Causes In the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and operated by British companies in Iraq and Iran rapidly began to grow. Control over North Africa made it possible to "block" both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions of Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
Mussolini's causes beckoned a tidbit of "living space" and hopes for an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. As conceived by the Duce, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to tie down significant allied forces in Africa. Beginning in 1940, National Socialist geopoliticians studied the project of a "small victorious safari in North Africa" extensively. However, for Hitler, this theater of operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof July 13, 1940 - ... In Africa, we claim the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in the area. They feared an Italian offensive against their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill - ... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the situation of that decisive struggle that took place at home ...
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, armament and armor quality. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, the troops of Great Britain, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Nile Army. Air Force of England, available in Egypt and Palestine aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, the Italians lost 3500 people killed, wounded and captured during the first three months of the war, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane on which he was flying, which was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War of the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and her withdrawal from the war concentrated aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of hostilities were positional in nature. R. GrazianiA. WavellI. BalboItalian soldiers 1940 British patrol
Capitulation of France Annexation of the USSR from Romania Bessarabia and North. Bukovina, Hitler issued Directive 17 on conducting a broad air war against England, the Battle for England began. At the same time ... German patrol on the streets of Paris
However, the lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor begin Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps are destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were already taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. Threatened over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, the British headquarters ordered the suspension of the advance of troops at El Agheila. A column of Italian troopsTank "Matilda" On September 16, 1940, Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt R. O'ConnorItalian prisoners of war
Invasion of Japanese troops in Indochina Signed "Triple Pact": Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance Italy's invasion of Greece Beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations to attack the East. At the same time... At the signing of the "Triple Pact"
E. RommelGerman officers in TripoliCaptured British soldiers. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of the Italian forces in Libya in order to help them create a strategic foothold in North Africa, necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the capture of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya, commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The hasty retreat of the Italian troops was halted in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined forces began to move back to El Agueila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte desert. On March 31, the German command struck the British with a blow that turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, the Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
At the same time ... Winston Churchill in his speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the English merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic. German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece. The Germans landed an airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
German soldiers near Thorbrook AuchinleckEnglish soldiers in Torbruk In June 1941, the British command made an attempt to release Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Sallum and Fort Ridotta-Capuzzo, an attack by British troops began, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, the German counterattack on the night of June 18 threw the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the purpose of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Thorbrook has been released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El Agheila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR The battle of Smolensk began "Atlantic charter" between England and the United States on the post-war order of the world Entry of Anglo-Russian troops into Iran Failure of the German attack on Moscow base at Pearl Harbor, the United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. Simultaneously… June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
E. Rommel at the head of the tank column H. Alexander B. Montgomery However, the Italians managed to lead a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked the British troops and pushed them back to Thorbrook. British troops fortified on the line near Ain el-Ghazal. On the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped at 100 km. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to break through the defenses of the 8th Army immediately. Hot battles broke out. Until 27 July, Rommel unsuccessfully tried to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel renewed his attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repulsed them. From May 26 to May 27, 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacking British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk. German column in Egypt
Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma The Treaty of the USSR and England on alliance against Germany was signed From June 4 to 6, a naval battle took place near the Midway Atoll. Capture of Sevastopol by German troops. The battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time… Stalingrad. Fight on the streets of the city
Australian soldiers 1942German prisoners of warD. EisenhowerThe landing of American troops On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italo-German troops and broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area in early November. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army "Africa" was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13, 1942. Operation Torch (Torch) began on November 8, 1942 - the American-English divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, having met only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. Italian soldiers in Tunisia By order of Hitler on November 9, 1942, German troops begin to land in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans enter troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. German soldiers in Tunisia Meanwhile, the persecution of the Rommel group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops on January 23, 1943, they occupied Tripoli and in the first half of February they stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya.
