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Subject of the Russian Federation (AE level 1)
Republic of Tatarstan
Tatarstan Republics Tatarstan RepublicasI
Anthem of Tatarstan
Country
Included in	- Volga Federal District - Volga economic region
Administrative center
The president	Rustam Minnikhanov
Prime Minister	Alexey Pesoshin
Chairman State Council	Farid Mukhametshin
GDP GDP per capita	RUB 1,937.6 billion (2016) (8th) 499.8 thousand rub.
official languages	Tatar, Russian
Population	↗ 3,894,284 people (2018) (8th)
Density	57.40 people person/km²
Square	67,847 km² (44th)
Timezone	MSC
ISO 3166-2 code	RU-TA
OKATO code	92
Code of the subject of the Russian Federation	16
Internet domain	.tatar
Official site
Audio, photo and video at Wikimedia Commons

Stamp "50 years of the Tatar ASSR". USSR Post 1970

Postage stamp of the USSR, 1980

Reverse of the commemorative coin of the Bank of Russia

Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan, Tataria; tat. Tatarstan Republicas, Tatarstan Respublikası) - a subject of the Russian Federation, a republic (state) in its composition. Included in the Volga Federal District, is part of the Volga Economic Region. It was formed on the basis of the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of May 27, 1920 as the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic.

According to paragraph 2 of Article 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan of 1992, the names "Republic of Tatarstan" and "Tatarstan" are equivalent.

State languages: Tatar, Russian.

Geography

Tatarstan is located in the center of the East European Plain, at the confluence of two rivers - the Volga and the Kama. located east of at a distance of 800 km (by road) / 720 km (in a straight line).

The total area of ​​Tatarstan is 67,836 km². The length of the territory of the republic is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east.

The highest point of Tatarstan is the Chatyr-Tau hill.

The territory of the republic is a plain in the forest and forest-steppe zone with small hills on the right bank of the Volga and the south-east of the republic. 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 meters above sea level.

More than 18% of the territory of the republic is covered with hardwoods (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine, spruce and fir. The local fauna is represented by 430 species of vertebrates and invertebrates.

Climate

The climate is temperate continental, characterized by warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month of the year is July (+19…+21 °C), the coldest is January (−13…−14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44 ... -48 ° C (in Kazan -46.8 ° C in 1942). Maximum temperatures reach +37…+42 °C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C.

The average rainfall is from 460 to 520 mm. The growing season is about 170 days.

Climatic differences within Tatarstan are small. The number of hours of sunshine during the year ranges from 1763 (Bugulma) to 2066 (Menzelinsk). The most sunny period is from April to August. The total solar radiation per year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.

The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 °C.

A stable transition of the average daily temperature through 0 °C occurs in early April and at the end of October. The duration of the period with temperatures above 0 °C - 198-209 days, below 0 °C - 156-157 days.

The average annual rainfall is 460-540 mm. During the warm period (above 0 °C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum - in February (21-27 mm). Most of all, the Pre-Kama and Pre-Volga regions are moistened by precipitation, the west of the Trans-Kama region is least of all.

Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of the snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm.

Timezone

Soils

The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region, there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozems prevail.

There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:

• Northern (Ante-Kama)- the most common are light gray forest (29%) and soddy-podzolic (21%), located mainly on the watershed plateaus and upper parts of the slopes. 18.3% percent is occupied by gray and dark gray forest soils. Soddy soils are found on uplands and hills. 22.5% is occupied by eroded soils, floodplain - 6-7%, marsh - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Mamadyshsky), erosion is strong, which affects up to 40% of the territory.
• Western (Volga region)- forest-steppe soils (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%) prevail in the northern part. A significant area is occupied by podzolized and leached chernozems. High areas of the region are occupied by light gray and soddy-podzolic soils (12%). Floodplain soils occupy 6.5%, marsh soils - 1.2%. In the south-west of the region, chernozems are common (leached soils predominate).
• Southeastern (Zakamie)- to the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary chernozems predominate, the right bank of the Little Cheremshan is occupied by dark gray soils. To the east of Sheshma, gray forest and chernozem soils predominate, in the northern part of the region - leached chernozems. Elevations are occupied by forest-steppe soils, lowlands - by chernozems.

Minerals

Oil

• Main article: Tatneft

The main resource of the subsoil of the republic is oil. The republic has 800 million tons of recoverable oil; the estimated reserves are over 1 billion tons.

In Tatarstan, 127 fields have been explored, including more than 3,000 oil deposits. Here is the second largest deposit in Russia and one of the largest in the world - Romashkinskoye, located in the Leninogorsk region of Tatarstan. Among the large deposits, Novoelkhovskoye and Sausbashskoye, as well as the middle Bavlinskoye deposit, stand out. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - about 40 m³ per 1 ton of oil. Several minor deposits of natural gas and gas condensate are known.

Coal

108 coal deposits have been discovered on the territory of Tatarstan. At the same time, only coal deposits linked to the South Tatar, Melekessky and North Tatar regions of the Kama coal basin can be used on an industrial scale. The depth of coal occurrence is from 900 to 1400 m.

Other minerals

In the bowels of the republic there are also industrial reserves of limestone, dolomites, building sand, clay for the production of bricks, building stone, gypsum, sand and gravel mixture, peat, as well as promising reserves of oil bitumen, brown and hard coal, oil shale, zeolites, copper, bauxite . The most important are zeolite-containing rocks (about half of the non-metallic reserves of the republic), carbonate rocks (about 20%), clay rocks (also about 30%), sand and gravel mixture (7.7%), sands (5.4%), gypsum (1.7%). 0.1% is occupied by phosphorites, iron oxide pigments and bituminous rocks.

Water resources

The largest rivers - the Volga (177 km across the territory of the republic) and the Kama (380 km), as well as two tributaries of the Kama - the Vyatka (60 km) and the Belaya (50 km), provide a total flow of 234 billion m³ / year (97.5% of the total flow of all rivers). In addition to them, about 500 small rivers with a length of at least 10 km and numerous streams flow through the territory of the republic. Large reserves of water resources are concentrated in the two largest reservoirs - Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk. There are also more than 8 thousand small lakes and ponds in the republic.

The hydropower potential of the rivers is realized on the river. Kame of the underloaded Nizhnekamsk HPP generating about 1.8 billion kWh/year (according to the project - 2.7 billion kWh/year). The bowels of the republic contain significant reserves of groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh.

The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs that provide the republic with water resources for various purposes.

• Kuibyshevskoe- created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, provides seasonal regulation of the flow of the Middle Volga.
• Nizhnekamsk- established in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydroelectric complex.
• Zainskoe- created in 1963, serves for the technical support of the state district power station.
• Karabash- created in 1957, serves for water supply of oil fields and industrial enterprises.

On the territory of the republic there are 731 technical facilities, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.

The groundwater

As of 2005, 29 underground fresh water deposits with reserves of about 1 million cubic meters per day have been explored in Tatarstan, and about a third of the reserves have been prepared for industrial development.

The reserves of mineral underground waters are also quite large. As of 2004, the total reserves of mineral underground waters are 3,293 thousand cubic meters per day.

Protected natural areas

On the territory of Tatarstan there are more than 150 specially protected natural areas with a total area of ​​approximately 150 thousand hectares (2% of the total area of ​​Tatarstan). The PAs include:

• Volzhsko-Kama Reserve, established in 1960, is located on the territory of Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky districts. It is distinguished by great biodiversity, there are more than 70 species of vascular plants and 68 species of vertebrates.
• Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, established in 1991 on the territory of the Yelabuga and Tukaevsky districts, this includes various forests.

Ecological state

In general, the ecological state is satisfactory. The forest cover of Tatarstan is 16.2% (of the Russian Federation as a whole - 45.4%). The trend of environmental degradation has been observed since 2000. By 2009, the state of atmospheric air had especially deteriorated.

Since 2000, it has been included in the Priority List of cities with the highest level of air pollution. Cities were also excluded from this list in 2007, but air pollution in these cities is characterized as high. 59.5% of pollutants emitted from all stationary emission sources were captured and neutralized, including solid substances - 92.3%, VOCs - 60%.

The largest sources of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere: OAO Tatneft - 79.8 thousand tons; PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim, city - 39.8 thousand tons; JSC "Tatenergo" - 29.2 thousand tons.

In 2007, 5216.14 million m³ of water was used in circulating and re-sequential water supply systems, saving 93% of fresh water. Water losses during transportation amounted to 107.64 million m³ (about 14% of the total water intake in the country). The volume of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in 2007 amounted to 598.52 million m³, including 493.45 million m³ of polluted wastewater (82%), there is no normatively treated wastewater.

In 2007, work was completed in Nizhnekamsk on the construction of a drinking water treatment plant, for which 164.5 million rubles were spent; PJSC Nizhnekamskneftekhim - continued work on the reconstruction of sewer networks and facilities (expenses - 54.6 million rubles); OAO Nizhnekamskshina - reconstruction of sewer networks and structures (expenses - 25.9 million rubles).

During 2007, 17 cases of emergency environmental situations were recorded on the territory of the republic, including:

• 12 cases of pollution of land resources, of which 6 cases of pollution with oil products due to a break in oil pipelines, oil spills during work, overturning of a tank with diesel fuel, 4 cases of pollution with sewage and industrial wastewater, 1 case of pollution with manure due to a break in the embankment, 1 case of sulfuric acid spill due to derailment of tank cars;
• 4 cases of pollution of water resources, including 3 cases of pollution with sewage, 1 - with oil products (as a result of a violation of the tightness of the siphon passage);
• 1 case of atmospheric air pollution as a result of a gas pipeline rupture followed by fire.

At the beginning of 2007, there were 1.5 million tons of production and consumption waste on the balance sheet of the enterprises of the republic; 3.7 million tons of waste was generated during the year, of which 54% was used and neutralized. Taking into account the transfer of waste for use, neutralization, burial, disposal, at the end of 2007, 1.35 million tons of waste remained on the balance sheet of enterprises. On the territory of the republic there are the following places of organized waste disposal: solid waste landfills - 50 pcs. (48 comply with current standards) on an area of ​​321.9 hectares, authorized solid waste landfills in municipalities - 1322 pcs. on an area of ​​913.4 hectares, industrial waste landfills - 3 pcs. (all comply with current regulations) on an area of ​​64.7 hectares.

The main sources of waste generation: OJSC KAMAZ - 991 thousand tons; JSC "Zainsky Sakhar" - 513 thousand tons; OJSC "Buinsky Sugar Plant" - 302 thousand tons.

Story

The history of human settlements in this area dates back to the 8th century BC. e. Later, the medieval state of the Volga Bulgars existed on the same territory. In the XIII century, Bulgaria was conquered by the Mongols and, after the division of the empire of Genghis Khan, included in the Ulus Jochi (Golden Horde).

At the beginning of the 15th century, Khan Ulu-Mohammed announced the creation of the Kazan Khanate after the collapse of the Golden Horde. The new state began to independently build relations with other countries, including the Moscow State. In the middle of the 16th century, during the reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, in 1552 Kazan was conquered by Moscow and incorporated into the Muscovite state.

