Traditionally, the verb as a part of speech is studied at the end of grade 4, and the repetition and deepening of the topic continues in grades 5-6.

This topic is of practical importance, as it helps students to distinguish between nominative and accusative cases, not to mix direct objects with subjects, and to correctly form participles and gerunds.

Let's try to explain to students in an accessible way what a transitive or intransitive verb is.

It is usually established: whether a verb is combined with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition. Transitive verbs require the accusative case (whom? what?) to express the direct object in affirmative sentences: And I somehow felt sorry for both the sparrow and the fly. Mom shortened her pants herself.

But students, when they meet the same verb in different sentences, often ask: “Which verb is this - transitive or intransitive?”

Consider, for example, the verb WRITE: Ivan writes well. Ivan writes a letter. In the first sentence, the verb “writes” refers to the subject; in the second sentence, the verb actualizes the object. The first sentence refers to compatibility. potential, and in the second sentence real. Conclusion: the verb WRITE in these sentences is transitive. Do not forget that the verbal category of transitivity/intransitivity is a constant feature and is always determined during morphological analysis.

Let's return to the question: is it possible to consider a transitive verb if there is no direct object without a preposition in the sentence? Of course, it all depends on the context. In the context, a transitive verb can acquire such shades of meaning that turn it into an intransitive one: I can hear well(that is, I have a good ear). Petya draws well, plays the guitar(that is, he knows how to draw pictures, play music).

In such cases, verbs have the meaning "to be able to do what is expressed by the verb", that is, they do not denote specific actions, but the properties (characteristics, abilities) of objects in relation to certain actions. With such verbs, there is not and cannot be an object, otherwise the indicated connotation will disappear.

If the conditions of the context allow not to name the subject to which the action passes, then it is possible to substitute a noun in the accusative case without changing the meaning: I listened to (his father's story) and did not understand anything. We remember that in the context, a transitive verb can be used without a direct object.

The transitive verb is involved in the creation, transformation, movement or destruction of some object ( build a house, roast meat, burn straw). This implies the presence of a "tool" that provides contact and increases the effectiveness of the action. A body, an active part of the body, a man-made tool can act as a tool: dig the ground with a shovel, brush my teeth with a brush.

A small group of transitive verbs has the meanings of recognition, feeling, perception, endowing an object with a sign, opening / closing, establishing contacts, possessing, sharing ( learn the news, love music, hear singing, dress your brother, open your coat, glue the sheets, steal money, pick an apple).

The verb will also be transitive in the genitive case when pointing to a part of an object or when negating the action itself: drink juice, buy bread; did not read newspapers, did not receive money.

Let us now turn to intransitive verbs. They require an object only in oblique cases with or without prepositions: go to school, help a friend. Usually intransitive verbs denote movement and position in space, a physical or moral state: fly, hurt, suffer. A distinctive feature of intransitive verbs is the suffixes -СЯ, -Е-, -NICHA- (-ICHA-): make sure, weaken, be greedy.

Will the verbs WEIGHT, LIE, LIVE be transitive in the examples: weighs a ton, lay down for a minute, lives for a week? We reason like this: nouns are in the Accusative case without a preposition, but they are not direct objects, but circumstances of measure and time. Conclusion: these verbs are intransitive.

Some prefixes (re-, pro-, ot-, obez- / obes-) are able to turn intransitive verbs into transitive ones: work in the office - process the part, harm the neighbor - neutralize the neighbor.

To check how the topic is understood, try to complete several tasks.

Exercise 1.

Choose dependent nouns for verbs and determine their case:

Spill ______, recognize ______, enjoy ______, dilute ______, spread out ______, belittle ______, be carried away ______, shudder ______, annoy ______, teach ______, expose ______, absorb ______, unite ______, bless ______, fly ______, jump off ______, look out ______ .

Which of these verbs combine with a noun in Win.p. no suggestion?

Task 2.

Identify transitive or intransitive verbs. Place the letter P above transitive verbs, and the letter H above intransitive verbs.

