Vowels were classified:

• at the place of formation: front vowels (i, e, b, h, #) and non-front vowels (a, o, oy, s, @, b);
• according to the participation of lips: vowels labialized (oh, oh, @) and non-labialized (all the rest);
• by completeness of education: vowels of incomplete education (b, b) and vowels of complete education (all the rest);
• by sound purity: nasal vowels (#, @) and pure vowels (all the rest);
• according to the length of the sound: short vowels (o, e), super-short vowels (b, b) and long vowels (all the rest).

Two vowels - [ s] and [ at] - denoted by two letters: [ s] - ъ i ; [ at] - OU. This spelling was called a ligature.

Reduced vowels and their positions

Reduced vowels are sounds of incomplete formation, super-short. They could be pronounced more or less clearly, depending on the position they occupied in the word. There are two positions of reduced vowels: strong, when they are pronounced relatively distinctly, and weak, when they are hardly pronounced at all. In Old Church Slavonic, vowels were constant reduced b and b in addition, two vowels - s and and could perform in a certain position - if they were in front of and or before j- as reduced.

Reduced vowels

• ъ (extra short vowel [o])
• and ь (extra short vowel [e])

Strong position (marked with a sign b, b) :

Weak position (marked with , ):

Notes

From the second half of the tenth century, reduced vowels begin to be lost. Initially, this process was observed only in relation to reduced b and b. These vowels in a strong position turn into full formation sounds ( b > e, b > o), and in a weak position they are lost: bird-reduced takes a weak position (because it is in front of a syllable with a full vowel), so it is lost; words(them. falling. plural) - the reduced one occupies a strong position (in the first syllable under stress), so it goes into the sound of a complete formation - tears.

Reduced vowels s and and also experienced the process of falling. At the same time, after the loss of the reduced ones (X-XI centuries), strong and and s switched to the sounds of complete education: reduced shock and– into the sound of a complete education e(w u? a - neck) , reduced unstressed and– into the sound of a complete education and (blue i i - blue); shock s moved to about(m~ t - washes), unstresseds- in s(good and kind).

Features of the use of vowels at the beginning of a word

Not all vowels could be used equally at the beginning of a word. According to the peculiarities of the use of vowels at the beginning of a word, they can be divided into two groups:

1. words used at the beginning: a, oh, and,@: az, window, iti,@ gl.
2. words not used at the beginning: b, e,# , h, b, s, oh. If the word had to begin with these vowels, then a prosthetic consonant developed before the initial vowels: before b, e,# , h – [ j] , before s, oh - [in]. Vowel b could begin a word in the Proto-Slavic period of language development, but in this case a consonant sound also appeared before it j. The resulting combination * jb turned into sound and. From here: * jbmon> them@ – cf. old-timer take@ ; > ty, otter - cf. other ind. udrah, ~ ding, yun, drink. To denote iotized h there was no special letter in the alphabet, so it was transmitted with an ordinary letter h: hhati.

consonant system

According to its composition, the Old Slavonic language had the same consonants that are known to the modern Russian language. However, some of them require special remarks.

Consonants R and l in the Old Slavonic language they could act as syllable-forming, i.e. approach in their sonority to vowel sounds and, like vowels, form a syllable. In the Proto-Slavic era, there was a special icon to indicate their syllable-forming function: * w k ъ, * t g ъ. In the Old Slavonic language, such a sign did not exist, and to designate a syllable-forming function after consonants R and l wrote vowels b or b, although the vowel was pronounced before the consonant: vlk(Russian wolf), trg(Russian auction).

There were two complex consonants in Old Church Slavonic: railway and m, secondary in origin.

The consonants of the Old Church Slavonic language were classified according to the following criteria:

By place and method of education:

education		Place of education
anterior lingual	middle language	back-lingual
explosive			d–d? t-t?
fricatives
affricates

Notes

2. By hardness / softness: three groups of consonants were distinguished. The first group included consonants, which were always only solid: to, G, X. The second group included consonants, which could only be soft: w, w, w, m , c, h,j. The third group of consonants was divided into two subgroups: a) consonants, which could be hard, soft, and semi-soft: r, l, n. Before non-front vowels, they acted as solid: Nora, low g; before front vowels they became semi-soft: lh sj, neither t; before j they were soft: bow R?a; b) consonants that could be hard and semi-soft: b, p, c, m, e, t, h, s. They were solid before non-front vowels: house, here about god, and before front vowels - semi-soft: zi ma, Withhdhti.

3. By deafness / sonority: in the Old Slavonic language there were both deaf and voiced consonants. Their distribution in sonority was the same as in the modern Russian language, however, they did not form correlative pairs, since there was no position of neutralization in the Old Slavonic language (a position in which a voiceless and voiced consonant would coincide in one sound. Compare in the Old Slavonic language h@b- consonant b stands before a vowel ( b) and therefore is in a strong position on the basis of deafness / voicedness; in modern Russian in the word tooth consonant b is at the absolute end of a word, i.e. in a weak position on the basis of deafness / sonority; at the end of the word, the voiced and voiceless consonants coincide in one - voiceless - consonant sound [ P]).

Phonetic processes of the Proto-Slavic era

In the Proto-Slavic language, there were two main phonetic laws that determined the entire phonetic structure of the language: law of syllabic harmony and open syllable law.

The essence of the law syllabic vowel harmony consisted in the fact that only sounds close in their articulation could be combined in a syllable, i.e. hard consonants could only be combined with hard consonants or non-front vowels, and soft consonants could only be combined with soft consonants or front vowels. If sounds that were heterogeneous in articulation fell within the limits of one syllable, then either the consonant or the vowel changed, leading to their likeness in articulation.

According to the law open syllable, all syllables had to be open, i.e. end in a syllabic element. In the Proto-Slavic language, all vowels were syllabic, as well as smooth * r, * l, if they had a syllable-forming function: * w/ chb, *w/ wb(these words have two syllables, both syllables are open, because they end in a syllable-forming element).

In addition, by law open syllable all sounds in a syllable had to be arranged according to the principle of increasing sonority, i.e. in this order:

consonant had the least sonority With; then the rest came voiceless consonants; then voiced consonants; followed by consonants R, L and finally vowels.

For example: *no-ga; *se-stra.

If the law of the open syllable was violated, then transformations took place in the syllable.

Changes in the Proto-Slavic period associated with the operation of the law of syllabic vowel harmonism

In the Proto-Slavic era, often consonants that could not be soft ended up in a position before front vowels or before a soft consonant * j. This violated the law of syllabic vowel harmonism, and the consonants underwent a transformation: they changed their quality and turned into soft consonants (they are usually called secondary).

In the history of the Slavic languages, two softenings (palatalizations) to, g, x are distinguished: the first softening is the transition to soft hissing consonants, the second softening is the transition to soft whistling consonants. The first and second softening took place in different eras: the first softening was earlier, and the second softening was a later process associated with the monophthongization of diphthongs.

The change in consonants under the influence of * j was also not only a manifestation of a tendency to soften, but also one of the manifestations of the law of an open syllable, since when a consonant sound was placed before * j in the Proto-Slavic language, a closed syllable appeared: * nos - ja.

