, already touched in late autumn (Hump.).
2. Agreed definitions after the noun being defined are, as a rule, homogeneous, which is explained by the greater independence of each of them and the direct connection with the word being defined.
for example: Houses are high, stone built here recently.
Note
However, in combinations that are terminological in nature, post-positive definitions remain heterogeneous, for example: gray cloth trousers, early terry aster, late-ripening winter pear.
3. Definitions that are opposed to a combination of other definitions with the same defined word become homogeneous, for example: Previously, there were narrow, dirty streets in this quarter, but now they are wide, clean.
Heterogeneous definitions
1. Definitions are heterogeneous if the preceding definition does not refer directly to the noun being defined, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the noun being defined,
for example: The sun disappeared behind an advanced low broken cloud (L.T.).
2. Heterogeneous definitions characterize the subject from different angles, in different ways, for example: a large leather briefcase (size and material), an oblong pale face (shape and color), beautiful Moscow boulevards (quality and location), etc. If it is possible to bring such features under a common generic concept, definitions can become homogeneous, for example: huts blackened here and there (P.) on the mossy, swampy banks (the unifying feature is marshy).
3. Definitions are not homogeneous with the meaning of the explanation. For example: another, experienced, doctor (before that there was an inexperienced doctor).
In this case, between both definitions, you can insert not the union and, but the words that is, namely.
For example: Quite different, urban, sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment (Cat.)
4. The clarifying definitions are also not homogeneous (the second definition, often inconsistent, clarifies the first, limiting the feature expressed by it), for example: Only a narrow, three hundred fathoms, strip of fertile land is the property of the Cossacks (L. T.)
Homogeneous additions
Homogeneous additions refer to the same word, are in the same relationship to it and have the form of the same case: That evening Alexander Blok noted in his diary this smoke, these colors (Nab.); There was almost nowhere to hide from the rain and wind (Sim.).
Note
Homogeneous additions can also be expressed in the infinitive: It was ordered to come to the exam on time and report to the group.
Homogeneous circumstances
1. Homogeneous circumstances, revealing the same syntactic dependence, as a rule, are united by the same meaning (time, place, cause, mode of action, etc.):
It must be from this alien air, from the dead streets and rain dampness, I felt complete loneliness (Paust.) - three circumstances of the reason
His speech flowed heavily, but freely (M. G.) - two circumstances of the mode of action; About a dozen tiny wooden cages hung between the windows and along the walls ... (T.) - two circumstances of the place.
2. However, it is sometimes possible to unite and dissimilar circumstances, subject to the generalization of the meaning of the combined words: Somewhere, once I heard these words, Why and why do I need to be here? In this case, they are not homogeneous, although they show a coordinating connection.
3. Circumstances can give a rather complex semantic association: In the quietest winter, on some scarlet dawn in the evening, you foresee the spring of light (Prishv.).
4. Homogeneous circumstances can be both morphologized and designed in different ways: My heart began to beat hard and fast (Paust.); The leaves on the trees trembled from this laughter or from the fact that the wind kept rushing around the garden (M. G.); ... The lady explained in a quiet voice and without raising her eyes (M. G.); Makar pulled the door on himself in time and without much effort (Shol.).
Unions with homogeneous members.
As already noted, the connection with homogeneous members of the sentence can be unionless (then the only way to connect is intonation) and allied. In the latter case, this role is played by a group of coordinating unions. What exactly?
1. Connecting unions: and, yes (in the meaning of "and"), neither ... nor. Union and can be single and repetitive.
A single union shows that the enumeration is exhaustive and the series of homogeneous members is complete,
For example: Screeching, barking and howling were heard outside (Ars.).
The repetition of the union and before each homogeneous member of the sentence makes the series incomplete and emphasizes the enumerative intonation.
For example: And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner for years (P.).
The function of connecting unions with homogeneous members
1. Union and can connect homogeneous members in pairs, for example: They came together: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other (P.).
2. The repeating union is neither ... nor used in negative sentences, acting as a union and, for example: Neither the sea nor the sky was visible behind the rain (M. G.).