As part of Russia, the Kazan Khanate was first called the Kazan kingdom, after the reforms of Peter I - the Kazan province (formed by the merger of the Astrakhan and Kazan kingdoms and the subsequent separation of other formations from it, with a decrease in the subject to the size of modern Tatarstan). The territory did not have self-government: the head of the province was the governor, who was appointed directly by the Emperor. Until 1920, the territory of the current Republic of Tatarstan was never officially or unofficially called either "Tataria" or "Tatarstan". After the revolution, on the initiative of V. I. Lenin, on May 27, 1920, a decree was signed on the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the territories of the Kazan and Ufa provinces as part of the RSFSR. Since August 30, 1990, the official name of the republic is the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic (as well as the Republic of Tatarstan), and since February 7, 1992 - the Republic of Tatarstan (Tatarstan). On April 21, 1992, the renaming was approved by the Russian authorities.

Population

The population of the republic, according to Rosstat, is 3 894 284 people (2018). Population density - 57,40 person/km (2018). Urban population - 76,79 % (2018).

Population density in the Republic of Tatarstan

Representatives of 115 nationalities live in the Republic of Tatarstan. The number of economically active population in the Republic of Tatarstan as of January 1, 2008 amounted to 1,790.1 thousand people, or 47.0% of the total population of the republic.

In 1999, Tatars accounted for 85% of the migration gain, Russians - 6.5%. The birth rate among Tatars was 1.4 times higher than among Russians (in the countryside - 1.3 times, in the city - 1.5 times). At the same time, the mortality among Tatars is lower than among Russians (by 1.13 times), the natural increase of Tatars is higher than among Russians. Therefore, in 2000 the share of Tatars in the republic exceeded 50%. Tatars have a higher birth rate than Russians - respectively 13.9 per mille and 9.8 (1997). The share of young age groups among Tatars is also higher. Mortality among Tatars is lower than among Russians (9.9 ppm for Tatars and 11.2 for Russians). As a result, the natural increase of the Tatar population of the republic is higher (4.0%) than the Russian one (-1.4%). In 2005, the migration growth of Tatars increased by 29.4% compared to 2004.

Birth rate (number of births per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
15,2	↗ 16,5	↘ 15,8	↗ 18,2	↘ 15,3	↘ 10,4	↘ 10,1	↘ 9,9	↘ 9,8
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 9,3	↗ 9,4	↗ 9,5	↗ 10,2	→ 10,2	↗ 10,3	↘ 9,8	↗ 9,9	↗ 10,9
2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 11,8	↗ 12,4	↗ 12,9	↗ 13,4	↗ 14,5	↗ 14,8	→ 14,8

Mortality (number of deaths per 1000 population)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998
8,1	↗ 8,9	↗ 9,5	↗ 9,8	↗ 9,9	↗ 12,9	↘ 12,2	↗ 12,3	↘ 12,0
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↗ 12,4	↗ 13,2	↗ 13,3	↗ 13,7	↗ 13,8	↘ 13,6	↗ 13,8	↘ 13,1	↘ 13,0
2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ 13,0	↘ 12,7	↗ 13,1	↘ 12,4	↘ 12,2	↘ 12,1	↗ 12,2

Natural population growth (per 1000 population, sign (-) means natural population decline)
1970	1975	1980	1985	1990	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
7,1	↗ 7,6	↘ 6,3	↗ 8,4	↘ 5,4	↘ -2,5	↗ -2,1	↘ -2,4	↗ -2,2	↘ -3,1
2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009
↘ -3,8	→ -3,8	↗ -3,5	↘ -3,6	↗ -3,3	↘ -4,0	↗ -3,2	↗ -2,1	↗ -1,2	↗ -0,3
2010	2011	2012	2013	2014
↗ -0,2	↗ 1,0	↗ 2,3	↗ 2,7	↘ 2,6

Life expectancy at birth (number of years)
1990	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998
70,9	↘ 70,6	↘ 69,8	↘ 68,0	↘ 66,7	→ 66,7	↗ 68,0	↗ 68,2	↗ 68,9
1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
↘ 68,5	↘ 67,6	↘ 67,5	→ 67,5	↗ 67,6	↗ 67,7	↗ 68,0	↗ 69,0	↗ 69,4
2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013
↗ 70,1	↗ 70,8	↘ 70,4	↗ 71,3	↗ 71,8	↗ 72,1

National composition:

People	1920 thousand people	1926 thousand people	1939 thousand people	1959 thousand people	1970 thousand people	1979 thousand people	1989 thousand people	2002 thousand people	2010 thousand people
Tatars	1306,2 (44,7 %)	1263,4 (48,7 %)	1421,5 (48,8 %)	1345,2 (47,2 %)	1536,4 (49,1 %)	1641,6 (47,6 %)	1765,4 (48,5 %)	2000,1 (52,9 %)	2012,6 (53,2 %)
including the Kryashens	-	99,0 (3,8 %)	-	-	-	-	-	18,8	30,0
Russians	1205,3 (41,2 %)	1118,8 (43,1 %)	1250,7 (42,9 %)	1252,4 (43,9 %)	1328,7 (42,4 %)	1516,0 (44,0 %)	1575,4 (43,3 %)	1492,6 (39,5 %)	1501,4 (39,7 %)
Chuvash	173,9 (5,9 %)	127,3 (4,9 %)	138,9 (4,8 %)	143,6 (5,0 %)	153,5 (4,9 %)	147,1 (4,3 %)	143,2 (3,7 %)	126,5 (3,3 %)	116,3 (3,1 %)
Udmurts	19,0	23,9	25,9	22,7	24,5	25,3	24,8	24,2	23,5
Mordva	40,2 (1,4 %)	35,1 (1,4 %)	35,8 (1,2 %)	32,9 (1,2 %)	31,0	29,9	28,9	23,7	19,2
Mari	22,5	13,1	14,0	13,5	15,6	16,8	19,4	18,8	18,8
Ukrainians	3,2	3,1	13,1	16,1	16,9	28,6	32,8	24,2	18,2
Bashkirs	139,9 (4,8 %)	1,8	0,9	2,1	2,9	9,3	19,1	14,9	13,7
Azerbaijanis	0	0,01	0,1	0,3	0,4	1,3	3,9	10,0	9,5
Uzbeks	0	0,01	0,2	0,5	0,5	1,2	2,7	4,9	8,9
Armenians	0,001	0,1	0,4	0,6	0,5	1,2	1,8	5,9	6,0
Tajiks	0	0	0,02	0	0,1	0,2	0,7	3,6	5,9

Peoples with a population of more than 5 thousand people are listed.

Population and share (among those who indicated nationality) of the most numerous nationalities in urban districts and municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan according to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census.

Area/ urban district	Tatars		Russians		Chuvash		Udmurts		Mordovians		Mari		Ukrainians		Bashkirs
	number- ness	%	number- ness	%	number- ness	%	number- ness	%	number- ness	%	number- ness	%	number- ness	%	number- ness	%
urban district Kazan	542182	47,55	554517	48,63	8956	0,79	1410	0,12	996	0,09	3698	0,32	4808	0,42	1780	0,16
urban district Naberezhnye Chelny	242302	47,42	229270	44,87	9961	1,95	2017	0,39	1979	0,39	3408	0,67	6715	1,31	5904	1,16
Agryzsky	21284	58,12	9228	25,20	74	0,20	2358	6,44	25	0,07	2931	8,00	140	0,38	132	0,36
Aznakaevsky	55578	86,10	7206	11,16	339	0,53	20	0,03	193	0,30	101	0,16	193	0,30	249	0,39
Aksubaevsky	12398	38,55	5398	16,78	14149	43,99	20	0,06	22	0,07	16	0,05	43	0,13	14	0,04
Aktanyshsky	30989	96,93	209	0,65	11	0,03	7	0,02	2	0,01	526	1,65	6	0,02	108	0,34
Alekseevsky	7997	30,48	15365	58,56	1645	6,27	8	0,03	784	2,99	19	0,07	58	0,22	25	0,10
Alkeyevsky	12829	64,17	3143	15,72	3829	19,15	4	0,02	8	0,04	10	0,05	14	0,07	7	0,04
Almetevsky	108988	55,20	73229	37,09	5533	2,80	150	0,08	2749	1,39	142	0,07	851	0,43	709	0,36
Apastovsky	19659	90,90	1019	4,71	791	3,66	2	0,01	3	0,01	4	0,02	24	0,11	8	0,04
Arsky	47921	92,75	3065	5,93	30	0,06	39	0,08	6	0,01	286	0,55	33	0,06	21	0,04
Atninsky	13457	98,59	93	0,68	3	0,02	3	0,02	-	-	44	0,32	-	-	10	0,07
bavlinsky	23414	64,55	7346	20,25	2060	5,68	2031	5,60	383	1,06	16	0,04	123	0,34	208	0,57
Baltasinsky	28780	84,96	588	1,74	8	0,02	4029	11,89	3	0,01	319	0,94	7	0,02	25	0,07
Bugulminsky	39499	35,46	63079	56,63	2750	2,47	126	0,11	2533	2,27	99	0,09	667	0,60	436	0,39
Buinsky	29970	65,94	6055	13,32	9063	19,94	8	0,02	76	0,17	13	0,03	41	0,09	28	0,06
Verkhneuslonsky	4148	24,93	10952	65,81	1032	6,20	15	0,09	27	0,16	37	0,22	49	0,29	11	0,07
Vysokogorsky	29041	67,23	13123	30,38	220	0,51	24	0,06	22	0,05	99	0,23	72	0,17	43	0,10
Drozhzhanovsky	14812	57,52	282	1,10	10594	41,14	3	0,01	8	0,03	2	0,01	4	0,02	6	0,02
Yelabuga	34750	42,58	42233	51,75	824	1,01	692	0,85	187	0,23	958	1,17	402	0,49	517	0,63
Zainsky	33387	57,52	22738	39,17	800	1,38	43	0,07	53	0,09	78	0,13	223	0,38	124	0,21
Zelenodolsk	63981	40,38	89069	56,21	1931	1,22	104	0,07	145	0,09	880	0,56	547	0,35	154	0,10
Kaybitsky	10092	67,74	3902	26,19	789	5,30	4	0,03	4	0,03	12	0,08	6	0,04	9	0,06
Kamsko-Ustyinsky	9143	54,09	7228	42,76	154	0,91	5	0,03	101	0,60	13	0,08	41	0,24	12	0,07
Kukmorsky	40907	78,64	2779	5,34	23	0,04	7278	13,99	2	0,00	754	1,45	40	0,08	43	0,08
Laishevsky	15355	42,05	20130	55,13	381	1,04	20	0,05	45	0,12	42	0,12	76	0,21	45	0,12
Leninogorsk	44696	51,48	32144	37,02	3924	4,52	45	0,05	4006	4,61	59	0,07	443	0,51	262	0,30
Mamadyshsky	34317	76,25	9035	20,08	44	0,10	565	1,26	8	0,02	621	1,38	36	0,08	44	0,10
Mendeleevsky	16033	52,78	10811	35,59	195	0,64	1332	4,38	31	0,10	1227	4,04	125	0,41	168	0,55
Menzelinsky	17646	60,10	10403	35,43	132	0,45	31	0,11	15	0,05	795	2,71	67	0,23	50	0,17
Muslyumovsky	19675	89,91	1388	6,34	10	0,05	6	0,03	5	0,02	598	2,73	12	0,05	38	0,17
Nizhnekamsk	136520	50,21	119402	43,91	6749	2,48	637	0,23	824	0,30	762	0,28	1544	0,57	1769	0,65
Novosheshminsky	6147	43,35	7219	50,91	593	4,18	7	0,05	10	0,07	9	0,06	18	0,13	12	0,08
Nurlatsky	31114	51,75	12979	21,59	15186	25,26	8	0,01	138	0,23	15	0,02	97	0,16	49	0,08
Pestrechinsky	16550	57,02	11666	40,20	113	0,39	26	0,09	17	0,06	17	0,06	81	0,28	28	0,10
Rybno-Slobodsky	21896	79,25	5470	19,80	38	0,14	17	0,06	5	0,02	12	0,04	25	0,09	20	0,07
Sabinsky	29606	95,39	996	3,21	18	0,06	219	0,71	2	0,01	12	0,04	23	0,07	44	0,14
Sarmanovsky	33320	90,84	2859	7,79	56	0,15	12	0,03	35	0,10	27	0,07	30	0,08	103	0,28
Spassky	6072	29,54	13889	67,57	338	1,64	7	0,03	38	0,18	6	0,03	40	0,19	10	0,05
Tetyushsky	8136	32,71	8874	35,67	5207	20,93	8	0,03	2399	9,64	21	0,08	41	0,16	30	0,12
Tukaevsky	25983	71,07	8869	24,26	540	1,48	67	0,18	45	0,12	118	0,32	175	0,48	206	0,56
Tyulyachinsky	12727	89,17	1440	10,09	6	0,04	4	0,03	2	0,01	10	0,07	9	0,06	4	0,03
Cheremshansky	11022	54,13	3624	17,80	4640	22,79	5	0,02	853	4,19	2	0,01	15	0,07	18	0,09
Chistopolsky	32134	40,08	44451	55,45	2405	3,00	17	0,02	322	0,40	13	0,02	168	0,21	51	0,06
Yutazinsky	16114	74,55	4604	21,30	108	0,50	21	0,10	45	0,21	17	0,08	109	0,50	192	0,89
Tatarstan total:	2012571	53,24	1501369	39,71	116252	3,08	23454	0,62	19156	0,51	18848	0,50	18241	0,48	13726	0,36