The first softening (palatalization) of back-lingual consonants k, g, x

The first mitigation k, g, x is understood as their transition before the front vowels into soft hissing consonants: k> h", g> g", x> w ": * tichina > silence; * nog ь ka > leg; * reket ъ > speech.

The second mitigation (palatalization) of back-lingual consonants k, g, x

The second palatalization is a change in back-lingual consonants into soft whistling ones: k> c", g> z", x> s ". It could occur under two conditions.

The first condition: back-lingual ones turned into soft binders if they appeared before the front vowels and and h, formed from Proto-Slavic diphthongs (and< * e , h < * o , a ): * druge >drugi > drowsy; * pastuche > pastuchi > pastousi; * ka na > k h na > q h on.

The second condition: back-lingual ones turned into soft whistling ones if they appeared after the vowels ь, и, #: * star ь k ъ > old; * k u ning ъ > ґн # зь.

The back-lingual consonants k, g, x could not be combined with the Proto-Slavic * j, since they were always only hard, and * j - only a soft consonant. If, nevertheless, such a combination appeared in a word, then it violated the law of syllabic vowel harmonism and the back-lingual consonants changed their quality, passing, just as during the first palatalization, into soft hissing: k> h", r> zh", x> sh " : * duchja > dousha; * drugjon > drouz @ ; * sekja > cutting.

In addition to back-lingual consonants, some more consonant sounds in the Proto-Slavic and Old Slavonic languages ​​could not be soft and, being in front of * j, changed their quality. So, the whistling consonants z and s in the position before * j turned into soft hissing ones: * z + j > j "; * s + j > sh": * nosja > burden; nozj ь > knife.

The labial consonants b, p, c, m also could not be soft and in the position before * j, highlighting the intercalary consonant l ", formed combinations bl", vl", pl", ml ": * korabj ь > ship; * zemja > land; * lowja > fishing; * zatopjen ъ > flooded.

The front-lingual consonants d and t could also only be hard and semi-soft, therefore, being in front of * j, they changed their quality and turned into other sounds. Since the process of their transformation took place after the 6th century, that is, after the collapse of the Proto-Slavic language into groups of dialects, the result of the change in different Slavic languages ​​​​turned out to be different: among the southern Slavs (hence, in the Old Slavonic language) * t + j > m "; * d + j > jd": * pitja > pi m a; * wodj ь > leader. Among the Eastern Slavs (hence, in the Old Russian language) * t + j > h "; * d + j > j": * pitja > pich; * wodj ь > vozh.

In the Proto-Slavic language, whole combinations of consonants could also be changed due to the operation of the law of syllabic synharmonism: * sk, * st could not stand before * j. Once in front of him, these combinations changed into a complex sound m ": * iskj et ъ > and m et; * pustja > po m a.

Proto-Slavic combinations *kt, *gt could not be placed before front vowels. If, nevertheless, such a combination arose in the word, then it was subjected to a transformation that took place after the 6th century BC. and therefore in different Slavic languages ​​​​it had different results: among the southern Slavs * kt, * gt > m ", among the Eastern Slavs * kt, * gt > h": * legti > in old sl. lang. - le m and, in ancient times. lang. - treat; * nokt b > in old words. lang. - but m b, in ancient times. lang. - night.

Proto-Slavic combinations * kw, * gw could not be placed before the vowel h, formed from the diphthong (* o, * a). Once in front of h, they changed their quality and turned into combinations * kw > tsv, * gw > sv: * kwo t ъ > tsv h тъ; * gwo zda > sound h zda.

Table No. 1 schematically shows the formation of secondary elements as a result of the law of syllabic vowel harmonism.

Check the pronunciation of vowel sounds in the Cyrillic alphabet.

Some scholars speak not of the two conditions of the second palatalization, but of the second and third palatalization, meaning that the second palatalization is associated with a change in the posterior linguals according to the first condition, and the third - according to the second condition.

Diphthongs form a closed syllable, which contradicts the law of an open syllable, therefore they are monophthongized, i.e. turn into one sound: * e > and; * o > h . See more on this below.

The Proto-Slavic vowel *u turns into ъ, the diphthongic combination * i n forms a closed syllable, monophthongizes and turns into #, after which the second palatalization occurs.

Table No. 1

		* g e, i,# , h, b; 2) in verb forms before a, (formed from h, a h- from *e) * z + j
		* ch(first palatalization: 1) before vowels e, i,# , h, b; 2) in verb forms before a, (formed from h, a h- from *e)
		* k(first palatalization: 1) before vowels e, i,# , h, b; 2) in verb forms before a, (formed from h, a h- from *e) * k + j * t + j(in the language of the Eastern Slavs) * kt, * gt(before vowels e, i,# , h, b in the language of the Eastern Slavs)
		* k(second palatalization: 1) before and,h ascending to diphthongs * e, * oi, * a; 2) after # , and, b
			vowel + nasal consonant n or m

Note: Old Slavonic nasal vowels in modern Russian correspond to pure vowels "a and at: *semen > semen# > seed; *zwonkъ > sound@ kj > sound.

Formation of full-vowel and non-vowel combinations

In the Proto-Slavic language there were diphthongic combinations of vowels * o and * e with consonants * r and * l. They could be in the word between consonants. For convenience, it is conventionally accepted that any of the consonants between which these diphthongic combinations were located is denoted by the letter * t. So combinations * or, * ol, * er, * el in the position between consonants look like this: * cake, * tolt, * tert, * telt. In the early period of the Proto-Slavic language, consonants * r and * l in these combinations they had a syllable-forming function, and therefore the diphthongic combination of a closed syllable did not form: * go/ / db, * be/ / za. However, by the VI century, i.e. by the time the Proto-Slavic language broke up into separate language families, consonants * r, * l ceased to be syllable-forming, and diphthongic combinations began to form a closed syllable, since the syllable division passed after the consonant: * gor/ db, * ber/ za. This was contrary to the law of the open syllable. Diphthongic combinations underwent transformation, which proceeded differently in different Slavic languages ​​(since the single Proto-Slavic language ceased to exist and each language family developed in its own way). Among the southern Slavs, and consequently in the Old Slavonic language, there was a lengthening of the vowel sound with its subsequent rearrangement with a smooth consonant * r, * l: * cake > tort > trot > spend; * tolt > tolt > tlot > tlat;* tert > tert > tret > trht; * telt > telt > tlet > tlht. Among the Eastern Slavs, a smooth consonant was lengthened, however, since among the Slavs consonants were not distinguished by longitude and brevity, this longitude was soon lost, and instead, after a smooth consonant, an overtone of the same vowel developed, which stood before * r and * l. Over time, this overtone turned into a full sound: * cake > to t > toraboutt > torot; * tert > tet > teret > teret and under . As a result, the southern Slavs formed discordant ( -ra-, -la-, -rh-, -lh- ), while the Eastern Slavs have full-vowel combinations ().

