A complex syntactic construction is a sentence in which there are different types of syntactic links. They can combine:
- Coordinating and non-union connections: "Large snowflakes first slowly sank onto the sidewalk, and then fell faster - a snowstorm began."
- Non-allied with subordinates: "In the evening the weather deteriorated sharply, no one wanted to go for a walk when I finished my business."
- Mixed type: "All the guests went into the hall in silence, took their places, and only after that they began to talk in a whisper, until the one who invited them here appeared at the door."
- Coordinating and subordinating connections: "A large beautiful maple leaf fell at my feet, and I decided to pick it up to put it in a vase at home."
In order to correctly compose complex syntactic constructions, one should know exactly how their parts are interconnected. It also depends on the placement of punctuation marks.
Coordinating connection type
In the Russian language, a complex syntactic construction can consist of parts united by one of the 3 types of connections - coordinating, subordinating and unionless, or all at the same time. Syntactic structures with a coordinative type of connection combine two or more equal sentences connected by a coordinating union.
Between them it would be possible to put an end to or swap them, since each of them is independent, but together in meaning they form a single whole, for example:
- Read this book and you will discover a whole new vision of reality. (You can put a period between two sentences, and the content remains the same).
- A thunderstorm was approaching, and dark clouds appeared in the sky, and the air was filled with moisture, and the first gust of wind stirred the treetops. (Parts can be swapped, while the meaning of the sentence will be the same).
A coordinative connection can be one of the connecting components in complex sentences. Examples of its combination with an allied bond are known.
Combining with intonation
A complex syntactic construction often combines a coordinative connection with a non-union one. This is the name of complex sentences, the parts of which are interconnected exclusively by intonation, for example:
"The girl accelerated her pace (1): the train, puffing, drove up to the station (2), and the whistle of the locomotive confirmed this (3)".
Between the 1st and 2nd parts of the construction there is an asyndetic connection, and the second and third sentences are united by a coordinating connection, they are completely equal, and a full stop can be put between them.
In this example, there is a combination of coordinating and non-union connections, united by a single lexical meaning.
Constructions with coordinating and subordinating connection
Sentences in which one part is main and the other is dependent are called complex. At the same time, from the first to the second, you can always pose a question, regardless of where it is located, for example:
- I don't like (when what?) being interrupted. (The main part is at the beginning of the sentence).
- When they interrupt me, I don't like it (when?). (The sentence starts with a subordinate clause).
- Natasha decided (for how long?) that she would leave for a long time (for what reason?), because what happened had a strong impact on her. (The first part of the sentence is the main in relation to the second, while the second - in relation to the third).
Combined into one whole, the coordinating and subordinating connections form complex syntactic constructions. Below are examples of proposals.
"I realized (1) that new challenges await me (2), and this realization gave me strength (3)".
The first part is the main one in relation to the second, since they are connected by a subordinate relationship. The third is attached to them by a coordinative connection with the help of the union and.
"The boy was about to cry (1) and tears filled his eyes (2) when the door opened (3) so that he could follow his mother (4)".
The first and second sentences are connected by a coordinative link with the help of the union "and". The second, third and fourth parts of the construction are connected by subordination.
In complex syntactic constructions, the sentences of which they are composed can be complicated. Consider an example.
"The wind picked up, growing stronger with every gust (1), and people hid their faces in their collars (2) when a new squall overtook them (3)."
The first part is complicated by adverbial turnover.
Types of unionless and subordinating constructions
In Russian, you can often find non-union sentences combined with a subordinating type of connection. In such constructions, there can be 3 or more parts, some of which are main for some and dependent for others. Parts without unions are attached to them with the help of intonation. This is the so-called complex syntactic construction (examples below) with a subordinating-union-free relationship:
"In moments of extreme fatigue, I had a strange feeling (1) - I'm doing something (2) to which I have absolutely no soul (3)."
In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are interconnected by a common meaning and intonation, while the 2nd (main) and 3rd (dependent) are a complex sentence.
"When it snowed outside (1), my mother wrapped me in numerous scarves (2), because of this I could not move normally (3), which made it extremely difficult to play snowballs with other guys (4)".