Economy

Tatarstan is the 6th in terms of production and one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. In 2013, the GRP of the republic amounted to 1.52 trillion rubles. The share of the Republic of Tatarstan in the total Russian production is (in%): polyethylene - 51.9; synthetic rubbers - 41.9; tires - 33.6; trucks - 30.5; synthetic detergents - 12.1; oil production - 6.6; cardboard - 4.5.

The agricultural sector plays an important role in the economy of the Republic of Tatarstan. The Republic is one of the three leaders among other regions of Russia in terms of agricultural production.

According to the Concept of Territorial Economic Policy of the Republic of Tatarstan, 6 economic zones (territorial production complexes (TPK)) are allocated on its territory. On the territory of the Nizhne-Kama economic zone there is a special economic zone Alabuga, as well as the Nizhnekamsk petrochemical and Naberezhnye Chelny automobile clusters.

Transport

The geographical position of Tatarstan determines its key role in the transport links of the eastern and European parts of Russia, as well as in communication with other countries. All types of transport are represented in Tatarstan. However, the weak side of the road network of the republic is its lack of connectivity due to the peculiarities of the geographical location: large rivers are a serious obstacle to the organization of land transport.

Car roads are represented by the main roads M7 (Volga) "Moscow - Kazan - Ufa", M7 "Elabuga - Perm", M5 (Urals) "Moscow - Samara - Chelyabinsk", P239 "Kazan - Orenburg", P241 "Kazan - Ulyanovsk", A295 " Kazan - Yoshkar-Ola", A151 "Cheboksary - Ulyanovsk", 16A-0003 "Nab. Chelny - Almetyevsk".

Railways are available in 22 districts, as well as in the urban districts of Kazan and Nab. Chelny. The main railways in the republic are the latitudinal lines Moscow - Kazan - Yekaterinburg and Moscow - Ulyanovsk - Ufa. The connecting role between them is played by the meridional lines Agryz - Bugulma and Zelenodolsk - Ulyanovsk.

Water transport available on the main rivers: Volga, Kama, Vyatka and Belaya. The republic occupies a key place between the basins of these four rivers.

Air Transport It is represented in the republic thanks to three operating airports: these are the international airports of federal significance "Kazan" and "Begishevo" (Nizhnekamsk / Nab. Chelny), as well as the regional airport Bugulma.

Metropolitan in Kazan has one line 15.8 km long and 10 stations.

Tram uses as a passenger transport in Kazan, Nab. Chelny, Nizhnekamsk (including Red Key).

trolleybus nye systems operate in the city of Kazan, Almetyevsk (including the urban-type settlement of Nizhnyaya Maktama).

Tatarstan is the largest center in Eastern Europe pipeline transport. The main pipeline routes emanate from the Almetyevsko-Bugulma industrial hub and Nizhnekamsk to neighboring regions. The oil pipeline "Druzhba" transports Tatarstan oil to Europe.

State languages

According to Article 8 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, the state languages ​​in the Republic of Tatarstan are equally equal Tatar and Russian.

Religion

Tatarstan, according to the Constitution, is a secular state.

Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal before the law.

1428 mosques and 319 churches are registered on the territory of the republic. The most widespread in the Republic of Tatarstan are two religions: Islam and Orthodox Christianity.

Sunni Islam was adopted as the official religion in Volga Bulgaria in 922. And in 1313, Khan Uzbek made Islam the state religion of the Golden Horde. At present, it is professed by a significant part of the Tatars. Muslims are led by the Spiritual Board of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan. Judaism, Buddhism and Krishnaism are slightly spread.

Christianity (Orthodoxy) appeared in the middle of the 16th century after the annexation of the Kazan Khanate to the Russian state as a result of the conquest by Ivan the Terrible. The followers of this religion are Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, Mordovians, Udmurts and Kryashens. There are also communities of other areas of Christianity: Old Believers, Catholics, Jehovah's Witnesses, Lutherans, Baptists, Seventh Day Adventists, Evangelical Christians, Evangelical Christians and others.

culture

Historical and geographical factors determined the location of Tatarstan at the junction of two major civilizations: eastern and western, which largely explains the diversity of its cultural wealth.

On the territory of the republic there are two world heritage sites included by UNESCO in the List of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

One of the clear examples of the state cultural policy in the field of preservation and popularization of heritage is the Kazan Kremlin. So, during the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of Kazan, thousands of residents of the republic and guests from near and far abroad witnessed the grandeur of the restored Annunciation Cathedral and the recently rebuilt Kul Sharif mosque, symbolizing the peaceful coexistence of the two main religions of the republic - Christian and Muslim.

The uniqueness of the Kazan Kremlin as an exceptional evidence of historical continuity and cultural diversity over a long period of time was confirmed on November 30, 2000 at the session of the UNESCO intergovernmental committee in Australia by including it in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List. In September 2005, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issued an order to establish the Museum of Archeology on the territory of the Kazan Kremlin State Historical, Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve.

In 2014, Ancient Bolgar, the capital of the ancient Bulgarian Khanate (Volga Bulgaria), was also included in the World Cultural and Natural Heritage List.

825 newspapers and magazines are published in Tatarstan, including regional newspapers in Russian, Tatar, Udmurt and Chuvash.

Tourism

Main article: Tatarstan Tourism

The Republic of Tatarstan is a region with a high potential for tourism and recreation. Among the key factors that determine its high competitiveness in the Russian and international tourism markets, there are a significant number of natural attractions, historical and cultural sites, as well as the development of sports tourism. There are 3 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Tatarstan - the Kazan Kremlin, the Bulgarian State Museum-Reserve and the Assumption Monastery on the island of Sviyazhsk.

The Republic of Tatarstan is one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in the field of tourism, showing a steady positive trend in the main indicators of the development of the industry. The annual growth rate of the tourist flow to the republic averages 13.5%, the growth rate of the volume of sales of services in the field of tourism is 17.0%. A positive trend in the growth dynamics of the main indicators is noted according to the interim data of 2016.

The number of foreign citizens who arrived in the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 6.7% compared to 2015 and amounted to 250,506 people.

The Republic of Tatarstan is considered one of the leaders among the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the number of business entities in the tourism industry and tourism infrastructure facilities. At the end of 2016, 104 tour operators were registered on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 32 were in the field of domestic tourism, 65 in the field of domestic and inbound tourism, 6 in the field of domestic, inbound and outbound tourism, and 1 in the field of domestic and outbound tourism.

As of January 1, 2017, 404 collective accommodation facilities (CFRs) operate on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, of which 379 CFRs are subject to classification (183 in Kazan, 196 in other municipalities of the Republic of Tatarstan). The category assignment certificate was received by 334 collective accommodation facilities, which is 88.1% of the total number of operating ones.

Particular attention in 2016 was paid to the development of tourist centers of the Republic of Tatarstan - Kazan, the Great Bolgar, the island-city of Sviyazhsk, Yelabuga, Chistopol, Tetyush. The growth of the tourist flow in the main tourist centers of the republic compared to 2015 averaged 45.9%.

Currently, sanatorium-and-spa recreation is developing rapidly in Tatarstan. On the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan there are 46 sanatorium-and-spa institutions. The capacity of the objects of the sanatorium-resort complex of Tatarstan is 8847 beds, more than 4300 specialists are employed in servicing the residents. In 2016, more than 160 thousand people rested in the sanatoriums of the Republic of Tatarstan. 22 sanatorium and resort institutions of the Republic of Tatarstan are members of the Association of sanatorium and resort institutions "Sanatoriums of Tatarstan", including 11 sanatoriums of PJSC TATNEFT.

In 2016, with the support of the State Committee for Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan, the official tourist brand Visit Tatarstan was created to develop the tourism industry in the republic, within which a special tourist resource began to function, where information on the main attractions and recreation in Tatarstan is available.

Education and science

Main building of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan

Tatarstan is a region with a powerful educational and scientific potential. The education sector employs 170,000 people. Secondary 9-year education is compulsory and free. In total, there are 2,434 general education schools in the republic, in which about 600,000 students study. More than 90% of children who have received the educational minimum established by law continue their education at school for 2 years or in secondary specialized educational institutions.

Tatarstan is known for the high level of development of academic, university and industrial science. For more than 200 years it has been one of the leading scientific centers in Eastern Europe. World-famous schools of mathematicians, chemists, astronomers, physicists, orientalists, linguists and physiologists appeared here. The names of N. I. Lobachevsky, N. N. Zinin, A. M. Butlerov, A. E. Arbuzov, E. K. Zavoisky, V. V. Radlov, K. Fuks, Sh. history of world science.

During the Great Patriotic War, Kazan scientific schools made a huge contribution to strengthening the country's defense capability, closely cooperating with the USSR Academy of Sciences, which was evacuated to Kazan.

The Decree of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan on September 30, 1991 established the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan (ANT). Since the establishment of ANT, the process of replenishment of its ranks has been constantly going on, the organizational structure has been improved. Currently, ANT has 32 full members, 52 corresponding members and 10 honorary members. The Academy has seven departments uniting biologists, physicians, lawyers, mathematicians, physicists, power engineers, and chemists. The range of their research is very wide and is aimed at solving urgent scientific, technical, socio-economic, humanitarian and cultural problems facing the republic at the present stage of development. Many developments of the scientists of the academy are carried out at the level of the latest achievements of world science and technology and are recognized by the wide scientific community. Most of the research is practical.