To see a wolf is to be afraid of a wolf; cut off bread - eat without bread; learn from a friend - meet a friend; to be afraid of an opponent - to defeat an opponent - to beat an opponent; know the rules - don't know the rules - stick to the rules; want water - drink water; collect mushrooms - do not notice the mushroom - love mushrooms - read about mushrooms; measure the depth - beware of the depth - dive into the depth.

Task 3.

Turn phrases of intransitive verbs with indirect objects into phrases of transitive verbs with direct objects according to the model: take the elevator - use the elevator.

Do physics, get involved in sports, speak a language, get pigeons, talk about a trip, talk about a book.

How did you manage to do it?

Task 4.

Correct the mistakes in the use of nouns:

insist on a review of the case, call for help, resign yourself to failure, explain the dangers of smoking, give all your strength to work, bow to his authority.

Task 5.

Correct the mistakes in the use of verbs:

I put on my coat and hat and went for a walk. The students met the new teacher only during class. Mom cleaned the room, washed. The kids played on the playground.

Literature

1. Ilchenko O.S. Aspects of studying the topic "Transitive and intransitive verbs" in grade VI / Russian language at school. - 2011. - No. 12.

2. Shelyakin M.A. Reference book on Russian grammar. - M.: Russian language, 1993.

). Grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- grammatical category of the verb, expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:

I grow potatoes- the verb "grow" is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without such an action is impossible (as a rule, they grow “something”).

The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of action) and patient (object of action) are separated, I perform an action with something.

I'm going- the verb is intransitive, since the attachment of the patient is impossible (in fact, you can "something is", but you can not "something go").

The meaning of intransitivity - the agent and the patient are connected - roughly speaking, "I force myself to act."

It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.

I run - I'm runing(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in transitive form).

Transitivity is interesting, firstly, by its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, by a rare plan of expression, and thirdly, by its kinship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.

In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of the direct impact of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( be in love, hate), etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.

The transitivity expression plan is interesting in that it goes beyond the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not passive verbs and reflexive verbs. For example, correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont”, incorrect: “Vasya saved Dorimedont”, “Vasya saved Dorimedont”. This is because the verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, and not the actions of the subject in relation to it. Recurrence, on the other hand, marks the direction of the subject's action towards itself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.

Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivilized to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “Byu”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs used without a corresponding noun acquire an additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is wonderful that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes ... The verb to drink also by itself equals the verb to get drunk” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M , 1988).

see also

Literature

• Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
• Grammar of the modern Russian language. M, 1970.
• Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 vols. M, 1980.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .

See what "Transitive Verb" is in other dictionaries:

About the verb as a part of speech in the languages ​​of the world, see the article "Verb". In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of the verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb. ... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). The verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did (a, and, o) do?. The verb can be ... ... Wikipedia

verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing change or state (he sleeps. he fell asleep. turns white). participle. gerund. bundle. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). inclination:… … Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

transition- I B/ and A/ pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (designed to move to another place, to another class, to another course, cf. ; 109 see Appendix II… … Dictionary of Russian accents

Verbs in can be divided into 2 large semantic types:

1) denoting an action that passes to an object and changes it;

2) denoting an action that is closed in itself and does not transfer to an object.

The first type includes the verbs of creation, destruction, many verbs of speech and thought, for example: build, grow, educate; break, break, destroy; say, think, feel.

The second type combines verbs expressing a certain state. Examples: lie, sit, sleep, feel.

Similar semantics of verbs in the field of form with the help of the category of transitivity.

Verbs denoting an action that passes to an object, and combined with the case form without, are called transitive.

Verbs that are not capable of denoting an action that passes to an object, and cannot be combined with without a preposition, are intransitive.

Examples: Tatyana wrote a letter to Onegin. The verb "wrote" is transitive.

He writes and translates well. The verbs “writes”, “translates”, denoting the ability to do something, are intransitive.

Transitivity is a lexical and grammatical category, therefore the category is determined strictly by formal features, and not by context.

The central part of transitive verbs includes verbs with negation, combined with the genitive, for example: do not like literature.