The battle began (from November 12 to 15) near the island of Guadalcanal (Solomon Islands) between the naval forces of the United States and Japan. The beginning of the offensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad. Victims of the shelling of German artillery
Von Arnhem German tanks on the Kesserin Pass American soldiers on the Kesserin Pass On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the area of the Kesserin Pass, but the Allies repelled the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February, Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and the post of commander of the countries Axis in Africa was occupied by Colonel-General von Arnhem. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknasi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, who retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunisia. On May 13, 1943, the Italo-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Italian prisoners of war May 1943 Allied victory parade. Tunisia
Hitler's order for total mobilization (January) - Conference of the President of the United States and the Prime Minister of Great Britain in Casablanca (Morocco) The battle of Stalingrad ended At the same time ... Interrogation of Field Marshal Paulus who surrendered
Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of the German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of the Anglo-American troops into Italy became inevitable. The defeat of the Italian troops in Africa led to the strengthening of defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side losses British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French State total losses total losses, aircraft, artillery, tanks and vehicles
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Causes In the interwar years, the role of oil fields discovered and operated by British companies in Iraq and Iran rapidly began to grow. Control over North Africa made it possible to "block" both water and land routes to India, Malaya, as well as to the British dominions - Australia and New Zealand. The same can be said about the routes connecting the Black Sea ports with the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic.
slide 3
Mussolini's causes beckoned a tidbit of "living space" and hopes for an easy victory over the understaffed "Nile group" of the British commander-in-chief, General Wavell. As conceived by the Duce, activity on the African front was to become an important contribution of Italy to the geopolitical strategy of the Axis countries and to tie down significant allied forces in Africa. Beginning in 1940, National Socialist geopoliticians studied the project of a "small victorious safari in North Africa" extensively. However, for Hitler, this theater of operations was of secondary importance. Meeting with Hitler at the Berghof July 13, 1940 - ... In Africa, we claim the coast (apparently, together with Spain). Italy wants rear areas. We ourselves claim the French and Belgian Congo. The British were well aware of the weakness of their position in the area. They feared an Italian offensive against their strongholds in the Middle East, especially if it was supported by Germany. From the memoirs of W. Churchill - ... the war cabinet was determined to defend Egypt against anyone using any resources that could be allocated in the situation of that decisive struggle that took place at home ...
slide 4
The forces of the parties at the beginning of the war In North Africa, Italy had two armies. The total number of troops was: 236 thousand people, 1800 guns and 315 aircraft. Almost all types of tanks and armored vehicles with which the troops were equipped were inferior to British tanks and armored vehicles in speed, armament and armor quality. The commander of the troops is the Governor General of Libya, Air Marshal Italo Balbo. By June 10, 1940, the troops of Great Britain, including parts of the dominions and colonies, in Egypt amounted to 66 thousand soldiers and officers (including 30 thousand Egyptians) - the Nile Army. Air Force of England, available in Egypt and Palestine - 168 aircraft. The commander-in-chief of British forces in the Middle East was General Archibald Percival Wavell.
slide 5
General Wavell adopted the tactic of harassing the enemy with counterattacks. In skirmishes on the border, the Italians lost 3500 people killed, wounded and captured during the first three months of the war, and the British only 150. Marshal Balbo also died at the same time: on June 28, Italian anti-aircraft gunners mistakenly shot down the plane on which he was flying, which was landing in Tobruk . He was replaced by Marshal Rodolfo Graziani. War of the Anglo-French coalition was declared by Italy on June 10, 1940. However, the rapid defeat of France and her withdrawal from the war concentrated aggressive plans in the direction of Egypt. The first three months of hostilities were positional in nature.