3. The union yes (in the meaning of "and") is used mainly in colloquial speech, and its use in works of art gives speech a stylistic coloring of vernacular. NR: And Vaska listens and eats (Kr.); Open the window and sit next to me (P.).
2. Opposite unions with homogeneous members
1. Opposite unions: a, but, yes (in the meaning of "but"), however, on the other hand, etc. The union a shows that instead of some objects, signs, actions, others are established, i.e. that one concept is affirmed, and another denied.
for example: Tit did fame, but did not light the sea (Kr.).
In the absence of negation, the union a indicates opposition,
For example: The dog barks at the brave, but bites the cowardly (last).
2. The union but introduces a shade of restriction, for example: Peaceful, but still restless villages are located on the right bank (L.T.).
3. Yes, the union introduces a colloquial connotation, for example: Who is noble and strong, but not smart, it’s so bad if he is with a good heart (Kr.)
4. The opposition is emphasized by the unions however and on the other hand, for example: I hesitated a little, but sat down (T.); They [the singers] tear a little, but they don’t take intoxicating things in their mouths (Kr.) (the last union has the meaning of “substitution”).
Note
A multi-valued connecting union can act as an opposing union and, for example: I wanted to travel around the whole world, and did not travel around a hundredth (Gr.).
3. Separating unions with homogeneous members
Separating unions: or, or, whether ... whether, then ... then, not that ... not that, etc. The union or (single or repeating) indicates the need to choose one of the concepts expressed by homogeneous members and excluding or replacing each other
2. The union either with the same meaning (usually repeated) is colloquial, for example: Gavrila decided that the dumb man either fled or drowned with his dog (T.)
3 .. A repeating union then ... then indicates an alternation of phenomena, for example: The stars either blinked with a faint light, then disappeared (T.).
4. The repeating union whether ... whether has a separating enumerative meaning, for example: whether it is gouge, whether herring, castled, king pin or something more expensive - everything at Polikey Ilyich found a place for himself (L.T.).
5. Repeating alliances either ... not that, or ... either indicate the uncertainty of the impression or the difficulty of choosing, for example: It’s not laziness in the heart, not tenderness (T.)
4. Gradational unions with homogeneous members
Gradational unions like ... and, not like ... like, not only ... but (a) and, not so much: how much, how much: so much, although ... but, if not ... then they express the value of strengthening or weakening the significance of one of the members of a homogeneous series, therefore they always exist as composite ones.
For example: 1. All windows, both in the manor's house and in the people's, are wide open (S.-Shch.);
2. The view of a large awakened river is not only majestic, but also a terrible and amazing sight (Ax.). At the same time, the comma is not put before the first part of the double union (in 1 sentence).
Note
In order to avoid grammatical errors, when using double unions, a comma must be used.
Prepositions with homogeneous members.
1. Prepositions can be repeated in front of all homogeneous members, for example: Death roams the fields, along the ditches, along the heights of the mountains ... (Kr.).
2. It is possible to omit identical prepositions, but different prepositions cannot be omitted; cf .: On steamboats, on trains, on cars, they traveled a long way ... (Semushkin).
3. With widespread homogeneous members, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: For a year now, Pavel Korchagin has been rushing around in the pedigree country on a cart, on a gun limber, on a gray horse with a severed ear (N. Ostr.).
4. You can not omit the preposition if homogeneous members are connected by repeating unions, for example: Collective farms still experienced a great shortage in cars, and in taxes, and in inventory ... (Laptev).
5. The preposition is also not omitted if homogeneous members are connected by double comparative unions, for example: Siberia has many features both in nature and in human mores (Gonch.).
6. In the presence of an opposing union, the preposition is usually repeated, for example: They judge not by words, but by deeds (last).
7. In the presence of a divisive union, the preposition can be omitted or repeated; cf .: Only those who could not leave due to illness or weakness could not be carried away by this general movement ... (M.-S.).
