“Theory of the structure of organic compounds” - How does the valency of the carbon atom explain the theory of structure of A.M. Butlerov? Premises of the theory of structure. The phenomenon of isomerism is more widespread in organic chemistry than in inorganic. The English chemist E. Frankland introduced the concept of valence into science. Theory of the chemical structure of organic compounds a. M. Butlerova.
"Theory of the structure of chemical compounds" - Ethyl alcohol. Prerequisites for the emergence of the theory. Spatial isomerism. Weller Friedrich. Kekule Friedrich August. Berzelius Jens Jacob. Organic chemistry. Properties of substances. Frankland Edward. Properties of organic compounds. The main provisions of the theory of the structure of chemical compounds.
"Development of organic chemistry" - Topic No. 5. Structural theory. Get acquainted with the achievements, current state and prospects for the development of chemistry. Knowledge of organic substances in ancient people. Elective course in chemistry "History of organic chemistry" Grade 9. Topic number 4. Research report. Course program. Business games. Figurovsky N.A. History of chemistry.
"Butlerov's theory" - The prerequisites for the creation of the theory were: The main position of the modern theory of the structure of compounds. The science of the spatial structure of molecules is stereochemistry. Theory of the chemical structure of A. M. Butlerov. Basic provisions of the theory. The role of creating a theory of the chemical structure of substances. What is isomerism? Biography of A. M. Butlerov.
"Organic Chemistry as a Science" - Systematic study. The electronic structure of the carbon atom. Content. The main provisions of the theory of the chemical structure of A.M. Butlerov. Acquaintance with the history of the science of organic chemistry. Formulas. A carbon atom can form four covalent bonds. The final collapse of "vitalism".
"Organic Chemistry" - Chemistry spreads its hands wide in human affairs. F. A. Kekule. A. M. Butlerov. Valence properties. Hybridization. Fuel. normal butane. Main components. Synthetics. Protein. Polymers. Amino acids. Carbohydrates. Target. The subject of organic chemistry. Detergents. Organic chemistry is the chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds.
In total there are 17 presentations in the topic
slide 1
slide 2
Organic Substances Some organic substances have been known to man for many decades, others are under study, and still others are just waiting in the wings. But one thing is certain: organic chemistry can never exhaust itself. Its diversity is hidden in its nature.
slide 3
I consider it important to convey the understanding that food products, clothing, footwear, medicines, dyes, building parts, electrical, radio and television equipment, synthetic fibers, plastics and rubber, means of increasing productivity, explosives - this is an incomplete list of what gives organic chemistry to man.
slide 4
The chemical and petrochemical industries are the most important industries, without which the functioning of the economy is impossible. Among the most important products of chemistry are acids, alkalis, salts, mineral fertilizers, solvents, oils, plastics, rubbers and rubbers, synthetic fibers and much more. Currently, the chemical industry produces several tens of thousands of products.
slide 5
Competing with nature, organic chemists have created a large number of compounds that have properties that are necessary and useful for people. These are organic dyes, in diversity and beauty far superior to natural ones; a huge arsenal of medicines that help a person overcome various diseases; synthetic detergents that ordinary soap cannot compete with, and much more. All these substances have penetrated into our lives so much that a person can no longer imagine his existence without them.
slide 6
Medicine and Chemistry Chemistry plays an important role in the development of the pharmaceutical industry: the bulk of all drugs are obtained synthetically. Thanks to chemistry, many revolutions in medicine have been made. Without chemistry, we would not have painkillers, sleeping pills, antibiotics and vitamins. This certainly does chemistry credit. Chemistry also helped to cope with unsanitary conditions, because back in the 18th century. doctor I. Zimmelweis ordered the medical staff of the hospital to wash their hands in bleach solution. Mortality of patients has sharply decreased.
Slide 7
Industry and Chemistry The development of many industries is associated with chemistry: metallurgy, engineering, transport, building materials industry, electronics, light industry, food industry - this is an incomplete list of economic sectors that widely use chemical products and processes. In many industries, chemical methods are used, for example, catalysis (acceleration of processes), chemical processing of metals, protection of metals from corrosion, water purification.
Slide 8
Organic chemistry allows a person to conquer long distances, providing his vehicles (cars, ships and planes) with fuel and lubricants.