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1940.06.22 - Capitulation of France Bukovina 1940.08.01 - Hitler issued directive No. 17 on conducting a wide air war against England, the Battle for England began At the same time ... German patrol on the streets of Paris
Slide 7
However, the lack of fuel, water and food stopped the offensive near the city of Sidi Barrani, where the Italians created a chain of military camps. On December 9, 1940, British troops under the command of Major General Richard O'Connor begin Operation Compass, which lasted until February 12, 1941. Within two days, all camps are destroyed. In the course of a further operation, the cities of Torbruk and Benghazi were already taken on the territory of Libya, and the 10th Italian army was defeated. 136 thousand soldiers and 7 generals surrendered. Threatened over Tripoli. However, on February 10, 1941, the British headquarters ordered the suspension of the advance of troops at El Agheila. September 16, 1940 Italian troops under the command of Marshal Graziani invaded Egypt
Slide 8
1940.09.23 - Invasion of Japanese troops into Indochina. 09/1940/27 - The Tripartite Pact is signed: Germany, Italy and Japan on a military alliance 10/1940/28 - Italy's invasion of Greece 01/1941/19 - The beginning of the British offensive on Eritrea. 02/1941/03 - The German High Command orders the deployment of large-scale military preparations for an attack on the East. At the same time... At the signing of the "Triple Pact"
Slide 9
. Germany decided to take advantage of the weakening of the Italian forces in Libya in order to help them create a strategic foothold in North Africa, necessary in the future to capture all of Africa. In addition, the capture of Egypt and the Suez Canal was also in the interests of Germany. During February 1941, German troops were transferred to Libya, commanded by General Erwin Rommel. The hasty retreat of the Italian troops was halted in mid-February 1941. The Italo-German combined forces began to move back to El Agueila and on February 22 met with British troops stationed at El Agheila and on the eastern border of the Sirte desert. On March 31, the German command struck the British with a blow that turned out to be sudden. On the night of April 4, the Italo-German troops occupied Benghazi without a fight, and on April 10 they approached Tobruk, which they blocked the next day, but failed to take the city. In mid-April, Rommel was forced to stop the offensive on the border of Egypt and Libya.
slide 10
At the same time… 1941.03.06 - Winston Churchill in his speech on March 6, 1941, in connection with the sharply increased losses of the British merchant fleet, set the task of starting the Battle of the Atlantic on 1941.04. - German troops captured Yugoslavia and Greece 1941.05.20 - German airborne assault on Crete. German motorcyclists on the streets of Belgrade
slide 11
In June 1941, the British command made an attempt to release Tobruk with large forces. On June 15, 1941, in the area of Es Sallum and Fort Ridotta Capuzzo, an attack by British troops began, recapturing several settlements from the Germans. However, the German counterattack on the night of June 18 threw the British back to their positions. On November 18, 1941, British troops under the command of Claude Auchinleck launched their second offensive in Cyrenaica - Operation Crusader (Crusader), the purpose of which was to push Rommel back to Tripolitania. Thorbrook has been released. The offensive stopped on December 31 in the El Agheila area. The British were already celebrating their victory.
slide 12
1941.06.22 - Plan "Barbarossa" in action: German troops invaded the USSR 1941.07.10 - Battle of Smolensk began Iran. 12.05-06 1941 - The failure of the German offensive on Moscow. 12/1941/07 - Japanese aircraft makes a surprise raid on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor 12/1941/08 - The United States and Great Britain declared war on Japan. Simultaneously… June 22, 1941. German bombers over Soviet territory on December 7, 1941. After the attack on Pearl Harbor
slide 13
However, the Italians managed to lead a large convoy to Libya that delivered tanks and other weapons. On January 21, 1942, Rommel attacked the British troops and pushed them back to Thorbrook. British troops fortified on the line near Ain el Ghazal. On the heels of the retreating British 8th Army, Rommel's troops invaded Egypt. The offensive was stopped at 100 km. from Alexandria near the town of El Alamein on July 1, 1942. Despite the reinforcements received (164th Light Division "Africa"), it was not possible to break through the defenses of the 8th Army immediately. Hot battles broke out. Until 27 July, Rommel unsuccessfully tried to break through the Allied defenses. On August 15, General Harold Alexander was appointed to replace General Claude Auchinleck. The 8th Army was led by General Montgomery. From August 31 to September 5, Rommel resumed attacks in the Alam Halfa area near El Alamein, but Montgomery successfully repulsed them. From May 26 to May 27, 1942, Rommel launched a new offensive, attacking British positions on the "Gazala Line" west of Tobruk, and broke through the British defenses. On June 20, German-Italian troops captured Tobruk.