Table No. 4

Note: - talk about dissonant combinations ( -ra-, -la-, -rh-, -lh-) is possible only if there are parallel full-vowel combinations ( -oro-, -olo-, -ere-, -barely-, -elo-) : enemy - enemy; gold - gold; plhskati - rinse; Wedhyes - middle and under. In this case, these combinations are secondary. For example: city ​​- city; -ra-//-oro-; therefore, the form appeared in the Proto-Slavic language *gord. If there are no parallel forms, then the combinations were primordial, Proto-Slavic: pagehla< * strela.

Proto-Slavic vowel *o a.

Proto-Slavic vowel *e in Old Church Slavonic goes into a vowel h.

Of particular note is the fate of the combination *telt in the language of the Eastern Slavs; the result of its transformation depended on the hardness or softness of the first consonant and consonant * l: if both consonants were hard, then * telt > tolot: * melko ® milk; if both consonants were soft, then * telt > telet: * gelzo ® iron (the back lingual consonant * g before the front vowel, as a result of the first palatalization, turned into g "); if the first consonant was soft, and the consonant * l was hard, then * telt > telot: * chell ъ ® shelom (back-lingual consonant * ch before the front vowel on the first palatalization turned into sh").

Formation of secondary initial combinations

Diphthong combinations * or, * ol could be at the absolute beginning of a word before a consonant (in this case they were conditionally designated * ort, * olt). After the loss of their syllable-forming function by smooth consonants in the 6th century, diphthongic combinations began to form a closed syllable, which contradicted the law of an open syllable. Therefore, diphthongic combinations underwent a transformation, the result of which depended on the quality of intonation: ascending or descending. With rising intonation in all Slavic languages, the vowel lengthened with its subsequent rearrangement with a smooth consonant: * or>or > ra, * ol>ol > la. With descending intonation among the southern Slavs, and therefore in the Old Slavonic language, the change was the same as with ascending intonation, while among the Eastern Slavs, when a vowel and a smooth consonant were rearranged, the length of the vowel was lost, and the combination * or > ro, and the combination * ol > lo.

Table No. 5

Notes

• combinations ra-, la-, ro-, lo- are called secondary initial combinations;
• say that the initial combinations ra-, la-, ro-, lo- secondary, it is possible only in the presence of parallel forms: equal - equal; ra-//ro- *ort (*orwyn); boat - boat; la-//lo-, therefore, they are secondary and go back to *olt (*oldii). If there are no such parallel forms, then the combinations are primordial, Proto-Slavic: army< * ratb.

The fate of combinations * dt , * tt

Combinations * dt, * tt at a syllable division in the Proto-Slavic language, they should have been part of one syllable. In this case, the principle of increasing sonority was violated, i.e. law of the open syllable: the voiced consonant preceded the voiceless ( * dt) or the same consonants were nearby, and the sonority was even ( * tt). Therefore, combinations * dt, * tt changed: they moved into * st: * ple/ tti> weave; *kra/ dti> steal.

Note: combination st in a word it can be secondary: if it alternates with a consonant d *dt; if it alternates with a consonant t, then in its place in the Proto-Slavic era there was a combination *tt; if there are no such alternations, then the combination st primordial: to lead - I lead; st//d, hence the combination st secondary and goes back to *dt (*wedti); revenge - meta; st//t, hence the combination st secondary and goes back to *tt(*metti); carry - carry; combination alternations st neither with a consonant d, nor with a consonant t no, therefore combination st primordial ( *nesti).

The fate of combinations * dl , * tl

Combinations * dl, * tl in the Proto-Slavic language, with a syllable division, they also turned out to be part of one syllable. In the case when smooth consonants did not have a syllable-forming function, in their sonority they approached those consonants next to which they appeared. As a result, the law of the open syllable (the principle of increasing sonority) was violated. the sonority of adjacent consonants turned out to be the same. Therefore, combinations * dl, * tl changed: explosive element was lost * d and * t: * ple/ tlb > plel; *kra/ dlb > kral.

Note: consonant l in a word it can be secondary: if it alternates with a consonant d *dl; if it alternates with a consonant t, then it goes back to the Proto-Slavic combination *tl; if there are no such alternations, then the consonant l original: led - I lead; l//d, Consequently, l secondary and goes back to the combination *dl (*wedl); chalk - meta; l//t, Consequently, l secondary and goes back to *tl (* metl); walked - walk; alternations l With d or t no, therefore agreeable l native ( *chodil).

M.M. Shitkova

How to do a test

According to Old Church Slavonic

(a teaching aid for students of the correspondence department of the Literary Institute named after A.M. Gorky)

How to designate the positions of the reduced b, b?. 3

s, and from reduced b and b?. 6

How to find a syllable smooth?. 9

How to determine the hardness, softness, semi-softness of consonants in the Old Church Slavonic language? eleven

How to explain alternations? fifteen

Vowel alternations: 16

Consonant alternations: 18

What are the phonetic differences between Old Slavonicisms and Russisms? 23

How to determine the type of declension of an Old Slavonic noun? 25

How to determine the class of the Old Slavonic verb?. thirty

How to determine the conjugation of a verb in the Old Church Slavonic language?. 32

How to determine the grammatical form of a verb? 33

What is the difference between infinitive and supine? 40

Application. 40

Correspondence of Proto-Slavic (and Proto-Indo-European) sounds written in Latin alphabet with modern sounds in Russian transcription: 40

Sample test tasks:

Determine whether the reduced vowels were in a strong or weak position.

2. Find a syllable smooth.

3. Determine in which words the final consonant sound is soft, and in which it is semi-soft.

4. Explain why there are alternations.

5. What Russian words correspond to Old Slavonic?

6. Determine the type of declension for nouns.

7. Determine the class, conjugation, mood, tense form of the verbs.

How to designate the positions of the reduced b, b?

First, of course, one should answer the question: “What are the reduced b, b?” Reduced vowels are called vowels b(ep) and b(here), although the name "reduced" in this case is not entirely successful, since reduction- weakening of the articulation of sound in an unstressed position. BUT b and b met both in unstressed and shock positions. It would be more correct b and b called short vowels or vowels of incomplete formation. In the phonetic system of the Old Church Slavonic language, they are opposed to the remaining nine vowels, which are the vowels of a complete formation.

Kommersant and b differed from full vowels in that they could be pronounced less distinctly (weak position) or more distinctly (strong position), depending on the position in the word, while full vowels almost always sounded the same.

Reduced ъ and ь had two strong positions, and three weak ones.

Strong:

1. In the initial syllable under stress: t b```````````````’ma (mother-in-law).

2. In a syllable before the next syllable with a reduced vowel in a weak position: Y b t b c b(reader).

Weak:

1. At the absolute end of a non-monosyllabic word: fruit b(fetus).

2. In a syllable before the next syllable with a reduced vowel in a strong position: Y b t b c b.

3. In a syllable before the next syllable with a full vowel: d b wa (a is the vowel of a complete education!).

It is customary to mark positions from the end of the word to the beginning, that is, in the word Ytts, we first denote the position of the last reduced vowel: Ytts b(this is the absolute end of the word, which means a weak position). Further in the previous syllable Yт b c b(a syllable before the next syllable with a reduced vowel in a weak position, hence a strong position), then (last) in the first syllable Y b t b c b(the syllable before the next syllable with a reduced vowel in a strong position, so this is a weak position).