Slide 9
Chemistry and plastics In the automotive industry, the use of plastics for the manufacture of cabins, bodies and their large-sized parts has a particularly great prospect. the bodywork accounts for about half of the car's mass and ~40% of its cost. Plastic bodies are more reliable and durable than metal ones, and their repair is cheaper and easier. However, plastic masses have not yet received wide distribution in the production of large-sized car parts, mainly due to insufficient rigidity and relatively low weather resistance. The most widely used plastic masses for interior trim of the car.
slide 10
Plastics are also used to make engine, transmission, and chassis parts. The enormous importance that plastics play in electrical engineering is determined by the fact that they are the basis or an indispensable component of all insulation elements of electrical machines, apparatus and cable products. Plastic masses are also often used to protect insulation from mechanical stress and aggressive environments, and for the manufacture of structural materials.
slide 11
The trend towards an ever wider use of plastics (especially film materials) is characteristic of all countries with developed agriculture. They are used in the construction of cultivation facilities, for soil mulching, seed coating, packaging and storage of agricultural products. products, etc. In melioration and page - x. water supply, polymer films serve as screens that prevent water loss for filtration from irrigation canals and reservoirs; pipes for various purposes are made from plastics, they are used in the construction of water facilities Drugs, carcinogens, chemical warfare agents, the filling of mines, grenades, bombs and shells are also organic substances. Therefore, we must not allow organic chemistry to work against us. Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studies carbon compounds, their structure, properties and methods of synthesis. Soy is called organic
Organic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that studiescarbon compounds, their structure, properties and
synthesis methods. Called organic
compounds of carbon with other elements. The importance of organic chemistry is extremely great. It is due to that
exceptional role played in human life by organic
substances. Proteins, carbohydrates and fats, nucleic acids, vitamins and
Hormones are the basis of the normal life of all living things.
creatures, without them life would be impossible. So helpful
fossils, like coal and oil, without which it is unthinkable
modern production, consist of organic compounds.
The object of research in
organic chemistry is a huge
the number of compounds of synthetic and
natural origin. That's why
organic chemistry has become the largest
and the most important section
modern chemistry Development of organic chemistry
1824 – oxalic acid was synthesized (F. Völler);
1828 - urea (F. Wöller);
1842 - aniline (N.N. Zinin);
1845 - acetic acid (A. Kolbe);
1847 - carboxylic acids (A. Kolbe);
1854 - fats (M. Bertlot);
1861 - sugary substances (A. Butlerov) Kolbe Adolf
Wilhelm Herman
(1818-84), German chemist.
Developed synthesis methods
acetic (1845), salicylic
(1860, Kolbe-Schmitt reaction) and formic (1861)
acids, electrochemical
synthesis of hydrocarbons (1849,
Kolbe reaction). Butlerov Alexander
Mikhailovich (1828-86),
Russian organic chemist
Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences
(1874). Created (1861) and substantiated
theory of chemical structure,
according to which properties
substances are determined in order
bonds of atoms in molecules and their
mutual influence. First
explained (1864) phenomenon
isomerism. Discovered polymerization
isobutylene. Synthesized series
organic compounds
(urotropin, polymer
formaldehyde, etc.). Proceedings on
agriculture,
beekeeping. Champion of the Supreme
education for women. Berzelius (Berzelius) Jens
Jacob (1779-1848), Swedish
chemist and mineralogist,
foreign honorary member
Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1820).
Discovered cerium (1803), selenium
(1817), thorium (1828). Created
(1812-19) electrochemical
theory of chemical affinity,
built on its basis
element classification,
compounds and minerals.
Defined (1807-18) atomic
masses of 45 elements, introduced
(1814) contemporary
chemical signs of elements.
Coined the term catalysis. Wehler Friedrich (1800-82),
german chemist,
foreign correspondent
Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1853).
First synthesized from
inorganic substances
organic compound
(1824) and installed it
identity with urea
(1828). Research
Weller was put under
doubt the correctness
vitalism. organic matter
there are
20 000 000
(inorganic - 100,000);
All organic
substances include carbon and hydrogen,
so most of them are on fire
forming carbon dioxide and water;
Have a more complex structure
molecules and huge
molecular weight
10.
Key featuresorganic compounds
Notes
Numerous
(about 27 million)
Inorganic several hundred thousand
Must include
H and C atoms
All organic compounds are flammable
combustion produces gas and water.
low melting point,
connections are not strong
Most of the molecular
crystal lattice
Mostly non-electrolytes
(in solution as molecules)
Reactions proceed slowly and more often with
participation of a catalyst
Most members or products
processes occurring living
organisms
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic
acids
11. Organic chemistry - chemistry of carbon compounds
organic matterNatural
(Oil, proteins, fats,
carbohydrates)
artificial
(Gasoline, viscose)
Synthetic
(Medicines, vitamins
, plastic)
12.
13.
14.
Organic compounds are produced by industry foruse in a variety of industries
activities.