In this sentence, the 2nd part is the main one in relation to the 1st, but at the same time it is connected with the 3rd intonation. In turn, the third sentence is the main one in relation to the fourth and is a complex structure.
In one complex syntactic structure, some parts can be connected without a union, but at the same time be part of a complex subordinating sentence.
Design with all types of communication
A complex syntactic construction, in which all types of communication are used simultaneously, is rare. Similar sentences are used in literary texts when the author wants to convey events and actions as accurately as possible in one phrase, for example:
"The whole sea was covered with waves (1), which, when approaching the shore, became larger (2), they crashed with noise against a solid barrier (3), and with a displeased hiss, the water receded (4) to return and strike with new force ( 5)".
In this example, the 1st and 2nd parts are connected by a subordinate relationship. The second and third are unionless, between the 3rd and 4th is a coordinating connection, and the fourth and fifth are again subordinating. Such complicated syntactic constructions can be divided into several sentences, but as a whole, they carry an additional emotional coloring.
Separation of offers with different types of communication
Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions are placed on the same basis as in complex, compound and non-union sentences, for example:
- As the sky began to gray in the east, a rooster crowed. (subordinating relationship).
- A light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses. (compound sentence).
- When the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals greeted the new day. (A comma stands between the main and dependent parts of a complex sentence, and a dash separates it from the non-union).
If you combine these sentences into one, you get a complex syntactic construction (grade 9, syntax):
"When the sky in the east began to grow gray, a rooster crowed (1), a light haze lay in the valley, and the air trembled over the grasses (2), when the disk of the sun rose above the horizon, as if the whole world was filled with sounds - birds, insects and animals welcomed the new day (3)".
Parsing complex syntactic constructions
To analyze a proposal with different types of communication, you must:
- determine its type - narrative, imperative or interrogative;
- find out how many simple sentences it consists of, and find their boundaries;
- determine the types of links between the parts of the syntactic construction;
- characterize each block by structure (complex or simple sentence);
- sketch it out.
So you can disassemble the structure with any number of links and blocks.
Applying sentences with different types of links
Similar constructions are used in colloquial speech, as well as in journalism and fiction. They convey the feelings and emotions of the author to a greater extent than written separately. A great master who used complex syntactic constructions was Leo Tolstoy.
Just as an appropriate choice of words can make an expression tangible, the same can be achieved by an appropriate choice of syntactic constructions, i.e. ways of combining words into integral units - phrases and sentences.
The following aspects should be taken into account when combining words into sentences:
1) Agreement and subordination of words one to another, as well as one sentence to another (subordination of the subordinate clause to the main one).
2) The order in which the words follow one after the other.
3) Usual meaning of the syntactic construction.
4) Making sentences in pronunciation, or intonation.
5) The psychological significance of structures.
Let's consider these points.
1) The main members of the sentence are the predicate (usually a verb) and the subject (noun), consistent with each other; each of these words can be coordinated or controlled by secondary members of the sentence or subordinates, which in turn may have subordinate members of the sentence of the second stage, etc.
The connections that exist between words are expressed in the coordination of the variable parts of speech in number, case, tense, person. If we consider all these connections, then the proposal will appear as a series of chains interconnected and converging to the main members of the proposal. Whole sentences (subordinate clauses) can appear as separate words in these chains. Each of these chains forms a more or less unified group (a common member of a sentence), united by the adjacency of a position in a sentence, emphasis in its meaning and pronunciation (intonation division), etc.
2) Words agreed upon among themselves are usually arranged in a certain order; for example, the subject is placed before the predicate, the definition of the adjective before the determined, the object after the control word, etc. This normal order, more or less free in Russian prose, makes it easier to understand the relationship of the words that make up the sentence. Violation of it causes a feeling of extraordinaryness and requires a special intonation, as if making up for the unusual disorder in the arrangement of words.
3) Certain syntactic constructions have their own meaning. So, we distinguish from the usual affirmative-declarative construction of sentences the construction of interrogative, exclamatory. These constructions are consistent with special shades in the meaning of the main verb.
4) Words arranged in this way, divided into close groups, are formed accordingly in pronunciation. We pronounce each group of words (and sometimes even one word) separately, achieving this isolation with the help of logical stress, which we put on the main, meaningful word of the group, with the help of pauses separating phrases (the role of pauses is also played by delay in pronunciation, i.e. . changing the tempo of pronunciation), and by raising and lowering the voice.