It has become a good tradition to strengthen ties between the Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan and scientific institutions in Russia, CIS countries and far abroad. The Academy closely cooperates with the Russian Academy of Sciences (primarily through the Kazan Scientific Center), the academies of sciences of Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Bashkortostan, Chuvashia, the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Tajikistan, research centers in Turkey, France and others countries with which 21 contracts and 5 agreements on scientific cooperation are concluded. The Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan established and annually awards the State Prize of the Republic of Tatarstan for science and technology, five nominal prizes (named after Sh. E. K. Zavoisky (jointly with the Kazan Institute of Physics and Technology KSC RAS ​​and KSU) and in chemistry named after A. E. and B. A. Arbuzov (jointly with the Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry KSC RAS).

Higher education

Kazan is one of the oldest educational centers in Russia. There are more than 30 higher educational institutions in Tatarstan (including 16 state ones), most of which are concentrated in Kazan. Four Kazan universities (Kazan State Financial and Economic Institute, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan State Technological University, Kazan State Technical University named after Tupolev) are among the 50 best universities in Russia.

Secondary education

As of 2012, there are 997 schools with the Tatar language of instruction in the republic, 823 schools with the Russian language of instruction, and 387 mixed (Russian-Tatar and Tatar-Russian) schools. In terms of the number of students, schools with the Russian language prevail - they have 133,758 students, there are 76,142 students in schools with the Tatar language of instruction, and 16,874 in mixed schools. 46.13% of Tatar students study in the Tatar language. Also in the republic there are 118 schools with a Chuvash ethnocultural component (7193 students), 20 - Mari (803 students), 37 Udmurt (1677 students), 5 Mordovian (122 students), one school each with Bashkir (11 students), Jewish ( 270 students) and Turkish (98 students) .. There are 30 Sunday schools in which the languages ​​of 28 peoples are studied: Mari, Chuvash, Ukrainian, Udmurt, Bashkir, Mordovian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Ossetian, Tajik, Assyrian, Afghan, Greek, etc. .

language issue

On July 21, 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin, at a meeting of the Council on Interethnic Relations, stated that it is unacceptable to force a person to learn a non-native language, regardless of the status of the language itself, which caused numerous discussions in the educational sphere and among residents of many regions, including Tatarstan. Further, the president instructed the Prosecutor General of Russia, Yuri Chaika, to check by November 30 whether the study of national languages ​​in schools is voluntary. As a result of the checks, numerous warnings were issued to directors of schools in Tatarstan demanding that the Tatar language be removed from the compulsory curriculum due to its absence from the federal standard. Tatarstan President Rustam Minnikhanov voiced his opinion on the problem, not agreeing that the state language of the republic could be voluntary.

On November 29, 2017, the parliament of Tatarstan, which previously supported the preservation of the equal status of the Russian and Tatar languages ​​in the republic, including in the educational sphere, unanimously voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. And the prosecutor of Tatarstan Ildus Nafikov, speaking with a report, noted that the Tatar language can be taught only on a voluntary basis with the written consent of the parents for a maximum of two hours a week. As a result, the Tatar language was removed from the education system of the republic as a compulsory subject.

Many experts expressed concern that the exclusion of the state languages ​​of the republics from the compulsory school curriculum would put them on the brink of extinction. Opinions were expressed that there are political motives in the actions of the federal center on the language issue.

Administrative-territorial division

Districts of Tatarstan

According to Section III of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its territory includes administrative-territorial units: 43 districts, 14 cities of republican significance.

Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, within the boundaries of the administrative-territorial units of Tatarstan, 956 municipalities were formed:

• 2 city districts,
• 43 municipal districts,
  • 39 urban settlements
  • 872 rural settlements.

Settlements

The largest settlement of Tatarstan is the capital city with a population of one million. In addition to it, there are also 21, 20 urban-type settlements and 897 village councils in the Republic.

The most populated region of Tatarstan is Zelenodolsky (165,283 people with Zelenodolsk), the least populated is Yelabuga (85,596 people with Yelabuga).

Settlements with a population of more than 10 thousand people

Tatarstan is the only region of the Russian Federation that has more than one million-plus urban agglomeration - Kazan and polycentric Naberezhnye Chelninskaya (Nizhne-Kamskaya). The republic also has almost half a million Almetyevsk (South Tatarstan) polycentric agglomeration.

In the Kazan agglomeration, the construction of satellite cities of the 155,000th Innopolis science city and the 100,000th Salavat Kupere has begun, and it is also planned to create satellite cities of the 40,000th Smart City and the 157,000th Green Dol.

Foreign economic relations

Like many other regions of the Russian Federation, Tatarstan has direct economic ties with many countries of the world, in some of which the republic has opened its foreign economic representative offices. In 2008, the volume of trade between Tatarstan reached 3 billion dollars.

State structure

Cabinet of Ministers building

Constitution

The basic law of the Republic is the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, adopted on November 30, 1992. According to the Constitution, Tatarstan is a democratic legal state. In the event of a conflict between the federal law and the regulatory legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan, issued on the subjects of jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan, the regulatory legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan shall apply.

The president

The highest official in the Republic of Tatarstan is the President of Tatarstan. On June 12, 1991, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev became the first President of the Republic of Tatarstan. On March 25, 2005, Mintimer Sharipovich Shaimiev was vested with the powers of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for a new term by the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation. On January 22, 2010, Shaimiev asked the President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev not to consider his candidacy for a new presidential term after March 25, 2010. On March 25, 2010, Rustam Minnikhanov took office as President of the Republic of Tatarstan, and Shaimiev was appointed to the post of state adviser to the Republic of Tatarstan.

Legislature

The unicameral State Council (Parliament), which consists of 100 deputies, is the highest representative, legislative and control body of state power. March 26, 2004 Farid Mukhametshin was elected Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan.

executive power

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic is the executive and administrative body of state power and is headed by the Prime Minister. On May 11, 2001, Rustam Minnikhanov was appointed Prime Minister of the Republic of Tatarstan for the second time. After Minnikhanov took office as President, Ravil Muratov was appointed acting prime minister, and since April 22, 2010, Ildar Shafkatovich Khalikov has been prime minister.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, within its competence:

• approves regulations on ministries, state committees and other executive bodies of the Republic of Tatarstan, establishes the structure and maximum number of employees of their apparatuses;
• appoints and dismisses deputy heads of executive authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan; approves the composition of collegiums of ministries, state committees and other executive authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan;
• determines, in accordance with this Law, the procedure for the creation and operation of territorial bodies of republican executive bodies, establishes the standards and the amount of appropriations for their activities;

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan exercises control over the compliance of regulatory legal acts adopted by the republican executive authorities (departmental regulatory legal acts), federal legislation, the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, laws of the Republic of Tatarstan, legal acts of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan issues resolutions and orders, ensures and checks their execution. Acts of a normative nature are issued in the form of resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Acts on operational and other current issues that do not have a regulatory nature are issued in the form of orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions and orders of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan are binding in the Republic of Tatarstan. Resolutions of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan, with the exception of resolutions containing information constituting a state secret or information of a confidential nature, are subject to official publication. The Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Tatarstan has the right to accept appeals, statements and other acts that do not have a legal nature.

Judicial branch

Judicial power in the republic is exercised by the Supreme Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, the Arbitration Court of the Republic of Tatarstan, district courts and justices of the peace.

The Prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan and prosecutors subordinate to him shall supervise the observance of laws. Since 2000, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Kafil Fakhrazeevich Amirov, who resigned in September 2013. Since September 2013, the prosecutor of the Republic of Tatarstan has been Ildus Saidovich Nafikov.

see also

Tatarstan

• List of monuments of cultural heritage of the Republic of Tatarstan on Wikipedia

Notes

1. At the end of 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev signed a law approved by the State Duma and the Federation Council, prohibiting the heads of constituent entities of the Russian Federation from being called presidents // Official Internet portal of legal information, 12/28/2010
2. In February 2015, a law was adopted providing for the extension of the terms for naming the heads of republics by presidents for another year - until January 1, 2016 // Official Internet portal of legal information, 03.02.2015
3. Since January 1, 2016, the constitution of the region is in conflict with federal legislation Kommersant-Gazeta, 12/24/2015
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83. Chernobrovkina, Elena. Rustam Minnikhanov: “How can learning the state language be voluntary?!” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
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85. Vandysheva, Natalia Goloburdova, Gulnaz Badretdin, Alfred Mukhametrahimov, Elena Kolebakina-Usmanova, Olga. “Or is this done on purpose so that it would be bad in relation to Putin in Tatarstan?” (Russian), BUSINESS Online. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
86. Tatarstan abolished compulsory study of the Tatar language in schools (Russian) , Interfax.ru(November 29, 2017). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
87. The Parliament of Tatarstan voted for the voluntary study of the Tatar language in schools. tass.ru. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
88. No language: Kazan refuses compulsory Tatar lessons (eng.), BBC Russian service(December 1, 2017). Retrieved 21 December 2017.
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97. The number of municipalities in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2016. Rosstat (2016).
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Literature

• Fakhretdinov R. Tatar khalky һәm Tatarstan tarihy (Tatar people and history of Tatarstan) (tatar.)
• Kosach G. G. Tatarstan: religion and nationality in the mass consciousness// New churches, old believers - old churches, new believers. Religion in post-Soviet Russia / Kaariainen K., Furman D. E. - M .: Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, 2007. - 248 p. - ISBN 5-89740-046-6.
• Kartashova L. B. Reserved places. - Kazan: Idel-Press, 2007. - 296 p. - ISBN 978-5-85247-181-91.
• Taysina E. A., Shchelkunov M. D. Tatarstan Philosophers at the World Congress // Bulletin of Economics, Law and Sociology. 2013. No. 3. S. 239-240.

Links

• Official website of the Republic of Tatarstan
• Official website of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan
• Official news of the authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan
• Official page of the Republic of Tatarstan in the social network "VKontakte"
• State Committee of the Republic of Tatarstan for Tourism
• Business Center of the Republic of Tatarstan - Internet portal TatCenter.ru
• Information agency "Tatar-inform"
• Map of Tatarstan
• Navigation and conventional maps of Tatarstan
• Free Encyclopedia of Tatarstan

General information

Square

The total area of ​​the republic is 6783.7 thousand hectares. The maximum length of the territory is 290 km from north to south and 460 km from west to east. Tatarstan has no borders with foreign states.

Capital

The capital of the republic is the city of Kazan with a population of over 1.1 million people. In 2005 Kazan celebrated its millennium.

Geographical characteristic

Tatarstan is located in the east of the East European Plain, at the confluence of the two largest rivers - the Volga and Kama, Kazan is located at a distance of 797 km east of Moscow.

Economy

Tatarstan is one of the most economically developed regions of Russia. The republic is located in the center of a large industrial region of the Russian Federation, at the intersection of the most important highways connecting the east and west, north and south of the country.

The Republic of Tatarstan has rich natural resources, a powerful and diversified industry, a high intellectual potential and a skilled workforce.

The Republic of Tatarstan, using 2.2% of Russia's agricultural land, produces about 5% of the country's agricultural products.