These are petroleum products, fuel for
various engines, polymer
materials (rubber, plastic,
fibers, films, varnishes, adhesives, etc.),
surfactants,
dyes, plant protection products,
medicines, flavorings and
perfumes and the like. Without
knowledge of the basics of organic chemistry
modern man is incapable
The rapid development of methods of synthesis and research
organic compounds opens up a wide range of possibilities
to obtain substances and materials with specified
properties.
15.
16.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) - excellentantiseptic.
Ammonia (ammonia water solution
NH3) stimulates the respiratory center.
Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid - one
of drugs that are widely used as
antipyretic, anti-inflammatory,
pain reliever and antirheumatic
means.
Medications for the treatment of cardiovascular disease
systems are validol, corvalol, nitro
glycerol.
Means for the treatment of digestive
systems.
Antibiotics.
Vitamins - a means of strengthening
organism, increasing the general
tone, resistance
diseases
Medicines are powerful drugs.
The medicine
17.
French chemist Chevreldiscovered stearic,
palmitic and oleic
acids as products
decomposition of fats during their
saponification with water and alkalis.
The sweet stuff was
Chevrel called glycerin.
In the soap industry for a long time
rosin is used. Introduction
rosin in large
quantities makes the soap soft
and sticky. In addition to using
soap as detergent
means it is widely
used for finishing fabrics
in the production of cosmetics
funds for the manufacture
polishing compounds and
water based paints.
18. Fats
Fats make up an essential part of our food.They are found in meat, fish, dairy products,
grain. Components of natural fat, important of
they are phosphatides, sterols, vitamins,
pigments and odor carriers.
Phosphatides are actually also esters,
but they contain residues of phosphoric acid and
amino alcohol.
Sterols - natural polycyclic compounds
very complex configuration. Representative
is cholesterol.
Vitamins. They are rich in the liver of fish and sea
beast, vegetable fats, as well as butter
oil.
Pigments are substances that give color to fats.
Smell carriers are very diverse and complex in
structure, there are more than 20 of them in the composition of butter.
19. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the body's main source of energyperson. We get carbohydrates from grains,
legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables.
Glucose is a monosaccharide (C6H12O6). Glucose is easily
absorbed by the body. Glucose is found in
fruits, berries.
Fructose (C6H12O6) is also a monosaccharide, an isomer
glucose.
Sucrose is a disaccharide (C12H22O11). In ordinary life
just sugar.
Lactose disaccharide (C12H22O11) Predominantly
found in the milk of animals.
Starch-polysaccharide ((C6H10O5) n) - the main carbohydrate
food. Found in potatoes and grains.
Glycogen ("animal starch")
Cellulose ((C6H10O5)n) is a plant polysaccharide.
Enters the body with plant foods.
20. Development of the food industry
Doctors recommend forrational and dietary nutrition
include bread from flour in the menu,
containing finely divided
bran. Nowadays people often talk about
"artificial food". Although this term
does not mean receiving products
nutrition through chemical reactions.
It's about natural
to give protein products taste and appearance
traditional products, including
delicacies. Nutritional supplements
contribute to the safety of the product,
give it the aroma, the desired color and
etc.
21. Nutritional supplements
E100-E182- dyesE200- E299 - preservatives
E300-E399 - substances that slow down
fermentation and oxidation processes in products
food
E400- E409 - stabilizers (provide
long-term consistency)
E500- E599 - emulsifiers
E600-E699- flavors (enhance or
add flavor to food)
E900-E999 - anti-flamings that are not
allow flour, sugar to cake
sand, salt, soda, citric acid,
dough leavening agents, as well as such substances,
which prevent the formation of foam in
drinks.
22.
Modern developmentconstruction is hard to imagine
yourself without using
products
chemical industry:
application and implementation of new
structural polymer
materials, plastics,
synthetic fibers, rubbers,
binders and finishing agents and
many other useful
products large and small
chemistry.
23. Raw materials
raw materialsorganic compounds
serve:
oil and natural gas,
coal and brown coal,
oil shale,
peat,
products of agriculture and forestry
economy.
24.
Take a look around and you will see that the life of the modernhuman is impossible without chemistry. Back in ancient times,
long before the birth of Christ, man observed in nature
chemical phenomena and tried to use them to
improve their living conditions. sour milk,
fermentation of the sweet juice of fruits, the action of poisonous plants
attracted people's attention. We use chemistry
food production. We are moving to
automobiles, their metal, rubber and plastic are made with
using chemical processes. We use perfume
toilet water, soaps and deodorants, the production of which
unthinkable without chemistry. There is even an opinion that
sublime human feeling, love is a set
certain chemical reactions in the body.