All these moments of pronunciation together make intonation. Intonation plays the same role in pronunciation as punctuation (punctuation) in writing. In many ways, punctuation coincides with intonation, but in many ways it diverges, since when arranging punctuation marks, we proceed from an analysis of the logical and syntactic structure of phrases, and not from an analysis of pronunciation.
Intonation not only shapes a well-defined context, but sometimes attaches special, new meanings to a well-defined context. By intoning the same phrase in different ways, we get special shades of meaning. For example, making logical stresses on one or another word, we can get four options for one sentence “Ivan was at home yesterday”; for example, putting a logical emphasis on "yesterday": "Ivan was at home yesterday", we thereby emphasize that our words refer specifically to yesterday, and not to any other.
The same can be achieved by changing the verbal structure. In colloquial speech, we usually use such non-grammatical intonations that give the context a new meaning. In written speech, where such intonation is difficult to depict, they usually resort to constructions in which the order of words and their meaning completely determine the intonation; however, sometimes this intonational “underlining” is depicted in special fonts: italics, spacing, etc.
Interrogative and exclamatory constructions have special intonation forms. Intonation expresses the emotional content of the sentence; a special kind of emotional intonation is an increased, emphasized pronunciation, called emphasis. Emphatic intonation is characteristic of oratory, from where it is transferred to some types of lyrical works that imitate oratory (ode, etc.).
All these properties of connected speech are closely coordinated with each other. Changing agreement usually requires both a change in word order and changes the meaning of constructions and, consequently, the intonation of pronunciation.
5) It should be noted that the syntactic members of the sentence are not only certain grammatical forms (the predicate is a personal verb, the subject is a noun in the nominative case), but also carry some syntactic meaning. So, the predicate is what expresses the central idea of the message (what is reported), and the subject is the carrier of the action or phenomenon that is reported (what is reported).
Assessing the sentence from the point of view of similar meanings of the members of the sentence, we find in it a psychological predicate and a psychological subject, which generally coincide with the grammatical ones, but may not coincide. Suppose we want to report that the night has already passed. We say - "the morning has come", placing a logical emphasis on the word "it has come." Here the grammatical predicate coincides with the psychological one (“it has come”), as well as the subject (“morning”). But let's rearrange the words - and the logical stress, and the meaning of the words will change - "morning has come." The central word becomes "morning" - a psychological predicate.
(Compare the expression “evening”, as well as the neologism of the era of symbolism “will fade”.) For the formation of a sentence, the presence of a psychological predicate is necessary. Therefore, under certain conditions, one word can make up a whole sentence: “Evening!”, “Fire!”.
It should be noted that not only in relation to the subject and predicate, the question arises about their psychological function, but also in relation to other members of the sentence. Let me explain with an example:
"Sick Ivan works, and healthy Peter sits on the stove." Here "healthy" and "sick" psychologically are not definitions, but circumstances: "Ivan works, despite the fact that he is sick, etc." The psychological role of these words is revealed with a more natural (psychologically) arrangement of words: "Ivan works sick, and Peter sits on the stove healthy."
The order of words, their separation into separate groups, intonation - all this is consistent with the psychological structure of the sentence. When analyzing various syntactic constructions, one should always take into account the moment of psychological connections in a sentence.
An expression can be made tangible by resorting to unusual forms of combining words in a sentence.
Tomashevsky B.V. Theory of Literature. Poetics - M., 1999
POLYMERIC COMPLEX SENTENCES
Theme V
1. Text level: STS, text.
2. Offer level: PP, SP, SSK.
3. The word level is a syntaxeme (SPS is a word in a sentence), a phrase.
Polynomial complex sentences - SME / MchSP.
Complex syntactic constructions - CCK.
The predicative unit is PE.
A simple sentence can be made up of syntaxes or phrases, or formations of both. Complex sentences are made up of simple sentences. From complex sentences , simple sentences and complex syntactic constructions(SSK)add up STS .
Compound sentences are of two types. :
1) Binary complex sentences - consist of two predicative units with one type of connection (coordinating, subordinating or non-union).