Generalizing words and homogeneous members
1. Often, with a number of homogeneous members of a sentence, there is a generalizing word, that is, a word that is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members of the sentence, and acts as a more general designation of concepts expressed by homogeneous members. (Everyone came to the assembly hall: teachers, students, parents.)
2. There can also be semantic relations between the whole and the part between the generalizing word and homogeneous members, for example: But I seem to see this picture in front of me: quiet shores, a widening lunar road straight from me to the barges of the pontoon bridge and long shadows of running people on the bridge ( Kav.).
3. Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, therefore, grammatically they act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word. An explanatory connection is established between the last and homogeneous members, which finds its expression in the presence or in the possibility of inserting words, namely, that is, for example, somehow. For example: The whole estate of Chertophanov consisted of four log cabins of different sizes, namely: from an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, a bathhouse.
4. For the purpose of strengthening, one of the summarizing words is put before the generalizing word: in a word, in one word, etc., for example: Spoons, forks, bowls - in a word, everything that was needed on a hike was packed in backpacks.
5. Homogeneous members agree in case with a generalizing word, for example: Kashtanka divided all mankind into two very unequal parts: into owners and customers (Ch.).
The heat in the large third-class carriage, which had been hot for a whole day in the sun and full of people, was so suffocating that Nekhlyudov did not go into the carriage, but remained on the brakes. But even here there was nothing to breathe, and Nekhlyudov sighed with all his chest only when the carriages rolled out from behind the houses and a through wind blew. “Yes, they did,” he repeated to himself the words he had said to his sister. And in his imagination, because of all the impressions of the day, the beautiful face of the second dead prisoner appeared with extraordinary vivacity, with a smiling expression on his lips, a stern expression on his forehead and a small strong ear under a shaved blue skull. “And the worst thing of all is that they killed him, and no one knows who killed him. And they killed. They took him, like all the prisoners, by order of Maslennikov. Maslennikov probably made his usual order, signed a paper with a printed heading with his stupid stroke, and, of course, will by no means consider himself guilty. Still less can a cautious doctor who testified to the prisoners consider himself guilty. He carefully fulfilled his duty, separated the weak and could not foresee either this terrible heat or the fact that they would be led away so late and in such a bunch. The superintendent?.. But the superintendent only fulfilled the order to send so many convicts, exiles, men and women, on such and such a day. Nor can the escort be to blame, whose duty it was to take such and such a number by bill and to hand over the same amount there. He led the game as usual and as expected, and could not foresee that such strong people as the two whom Nekhlyudov had seen would not stand it and die. No one is to blame, but people are killed, and killed all the same by these same people who are not guilty of these deaths. All this happened because, thought Nekhlyudov, all these people—governors, superintendents, police officers, police officers—consider that there are situations in the world in which a human relationship with a person is not necessary. After all, all these people - both Maslennikov, and the caretaker, and the escort - all of them, if they were not governors, caretakers, officers, would think twenty times about whether it is possible to send people in such heat and in such a bunch, twenty times they stopped on the way and, seeing that a person is weakening, suffocating, they would take him out of the crowd, bring him into the shade, give him water, let him rest, and when misfortune happened, they would show compassion. They did not do this, they even prevented others from doing this only because they saw before them not people and their duties to them, but service and its requirements, which they placed above the requirements of human relations. That's all, thought Nekhlyudov. “If it can be recognized that anything is more important than the feeling of philanthropy, even for one hour and at least in some one, exceptional case, then there is no crime that could not be committed against people without considering oneself guilty.” Nekhlyudov was so lost in thought that he did not notice how the weather had changed: the sun had disappeared behind a leading, low, torn cloud, and from the western horizon a solid, light gray cloud was approaching, already pouring out somewhere far away, over fields and forests, like slanting, spore rain. . From the clouds pulled moist rain air. From time to time lightning cut the cloud, and the roar of thunder was more and more often mixed with the roar of the cars. The cloud was getting closer and closer, slanting drops of rain, driven by the wind, began to stain the