In the structure of the gross regional product of Tatarstan, the share of industry is 44.1%, construction - 8.6%, transport and communications - 7.7%, agriculture - 7.1%.

The industrial profile of the republic is determined by the petrochemical complex (oil production, production of synthetic rubber, tires, polyethylene and a wide range of oil refining products), large machine-building enterprises that produce competitive products (heavy trucks, helicopters, aircraft and aircraft engines, compressors and oil and gas pumping equipment, river and sea ships, a range of commercial and passenger vehicles), as well as advanced electrical and radio instrumentation.

The share of small and medium-sized businesses in the GRP of Tatarstan is about 25%.
A network of technology parks is actively developing in the Republic of Tatarstan. CJSC “Innovation and production technopark “Idea”, the industrial site of KIP “Master”, IT-park, technopolis “Khimgrad” are successfully functioning.
At the end of 2005, a special economic zone of industrial-production type "Alabuga" was created, today there are 42 residents in it.

Residents of the SEZ "Alabuga" are provided with the following tax benefits:

• reduced income tax rate of 13.5% instead of the standard 20%;
• exemption from transport tax for ten years from the date of registration of the vehicle;
• exemption from property tax for ten years from the date of registration of property in the accounting report;
• exemption from land tax for ten years on land plots located on the territory of the SEZ;
• for tax purposes, a higher depreciation rate may apply (namely, the standard rate of depreciation should not exceed the rate twice).

Population

According to the All-Russian population census of 2010, 3786.4 thousand people live in Tatarstan. The Republic of Tatarstan ranks eighth in Russia in terms of population after the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg, the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Bashkortostan, Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Rostov regions. In the Volga Federal District, the republic is the second largest in terms of population.

Compared to the 2002 census, the population of the Republic of Tatarstan increased by 7.1 thousand people (0.2%). In Tatarstan, the share of the urban population in 2012 was 75.7%. The leader in terms of the number of inhabitants is the capital of the republic, Kazan.

National composition

Tatarstan is one of the most multinational territories of Russia. According to the All-Russian Population Census of 2010, representatives of over 173 nationalities live in the republic, including 8 nationalities whose population exceeded 10 thousand people: Tatars, Russians, Chuvashs, Udmurts, Mordovians, Maris, Ukrainians and Bashkirs. Among the peoples inhabiting Tatarstan, the Tatars prevail in terms of population (more than 2 million people or 53.2% of the total population of the republic). In second place are Russians - more than 1.5 million people. or 39.7%, the third - Chuvash (116.2 thousand people or 3.1%).

Nature and climate

The territory of Tatarstan is an elevated stepped plain, dissected by a dense network of river valleys. The wide valleys of the Volga and Kama divide the plain into three parts: the Pre-Volga region, the Pre-Kama region and the Trans-Kama region. The Volga region with a maximum height of 276 m occupies the northeastern part of the Volga Upland. The southern ends of the Mozhginskaya and Sarapulskaya uplands, separated by the valley of the r. Izh. The highest heights here reach 243 m. The highest in Tatarstan (up to 381 m) is the Bugulma upland in the Eastern Trans-Kama region. The lowest relief (mainly up to 200 m) is characteristic of the Western Zakamye.

17% of the territory of the republic is covered with forests, consisting of mainly deciduous trees (oak, linden, birch, aspen), conifers are represented by pine and spruce. 433 species of vertebrates and several thousand species of invertebrates live on the territory of Tatarstan.

The territory of Tatarstan is characterized by a temperate continental type of climate in the middle latitudes, with warm summers and moderately cold winters. The warmest month is July with average monthly air temperature over the territory of 18 - 20 °С, the coldest month is January with average monthly temperatures from -13 °С. The duration of the warm period (with a stable temperature above 0 ° C) varies across the territory within 198-209 days, the cold period - 156-167 days. Precipitation is distributed relatively evenly over the territory, their annual amount is 460 - 540 mm.
The soils are very diverse - from gray forest and podzolic in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic.
The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park are located on the territory of Tatarstan. The Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the territory of the Zelenodolsk and Laishevsky municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Two separate sections of the reserve - Saralovsky (4170 ha) and Raifsky (5921 ha) are separated from each other by a distance of about 100 km. The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park is located on the territory of two municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan: Yelabuga and Tukaevsky. On the territory of the park, several land and water tourist routes are planned through forests, as well as water routes along the water area of ​​the reservoir, along the Kame and Kriusha rivers.

History reference

The first state in the region was the Volga Bulgaria, created at the turn of the 9th-10th centuries AD. Turkic tribes. In 922 Islam became the state religion. In 1236, Bulgaria became part of the empire of Genghis Khan, and then became part of the Golden Horde, as a result of the collapse of which a new state arose - the Kazan Khanate (1438). In 1552, the Kazan Khanate was annexed to the Russian state.

In 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed.

On August 30, 1990, the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Republic was adopted. In 1994, an Agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and mutual delegation of powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, and in 2007 an Agreement was signed on the delimitation of subjects of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and public authorities of the Republic of Tatarstan, which became a kind of "successor" of the 1994 Treaty.

The republic is inhabited by peoples with different historical past and cultural traditions. The combination of at least three types of cultural mutual influences (Turkic, Slavic-Russian and Finno-Ugric) determines the uniqueness of these places, the originality of cultural and historical values.

The fates of many outstanding cultural figures are connected with Tatarstan: singer Fyodor Chaliapin, writers Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Aksakov and Maxim Gorky, Vasily Aksyonov, poets Yevgeny Boratynsky, Gavriil Derzhavin, Marina Tsvetaeva and Nikita Zabolotsky, artists Ivan Shishkin and Nikolai Feshin. The classic of Tatar poetry Gabdulla Tukay, poet-hero Musa Jalil, composers Farid Yarullin, Salih Saidashev, Nazib Zhiganov, Sofia Gubaidulina and many others made the glory of Tatar culture.

Islam and Orthodoxy are traditional confessions for the republic. Tatars and Bashkirs (that is, about half of the republic's population) profess Islam. Another part of the population: Russians, Chuvashs, Maris, Udmurts, Mordovians - Christians professing Orthodoxy. Catholicism, Protestantism, Judaism and other confessions are also represented in Tatarstan.

Maintaining a balance of interests between the two major confessions and the equality of all religions before the law underlies interfaith harmony in the republic.

In August, articles about archaeological finds in the ancient capital of the Volga Bulgaria, Bolgar, appeared in two federal publications at once, which are diligently hushed up by local nationally oriented historians (the process of "revival" of Bolgar is led by the ex-president of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev). The essence of the discoveries boils down to the fact that the Slavs appeared on the Middle Volga in general and in Bolgar in particular long before the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552. Historian Alexander Ovchinnikov, Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities at KNITU-KHTI, has been trying to talk about this for several years, but his statements are met with open irritation both in local scientific circles and from the authorities. He explained his position in an interview with IA REGNUM.

When did the Slavs first appear on the territory of modern Tatarstan?

It is known that in the 4th-7th centuries AD, a significant territory of the Middle Volga region - from the Sura in the west (Mordovia) to the Belaya River in the east (Bashkiria), from the Lower Kama in the north (Laishevsky, Rybno-Slobodskaya and other regions of Tatarstan) to Samarskaya Luka in the south - occupied by the population of the so-called Imenkovskaya archaeological culture. In the 1980s, a point of view appeared that it was abandoned by the ancient Slavic population.

Even earlier, in the 1940-70s, when Moscow archaeologists worked in Bolgari, it was widely believed that this city arose on the basis of the Imenkovo ​​settlements. In some areas of the Bolgar settlement there are no sterile layers between the Imenkov and Bulgar layers, they are mixed. It is quite possible that those who lived in the place of the future Bolgar from the middle of the 1st millennium AD. the Slavs mixed with the newcomers-Bulgars and gave rise to a new city. Relatively recently, materials were discovered in the Bolgar region that can be identified not even with the Slavs, but with the Proto-Slavs. There was a corresponding article in a small-circulation scientific collection, but this news did not reach the general public.

Bulgarian finds also indicate that in the X-XIV centuries. residents of Kievan Rus, and then the Russian principalities, often visited the city, and not only "on the way." There are stone icons and crosses, metal icons, bronze church utensils: a candlestick, lamp holder, the remains of a lamp chain. Bulgars who professed Islam could hardly buy such things. The remains of dwellings with corresponding finds speak of the permanent residence of Russians in Bolgar, the presence of a Russian craft quarter. Why they don't focus on this in Tatarstan today, I think it's understandable.

In the rest of Russia, the Slavic origin of the Imenkovo ​​culture is not a debatable issue?

This issue is debatable in the political plane, in the plane of some personal ambitions of historians and archaeologists. If we take the scientific aspect of the problem, then it can be argued that the Imenkovites are more Slavs than anyone else. There are works of famous scientists, for example, Academician V.V. Sedov, the largest specialist in Slavic archeology, orientalist S.G. Klyashtorny, Samara researcher G.I. Matveeva.

In them, on the basis of a complex of sources, it is proved that the Imenkovtsy are a Slavic mass of the population, at least the majority of the population of this culture are Slavs. This is evidenced by the funeral rite, the data of the language of neighboring peoples (Slavic borrowings in the language of the ancestors of the Udmurts), written sources - for example, the Arab traveler Ahmed ibn Fadlan, who personally visited the Volga Bulgaria in 922, calls the ruler of the Bulgars also the king of the Slavs.

It turns out that local historians and archaeologists have been denying the obvious since the middle of the last century?

After Moscow archaeologists were ousted from Tatarstan in the 1970s, the local archaeologist A.Kh. Khalikov (this was due to the general trend of strengthening the positions of the nomenklatura in the national republics of the USSR). Then they began to say that there was no continuity between the Imenkovtsy and the Bulgars, and Bolgar became a purely Bulgarian, even a Bulgaro-Tatar city. Articles were written, theories were put forward that, perhaps, the Imenkovites were Turks, Balts or Finno-Ugric peoples, but somehow they did not pay attention to the fact that there is an excellent evidence base for the Slavs of this population.

The fact is that the fact that the Slavs lived in the Middle Volga region even before the emergence of Volga Bulgaria destroyed the official point of view, according to which the Tatars were always at home here, and the Russians were aliens, struck at the justification of the sovereignty of the republic. In the 1990s, with the rampant of this very sovereignty, and later, in the 2000s, the Imenkov problem in local scientific circles began to be simply glossed over. As a result, today the common truth is the idea that the Slavs appeared on the Middle Volga only after 1552, and the city of Bolgar was founded by the Bulgars, the ancestors of the Tatar people.

Why is it not possible to effectively resist the falsification of history?

I wrote a term paper and a diploma under the guidance of the famous archaeologist P.N. Starostin, a well-known specialist on the Imenkov problem, the author of a classic monograph on this topic. When at a certain stage of work it became necessary to move to a higher level of generalizations - ethnic and linguistic affiliation - the supervisor began to say: we must be more careful.

It is clear that these are Slavs, but it is better to say vaguely that the Imenkovtsy are a population of "Western origin". Due to teenage maximalism, I did not listen to him and defended my position at all scientific conferences. When I graduated from high school, those on whom my admission to the graduate school of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic depended, set a condition: not to update the ethnicity of the Imenkovtsy. I again did not obey, a flurry of accusations rained down on me - rumors began to spread about me that I was a "black archaeologist".