In three monosyllabic words (consisting of one syllable), the position is always strong:

T b–$$%&bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbNNn

With b- this

n b- but (coordinative conjunction)

The remaining monosyllabic words adjoin the subsequent or previous independent, forming one phonetic word:

къ мнх = къмнх

to tebh \u003d katebh

Positions in such words are designated according to the general rule.

K m b h:

1. kj m bнh (ь in a weak position - before a syllable with a vowel of a full education, since h is a vowel of a full education)

2. to b m bнh (ъ in a strong position - before a syllable with a reduced ь in a weak position)

1 to b tebh (ъ in a weak position - before a syllable with a full vowel, since e- vowel of full education)

Therefore, in modern language:

to b m b h = k about to me

to b tebh = ktebe

Words with an initial stressed syllable require attention. For example, the word t'p't' (modern - stomp) in terms of the number of reduced ones and their distribution among syllables is similar to the word Y't', but in the word Y't' the initial syllable is not stressed. That is, you need to be able to correctly place the stress, and for this you need to “guess” what it is word. In doubtful cases, you should refer to the dictionary or ask the teacher.

T b P b t b:

1. tapt b(final ъ in a weak position, absolute end of a word);

2. type b t b(ъ in a strong position, before a syllable with a reduced one in a weak position);

3.t b'P b t b(ъ in a strong position, as the stressed initial syllable). For more information see the tutorials:

A.I.Gorshkov. Old Church Slavonic course. M, 1994, § 61, p. 41

A.M.Kamchatnov. Old Slavonic language. Lecture course. 5th edition, corrected and supplemented, M, 2009, p. 35, http://imwerden.de/cat/modules.php?name=books&pa=showbook&pid=822

Examples from texts:

Az b with b dE smooth b m b gybn@. (from the Ostromir gospel)

az b

With b dE – ь in a weak position, before a syllable with a full vowel;

smooth b m b: 1. Smooth b- ь in a weak position, the absolute end of the word;

2. smooth b m b– ъ in a strong position, before a syllable with a reduced vowel in a weak position.

pos b la slaves to b dhlatEl b m b imate b his fault. (from Savva's book)

pos b la - ъ in a weak position, before a syllable with a full vowel (a is a full vowel);

to b dhlatEl b m b- one phonetic word:

1. to dhlatElm b– ъ in a weak position, the absolute end of a word;

2. to dhlatEl b m b– ь in a strong position, before a syllable with a reduced vowel in a weak position;

3. to b dhlatEl b m b– ъ in a weak position, before a syllable with a full vowel (h [ă] is a full vowel).

So b bo est b h b ly t b root b.(from the Klotz collection)

So b– ъ in a weak position, the absolute end of a word;

est b– ъ in a weak position, the absolute end of a word;

h b ly - ъ in a weak position, before a syllable with a full vowel (ы - a full vowel);

t b– ъ in a strong position, a monosyllabic word “that”, in which the reduced vowel is always in a strong position;

root b- ь in a weak position, the absolute end of the word.

What is the difference between reduced vowels s, and from reduced vowels b and b?

It must be remembered that the vowels b and b are independent phonemes (i.e. capable of performing a semantic function), while reduced vowels s, and are positional variants of independent phonemes (that is, they occur only in a certain position in a word).

Vowels s, and become reduced in the position before [j] (iot), in other positions they remain normal s, and.

1. piti, high - ordinary vowels s, and;

2. pii ("drink"), we \ ("mo'yu") - reduced s, and.

Why in the second case s, and reduced?

Where is j?

The difficulty is that in Cyrillic there was no special letter for j, in writing it could be transmitted in two ways.

1. With the help of an iotized letter, which, in a position after a vowel, denoted two sounds:

"- - ch" l - ("sowed");

yu - - bow - ("stupid", "bowie" - stupid);

~ - - your ~ - ("your");

> - - own> - ("own");

\ - - dr@gq \ - ("other").

2. With a letter and after a vowel, which in this case denoted two sounds:

yours - [your] - "your";

mystery - [mystery] - "mystery".

Another difficulty is the fact that there are no special letters for transmission. s, and reduced. They were transmitted using the letters r, tt and(in position before j).

Reduced s, and same as reduced b, b had strengths and weaknesses. In a strong position, they were pronounced more clearly, in a weak position - less clearly. Positions of the reduced s, and coincide with the positions of the reduced b, b.

See tutorials:

A.I.Gorshkov. Old Church Slavonic course. M, 1994, § 62, p. 41-42

A.M.Kamchatnov. Old Slavonic language. Lecture course. 5th edition, corrected and supplemented, M, 2009, p. 36, http://imwerden.de/cat/modules.php?name=books&pa=showbook&pid=822

For example:

we \ [wejQ] ("mo'yu" - verb, 1 person, singular, present tense)

This word has s reduced, since it is clear that s comes before j, which is a pointer to the positional reduction of a vowel (iotized letter \ after a vowel s stands for two sounds j + Q).

[m s'jQ] - s contained in the initial syllable under stress, therefore, the position is strong.

we [we'j]

The proposed word also has s reduced, since we find j after it, indicating the positional reduction of a vowel (j is conveyed with the letter and after a vowel and denotes here two sounds j+b).

[m s'j b]:

1. at the absolute end of the word is b, Consequently, b in a weak position (in this case, transcription is necessary!);

2. s the reduced one is stressed in the initial syllable, which means that the position is strong (in addition, this is a syllable before the next syllable with a reduced vowel in a weak position, which additionally indicates a strong position).

pi\, pi\ (pi\ = pi\)

[P' th jQ] - y and the reduced position is weak, since it is in the syllable before the next syllable with a full vowel (Q (@) is a full vowel).

Dobryi ("kind")

Letter and comes after a vowel s. Therefore, it denotes two sounds - i \u003d j + b. We write down the transcription - [good luck]. Pay attention to j. Before j we see s. So this s reduced (because it is in front of the iot). Here are the positions:

1. [kind j b] –b is in a weak position, as it stands at the absolute end of the word;

2. [good s j b] – s reduced in a strong position, as it is in a syllable before the next syllable with a reduced one in a weak position .

3.2.2. System of vowel phonemes

Keywords: Paleo-Slavistics, Old Russian language, phonetics, consonant phonemes, vowel phonemes, syllable structure

An analysis of the surviving Old Slavonic monuments allows us to restore the following composition of vowels:

Phonemes	Cyrillic letters	Comments
< i >
< y >
< u >
< e >
< o >
< a >
< >		The phoneme denoted by this letter had different sound realizations in Slavic dialects, therefore, in the common Slavic transcription, it is denoted by a symbol without indicating the quality, but in the dialects that formed the basis of the st.-sl. language, it was the sound of the lower, denoted as.
< ь >
< ъ >
< >
< >

Thus, there were 11 vowels in the Old Slavonic language, for which 21 letters were used in the Cyrillic alphabet.