Chemistry finds application in various fields of human activity - medicine, agriculture, production of ceramic products, varnishes, paints, automotive, textile, metallurgical and other industries. In the daily life of a person, chemistry is reflected primarily in various household chemicals (detergents and disinfectants, care products for furniture, glass and mirror surfaces, etc.), medicines, cosmetics, various plastic products, paints, adhesives, insecticides, fertilizers, etc. This list can be continued almost endlessly, we will consider only some of its points.
Household chemicals
Of household chemicals, the first place in terms of production and use is occupied by detergents, among which various soaps, washing powders and liquid detergents (shampoo and gels) are most popular.
Soaps are mixtures of salts (potassium or sodium) of unsaturated fatty acids (stearic, palmitic, etc.), with sodium salts forming solid soaps, and potassium salts forming liquid ones.
Soaps are obtained by the hydrolysis of fats in the presence of alkalis (saponification). Consider the production of soap using the example of saponification of tristearin (triglyceride of stearic acid):
where C 17 H 35 COONa is soap - the sodium salt of stearic acid (sodium stearate).
It is also possible to obtain soap using alkyl sulfates (salts of esters of higher alcohols and sulfuric acid) as raw materials:
R-CH 2 -OH + H 2 SO 4 \u003d R-CH 2 -O-SO 2 -OH (sulfuric acid ester) + H 2 O
R-CH 2 -O-SO 2 -OH + NaOH \u003d R-CH 2 -O-SO 2 -ONa (soap - sodium alkyl sulfate) + H 2 O
Depending on the scope of application, household, cosmetic (liquid and solid) soaps, as well as handmade soaps are distinguished. In addition, various flavors, dyes or fragrances can be added to the soap.
Synthetic detergents (washing powders, gels, pastes, shampoos) are chemically complex mixtures of several components, the main component of which are surfactants. Among surfactants, ionic (anionic, cationic, amphoteric) and nonionic surfactants are distinguished. For the production of synthetic detergents, inogenic anionic surfactants are usually used, which are alkyl sulfates, amino sulfates, sulfosuccinates, and other compounds that dissociate into ions in an aqueous solution.
Powder detergents usually contain various additives to remove grease. Most often it is soda ash or drinking soda, sodium phosphates.
Chemical bleaches are added to some powders - organic and inorganic compounds, during the decomposition of which active oxygen or chlorine is released. Sometimes, enzymes are used as bleaching additives, which, due to the rapid process of protein breakdown, remove organic contaminants well.
Polymer products
Polymers are high-molecular compounds whose macromolecules consist of "monomeric units" - molecules of inorganic or organic substances connected by chemical or coordination bonds.
Products made of polymers are widely used in the daily life of mankind - these are all kinds of household items - kitchen utensils, bathroom items, household appliances, storage containers, packaging materials, etc. Polymer fibers are used to make a variety of fabrics, knitwear, hosiery, artificial fur curtains, carpets, upholstery for furniture and cars. Synthetic rubber is used to produce rubber products (boots, galoshes, sneakers, rugs, shoe soles, etc.).
Among the many polymeric materials, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, teflon, polyacrylate and foam are widely used.
Among polyethylene products, polyethylene film, all kinds of containers (bottles, cans, boxes, canisters, etc.), pipes for sewerage, drainage, water and gas supply, armor, heat insulators, hot-melt glue, etc. are most famous in everyday life. All these products are made from polyethylene, obtained in two ways - at high (1) and low pressure (2):
DEFINITION
Polypropylene is a polymer obtained by polymerization of propylene in the presence of catalysts (for example, a mixture of TiCl 4 and AlR 3):
n CH 2 \u003d CH (CH 3) → [-CH 2 -CH (CH 3) -] n
This material has found wide application in the production of packaging materials, household items, non-woven materials, disposable syringes, in construction for vibration and noise insulation of interfloor ceilings in "floating floor" systems.
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a polymer obtained by suspension or emulsion polymerization of vinyl chloride, as well as bulk polymerization:
It is used for the electrical insulation of wires and cables, the production of sheets, pipes, films for stretch ceilings, artificial leather, linoleum, profiles for the manufacture of windows and doors.
Polyvinyl chloride is used as a sealant in domestic refrigerators, instead of relatively complex mechanical seals. PVC is also used to make condoms for people with latex allergies.