Gradually, I turned into an outcast, it came to the point that in April 2005, the monograph on the Bogoroditsky burial ground of the Imenkovo ​​culture, which was being prepared for publication (written by me in collaboration with P.N. Starostin), was simply destroyed in my presence. One laboratory assistant of non-fragile complexion came, took the manuscript, and that was it. He said - you do not understand how to behave ... Even the supervisor could not do anything. In the end, by some miracle, I entered graduate school, then there were problems with the defense of the candidate. In 2009, I began public activity, updated the Imenkovskaya and some other problems in the press.

I started having difficulties at work, my colleagues were afraid that with my speeches I would bring trouble to the entire department. I succumbed to pressure and ceased to actively participate in the public life of Kazan since 2010, switched back to science, but problems began here too: they stopped accepting at conferences, refused to publish articles, especially VAK-ovsky ones that scientists needed so much.

How was it justified?

It was often said that the topic of the article does not correspond to the profile of the publication. Editor-in-Chief of the magazine "Echo of the Ages" D.R. Sharafutdinov frankly said that every nation should have its own myth, and I am destroying this myth. Tutorials have not been published lately. I will be re-elected in 2015. Most likely, they will be re-elected from an associate professor to an assistant (the formal reason will be just the lack of teaching aids), or maybe they will have to look for a new job altogether. But there is nothing strange here, we have an authoritarian state, and historians should serve it not with a sword, but with a pen.

What other historical myths are popularized by scientists of Tatarstan?

The main myth, which is very difficult to overcome, is that two peoples live on the territory of Tatarstan: Russians and Tatars, allegedly separate closed communities that have a very difficult historical fate, and if there is no wise leadership, then these two peoples will enter into an interethnic conflict. All historians must support this myth, someone must study the history of the Russian people, someone - the Tatar people, everyone must behave correctly. To change something, it is not enough to scientifically prove that the same Imenkovtsy are Slavs.

The problem lies in the social environment in which professional knowledge circulates. Historians of Kazan are grouped into professional teams - these are departments, departments, etc. Each team is a kind of little world with its own interpersonal relations, and the normal existence of this little world depends entirely on the goodwill of the ruler. The system of relationships between the authorities and scientists that now exists in Tatarstan repeats the system of relationships in the Eastern despotism between the ruler and subjects. This mechanism ensures the functioning of historical myths.

The specificity lies in the fact that even conscientious scientific research is included in the general ideological narrative. For example, an archaeologist works with ceramics, makes scrupulous calculations, and in a generalizing work like "The History of the Tatars" it will appear that this is the ceramics of the ancestors of the Tatar people. Myth has the function of ideology: in authoritarian states, ideology is always a myth, and often it borders on delirium.

Why do people believe in historical myths despite their apparent absurdity?

A professor I know used to say: when people ask you about nationalism, talk about urbanization, and he was right. Throughout the 20th century in Russia, people from the countryside moved to the cities, where it was very difficult for them to get a job. They lost touch with their families, their native places, they achieved everything on their own. They had a feeling of loneliness, they needed to associate themselves with some kind of circle of people who would help. It's like a village, a family. That is why national histories are popular.

Yes, they are delusional, but a person who roams around rented apartments, who barely earns his own food, knows that he will soon take out a mortgage and will pay it all his life, in order not to get drunk and not to chip, some kind of myth is needed. And then he takes another work of a local historian and sees: here it is! I belong to a great nation, my ancestors are the shakers of the universe.

This, it turns out, is the reason for my problems - the Russians captured Kazan 450 years ago, if we had our own state, our own independent Tatarstan, I would now live very well. National history (whether Russian, Tatar or Bashkir) is the history of marginals, people between two worlds. They broke away from rural life, have not yet settled in the city. Specialists in the theory of modernization write that this disorder leads to a split personality, a mythical understanding of the world around us, and a craving for surrealistic images. That is why national stories are popular.

Do you think the historians involved in the creation of myths really believe what they write? Or is it just an attempt to adapt to the current political situation?

I thought a lot about this question and came to the conclusion that there is a fact of doublethink here. There are works by psychologists who write that people who are constantly in closed groups often experience the phenomenon of doublethink. That is, the mechanisms of logic cease to work. Logic was born in ancient Greece, it is a product of an atomized society, from the standpoint of logic, it reflects a person, individuality. Black cannot be white - this is logic.

Doublethink is when black can be white at the same time, i.e. when two mutually exclusive propositions are found to be true. In Tatarstan conditions, the scientist thinks as follows: yes, I write fairy tales about the history of the Tatar people, but maybe there is some rational grain in them. Most of the humanitarians of Tatarstan, and in general people of creative professions, are yesterday's villagers, and there is no need to be ashamed of this. They are marginalized and at some point they can really believe in the myths that they themselves compose. We are faced with the problem of modernization, a catch-up type of development of the country. Let's hope that their children, real citizens in the second and third generations, will get rid of this.

Can what is happening in Tatarstan be called an all-Russian or even global trend?

As for the global trend, I don’t presume to judge this, I can only say that the concept of so-called civic nationalism has been adopted throughout the developed world, when a nation is fellow citizenship. Within a nation there can be many people with different ethnicities, languages, religions, etc. All together - one nation. In the same America, France, history is the history of the territory.

As for the post-Soviet space, the situation here is exactly the opposite, ethnogenesis and the history of the state coincide with each other. Myth-making flourishes in Central Asia and Transcaucasia. Modern Uzbekistan, according to some authors, continues the traditions of the state of the great Timur (Tamerlane), and Tajikistan, by the way, is the heir to the great Aryan civilizations, for example, the Persian state of the Achaemenids, Darius himself was a Tajik. In Azerbaijan, doubts about the greatness of ancestors can be subject to criminal prosecution. Russia in terms of the mythologization of history is no exception.

To change the situation, changes are needed throughout society, its democratization, the development of a sense of citizenship, the transition from archaism to modernity, when people begin to perceive the world rationally. And then the writings of local historians will be perceived by the majority of the population with a smile. This process will be long if the modern political system is preserved in Russia, and the country is ruled not by people living in it, but by several hundred rich families, which force scientists to invent myths to justify their power. Civic nationalism is a product of a democratic society, and Russia is still far from it.

In your opinion, will the unified textbook on the history of Russia, which is being prepared for release, remove the contradictions of the historians of Tatarstan?

No, it won't. I have carefully read the draft and can state that it was written in the same ethno-nationalist discourse. That is, the history of Russia is, first of all, the history of the Russian people. There will be complaints about the project, already Damir Iskhakov has come up with an article stating that little attention is paid to the Tatars in the textbook, in neighboring Chuvashia they will say - the Chuvash. The very idea of ​​writing textbooks from the standpoint of ethno-nationalism, a civilizational approach, is vicious.

I believe that the history of Russia should be, first of all, the history of the territory. It is necessary to talk about everyone who inhabited the territory of modern Russia, starting from the Paleolithic era. With this approach, for example, the history of East Prussia as a geographical space inhabited by people who spoke different languages ​​and organized into many political and state systems (including the German Empire) is equivalent to the history of modern "Russian parts" of Kievan Rus, the state of Bohai or the empire Jurchens. Unfortunately, the project you are talking about will still be taken as the basis of a new textbook, and the authorities (federal and local) will continue to play the ethno-nationalist card.

Why don't the federal authorities react in any way to the sometimes openly anti-Russian statements of Tatarstan historians?

According to some experts in the field of sociology and political science, in the 1990s, Russia began to experience a return to the archaic, even the term "archaic syndrome" appeared. This is a return to those socio-political relations that were characteristic of the Middle Ages or even earlier eras. The concept of "new Russian feudalism" appeared. Power is organized on the basis of interpersonal patron-client relations. There is feudal immunity when the main ruler sitting in Moscow gives the right to the local feudal lord to collect income from a certain region, for example, from Tatarstan. The Moscow overlord does not interfere in the affairs of the vassal - the main thing is that the latter shares part of the income. A vassal can do anything (of course, within certain limits) and excesses in historical myths are the last thing he can do to anger his overlord.

- one of the largest and well-developed subjects of the Russian Federation. Over the long history of its existence, the republic has formed as an important geopolitical center of Russia between the areas of European and Asian cultures.

This was facilitated by a favorable economic and geographical position on the eastern borders of the European subcontinent, the proximity of the industrial Central Region and the Urals. Being at the crossroads of the largest transport systems in Russia, the region is connected with the raw material bases of Siberia, the agricultural regions of the Volga Federal District.

Modern Tatarstan is a large region with a complex diversified industry and developed agriculture. The Republic has a high educational and scientific potential.

Geographical position

Tatarstan is located in the center of the Russian Federation on the East European Plain, at the confluence of two major rivers - the Volga and the Kama. The extreme northern point is located near the village of Verkhniy Sardek, Baltasinsky district - 56o40.5′ N, the southern one is near the village of Khansverkino, Bavlinsky district - 53o58′ N, the western one is near the village of Tatarskaya Bezdna, Drozhzhanovsky district - 47o16′ E .d., eastern - near the village of Tynlamas, Aktanysh district - 54o17′ E. From west to east, the republic stretches for 450 km, and from south to north - for 285 km.

It borders in the north with the Kirov region, in the northeast - with the Republic of Udmurtia, in the east - with the Republic of Bashkortostan, in the southeast - with the Orenburg region, in the south - with the Samara region, in the southwest - with the Ulyanovsk region, in the west - with the Chuvash Republic, in the north-west - with the Mari Republic.

The total area of ​​Tatarstan is 67,836 km2, or 0.4% of the territory of the Russian Federation, and about 7% of the territory of the Volga Federal District.

Kazan is the capital of the republic, located 797 km east of Moscow.

Geological structure and minerals

The platform is based on a crystalline foundation from ancient Archean-Proterozoic rocks. From above, it is overlain by a thick cover of sedimentary rocks of marine and continental origin, 1500–2000 m thick.

Devonian rocks lie on the surface of the basement, below - terrigenous (sandstones, silts, mudstones), above - carbonate (limestones, dolomites with interlayers of gypsum and anhydrite). The thickness of the Devonian deposits is up to 700 m.

The territory of the republic is located in the east of the largest tectonic structure - the Russian platform, within the Volga-Ural anteclise. The main tectonic elements are the Tatar arch with the northern (Kukmorsky) and southern (Almetevsky) ledges, the Melekesskaya depression and the southern part of the Kazan-Kazhimsky trough. The western part of the territory belongs to the eastern slope of the Tokmovsky arch.

The predominant surface area of ​​the republic is composed of Upper Permian deposits.

Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) predominate with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites.

Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme south-west of the republic.

Rocks of the Carboniferous system (Carboniferous) lie above. Carbonate rocks (limestones and dolomites) predominate with interlayers of clays, sandstones, gypsum and anhydrites. The thickness of the sequence is from 600 to 1000 m. The Permian deposits are represented by the lower and upper sections. The Lower Permian rocks are represented by dolomites, limestones with interlayers of gypsum, anhydrites and marls. The greatest thickness of these deposits is in the east of the republic (up to 300 m), where they come out to the surface in some places.

The predominant surface area of ​​the republic is composed of Upper Permian deposits. They almost everywhere come to the surface in the river valleys, are opened by ravines. In the west of the republic, in the lower part, carbonate rocks of marine origin predominate - dolomites and limestones with gypsum interbeds.