Description of the system of vowel phonemes of the Old Church Slavonic language

Vowel phonemes of Old Church Slavonic qualitatively differed:

The vowel phonemes of the Old Slavonic language of the Cyril and Methodius period were different in sound duration, and the quantitative characteristic of the vowel was a constant (constitutive) feature and did not depend on it. However, the difference in longitude - brevity in the Cyrillo-Methodian period was not of a phonemic nature: such features as longitude - brevity did not have the ability to distinguish or identify morphemes and words and were a legacy of an earlier period in the development of the Slavic languages:

Table of vowel phonemes of the Old Church Slavonic language

Row		Front	Average	Rear
Climb				Non-labialized	Labialized
Upper
Average	nasal	<>			<>
	mouthparts	<ь>		<ъ>
Lower		<>

Positional vowel changes

The process of falling reduced

The fate of the reduced vowels [b], [b] in the phonetic systems of the Slavic languages ​​allows us to conclude that their implementation in live speech in the Cyrillo-Methodian era was determined. In transcription, those reduced in a strong position are designated , , and in a weak position , .

Fall reduced

The process of falling reduced supershort vowels consisted in the fact that in the live speech of the Slavs at a certain stage:

At the same time, the spelling of the monuments remained traditional in terms of the use of and, i.e., they were used in the same way as in the translations of the first translators, primary teachers and their students.

The source of our information about the fall of the reduced is errors in the spelling of monuments. The scribes made them under the influence of the living language that they knew and in which the process of the fall of the reduced took place; they could also write not where it was necessary according to etymology. This was determined by the fact that the scribes did not hear any more in either the strong or the weak position: nothing was pronounced in the weak position, but the corresponding vowels of the full formation sounded in the strong position. The basis of writing in manuscripts was only the spelling tradition, behind which there were no longer any sound associations. This led to the fact that even very literate scribes made mistakes. It is these errors of the scribes that give us the opportunity to assert that in the 11th century there were no longer reduced vowels in the living speech of the Old Slavonic scribes who carried out their activities in Bulgaria and Macedonia.

The process of the fall of the reduced refers, in all likelihood, mainly to the 11th century, since in the Kyiv leaflets, a monument of the end of the 10th century, the norm for the use of the reduced is observed in almost all the numerous cases of their use, with the exception of the double spelling, which is a simple mistake. The etymologically correct use also indicates that in the dialect that formed the basis of the Cyrillo-Methodius translations, there were reduced vowels.

Most researchers believe that initially the reduced ones in a weak position disappeared, and only then did the supershort vowels change into full vowels in a strong position. This conclusion appears to be correct. But it should be borne in mind that we are not talking about a time interval that separates the processes, but about their sequence: the loss of weak reduced ones caused the strengthening and lengthening of strong vowels in the previous syllable, followed by their transition to full vowels. Thus, on the whole, the process of the fall of the reduced was the same.

As a result of the process of falling reduced in the monuments of the 11th century, forms with "fluent" [o] and [e] appear: .

Errors indicating the process of the fall of the reduced

There are errors in the spelling of the Old Slavonic monuments that have come down to us, indicating the process of the fall of the reduced ones.

Monuments of the 11th century provide numerous examples of the loss of weak and , mixing and , exchange and depending on the quality of the vowel in the next syllable, as well as the replacement of reduced vowels of the full formation c. There are also errors associated with the designation and in, which were lost like weak and ..

Reduced vowels Reduced vowels -

In the Proto-Slavic language, rg arose from the short Indo-European ŭ and ĭ and differed from long and short vowels by the sign of super-shortness. Speaking as independent, R. g. could be both under and unstressed, but in any position they sounded shorter and weaker than other vowels. In the position before j, the vowels "ъ" and "ь" appeared in the positional variants y̌ ("y reduced") and ǐ ("and reduced"), for example, in Old Russian krasny̌i̯, bluěi̯ (from krasьnъ + jъ, sinь + jъ).

In the history of all Slavic languages, R. g. were lost (the so-called drop reduced). The loss of R. g., which did not occur simultaneously, is understood as both their disappearance and their change into full vowels - different in different Slavic languages. The fall of the Russian city belongs to the 10th - 1st half of the 13th centuries. The different fate of “b” and “b” depended on their strong or weak position in: the strong position of “b” and “b” was the position under stress and before the syllable with a weak reduced (for example, ṕ̳strуjь; bь̭rь̳vь̭no), weak - at the end of the word (for example, dьnь̭, sъnъ̭), before a syllable with a full vowel or with a strong reduced one (for example, dь̭ni, tümь̳nъ̭). In weak positions, rg disappeared in all Slavic languages; in strong positions, the results of their change turned out to be different. In "b" → "o", "b" → "e", cf. "dream", "day", Ukrainian "dream", "day", "dream", "zen"; exactly the same results in: "house", "den"; in “b” and “b” they gave “e” equally, but before “e” in place of “b” there is a soft one (cf. sen, mech ‘moss’, but pies, dzień); in and also in place “b” and “b” is pronounced “e”, but in Slovak instead of “b” there are also “o” and “a” (Czech sen, deň, Slovak sen, deň, but lož or mach ); in "b" → "e" (upper puddle dźeń, lower puddle źeń), and "b" in Upper Lusatian → "o", "e", in Lower Lusatian → "e" (upper puddle . moch, dešć, lower pool moch, sen); in "b" and "b" coincided in "a" (s̏n, d̑n); c - in long syllables in "a", in short ones - in ə ("e"): mȃh, dȃn, pes (pronounced pəs); in “b” → “e” (“den”, “dog”), “b” → ă (in spelling it is denoted by the letter “b”, son, mx). R. g. “y̌” and “ǐ” also had a different fate in the Slavic languages.

As a result of the loss of R. g., fundamental changes occurred in the Slavic languages ​​in systems: closed syllables arose (cf. "sto / l" → "table"), processes of assimilation of consonants by deafness - voicedness developed (cf. "request" → [ proz'ba]) and hardness - softness (cf. "red" → [red]), fluent vowels appeared (cf. Russian "sleep - sleep", Polish sen - sna, Czech sen - snu), arose, consisting of only consonants (cf. Russian "rus-sk-yi → rus-sk-i"), zero (cf. "duba - oak"), etc. After the loss of the R. g., the Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200bbegan to differ more each other compared to the previous period.

R. gr. in the 2nd meaning are not surviving ancient R. gr., but arose at a relatively late time as a result of a change in musical stress to dynamic.

• Ilyinsky G. A., Proto-Slavic Grammar, Nezhin, 1916;
• Meillet A., Common Slavonic language, trans. from French, Moscow, 1951;
• Bernstein S. B., Essay on comparative grammar of Slavic languages, M., 1961;
• Nachtigal R., Slavic languages, trans. from slov., M., 1963;
• Boskovic R., Fundamentals of Comparative Grammar of Slavic Languages, [transl. from Serbian], M., 1984.

V. V. Ivanov.

Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. ed. V. N. Yartseva. 1990 .

