• I. Wars of the Slave Era 19
• 1. Wars of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome in the V-II centuries. BC. 20
• 2. Wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century. BC. 23
• II. Wars of the era of feudalism 26
• 3. Old Russian state. Navigation in Russia until the XII century. 27
• 4. The struggle of the Russian people against foreign invaders during the period of feudal fragmentation. XIII-XIV centuries 30
• 5. Russia's struggle for access to the seas in the second half of the 16th century. 33
• 6. The development of navigation and the struggle for maritime trade routes in the Middle Ages 36
• 7. Wars of England with Spain and Holland in the XVI-XVII centuries. 39
• 8. The struggle of Russia for access to the seas during the formation of the feudal-absolutist monarchy in the 17th century. 42
• 9. Military-economic map of Russia by the end of the 17th century. 45
• 10. Northern War 1700-1721 General move 48
• 11. Northern War 1700-1721 51
• 12. Northern War 1700-1721 54
• 13. Military-economic map of Russia by the end of the first quarter of the 18th century. 57
• 14. Seven Years' War 1756-1763 60
• 15. Military-economic map of Russia by the end of the 18th century. 63
• 16. Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 66
• 17. Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 69
• 18. Russian-Swedish war 1788-1790 72
• III. Wars of the era of capitalism 75
• 19. War of Independence in North America 1775-1783 76
• 20. The war of Russia as part of the second coalition against France in 1798-1800. 79
• 21. Wars of Russia as part of the third and fourth coalition against France in 1805-1812. Russo-Turkish War 1806-1812 (Campaign 1806-1807) 82
• 22. Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812 85
• 23. Patriotic War of 1812. The collapse of Napoleon's empire. 1813-1815 88
• 24. Wars of Russia in the second quarter of the 19th century. 91
• 25. Round-the-world voyages of Russian ships in the first half of the 19th century. 94
• 26. Military and economic map of Russia on the eve of the Crimean War of 1853-1856. 97
• 27. Crimean War 1853-1856 Military operations on the Black and Baltic Seas in 1853-1855. Defense of Sevastopol 1854-1855 100
• 28. Civil War in the United States of America 1861-1865 103
• 29. Military-economic map of Russia by the end of the 19th century. 106
• 30. Russian-Turkish war 1877-1878 109
• 31. The struggle of the colonial powers for dominance in the Pacific Ocean and for the partition of China in the 19th century. 112
• IV. Wars of the period of imperialism 115
• 32. Japanese-Chinese war 1894-1895 116
• 33. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 119
• 34. Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 122
• 35. The most important voyages of Russian warships in 1900-1914. 125
• 36. Political map of the world on the eve of the First World Imperialist War of 1914-1918. 128
• 37. Theaters of military action in 1914-1918. 131
• 38. Campaign of 1914 134
• 39. Campaign of 1915 137
• 40. Campaign of 1916 140
• 41. Campaign of 1917 143
• 42. Campaign of 1918 146
• 43. The actions of German submarines in sea communications and anti-submarine defense in 1914-1918. 149
• 44. The actions of the German cruisers on sea communications in 1914-1918. 152
• 45. Political map of the world after the First World Imperialist War of 1914-1918. 155

1. The purpose of nautical charts and the requirements for them. A sea chart is an image on a plane (on paper) of the sea or part of it with adjacent land areas. Such an image is built on a given scale and in a certain cartographic projection. In addition to elements of a general geographical characteristic, a sea chart also contains elements of a special characteristic of the depicted area.

Nautical charts, being one of the most important means of navigation, must have geometric accuracy corresponding to the purpose of the chart, be reliable in content, have a simple and well-read image of the objects plotted on them. In addition, nautical charts should be compiled in such projections that provide convenience and simplicity of graphical and other calculations. Therefore, nautical charts are usually built in the Mercator projection.

Nautical charts should fully reflect the elements of the water area and the land adjacent to it, which may change over time. These changes are systematically introduced into the map by proofreading.