Above lie continental formations - red-colored clays, sandstones and marls that make up the watershed surfaces. The thickness of the deposits reaches 280-350 m.

In the east, in the lower part, sandy-argillaceous rocks with interlayers of limestones and marls predominate; clayey-sandy deposits lie above, replaced by sandy, silty, clayey continental formations occurring on the highest watersheds with thin interlayers of marls, limestones and dolomites (photo). The total thickness of the deposits reaches 200-300 m.

Mesozoic deposits are developed in the extreme south-west of the republic. The formations of the Jurassic system are represented by clays, siltstones, marls with interlayers of sandstones, oil shales and phosphorite pebbles. The thickness reaches 70-80 m. Cretaceous deposits are gray, dark gray clays, sandstones with thin interlayers of phosphorites, marls, limestones, with a total thickness of up to 120-160 m.

Cenozoic deposits are represented by deposits of the Neogene and Quaternary system, which were formed in continental conditions. Neogene formations are confined to the valleys of large and medium-sized rivers. These are deposits composed of dark gray silty-argillaceous rocks with interlayers and lenses of sands and pebbles with a total thickness of 200-300 m.

The youngest Quaternary deposits everywhere cover the entire territory of the republic. In the valleys of the Volga and Kama, the thickness of alluvial deposits of the terrace complex reaches 70-120 m, their composition is predominantly sandy with interlayers of pebbles, clays, loams and sandy loams.

Slope deposits reach a thickness of 15-20 m at the bottom of the slopes, decreasing up the slope. On the watersheds, the thickness of the deposits is 1.5-2.0 m. The composition is predominantly loamy, sandy loamy with crushed stone.

Minerals

The most valuable are deposits of combustible and non-metallic minerals - oil, gas, bitumen, hard and brown coal, oil shale, peat, building stone, sand and gravel materials. Oil and associated gas are produced mainly in the Trans-Kama and Eastern Fore-Kama regions of the republic. The main deposits are confined to the lower stage of the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits, mostly small in terms of reserves. Large deposits include only Romashkinskoye, Novo-Elkhovskoye and Bavlinskoye. The oil is heavy, sour. Along with oil, associated gas is produced - a valuable chemical raw material.

Hard and brown coals have been explored in the Eastern Trans-Kama region of the republic, they lie at considerable depths - from 900 to 1200 m, which makes their extraction unprofitable.

Significant reserves of bitumen and bituminous rocks are confined to the Permian deposits - reserve sources for obtaining hydrocarbon raw materials, as well as deposits of gypsum, limestone, dolomite.

Among the minerals of the Mesozoic, the most important are oil shale, phosphorites, and zeolite-containing rocks. They are found in the southwestern regions of the republic in the Volga region. Small reserves and low quality limit the extraction of these types of minerals.

Deposits of bentonite clays, loams, sands, sand and gravel materials, building stone (rubble stone and crushed stone), and peat are confined to the Cenozoic deposits. They are widely distributed throughout the territory of the republic, they are sources of construction and mining raw materials.

Relief

The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is a plain with uplands and lowlands, which were formed over a geologically long time. The average height of the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is 150–160 m, 90% of the territory lies at an altitude of no more than 200 m above sea level. The highest heights are in the southeastern part of the republic within the Bugulma-Belebeevskaya Upland. The highest point is 381 m. The minimum heights are confined to the left bank of the Volga and Kama rivers, the lowest mark is 53 m (the water line of the Kuibyshev reservoir).

The territory of the Republic of Tatarstan is divided into three parts by the Volga and Kama valleys - in the west, on the right bank of the Volga, the Pre-Volga region is distinguished, in the north, on the left bank of the Volga and the right bank of the Kama - Predkamye, in the south, southeast, on the left bank of the Kama - Zakamye.

The western part of the republic is the Volga Upland, the northern and eastern borders of which are washed by the Volga waters. The average height of the Pre-Volga region is 140 m, the maximum is 276 m (the upper reaches of the Bezdna River, the right tributary of the Sura, the Drozhzhanovsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan). The banks of the Volga are everywhere steep, indented by valleys of small rivers and ravines.

In the Predkamye, in the north-west of the republic, the southern end includes the southern end of the Vyatsky Uval upland. The highest heights here reach 235 m in the upper reaches of the Ilet and Shoshma rivers, the average height is 125 m. - 120 m, the average height of interfluve spaces is 140-160 m.

In the southeast of the republic, in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, the highest territory is observed - the Bugulmino-Belebeevskaya Upland with an average height of 175 m. Two high-altitude steps are well pronounced: 220-240 m and 300-320 m.

The low plains are formed by large rivers, the valleys of which were laid along tectonic faults and troughs. The largest area is occupied by the Zavolzhskaya lowland. It stretches along the left bank of the Volga in the form of a complex of terraces in a narrow strip to the confluence with the Kama, and then, expanding, forms the low-lying Western Trans-Kama region with leveled spaces 80-100 and 120-160 m high.

The Kama-Belskaya lowland corresponds to the valleys of the Kama and Belaya, Ika rivers with prevailing heights of 100-120 m.

The valleys of large and medium-sized rivers have a pronounced asymmetry of slopes, due to the displacement of the channels of these rivers to the right under the influence of the Coriolis force. Steep and high banks are composed of bedrock. On the gentler left slopes, there is a complex of river floodplain terraces.

Large landforms are complicated by river valleys of small rivers and streams, ravines, and beams. The asymmetry of the slopes of the valleys of small rivers is associated with uneven heating of slopes of different exposures in a cold periglacial climate. The slopes facing south and west are steeper.

The features of the relief make it possible to develop agriculture in all regions of the republic. However, human activity, as a result of which forests were reduced, which converted surface runoff into underground, and large areas of land were plowed up, contributed to the development of ravine and soil erosion.

Karst processes are widespread in Permian carbonate rocks, landslides on the slopes of river valleys composed of clays, and other small erosive landforms.

Climate

The climate of the republic is temperate continental. Summers are warm, winters are moderately cold. The duration of sunshine averages 1900 hours, the sunniest period is from April to August. The total solar radiation per year is approximately 3900 MJ/sq.m.

The climate is formed under the influence of the west-east transfer of air masses. Air masses from the Atlantic soften the climate, form cloudy weather with precipitation. Air from Siberia and the Arctic brings a significant cooling during the cold period.

The warmest month of the year is July with average temperatures of 18-20 °C, the coldest is January (-13, -14 °C). The absolute minimum temperature is -44, -48 °C (in Kazan -46.8 °C in 1942). The absolute maximum temperature is +40 °C. The absolute annual amplitude reaches 80-90 °C. The average annual temperature is approximately 2-3.1 °C.

The average amount of precipitation is from 460 to 520 mm. During the warm period of the year (above 0 °C), 65-75% of the annual precipitation falls. The maximum precipitation occurs in July (51-65 mm), the minimum - in February (21-27 mm). Some years are dry. The growing season is about 170 days.

Snow cover forms after mid-November and melts in the first half of April. The duration of the snow cover is 140-150 days a year, the average height is 35-45 cm. The maximum depth of soil freezing is 110-165 cm.

Climatic resources of individual regions of the republic are different. The Pre-Kama and Eastern Trans-Kama regions are relatively cold, but better moistened parts of the Republic of Tatarstan. Western Zakamye is a relatively warm region, but droughts are often observed. The Pre-Volga region of the Republic of Tatarstan has the best combination of climatic indicators. The climatic conditions of the republic are moderately favorable for agriculture.

Surface and ground water

The territory of the republic has an extensive river network, which belongs to the Volga-Kama basin. The total length of all rivers is about 22 thousand km, and their number is more than 3.5 thousand. The largest rivers are the Volga, Kama, Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.

They are transit, their sources are in other regions of the Russian Federation. Transit inflow of river waters is about 230 km3/year, and surface waters of local formation - 8-10 km3/year. The main part of the river network is made up of small rivers and streams. The total area of ​​the water surface is 4.5 thousand km2, or 6.5% of the entire territory of the republic.

The rivers of the republic have a mixed supply with a predominance of snow, which provides 60-80% of the annual flow. In second place is underground, in third - rain food.

The nature of nutrition determines the water regime of rivers. On all rivers, the spring flood is clearly distinguished by a sharp increase in water levels. The earliest (March 28-29) flood begins on the rivers of the south-west of the republic, ends in early May. The average duration is 30-60 days.

After the spring flood comes the summer low water, with low water levels, some rivers and streams dry up. At this time, the river is fed exclusively by groundwater. After intense and prolonged rains, the summer low water is interrupted by floods, on average 2-3 times.

In autumn, a slight rise in water is observed on the rivers, which is largely due to a decrease in evaporation from the surface of the basin. With the onset of cold weather, the rivers begin to freeze, ice formation forms. The thickness of the ice reaches 50-80 cm. During the winter, a steady low water is observed on the rivers, the lowest levels and flow rates of water are observed, food is supplied from groundwater.

The Volga is the largest river in the European part of Russia and the largest river in Europe. The total length of the Volga is 3530 km, the basin area is 1360 thousand km2. It originates on the Valdai Upland at an altitude of 228 m, from a spring in the village of Volgo-Verkhovye, Tver Region, and, flowing throughout Central Russia, flows into the Caspian Sea. In the republic, the Volga flows in its western part for 186 km. The right bank is high, forming picturesque cliffs and ledges. The left bank is gently sloping, occupied by floodplain terraces. The width near the city of Kazan is 3-6 km, in the area of ​​Kamskoye Ustye - up to 35 km. The main tributaries within the republic are the Kama and the Sviyaga.

The Kama is the leftmost tributary of the Volga. The length is 1805 km, the basin area is 507 thousand km2. The sources are located in the central part of the Verkhnekamsk Upland (in the northeast of Udmurtia). It enters the republic with its lower course (360 km), crossing it from the northeast to the southwest. It flows in a wide (up to 15 km) valley. The average water discharge at the mouth is 3500 m3/s.

Large tributaries of the Kama - Belaya, Vyatka, Ik.

Belaya - the left tributary of the Kama, flows from the South Ural Mountains. The total length of the river is 1430 km, on the territory of the republic - 50 km. The river bed is winding, the valley is wide. The average water consumption is 950 m3/s.

The Vyatka is the right tributary of the Kama, flows from north to south, the length is 1314 km (60 km in the republic), the basin area is 129 thousand km2. The current is slow, the channel is winding, a well-developed valley with a steep right bank, the left bank is gentle. There are a lot of riffles on the river. The average water consumption is 890 m3/s.

Ik is a large left tributary of the Kama, flowing downstream after the Belaya River, flows from south to north. Of the 598 km of its length, 483 km are located in Tatarstan, forming a natural border with the Republic of Bashkortostan. The average water consumption is 45.5 m3/s.

The right tributary of the Volga, the Sviyaga, flows through the pre-Volga region of the republic. Starts in the Ulyanovsk region. Length - 375 km (206 km - in the republic), basin area - 16700 km2. It flows from south to north parallel to the Volga. The river bed is winding, the width at low water is 20-30 m. The average water flow is 34 m3/s.

The basins of the Ileti, Kazanka, Mesha, as well as the right tributaries of the Lower Kama (Shumbut, Bersut) and the Lower Vyatka (Shoshma, Burets) are located in the Western Pre-Kama region. The largest is the Mesha River (271 km, average discharge 17.4 m3/s).