See what "Reduced vowels" are in other dictionaries:

reduced vowels- 1) Vowels resulting from reduction, i.e., less clearly articulated, lost in longitude, strength or sound quality. see reduction. 2) In historical phonetics, vowels (b) and (b) of incomplete formation (deaf vowels, irrational ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Reduced- History of the Russian language ... Wikipedia

REDUCED- (from German reduzieren to reduce to reduce), 1) er, ultra-short vowel phonemes of ancient Slavic languages, which were denoted by the letters ъ er and er. 2) Any super-short sounds (both positional variants and independent phonemes; see Reduction ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Vowels are a class of speech sounds distinguished on the basis of their articulatory, acoustic and functional properties. The articulatory properties of vowels lie in the fact that these are sounds formed with the obligatory participation of the voice (whispered vowels ... ... Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

reduced- (from German reduzieren to reduce, reduce), 1) “er”, ultra-short vowel phonemes of the ancient Slavic languages ​​inherited from the Proto-Slavic language, which were denoted by the letters ъ “er” and ь “er”. 2) Any ultra-short sounds (like positional ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Reduced- (from German reduzieren to reduce, reduce) "er", ultra-short vowel phonemes (See Phoneme) of the ancient Slavic languages ​​\u200b\u200b(See Slavic languages), which were denoted by the letters ъ "er" and ь "er". R. developed in the history of the Proto-Slavic language in ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

runaway vowels- Vowels o and e of modern Russian. language, alternating with zero sound during form formation and word formation. Sleep/sleep. day/days. Fluent vowels are explained by the fact that in the Old Russian language in their place were not (o) and (e), but reduced ones, so ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

10. The history of the reduced vowels b and b in RL (their fate in strong and weak positions, the consequences of the loss of reduced ones).

In the voice system DRY was 2 reduced sounds, a cat. in Cyrillic they were denoted by signs ъ and ь. The name "reducer." (from lat. reductio "reduction", "weakening") these vowels. received because of its brevity and obscurity of pronunciation. The reduced sounds ъ, ь existed in common Slavic times. lang. Origin these vowels ascend to u-e short vowels, resp. ъ to a short ŭ, and sound b to ĭ. From public lang. short vowels ъ, ь were inherited by all Slavs. lang., preserved for a long time. in them, but then in the process of further development, they underwent various phonetic. changes. Moreover, in each of the groups of ancient elav. languages ​​- southern, western. and east. - Changes had their own specifics. In other Russian. lang. reducer ъ, ь were not the same in duration, and the clarity of pronunciation depended on the position (position) in the word. In strong positions b, b approached o, e ( sleep, lb, day, flax), and in weak positions reduce. ъ, ь abbreviated. and weakened so much that they were completely lost: sleep, forehead, day, flax(cf. modern Russian, sleep, forehead, day, flax). About the loss of the reducer. sounds in the monuments of other Russian. letters testify to such spellings as who (vm. kato), kya#z (vm. kan#z), books (vm. books).

AT weak position reducer b, b nah.:

1) before a syllable with a voice. complete education: someone, someone, really, wait;

2) before a syllable with strong b, b: zhnts, shvyts, Smolnsk, pravdn;

3) at the end of a word: house, son, horse, autumn.

strong sounds b, b were in the next. provisions:

1) under ud.: shut up, send, shit;

2) before a syllable containing a weak b or b: elbow, narrow, nail, szdati;

3) at the root of the word in combination, with smooth p, l: gharlo, vlna, tulst, vyrkh, tear;

4) at the end of monosyllabic words: t, n.

Weak reducers. disappeared in all ancient Slavs. lang. What about cass. strong reduction., then their fate is not the same. In DDR, strong b, b cleared up in o, e: ambassador, dry, throat, wave, sleep, day, honor. In Polish and Czech. lang. in place of strong b, b, one sound e began to be pronounced: polsk. sen(dream);dzien(day); Czech, sen, den. In Serbohorv. lang. both reduced b, b coincided in the sound a: dignity, dan, part (honor). In Bulgarian, or lang. is still preserved, b; this letter denotes a sound close to the Russian closed a: sleep, stalb, svet; reducer b in bulg. lang. in some cases coincided with ъ: smart(other Russian die), church(other Russian circuses), and in others - about the vowel. e: den, honor.

Fall reduced - the process of loss of phonemic properties by ultra-short reduced vowels b and b. DRY loses 2 independent phonemes from the vocalism system.

The fall of the reduced ones led to a radical restructuring of the entire sound system of the Old Russian language.

In the vowel system reduced number of vowels- b and b disappeared, and as a result of such a disappearance, the scope of the use of sounds o, e expanded. , day, lb, kusk, horse, all). (end 9 - beginning 11 cc 10 main phonemes, then [‘ä] merges with [a] and there are 9 of them, and at 12 in. With the fall of the reducer. and clearing them in a strong position vowel phonemes remain 7).

After the loss of the weak b and b, the law of the open syllable was violated. Closed syllables arose, uncharacteristic of the Old Russian language of the older period: in-s-l - in-sol, lo-d'-ka - boat-ka; w-s - all, s-sh-n - scary. However, it must be borne in mind that the general trend towards the openness of the syllable (the arrangement of sounds according to the degree of increasing sonority) has been preserved, and what is important, it has not lost its significance in the modern Russian language so far.

As a result of the fall of the reduced ones in the Russian language, new alternations of vowel sounds arose within different forms of the same word - the alternation of o, e with zero sound: sleep - sleep, rye - rye, lie - lie, piece - piece, day - day, dog - dog, stump - stump. This kind of alternation is called phonetic fluency on the grounds that the appearance of fluent sounds o, e is due to the clarification of ъ, ь in a strong position and their disappearance in a weak position.

From phonetic fluency should be distinguished fluency by analogy, or imitative fluency: ice - ice, stone - stone, moat - moat, ceiling - ceiling. In the words ice, stone, moat, ceiling, vowels o, e are primordial; in indirect cases (ice, stone, moat, ceiling) sounds o, e fall out by analogy with the genitive forms of sleep, day and the like.

The phenomena of grammatical analogy associated with the fall of the reduced b, b in the Old Russian language were numerous and varied.

In addition to phonetic fluency and fluency by analogy, one can distinguish fluency resulting from the appearance of syllables in sonorous consonants at the end of a word: vhtr - wind - wind, fire - fire - fire, sister - sister - sisters. This is due to the fact that the final reduced fell out in a weak position and native speakers were forced to articulate the final sonorant more clearly, as a result of which for some time they had a slight syllable. But since the syllabic sonorants were already lost at this stage of the development of the language, a vowel develops after the sonorants. Preference was usually given to [e], intercalated [o] was rare.

The fluency of the vowels o, e and in the modern Russian literary language is reflected.

The process of falling reduced caused great changes in the field of morphology.

Consequences of the fall of the reducer. in the vowel system.

The process of falling reducer. (in strong and weak positions) covered the entire territory of the distribution. DRY and ended in the middle of the 13th century. The fall of the reducer led to a radical restructuring of the entire sound. sys. DRY; this process also caused great changes in the field of morphology.

The most important changes are the following.

In the vowel system abbr. number of vowels - disappeared b, b. And as a consequence of this disappearance, the scope of use has expanded. sounds o, e. Compare: house, ice- oh, e here are primordial: dream, day, forehead, piece, end, whole(here o from b, e from b - sleep, day, lb, kusk, horse, up).