slide 14
01/1942/20 Japanese troops cross Thailand, invade Burma. 05/1942/26 - Treaty between the USSR and England on alliance against Germany is signed. 06/04/1942 - From June 4 to June 6, a naval battle took place off Midway Atoll. 1942.07.01 - Capture of Sevastopol by German troops 1942.07.17 - Battles for Stalingrad began. At the same time… Stalingrad. Fight on the streets of the city
slide 15
On October 23, 1942, British troops under the command of General Montgomery went on the offensive against the Italo-German troops and in early November broke through the enemy defenses in the El Alamein area. On November 2, British troops broke through the enemy defenses after 3 days and the German-Italian tank army "Africa" was forced to retreat under enemy attacks. During the pursuit, British troops occupied the city of Tobruk on November 13, 1942. Operation Torch (Torch) began on November 8, 1942 - the American-English divisions under the command of General Eisenhower, having met only symbolic resistance from the troops of Vichy France, landed in Algiers, Oran and Casablanca. By the end of November, Anglo-American troops occupied Morocco and Algeria and entered Tunisia. By order of Hitler on November 9, 1942, German troops begin to land in Tunisia. On November 11, the Germans enter troops into French territory controlled by the Vichy government. Meanwhile, the persecution of the Rommel group in Libya continues. Overcoming the minefields left by the retreating British troops on January 23, 1943, they occupied Tripoli and in the first half of February they stopped at the Maret line west of the Tunisian border with Libya. On February 19, Rommel attacked American troops in the area of the Kesserin Pass, but the Allies repulsed the attack, counterattacked, and by the end of February, Rommel retreated, after which he was recalled to Germany, and Colonel General von Arnhem took over as commander of the Axis forces in Africa. On March 21, 1943, Anglo-American troops launched an offensive from the south to the Maret line and from the west in the Maknasi region and broke through the defenses of the Italo-German troops, who retreated to the city of Tunis in early April. On May 7, the allies captured the cities of Bizerte and Tunisia. On May 13, 1943, the Italo-German troops, surrounded on the Bon Peninsula (250 thousand people), capitulated. Results In connection with the defeat at El Alamein in 1942, the plans of the German command to block the Suez Canal and gain control over Middle Eastern oil were destroyed. After the liquidation of the German-Italian troops in Africa, the invasion of the Anglo-American troops into Italy became inevitable. The defeat of the Italian troops in Africa led to the strengthening of defeatism in Italy, the overthrow of the Mussolini regime and Italy's withdrawal from the war. Side losses British Empire USA Fighting France Germany Italy Vichy French State 238,558 total casualties 950,000 total casualties, 8,000 aircraft, 6,200 artillery pieces, 2,500 tanks and 70,000 vehicles slide 1
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A presentation on the topic "General characteristics of Africa" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 27 slide(s).
Presentation slides
slide 1
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AFRICA
Lesson plan:
1. Territory and composition of Africa.
2. Natural conditions and resources.
3. Population: reproduction, composition, distribution.
4. Economy: sectoral and territorial structure.
Africa occupies 1/5 of the land (30.3 million km2), on which there are 53 states (with islands). Half a century ago, the entire political map of Africa was full of colors of colonial powers: England, France, Belgium, Portugal, Spain, Italy. The colonial past of the mainland largely determined its backwardness. According to the main economic and social indicators of development, Africa lags noticeably behind other regions of the world, and in some countries this gap is even increasing.
slide 2
S O S T A W T E R R I T O R I I A F R I K I
53 states 47 mainland 6 island
According to the state system, only three states retain a monarchical form of government, the rest are republics. According to the administrative structure - four federal republics, the rest are unitary.
Federal republics
slide 3
The main criterion for assessing the economic and geographical position of African countries is the presence or absence of access to the sea. 15 states have no access to the sea, no other continent has such a number of inland countries, most of these countries are among the most backward.
EXERCISE. Using the map, find the inland countries.