In the Eastern Pre-Kama region there are two middle rivers - Izh and Toima with sources in Udmurtia. In the Western Trans-Kama region, the largest rivers are the Bolshoi Cheremshan and Aktai, and in the Eastern Trans-Kama region, Stepnoy Zai and Sheshma.

The largest water bodies of Tatarstan are 4 reservoirs that provide the republic with water resources for various purposes. The Kuibyshev reservoir was created in 1955, the largest not only in Tatarstan, but also in Europe, it provides seasonal regulation of the flow of the Middle Volga, navigation, water supply and irrigation. The Nizhnekamsk reservoir was created in 1978 and provides daily and weekly redistribution to the hydroelectric complex. The Zainsky hydroelectric complex was established in 1963, it serves for the technical support of the state district power station. The Karabash reservoir was created in 1957 and serves to supply water to oil fields and industrial enterprises.

On the territory of the republic there are more than 8 thousand lakes, more than 7 thousand swamps. The most swampy is the northern part of the Eastern Trans-Kama region - the Kama-Belskaya lowland.

On the territory of the republic there are 731 hydraulic structures, 550 ponds, 115 treatment facilities, 11 protective dams.

The bowels of the republic are rich in groundwater - from highly mineralized to slightly brackish and fresh. Groundwater resources fully meet the needs of the population. There are 1.45 m3/day of fresh underground water per inhabitant.

A large number of springs - about 4 thousand. Many of them are equipped, they are places of pilgrimage ("holy keys").

The total reserves of mineral underground waters are 3.3 thousand m3/day.

Soils

The soils are very diverse - from soddy-podzolic and gray forest soils in the north and west to various types of chernozems in the south of the republic (32% of the area). On the territory of the region there are especially fertile powerful chernozems, and gray forest and leached chernozems prevail.

There are three soil regions on the territory of Tatarstan:

Severny (Pridkamye) - the most common are light gray forest (29%) and sod-podzolic (21%), located mainly on the watershed plateaus and upper parts of the slopes. 18.3% percent is occupied by gray and dark gray forest soils. Soddy soils are found on uplands and hills. 22.5% is occupied by eroded soils, floodplain - 6-7%, marsh - about 2%. In a number of districts (Baltasinsky, Kukmorsky, Mamadyshsky), soil erosion is strong, which affects up to 40% of the territory.

Western (Pre-Volga region) - forest-steppe soils (51.7%), gray and dark gray (32.7%) prevail in the northern part. A significant area is occupied by podzolized and leached chernozems. High areas of the region are occupied by soddy-podzolic and light gray soils (12%). Floodplain soils occupy 6.5%, marsh soils - 1.2%. In the south-west of the region, chernozems are common (leached soils predominate).

Southeastern (Zakamie) - to the west of Sheshma, leached and ordinary chernozems predominate, the right bank of the Small Cheremshan is occupied by dark gray soils. Gray forest and chernozem soils predominate to the east of Sheshma, and leached chernozems dominate in the northern part of the region.

The main part of the territory of the republic is represented by agricultural land. Chernozems are the most fertile. They occupy 40% of arable land. Water and wind erosion, intensive agriculture contribute to the decrease in land fertility.

Flora and fauna

The territory of the republic in the north of the Kama region enters the taiga zone. Most of the Cis-Kama region, the Volga region, the northern part of the Trans-Kama region is located in the zone of deciduous forests, the south of the Cis-Volga region and most of the Trans-Kama region are in the forest-steppe zone.

Only about 17% of the republic's territory is covered with forests. The forests are dominated by deciduous species (oak, linden, birch and aspen), coniferous species are represented mainly by pine and spruce.

The taiga zone is represented by two subzones: the southern taiga zone, with a predominance of coniferous tree species in the forests, and the subtaiga zone, with mixed broad-leaved-coniferous forests. Spruce and fir are typical for the forest north of the Volga region, to the south they are replaced by broad-leaved species, especially oak and linden, which also enters the second tier along with elm and Norway maple. Hazel, warty euonymus and other shrubs grow in the undergrowth. Where there are few of them, lush oak forbs develop; there are also mossy places where green mosses are combined with fern thickets.

To the south, natural forests become smaller, the number of broad-leaved species in them increases, linden and oak predominate. Pine forests with oak and linden are found on light sandy loam deposits and sands.

In the southern forest-steppe, starting on the left bank of the Volga south of the Kama River, and on the right bank south of the outskirts of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the amount of heat increases. Here, drier soddy meadow steppes are more common, with a predominance of feather grass, thin-legged, and fescue.

Tatarstan is located on the border of two zoogeographic zones - forests and steppes. There is a wide variety of species - more than 400 vertebrates and more than 270 birds.

In addition to the wolf, fox, common hedgehog, common for the European part of Russia, elks are found here (in the north), occasionally there are bears, lynxes, pine martens and ermines. Siberian species – Siberian weasel and chipmunk – penetrate here from the northeast. Of the common forest rodents, there are hare, squirrel living in tall pine and mixed forests, and dormouse, usually living in oak forests with dense undergrowth. Among mammals there are also waterfowl, such as desman, otter, mink, muskrat.

In the forest-steppe, in addition to the steppe, there are also numerous species of forest animals living in oak forests and pine forests. The steppe fauna of the Middle Volga region is represented by the jerboa, marmot, mole voles, hare, steppe polecat and others.

Many migratory birds nest in the republic and live here temporarily. As among animals, among birds there is also a mutual penetration of the forest and the steppe. The three-toed woodpecker, black grouse, capercaillie, eagle owl, eared owl, tawny owl and hazel grouse are adjacent to the black swift, partridge - gray and white, bustard and lark - field and forest. Inhabitants of reservoirs are numerous: lake gull, Volgar, or steamboat gull, river tern, as well as swans, geese, ducks, dives and mergansers. Feathered predators - peregrine falcon, hawk, upland buzzard, tuvik, griffon vulture, black vulture, steppe eagle, golden eagle, kite, marsh harrier and others - a total of 28 species.

Specially protected natural areas

Specially Protected Natural Territories (PAs) have been created in the republic to preserve natural complexes. According to the state cadastre of protected areas in the republic, their total number is 163, including the largest of them - the Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve, the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park, as well as 25 state nature reserves and 135 natural monuments with a total area of ​​137.8 thousand ha, or 2% of the total area of ​​the republic.

To preserve the diversity of flora and fauna on the territory of the republic, the Volga-Kama Reserve was founded in 1960. It is located in the Western Predkamye, includes two isolated areas: Raifsky (in the Zelenodolsk region, 25 km northwest of Kazan) and Saralovsky (in the Laishevsky region, on the left bank of the Volga, 60 km south of Kazan). Its area is 8 thousand hectares (more than 7 thousand hectares are covered with forests, 58 hectares are occupied by meadows, 62 hectares are reservoirs).

The relief of the Raifa area is mostly flat. The beautiful Raifa Lake, into which the Sumka River flows, has been preserved. The relief of the Saralovsky area is characterized by significant fluctuations in absolute heights (from 50 m to 140 m).

The flora of the reserve consists of more than 800 species. Of particular interest is the dendrological garden located in the Raifa forestry. It contains plants from almost all continents. The reserve also protects 55 species of mammals, 195 species of birds and 30 species of fish (coastal shallow waters are rich spawning grounds).

The vegetation on the Raifa site is bicentennial mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forests (with a predominance of pine), characteristic of the central zone of the European part of Russia, there are also oak, linden, spruce, birch, and aspen. The southern border of the distribution of spruce and fir in the European part of Russia passes along the Raifsky site. About 570 species of vascular plants have been registered in the Raifa area, rare species include single-leaved pulp, tuberous calypso, sedges: chaff, tangled, two-seeded.

More than 90% of the Saralovsky section is covered with forest; mainly pine and linden. The most interesting are pine woodlands on sandy hills, where Siberian bluebell, sleep-grass, Marshall's wormwood, Polissya fescue, sandy astragalus, spiked speedwell penetrate. Of the rare species, there are feathery feather grass, squat sedge. Many species are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The fauna of the reserve is very rich. Rodents number 21 species: flying squirrel, common squirrel, river beaver, garden and forest dormouse, red-backed vole, yellow-throated mouse, European hare and white hare. Six species of insectivores have been registered: common hedgehog, mole, shrew. Occasionally there are a wolf, a bear, a lynx, an ermine, a roe deer, a reddish ground squirrel, a hamster; fox and elk, badger, raccoon dog, weasel, American mink, pine marten are common.

Birds are numerous: black grouse, hazel grouse, gray partridge, quail, turtledove, wood pigeon, rock dove, corncrake, gray heron, woodcock, snipe; less often capercaillie, gray crane. Of the owls, the Tawny Owl, the boreal and passerine owls live, of the predatory ones - the golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, peregrine falcon, hobby falcon, black kite.

The Nizhnyaya Kama National Park was established in 1991 to preserve and restore the unique natural complex of the richest floristically and typologically forested areas and floodplain meadow communities of the Republic of Tatarstan and use them for scientific, recreational, educational and cultural purposes.

The park is located in the north-east of the Republic of Tatarstan within the Eastern Pre-Kama and Eastern Trans-Kama regions, in the valley of the Kama River and its tributaries Toima, Kriushi, Tanaika, Shilninka. Administratively, the territory of the park is located within two administrative districts - Tukaevsky and Yelabuga. The area of ​​the national park is 26.6 thousand hectares.

Of the local climatic factors, it is worth noting the structural features of the relief and the presence on the territory of a large water basin - the Nizhnekamsk reservoir. The surface of the territory is slightly wavy, dissected by valleys of small rivers and streams, a network of ravines and ravines. The position of the park on the border of three natural subzones (broad-leaved-spruce and broad-leaved forests, meadow steppes) determined the diversity of natural landscape complexes and flora of the park.

The flora of the national park is represented by more than 650 species of higher vascular plants, the basis of which are forest (boreal, upland, nemoral) species growing in forested and forested ecotopes; as well as plants of upland and floodplain meadows, which are confined to watersheds and the valley of the Kama River, to the valleys of small rivers.

Also, about 100 species of lichens, more than 50 species of mosses, more than 100 species of macromycetes grow in the park.

Feather grass growing in the park, red pollenhead are listed in the Red Book of Russia; 86 species of plants present in the flora of the national park are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan.

The fauna of the park as a whole is typical for the east of the middle zone of the European part of Russia. Mammals are represented by 42 species. Among them are the typical inhabitants of the forest: elk, roe deer, wild boar, lynx, badger, pine marten, squirrel, weasel; and inhabitants of reservoirs and their coastal part: beaver, muskrat, otter, raccoon dog. The water bat, brown ear bat, forest bat, forest mouse and chipmunk living in the national park are rare species and are listed in the Red Book of the Republic of Tatarstan. The avifauna is quite diverse (more than 190 species, including 136 nesting species). Most of the species are forest, open space and wetland species.

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State structure and population

Tatarstan is a republic within the Russian Federation. The head of state and the highest official of the Republic of Tatarstan is the President. He heads the system of executive bodies of state power in the republic and manages the activities of the Cabinet of Ministers - the executive and administrative body of state power. The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible to the President. The candidacy of the Prime Minister is approved by the Parliament of Tatarstan at the proposal of the President.