After the loss of weak b, b, the AIA was violated. There were closed syllables, uncharacteristic. for the DDA of the older period. Wed: after the fall: in sol, boat, whole, scary; before the fall: poso-l, lo-d-ka, vy-s, stra-sh-n. However, it must be borne in mind that the general trend towards the openness of the syllable (the arrangement of sounds according to the degree of age, sonority) was preserved, and that importantly, it has not lost its significance in the SRY so far.

Due to the fall of the reducer. in Russian lang. new alternations of vowel sounds arose within different forms of the same word - the alternation of o, e with zero sound: sleep - sleep, rye - rye, lies - lies, piece - piece, day - day, dog - dog, stump - stump. This kind of black. called phonetics. fluency on the grounds that the appearance of fluent sounds o, e is due to the clarification b, b in strong and their disappearance in weak positions. From phonetic. fluency should be distinguished by analogy fluency, or imitative fluency: ice - ice, stone - stone, moat - moat, ceiling - ceiling. In words ice, stone, moat, ceiling vowels o, e are native; in cosv. in the same cases (ice, stone, moat, ceiling), the sounds o, e fall out by analogy with the forms of R.p. sleep, day and similar..

Phenomenon gram. analogies associated with the fall of ъ, ь in the DNR were numerous. and diversified The fluency of the vowels o, e and in SRLYA is reflected.

In a number of dialects of the DRY, in particular Galician-Volyn, in new closed. vowels o, e began to lengthen in syllables. So, oh changed in oh long, a e c e long, cat. began to be denoted in the monuments by the letter h and there was no special sign for the long o, they wrote two oo e.g.: stone - stone` (syllable closed, in it e became long stone", wrote stoneh; mother (V.p. later I.p), ma-thre, horse - kōn, koon; vol - vōl - vool.

In the future, emerged in new closures. syllables long o, e turned into i. This is yavl. still reflected in modern. Ukrainian lang.: kamiuh, toiuh, inil, nis (nose), zahid (west), wist, nih, osiny and similar. The process of transition from o to i, e to i, according to A.A. Potebnya, A.I. Sobolevsky and other linguists, passed through the stage of diphthongs. Yes, change ō the stages yo, ye, yi, yi have passed for a long time - finally i; ē - ie - i,

In modern Chernihiv dialects and now they pronounce kuon (horse), piech (furnace), shihave (six) which can serve as evidence of the presence of diphthongs in place of long o, e.

In Ukrainian monuments, cases of transition ē to i, o to i in new closures. reflection syllables. from the 12th century, but especially brightly in the 14th-17th centuries. Interestingly, in the same words, if the syllable was open, the transition e, o to i was not observed. Compare: pitchfork, but an ox, throw, but a horse, this, but seven, below - a knife. Alternating i from o or ē to closed. syllable with o, e in the open - this is a striking feature of the modern. Ukrainian lang.: style - table; dvir - yard, kin - horse, etc. Rus. and Belarusian. languages, such a transition of native o, e in new closed. syllables in i are not touched. This is a feature of Ukrainian lang.

The consequence of the fall of the reducer. in the system acc. sounds.

Loss of weak reductions. in the DRW and the clarification of the strong led to the fact that the AIA and ZSS ceased to operate. As a result, the syllable lost its autonomy. Maleness  masculinity, mu-gesture. The syllabus at the confluence of acc. becomes free. And this is reflected in modern Russian lang: sister-stra, sister-tra, sister-ra. That. violation of the AIA has led, firstly, to a free syllable division, Secondly, to the emergence of closed. syllables, third, interaction became possible acc. different syllables. This interaction became possible in abs. early words (prefix + root), inside the root (within the same morpheme), at the junction of the root and the suffix. Within the root morpheme: bchela - bee: regressive assimilation for deafness. Here - here: regressive assimilation by voicing. At the junction of prefix and root: make - make. At the junction of the root and suffix: boat - tray. That. developed assimilation process, mainly regressive. Assimilation by hardness: truth - truth. Assimilation took general Russian. har-r and established itself as one of the phonetic. Russian laws. lang. . Moreover, as a result of sound assimilation AT in a position before deaf. acc. deafness occurs. parallel [ f]: shop - [shop]. Father appeared for the first time. sound [f] - like the result of assimilation by deafness. BUT!!! F - appears only if In the labiodental. If In the labio-labial, then a sound will develop At. In addition to assimilation in the DRY develops dissimilation(dissimilarity). Who: reducer disappears and in the dialects the first sound begins to become similar. A freak appears. H. [hto] - South-Russian. dialects. However, in Russian lit. lang. this rule has not been established. And in Ukrainian and Belarusian. pronounces it. norm. Who: because in this word the affricate t'sh'+t, then the explosive el-t is lost, and then the process of assimilation proceeds. [ what] - pronounces. Russian norm. lit. lang. In Ukrainian: shsh'o what. In the dialects of Russian lang. the second element is lost: ch'o. Dissimilation did not become natural for Russian. lang.Dissimilation, transformation of the combination CHN b fell into a weak position and disappeared - who(+)who(-)but- in a strong position it becomes clearer, h > t sh'(assimilation w on TV.) [kone sh about]. New gr. acc., cat. arose after the loss of weak reductions. Two combination. became impossible for the East. Slavs: "dl" and "tl": vidla - fork - pitchfork- "d" drops out, vedal - vedl(kzhidlo - Polish, Russian wing). Such a combination. were at an early stage of conversion. lang. With the loss of the reducer. combinations are possible broom( b )la, sed( b )lo, but at the end of a word it is still not acceptable. Z-s, d-t- dental sounds could not be combined with j, all of them in the position before j turned into hissing, after the loss of the reducer, such an opportunity appears - court [ü j] → [su d´j a] the possibility of combining d´j , ears → there are many such combinations, those combinations arose. acc., cat. were previously impossible for native speakers. (this was the case in the dialects that formed the basis of the Great Russian dialect). But for Ukrainian and Belarusian dialects, this turned out to be unacceptable. They happened progressive assimilation- court j a - judge (ukr.), court ´з´я(Belarusian). Arising combination. previously uncharacteristic were not acceptable to all East. Slavs. Knowledge - knowledge (Ukrainian), life ~ - life (Russian), life (Ukrainian, Belarusian), at night - night. Simplifying two consonants . If 3 acc., then they were arranged according to the principle of increasing sonority, after the loss of the reduced. vowel occurs consonant confluence . Combination ACC With e heart (after p "b" is in a strong position, and after d - in a weak position, therefore it drops out and a combination of 3 consonants is obtained - seRDC e but we say heart, and we can check the word cordial). ADC is a rare combination, more common - STM che (b) st (b) ny(everything in brackets fell out), other combination.– STG ch(t)( b )ha – s(t)ha – sga(path, hence the path). D b ska - dsg - tska(this word is still preserved in northern dialects, has a very narrow scope of use, the board on which they write the icon). Dstokan - stokan– with the development of akanya – cup. Arising combination. acc. are simplified - this leads to change. word shells. Yavl. end of word . At the end of the word full and short vowels. education and acc. a sound not supported by a vowel begins to behave arbitrarily - dd b - [d´et]- deaf. call at the end of the word origin. to the center. dialectal, but not inconsistent. Ukrainian dialects, but on the other hand, kosn. Belarusian dialects. In Ukrainian same dialects preserved. voiced pronunciation → [ did] is cus. absolutely all calls. acc. sounds. In Russian dialects, the stunning of a consonant at the end of a word has taken natural character, absolutely everything in the Russian language obeys him. Hardening of labial consonants - b, p, (c), Steppe - [step](Ukrainian) phonetic. transformation leads to transformation in the genus - in Russian. steppe language - f.r., in Ukrainian. - m.r., / dove - or a solid sound in Ukrainian. [blue], [golup '] [golup]. The sound "m" becomes mgk - [seven], there are fluctuations [sem]. Blood - [krof´], there are fluctuations [crof]. Ship - [ship] or [ship´] - stun [ship]. Ruble - [rupe´] or [rupee]. Crane - [crane]. Gubn. in k. words harden in Moscow. vernacular, preserved soft lips, excl. sound "m". At the end of the word, various kinds of simplifications were still possible - ~ sm, mok l //- could (l). "B" - labial-tooth sound will give "f", labial-labial → "w", non-syllabic TV. at the end of the word ў, Belarusian. lang. Spanish just such a designation for this sound is ў. [lof] Russian [loў] - Belarusian. Lov- Ukrainian, but they pronounce ў, although it is denoted. - in.