brake pad and Nekhlyudov's coat. He crossed over to the other side and, inhaling the moist freshness and the bready smell of the earth long awaiting rain, looked past the running gardens, the forests, the yellowing fields of rye, the still green stripes of oats, and the black furrows of dark green flowering potatoes. Everything seemed to be varnished: green became greener, yellow became yellower, black became blacker. - More more! said Nekhlyudov, rejoicing at the fields, orchards and orchards coming to life under the blessed rain. The heavy rain did not last long. The cloud partly poured out, partly swept, and the last direct, frequent, small drops fell on the wet earth. The sun came out again, everything shone, and in the east a low, but bright, with a prominent purple color, interrupted only at one end, bent over the horizon. “Yeah, what the hell was I thinking? Nekhlyudov asked himself when all these changes in nature were over and the train descended into a recess with high slopes. “Yes, I thought that all these people: the superintendent, the escorts, all these employees, mostly meek, kind people, became evil only because they serve.” He remembered Maslennikov's indifference when he told him about what was happening in prison, the strictness of the warden, the cruelty of the escort officer, when he did not let him into the carts and did not pay attention to the fact that a woman was suffering from childbirth on the train. “All these people were obviously invulnerable, impervious to the simplest feeling of compassion, just because they served. They, like servants, were as impenetrable to the feeling of philanthropy as this paved earth is to rain, thought Nekhlyudov, looking at the slope of the excavation paved with multi-colored stones, along which rainwater did not soak into the ground, but oozed in streams. “Perhaps, it is necessary to lay the recesses with stones, but it is sad to look at this land devoid of vegetation, which could give birth to bread, grass, bushes, trees, like those that are visible at the top of the recess. It's the same with people, thought Nekhlyudov, maybe these governors, overseers, policemen are needed, but it's terrible to see people deprived of the main human quality - love and pity for each other. The whole point is, thought Nekhlyudov, that these people recognize as law that which is not law, and do not recognize as law that which is an eternal, unchanging, urgent law, written by God himself in people's hearts. That's why it's so hard for me to deal with these people, thought Nekhlyudov. “I'm just afraid of them. Indeed, these people are terrible. Worse than thieves. The robber can still regret it, but these cannot regret it: they are insured against pity, like these stones from vegetation. That's what makes them terrible. They say the Pugachevs and Razins are terrible. These are a thousand times worse, he went on thinking. - If a psychological task were set: how to make people of our time, Christians, humane, simple kind people, commit the most terrible atrocities without feeling guilty, then only one solution is possible: it is necessary that there be the very thing that is , it is necessary that these people be governors, overseers, officers, policemen, that is, that, firstly, they should be sure that there is such a thing called public service, in which you can treat people like things, without human, brotherly attitude towards them, and secondly, that people should be connected by this very state service so that the responsibility for the consequences of their actions with people does not fall on anyone separately. Outside of these conditions, it is not possible in our time to commit such terrible deeds as those that I have seen today. The whole point is that people think that there are provisions in which you can treat a person without love, but there are no such provisions. Things can be handled without love: trees can be cut, bricks can be made, iron can be forged without love; but humans cannot be treated without love, just as bees cannot be treated without caution. This is the property of bees. If you treat them carelessly, you will harm yourself with them. It's the same with people. And it cannot be otherwise, because mutual love between people is the basic law of human life. It is true that a person cannot force himself to love, as he can force himself to work, but it does not follow from this that one can treat people without love, especially if one requires something from them. If you don't feel love for people, sit still, thought Nekhlyudov, turning to himself, take care of yourself, do whatever you want, but not people. Just as you can eat without harm and with benefit only when you want to eat, so you can treat people with benefit and without harm only when you love. Just allow yourself to treat people without love, as you treated your son-in-law yesterday, and there are no limits to cruelty and bestiality towards other people, as I saw today, and there are no limits to suffering for myself, as I have learned this from all my life. Yes, yes, that's right, thought Nekhlyudov. "It's good, it's good!" he repeated to himself, experiencing the double pleasure of being cool after the excruciating heat and realizing that a higher level of clarity had been reached in a question that had long occupied him.