Young African states have not yet fully formed politically, therefore, cruel inter-clan and inter-ethnic struggle, political conflicts are common here. The borders inherited by these countries from the colonial past became the hotbed of territorial disputes and border conflicts. Acute conflicts of this kind exist between Morocco and Western Sahara, Ethiopia and Somalia, etc.
slide 4
In order to strengthen the unity and cooperation of the states of the African continent, to preserve their integrity and independence, the Organization of African Unity was created in 1963. It includes 53 states. The headquarters is located in Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia.
Table. African countries that gained independence after World War II.
Sl. slide
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Africa's natural resources.
Africa has exceptionally diverse natural resources. Mineral raw materials are of high quality and are often mined in an open way.
1. Algerian-Libyan; 2. Atlas; 3. Egyptian; 4. West Guinean; 5. East Guinean; 6. Copper belt; 7. South African.
The extraction of mineral raw materials is mainly carried out within seven mining regions:
EXERCISE. Using the maps of the atlas, classify the countries of Africa according to the degree of their richness in minerals. Make a table in the following form:
Slide 7
An example of filling a table.
The richest country in minerals in South Africa. Its subsoil contains the entire set of fossil resources, with the exception of oil, natural gas, and bauxite. The reserves of gold, platinum, and diamonds are especially large. ? What resources of South Africa are of global importance?
Slide 8
population of the African continent.
Schedule. African population growth dynamics.
Let's look at the chart. The population of the region in 2000 is 820 million people. ? 1) How many times has the population of Africa increased over the twentieth century. ? 2) Where is Africa in terms of population.
Africa stands out with the highest rates of population reproduction. This is due to the traditions of having many children and the lack of a demo-graphic policy. “Not having money is a disaster, but not having children means being doubly poor,” they say in Africa.
Slide 9
Population in some African countries.
Diagram "African countries with a population of more than 20 million people."
Using the "calling card" on the flyleaf of V.P. Maksakovskiy: 1 - find African countries with a population of more than 10 million people; 2 - Calculate the average population density of Nigeria. Population density = population (million people) area of the country (million km2)
Slide 10
Age and sex composition of the population of Africa.
Age composition of the population.
Conventional signs
A high proportion of children's ages will further exacerbate the problems of employment, education, and health care. The quality of the population in Africa is the lowest, more than half of the adults are illiterate. The average life expectancy is 50 years.
Consider the map "The ratio of men and women." 1. What is typical for the gender composition of the population as a whole for the region? 2. List the African countries in which women predominate. 3. List the African countries in which men predominate.
Inhabitants of Nigeria
slide 12
More than 400 ethnic groups are distinguished on the continent. Large nations have developed in North Africa, but the majority of the population is at the level of nationalities. Remnants of the tribal system are preserved (figures below). The peoples of North and Northeast Africa speak the languages of the Himite-Semitic family (Arabs, Berbers). The regions of Equatorial, East and South Africa are inhabited by the Bantu peoples (the language is Swahili). Most countries south of the Sahara retain the languages of the former metropolises - English, French, Portuguese. In South Africa, in addition to English, the official language is Afrikaanas (heavily modified Dutch). There are no one-national states on the continent.
Racial and ethnic composition of the population of Africa.
slide 13
The religious composition of the population.
Analyze the map. What religions have spread in different regions of Africa?
Slide 14
Placement of the population.
The average population density in Africa is 27 persons/km2, which is several times less than in Europe and Asia. The distribution of population across the continent is characterized by very sharp contrasts. In general, uninhabited territories are located in the Sahara desert. It is rare to find a population in the tropical rainforest zone. But there are also quite significant clumps of population, especially on the coasts.
Pay attention to Egypt. In fact, its entire population lives in the delta and valley of the Nile River. There are approximately 1,700 people per 1 km2.
slide 15
Symbols:
Africa - the region of "urban explosion"
For many centuries Africa remained predominantly a "rural continent". And now, in terms of the level of urbanization, it still lags far behind other regions, but the rate of urbanization here is the highest, the population of cities is doubling every 10 years. The manifestation of "urban explosion" in Africa has a number of negative consequences. After all, it is mainly the capital cities that are growing, and they are growing thanks to the constant influx of rural residents who, having no means of subsistence, huddle in slum areas.