Fall reduced.

The process of loss of phonemic properties by super-short (reduced) vowels ъ, ь. Dr. R. loses these two vowels from the system of vocalism.

Monuments of writing of the 11th century. The letters ъ, ь are spelled etymologically correctly. Indo-European "y-short" should give ъ, and "i-short" - ь. The letters "b" and "b" never mix with each other. Russian scribes of Old Slavonic versions restore the reduced ъ and ь. They introduced reduced ones to make the syllable open. Monuments of this time testify that the fall of the reduced ones did not yet exist, since they transmitted vowel sounds.

The process is lengthy and controversial. But gradually there is a loss of the phonemic significance of the reduced ones. In Old Russian, the fall of the reduced occurs in the written period. As phonemes, they had only one clearly defined differential feature - super-shortness. Only on this basis they were opposed to "e" and "o". Other vowel phonemes lost this opposition even in the pre-literate period.

The loss of superbrevity of the reduced ones led to the fact that in a weak position the sound was reduced to zero. The positional variant of the reduced ones has disappeared - the weak reduced one. Earlier than others, the reduced ones in the first pre-stressed syllable began to disappear. But this view is somewhat one-sided. This statement does not take into account the relationship of changes at different levels of the language. This connection was noticed by Fortunatov, Ivanov. They established that the reduced ones disappeared earlier in those morphemes in which they never found themselves in a strong position. If the reduced 1st pre-stressed syllable turned out to be either in a strong or in a weak position (sleep - sleep), the process of trimming the stems contributed to a longer preservation of this reduced one. The intensity of the loss of weak reduced ones also depends on morphological causes.

Final reduced. It is difficult to judge the time of their loss from the monuments. b and b up to the beginning of our century were written quite consistently. The end of a word is always associated with the morphological structure of the word. They could be preserved as an indicator of a certain structure, as indicators of inflection or different parts of speech.

Already in the 11th century, weak reduced ones ceased to be pronounced. Their fate is in their total loss. The strong ones lasted longer and had a different history. They vocalize, that is, acquire additional publicity after the loss of their super-brevity. Now they sound like ordinary vowels. b --> E, b --> O. By the end of the 12th century, there were no longer reduced vowels as independent phonemes in the vocalism system of the Old Russian language.

1) the phonological fate of the reduced ones - their loss as independent

2) phonetic - depends on the position: in a strong oii they are vocalized into full vowels, in a weak one they are reduced to zero vowel sound.

Non-phonetic (morphological) changes: phonetic and grammatical patterns begin to intersect, especially the trimming of stems. Under the influence of these reasons, vowels of a complete formation appear in place of weak ones. In place of the strong instead of vocalization - zero sound. Contrary to phonetic regularity.

The question of the reason for the loss of these vowels remains poorly argued. But there is an assumption about it. Reduced vowels differed from other vowels only in their super-shortness. This feature was isolated in the general system of features of vowel phonemes. This sign created some asymmetry of the system, making it internally illogical. And everything that makes the system illogical, the language tries to eliminate. The functional load of b and b was very small. All this led to the disappearance. Perhaps there were other reasons.

Consequences of the loss of reduced

The loss of the reduced is considered the most important process in the development of the language. The sound structure of the language has changed, the sound of individual words has approached the current state. As a result of the drop in reduced (PR), 3 types of changes occurred:

1. phonemic - associated with changes in the system of phonemes, with changes in the relationship of phonemes.

2. sound (positional changes in the sound of words and morphemes) - in a certain position, changes occur with consonant sounds.

3. morphological - associated with morphological analogies.

PHONEMATICAL CHANGES.

The loss of reduced phonemes created completely new conditions for the functioning of other phonemes of the RL.

Consonants in a syllable are exempted from the obligatory proximity to vowels. As a result, the basic laws of the structure of the word cease to operate.

The law of ascending sonority (the law of an open syllable) and the law of syllabic synharmonicity disappear. In one syllable, the neighborhood of sounds of different formation zones became possible.

The quantitative reduction of vowel phonemes is the second major step in the written period on the way of the transition of the vocal composition to the consonant one. The b and b are gone. Variants of the I phoneme appear. After the loss of weak final reduced ones at the end of a word, independent hard and soft consonants became possible.

SOUND CHANGES

The emergence of vowels in difficult-to-pronounce combinations

Most often these are sonorants: ze ml I; no ze a piece of chalk b.

Phonetic compensation: due to the loss of weak reduced ones - an increase in the vowel in the root.

The loss of reduced ones leads to the appearance of fluent vowels in root and non-root morphemes. # sleep - sleep;

Major changes at the end of the word. Stunning final voiced consonants. The correlative category of deafness/voicedness is clearly drawn up. # horn - rock. Everywhere since the 13th century, in all dialects. Therefore, homophones appear - they sound the same, but are written differently. The Russian language thus acquires one of its distinctive features. Hardening of some consonants could occur at the end of words. The final ones harden everywhere, according to only 3 forms:

1) Tv.p.ed.ch.m.r. and sr.r. # Brother - brother.

2) Local unit m.r. And cf. In place, adj-x and parch-th. # circle, smash ... - circle, broken

3) 1 l.u.h. Verbs: # lady, eat - ladies, eat.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES

The appearance of zero inflections. # city - city (zero ending)

Changes in the phonemic composition of inflections. # know - knows

The loss of the reduced ones is the reason for the loss of some suffixes. # past participles.

Some phonetic changes after the loss of the reduced ones acquire a morphological character. Phonetic change becomes a means of forming new forms. # runaway vowel. Dance - dance; coquette - coquette.

After the loss of the reduced ones, there were qualitative changes in the phonological system of the Russian language. The phonemic system, the morphological structure of words has changed, new morphological means of forming case forms appear. The consonants now function independently of the vowels and play a major role in the word; consonants determine the quality of vowels. The Russian language finally switched to the consonant system.