Indirect transitive verbs

Indirect transitive verbs are also distinguished, which can be combined with an object not

Verbs are independent parts of speech denoting the action of an object. They, like any part of speech, have constant features, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how the word is changed. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of the verb, how to determine the transitivity of the intransitiveness of the verb, what methods to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is directed to an object, "passes" to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also be in the genitive case in two cases:

• When denoting a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (it is easy to replace with the accusative case - drink milk).
• If there is a negation with the verb: do not complete the task (it is also easy to replace with the accusative case: do not complete the task).

Difficulties may arise in determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We propose an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining the transitivity of a verb

1. We find the verb. We look if there are words in the sentence to which you can ask questions of the accusative case (who? What?), Such words are called direct objects. If questions are asked and the words do not have a preposition, then these are transitive verbs. Remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: "I read (what?) a book."; "I saw (whom?) him."
2. If there is no direct object with the verb, then we still ask questions of the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is a constant feature. This means that it will be characteristic of a transitive verb without an addition. For example: He said (what?) - we will easily pick up the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) them." BUT: "Hurry (whom? What?)" - the word is not selected, the verb is intransitive. "Laugh (of whom? What?)" - also intransitive.
3. If the complement of the verb is in the genitive case, has no preposition and denotes part of the whole, or the verb has a negation, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: "Drink (what?) Water."; "Don't write (what?) letters."

Remember: all reflexive verbs, that is, those with the suffixes "-sya", "-s" are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but "returns" to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

, "responsible" for the designation of actions. He has not only changeable signs, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear when inflecting. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these permanent features - transitivity.

In contact with

The concept of transitivity of the verb

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct complement, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less often, the genitive case, which does not have a preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a semantic transition?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote “non-independent” actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are some examples:

• Write (what?) a play, serve (whom?) a client, didn’t earn (what?) money - transitive verbs (it’s impossible to simply “write” or “serve”, but “earn” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
• Sitting (on what?) on a chair, washing, suffering (from what?) from an illness are intransitive verbs (you can just “sit” or “suffer”).

Transition is what it is rescheduling from the subject (subject) to the object (called the direct object).

What cases to put nouns in

transitive verbs are able to control the object both in the form of the accusative case and in the form of the genitive, in both cases without a preposition. But how to understand which of the two cases to use in each case?

The accusative is basic. The form of the genitive object acquires in the following cases:

1. If it means “a certain amount of something”: “drank water” (genus p.) - that is, some part of the poured liquid; but “drank the water” (vin. p.) – that is, all the water in the given vessel or reservoir.
2. In negative sentences, if the meaning is “at all”: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
3. In negative sentences, if there is an intensifying particle "neither": "We have no idea."

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, while the genitive, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns in transitive verb forms take on the form of the genitive case, which differs from the main one: “I will take sugar”, “not knowing the ford, do not poke your head into the water” (instead of “sugar”, “ford”).

How to determine the transitivity of a particular verb

How to define transition? This often causes problems. You can find out about the presence or absence of transitivity using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or to which you can ask the question "who?" or "what?".

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct object; before us transition.

If the sentence is incomplete, then the direct object may not be available, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask the question of the accusative case from the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (whom? what?).” If such a question cannot be asked, then this intransitive: Where have you been all week? - I was sick" (it is impossible to ask "who?" or "what?").

Important! All reflexive and verbal forms in the passive voice are not transitive, that is, those that have the suffix “-s” or “-s”: it seems, washes, is located.

Observing this rule, one must also keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it must denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the form of an accusative case without a preposition stands next to the verb and is related to it, but it cannot be transitive: “Ride an hour”, “live a week”.

Transitivity of polysemantic verbs

The verb forms of the word can have multiple meanings. Moreover, in the first meaning there is a transitional type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He is telling (what?) lies” is transitive, but “the child is already talking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) march” is transitive, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when normally intransitive acquires transitivity: “Drink vodka and hooligan discipline.”

This builds a comic effect; verbs at the same time, as it were, acquire the meanings of those in place of which they are placed- “hooligan” instead of “violate”, etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms can be transitive.

“To trade” is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, meaning “to ask the price”, it was transitive: “To trade a horse”. This usage has remained in folklore.

Differences between transitional and intransitive

Now we need to find out what is the difference between the transitional from intransitive. First of all, this is its meaning. Transitional usually denote.