Growth dynamics of the share of the urban population in Africa.
Consider a map. Find out which countries in Africa have the lowest urban population. Which country in Africa has a predominantly urban population?
slide 16
The largest city in Africa is the city of Lagos in Nigeria. Back in 1950, its population was about 300 thousand people, and now it has reached 13 million.
However, living conditions in this overpopulated city are so unfavorable that in 1992 the capital of the country was transferred from here to another city - Abuja.
Abuja Lagos NIGERIA
The city of Lagos was founded by the Portuguese on a small island.
Slide 17
General characteristics of the economy of African countries.
After gaining independence, African countries began to make efforts to overcome the age-old backwardness. The nationalization of natural resources has been carried out, agrarian reform is being carried out, and national personnel are being trained. The restructuring of the sectoral structure began, which was of a colonial nature, that is, the mining industry was predominant and the country received the main income from the export of mineral raw materials. At present, the colonial type of the sectoral structure of the economy is preserved - agricultural production and the mining industry predominate, while the manufacturing industries are in their infancy. The one-sided development of the economy is also characteristic - a narrow (mono-commodity) specialization of the country's economy in the production of one product intended for export.
PLAN: Industry Transport
Agriculture
Slide 18
Agriculture in Africa.
Remember how commercial agriculture differs from consumer agriculture?
The map shows that consumer agriculture is common in most of Africa.
The main sphere of material production in African countries is agriculture. In some of them (Chad, Mali, Rwanda, CAR) more than 80% of the population is employed in it. Agriculture is the most important in most African countries. In the structure of agriculture, export and consumer crops are distinguished.
Africa's share in world agricultural output.
Harvesting.
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African industry
The foundations of national industry are being laid only today. The continent is still the least industrialized part of the world. Foreign capital was only interested in mineral raw materials and therefore vigorously developed the mining industry here. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the leading place is occupied by the light and food industries. Recently, there has been a trend
tion to increase the role of metallurgy, oil refining. Industrial areas are located in places of extraction and production of raw materials and on the coast.
Analyze the map "Industry of Africa". Select the countries with the largest set of manufacturing industries.
slide 21
gas pipeline
Suburban electric train.
Africa's largest airport Cairo
Steam-powered passenger train
An important task for the development of the economy is the formation of a modern transport network and its convenient configuration. For a long time, the transport system of African countries served as a carrier of raw materials from the place of extraction to the port. Therefore, the greatest development was received by rail and sea transport. During the years of independence, other types of transport have also been developed.
slide 22
Africa ranks last among all parts of the world in terms of the main technical and economic indicators of the transport operation.
EXERCISE. Consider a map. Which countries in Africa have the highest transport density? Which countries are practically devoid of transport?
The location of Africa's transport, the density of the transport network are highly uneven. Transport in South Africa and in the countries of North Africa (with the exception of their arid regions) has reached the greatest development in terms of African scale, which reflects the general level of economic development of these countries. On the other hand, many areas of the Sahara, Namib, Kalahari, equatorial and tropical forests are practically devoid of transport. Transportation on camels, donkeys, mules, carrying cargo by porters is common.
slide 23
African rail transport.
The total length of African railways is more than 82 thousand km. In the structure of internal freight turnover, rail transport occupies a leading position, and in passenger traffic it is ahead of road transport. It should be noted the technical backwardness of this type of transport in Africa (diversity of track and locomotive traction). The first place in terms of the overall level of development of railway transport is occupied by South Africa, it accounts for up to 40% of the entire railway network, the second is North Africa (Mediterranean countries). And the most lagging behind is Tropical Africa, where the transport role of rivers is great. Until now, there are no railways in Niger, Chad, CAR, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. Railways have a distinct character of "penetration lines" - they connect areas of mining or plantation agriculture with ports of their export products.
slide 24
Road transport in Africa.
Road transport is the main transport of passengers. In African countries, along with a relatively small number of paved roads, there are a lot of unpaved roads that are often unsuitable for movement. Since 1980, the governments of many African countries began to invest in the creation of transcontinental highways that could unite the transport network into a single whole.