Contents of sea charts. The content of nautical charts is the totality of all elements applied to it: the mathematical basis, elements of a special marine environment, and, finally, elements of the design of the map. The mathematical basis is a cartographic grid, the internal frames of the map, divided into degrees, minutes and their fractions, scales, control points, map borders (slicing), etc.

Elements of a special maritime environment consist of geographical and navigational elements applied to the sea chart using various symbols.

The design elements include: a heading and accompanying inscriptions that have an explanatory or reference value, various notes and warnings, etc.

Depending on the purpose of the map and its scale, all elements of the content are given with varying degrees of detail, or, as they say, the map receives one or another degree of load.

Reading nautical charts. Before using the map, the navigator must study it carefully. To do this, it is necessary to be able to correctly understand all the symbols printed on the map, that is, to be able to read the map.

The study of the map begins with reading the heading and all placed; notes, warnings, etc. on the map. After a general acquaintance with the map, you should study the navigation and geographical data of the area depicted on it.

The depths on each map are reduced to a single level - zero depths. On seas where there are no tides, the depths are brought to an average level; on seas with tides, the height of the smallest spring water in the given area is taken as zero depth.

A great relief for reading maps are the characteristics of soils and isobaths (lines of equal depths) applied to them, which make it possible to judge the quality and topography of the seabed. The smooth relief, the absence of banks and islands are favorable for navigation. The complex terrain, characterized by jumps in depths, the presence of banks and islands, is dangerous and requires precautions, since in such a situation one can meet any kind of small depths that were not detected by sounding. The white spot on the map indicates that depths have never been measured in these places. On Soviet sea charts, all objects are marked with conventional signs, soils - with abbreviated inscriptions, according to the book “Navigational and hydrographic terminology.

Conventional signs and abbreviations”, which is an appendix to volume IV of the “Course of navigation”. Some extracts from this book are given in Appendix 3, sheets 1-5.

The declination for a given area is indicated on maps with an accuracy of 0.25. Information about the annual change in declination and the era to which it refers is placed in the title of the map. The places of magnetic anomalies are closed with solid or dotted lines; the value of the magnetic declination in the region of the magnetic anomaly is marked with an asterisk.

The current on sea charts is shown by arrows: the current speed is written above the arrow with an accuracy of 0.25 knots.

Often, contour sketches of coasts and other details are given on maps to facilitate orientation.

Objects for which no designations are provided in the above document are depicted by conventional signs specially established for them, placed under the map heading.

The degree of confidence in the map. Marine charts are compiled on the basis of hydrographic works. The inventory and the time of compilation are indicated on each map under the frame, in the lower right corner. These dates serve as the main criterion for assessing its dignity. Naturally, it is better to use a map compiled on the basis of materials from later hydrographic works.

An important criterion for evaluating the merit of a map is also its scale, which determines the number of details plotted on the map, the details of soundings, and the nature of the bottom topography.

If there is a discrepancy between the chart and the navigational information, the chart data of the largest scale is taken as the basis.

Two volumes of the fundamental Nautical Atlas of the USSR and a volume with an index "came" to me today (only the volume about the Arctic Ocean is not available).
Looked through, studied. Hmm. Now they don't do that anymore.
Incredible naval mapping perfectionism.
I bow my sword, dagger and saber at the same time! :)

2. Volume with an index of the "Kuznetsov time", the times of the Naval Ministry. It's from another series.

3. The most valuable part of the Index is multilingual correspondence and translation of nautical terms on charts.

4. Here, for example, matches the word "cape".

5. And these are "Gorshkovsky" multi-kilogram volumes, 1975. The Pacific and Atlantic/Indian Oceans arrived. Put a pen for scale.

6. Editorial board.

8. And of course, in each volume there is a chic set of special cards on all the main "marine" topics and areas.

9. Tsunami.

10. The most important map for submarine and anti-submarine radiometers, by the way (of course, not in such a large generalization, but more detailed).

11. ...

12. ...

The beauty! :)

PS. Colleagues said that the volumes of the Marine Atlas (uncut, in perfect condition) in 1992-1993. were lying around in the backyard of the Moscow Military Cartridge Factory, and in those years, some used them to heat fireplaces, after grinding them in special equipment.