Cosmetics
The main products of cosmetic chemistry are all kinds of creams, lotions, face, hair and body masks, perfumes, eau de toilette, hair dyes, mascaras, hair and nail polishes, etc. The composition of cosmetic products includes substances that are contained in the tissues for which these products are intended. So, cosmetic preparations for nail, skin and hair care include amino acids, peptides, fats, oils, carbohydrates and vitamins, i.e. substances necessary for the life of the cells that make up these tissues.
In addition to substances obtained from natural raw materials (for example, various plant extracts), synthetic raw materials are widely used in the production of cosmetics, which are obtained by chemical (often organic) synthesis. Substances obtained in this way are characterized by a high degree of purity.
The main types of raw materials for the production of cosmetics are natural and synthetic animal (chicken, mink, pig) and vegetable (cotton, linseed, castor oil) fats, oils and waxes, hydrocarbons, surfactants, vitamins and stabilizers.
Organic Substances Some organic substances have been known to man for many decades, others are under study, and still others are just waiting in the wings. But one thing is certain: organic chemistry can never exhaust itself. Its diversity is hidden in its nature.
I consider it important to convey the understanding that food products, clothing, footwear, medicines, dyes, building parts, electrical, radio and television equipment, synthetic fibers, plastics and rubber, means of increasing productivity, explosives - this is an incomplete list of what gives organic chemistry to man.
The chemical and petrochemical industries are the most important industries, without which the functioning of the economy is impossible. Among the most important products of chemistry are acids, alkalis, salts, mineral fertilizers, solvents, oils, plastics, rubbers and rubbers, synthetic fibers and much more. Currently, the chemical industry produces several tens of thousands of products.
Competing with nature, organic chemists have created a large number of compounds that have properties that are necessary and useful for people. These are organic dyes, in diversity and beauty far superior to natural ones; a huge arsenal of medicines that help a person overcome various diseases; synthetic detergents that ordinary soap cannot compete with, and much more. All these substances have penetrated into our lives so much that a person can no longer imagine his existence without them.
Medicine and Chemistry Chemistry plays an important role in the development of the pharmaceutical industry: the bulk of all drugs are obtained synthetically. Thanks to chemistry, many revolutions in medicine have been made. Without chemistry, we would not have painkillers, sleeping pills, antibiotics and vitamins. This certainly does chemistry credit. Chemistry also helped to cope with unsanitary conditions, because back in the 18th century. doctor I. Simmelweis ordered the medical staff of the hospital to wash their hands in a solution of bleach. Mortality of patients has sharply decreased.
Industry and Chemistry The development of many industries is associated with chemistry: metallurgy, engineering, transport, building materials industry, electronics, light industry, food industry - this is an incomplete list of economic sectors that widely use chemical products and processes. In many industries, chemical methods are used, for example, catalysis (acceleration of processes), chemical processing of metals, protection of metals from corrosion, water purification.
Organic chemistry allows a person to conquer long distances, providing his vehicles (cars, ships and planes) with fuel and lubricants.
Chemistry and plastics In the automotive industry, the use of plastics for the manufacture of cabins, bodies and their large-sized parts is especially promising, since the share of the body accounts for about half of the mass of the car and ~ 40% of its cost. Plastic bodies are more reliable and durable than metal ones, and their repair is cheaper and easier. However, plastic masses have not yet received wide distribution in the production of large-sized car parts, mainly due to insufficient rigidity and relatively low weather resistance. The most widely used plastic masses for interior trim of the car.
Plastics are also used to make engine, transmission, and chassis parts. The enormous importance that plastics play in electrical engineering is determined by the fact that they are the basis or an indispensable component of all insulation elements of electrical machines, apparatus and cable products. Plastic masses are also often used to protect insulation from mechanical stress and aggressive environments, and for the manufacture of structural materials.
The trend towards an ever wider use of plastics (especially film materials) is characteristic of all countries with developed agriculture. They are used in the construction of cultivation facilities, for soil mulching, seed coating, packaging and storage of crops. -X. products, etc. In land reclamation and with. -X. water supply, polymer films serve as screens that prevent water loss for filtration from irrigation canals and reservoirs; pipes for various purposes are made from plastics, they are used in the construction of water facilities
Unfortunately, organic chemistry is not only a good friend and magician. Often, by the will of people or by chance, it turns into its opposite - destructive chemistry. This happens if a person treats it carelessly, illiterately or with malicious intent. The growth of environmental problems is a sad retribution for the many mistakes and mistakes of people producing or working with organic substances. In addition, organic chemistry is not only a source of products necessary for humans.
Drugs, carcinogens, chemical warfare agents, the filling of mines, grenades, bombs and shells are also organic substances. Therefore, we must not allow organic chemistry to work against us.