Slide 25
TRANSAFRICA HIGHWAYS
Until recently, there was actually only one transcontinental highway - the Trans-Maghribian (which connects all the countries of North Africa). At the beginning of the 90s. In the 20th century, the Trans-Saharan Highway (connecting Algeria, Mali, Niger and Nigeria) and the Trans-Sahel Highway (connecting Senegal, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Chad) came into operation. International organizations have developed projects for trans-African highways (see map). The implementation of their construction has already begun, however, due to political and financial and economic problems, the deadlines for completion of construction have not been determined.
slide 26
WATER TRANSPORT Suez Canal
Passenger ship on the Nile River
Port terminal in Cape Town
Of the 40 thousand km of round-wild and seasonal inland waterways, about half are used in shipping (especially in the Congo and Nile river basins, as well as the lower reaches of the Niger). See map.
Niger Congo Nile River transport
Sea transport
Maritime transport plays a huge role in foreign economic relations. Liberia formally has the largest merchant marine in the world, but almost all ships are owned by American, Greek, Russian and other companies that find it beneficial to register their ships in Liberia (see map), where shipping taxes are the lowest in the world. Port construction is expanding, especially in exporting countries of oil, gas, ores, and other raw materials. Egypt owns the largest sea channel in the world.
Cape Town Dar es Salaam Mombasa Dakar Casablanca Algiers Alexandria LIBERIA
Slide 27
Generalization. Check yourself.
What changes and why took place on the political map of Africa after World War II? How many countries are on the modern political map of Africa?
EGP countries, political map
Natural resources
How can one assess the natural resource potential of Africa? Which state in Africa has an exceptional set of natural resources?
Population
What is the population of the region? Which countries in Africa have more than 100 million inhabitants? What is the rate of population reproduction? What is the ethnic composition of the population of African countries? What languages do the inhabitants of the mainland speak? What are the main features of the distribution of the population of Africa? Which countries have the highest and which the lowest levels of urbanization? How does the “urban explosion” manifest itself in African countries? Name the largest cities in Africa.
Farm characteristics
What facts testify to the economic backwardness of African countries? What are the typical features of the sectoral and territorial structure of the economy of African countries? What is single product specialization? Where are the main industrial regions of these countries located? Which manufacturing industries have received the most development in African countries? What type of agriculture prevails in these countries? For which export crops does it occupy a leading position in world production? Can we say that Africa has a pan-African transport network? Why do most railways in Africa have the nature of penetration lines?
slide 2
Lesson Plan
slide 3
The collapse of colonialism and apartheid
Year of Africa. 17 countries gained independence.
slide 4
What is the peak period of decolonization?
slide 5
Page 258. Explain the meaning of the words: apartheid, bantustans.
How do you feel about apartheid?
Review the posters. How was apartheid treated in other states?
slide 6
Page 259-260 compile a chronology of the national liberation war of the peoples of South Africa. What are its results?
Nelson Mandela in 1994 became the first black president of South Africa in history.
- 1990 South African President F. de Klerk allowed the activities of opposition parties.
- 1993 The apartheid system is abolished.
Slide 7
Conflicts on the African Continent
- 1963 The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was established.
- Separatism is the desire of a small people to secede from the state and gain independence.
- 1961 civil war in Zaire.
Page 261 - 263. In which countries and when did military clashes occur? List their causes and outcomes.
Slide 8
Problems in the development of African countries
mineral
Industry and agriculture are underdeveloped (p.263-265)
Slide 9
Anchoring
Questions and tasks
1. Why did the colonial empires begin to disintegrate after World War II?2. Describe the process of liberation of the dependent countries of Africa. Describe its features in a number of African states.3. What are the main problems that stood in the way of the development of the liberated countries of southern Africa?4. Describe the similarities and differences in the ways of modernizing Africa and Asia.5. What does the term "apartheid" mean? In the history of which non-African countries have you encountered the concept of racial discrimination? When and for what purpose was the OAU established?6. Based on the text of the textbook and the document, determine the role of the UN in the liberation of African countries from colonial dependence.7. On what legal basis does the Declaration of the UN General Assembly formulate the requirements for the world community regarding colonial and dependent countries?
Decolonization of Africa After the Second World War, the process went quickly
decolonization of Africa. Year of Africa - year of liberation
the largest number of colonies - was announced in 1960. This year
17 states gained independence. Most of them -
French Colonies And UN Trust Territories,
under French administration: Cameroon, Togo,
Malagasy Republic, Congo (former French Congo),
Dahomey, Upper Volta, Ivory Coast, Chad,
Central African Republic, Gabon, Mauritania,
Niger, Senegal, Mali. were declared independent
Africa's largest country by population
Nigeria, owned by Great Britain, and the largest
on the territory - the Belgian Congo. British Somalia and
ward of Somalia, administered by Italy,
united and became the Somali Democratic
Republic.
1960
"Year of Africa" proclamationindependence
17 states. Dates received by countries
African Independence
South Africa
South Africa is one of the mostnationally diverse
African countries and has
the largest proportion of white
Asian and mixed
population on the continent. The country
has rich
mineral resources, and
is also the most
economically developed in Africa
and has relatively strong
world positions
Union of South Africa
May 31, 1910 wasUnion of South Africa formed
where they entered
British Cape
colony, Natal,
Colony Orange
rivers and the Transvaal.
He became a dominion
british empire
Independence of South Africa
In 1961 the South AfricanUnion became independent
republic (South African Republic),
who left the Commonwealth
nations led
Great Britain. The exit was
due to non-acceptance
apartheid policies in South Africa
other members of the Commonwealth
(South Africa's membership in the Commonwealth
was restored in June
1994).
Apartheid and its aftermath
In 1948 the National Party wonin the elections and held several very
strict laws restricting the rights
black population: the ultimate goal of this
policy was the creation of "South Africa
for whites", while blacks
it was supposed to completely deprive
South African citizenship.
Apartheid and its aftermath
During apartheid, blacks were actually partially orcompletely deprived of the following rights:
The right to citizenship of South Africa (in most cases this has become a privilege)
The right to vote and be elected
The right to freedom of movement (Negroes were forbidden to go out on
street after sunset, as well as appearing in "white" areas without much
permission of the authorities, that is, in fact, they were forbidden to visit
large cities, since they were in "white" areas)
The right to mixed marriages
The right to medical care (they did not have this right formally
taken away, but they were forbidden to use medicine "for whites", while
while medicine "for blacks" was completely undeveloped, and in
some areas were absent altogether)
The right to education (the main educational institutions were
in "white" areas)
The right to be employed (for employers it was officially
enshrined the right to apply racial discrimination in admission to
job)
Frederick de KLERK
President of South Africa 1989-1994who destroyed the system
racial inequality.
NELSON MANDELA
Racial fighterequality and
President of South Africa
in 1994 - 1999
Nelson Holilala Mandela
Nelson HolilalaMandela (- first
black president
South Africa from May 10, 1994 to
June 14, 1999, one of
the most famous
activists in the fight for
human rights in
period of existence
apartheid, for which 27 years
was in prison, laureate
Nobel Prize
peace 1993.
Due to the fact that the borders of African states
during the "race for Africa" were held
artificially, without taking into account the resettlement of various
peoples and tribes, as well as what is traditional
African society was not ready for
democracy, in many African countries after
independence began civil
war. In many countries came to power
dictators. The resulting regimes
disregard for human rights,
bureaucracy, totalitarianism, which, in turn,
leads to an economic crisis and growing
poverty
Establishment of military dictatorships
CausesThe incompleteness of the processes of formation of the African
societies
Relatively short period of independent development
African countries
A complex interweaving of different types of economic
relations
Weak social class differentiation of society
Remains of tribal relations
A wide range of ideological views of the population
Economic and political dependence on developed countries
The presence of such social phenomena as hunger, poverty,
diseases, illiteracy, low political culture
NAMIBIA
country of southeast africa,last freed from
colonial dependence.