2) Polynomial complex sentences - consist of three or more predicative units (PU).
SSK is made up of binary complex sentences. There can be several of these binary sentences, and there are several types of syntactic connection in the SSC. The grass is green, the sun is shining, because spring has come(SSK, since in this construction there is both an allied and a subordinating relationship).
SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES OF SME AND SSC
In modern grammar polynomial complex sentence- this is a type of complex sentence consisting of three or more predicative units connected by one type of syntactic connection.
Complex syntactic construction is a special syntactic unit consisting of binary complex sentences of various types.
SMEs and SSCs have a lot in common. For this reason, not all scientists share them.
Similarities between SMEs and SSCs :
1. Number of predicative units (always many PUs).
2. The complex nature of the thought expressed in them. Possibility highlighting semantic parts in their composition.
For example: 1 It was nice to ride: 2 warm dim day, 3 around many colors and larks, 4 blowing nice light breeze ... (A.P. Chekhov). Before us is a construction consisting of 4 predicative units. This is MchBSP. See the diagram in the notebook! If there were no first part, then with enumerative relations of simultaneity, the selection of semantic parts would be inappropriate (because these are sentences of the same order).
3. Special Uses of Syntactic Links (only in SME and SSK):
a) Confluence of unions. An example from The Blind Musician: 1 Blind knew, 2 what out the window watching the sun and 3 what 4 ifhe will stretch hand at the window 3 then from the bushes dew will fall . What if is a confluence of unions. Communication is coordinative what... and what- but it's not SSP. 1-2 SPP, 1-3 SPP, 3-4 SPP.
b) Skip alliances. Example: 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam and 3need to him get ready . 1-2 SPP,1-3 SPP.
in) Structurally redundant components. 1 days were such blessed,2 Italy such fertile, 3 mood such joyful, 4 what the past seemed like smoke . There are index words in three parts. 4 - adverbial adverbial degree (good to what extent?). 1-4, 2-4, 3-4 are SPPs, but 1, 2, 3 also interact with each other (1-2, 2-3 are BSPs). This is a complex syntactic construction. In this SSC, there are more binary SPs than predicative units (PP - 4, and SP - 5).
d) SMEs and SSCs have alliances with different scope (high-low-mid / high-low). 1 To him seemed, 2 what they were all busy only those(explain) , 3 what thoroughly concealed their ignorance and dissatisfaction with life(explanatory / local-relative), and 4 myself he, 5 to not extradite them their anxiety(infinitive sentence, adverbial purpose), 4 Nice smiled and spoke about trifles. It is possible to single out two semantic parts: CSO between the parts is connecting, CSO is causal (=connective-resultant, because part 2 is the result of what is done in the first). Unions usually have a high range of action, usually connecting (composing), which connect semantic parts. Unions that attach blocks or chains of subordinate clauses have an average range of action.(ex. union what joins the second and third parts to the first). Alliances that attach one PU to another have a low range of action(union to attaches the subordinate 5 to the main 4). In each construction, these can be different unions.
e) SMEs and SSCs often use double alliances (if…then, when…then, because…what). In binary sentences, they are also used, but much less frequently. In polynomial constructions, they are used more often in order to clearly show the relationship between the main and subordinate parts. See the example from The Blind Musician above.
4. Only in polynomial constructions and SSC there is such a phenomenon as complication of subordination . This is the feature that makes them similar to each other. Types of complicated subordination: parallel, serial, homogeneous.
a) Sequential or chain submission - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which a subordinate clause is attached to the main clause, this subordinate clause becomes the main one for the next one. Example: 1 What say normal people, 2 ifthey will hear, 3 what Mr Einstein six years thought about emptiness 4 which (both the conjunction word and the subject) nobody not interesting . This can be called a chain of adjectives. It is possible to distinguish degrees of dependence of subordinate clauses.
b) Homogeneous submission - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main, which are attached to the main one by one type of subordination(all with determinant or conditional or double subordination) and belong to the same semantic type(all explanatory, adverbial). Usually they are also joined by the same means of communication (conjunction as), but this is not necessary! Example: 1 I want to tell, 2 as beautiful flowering meadow early morning, 3 as in rough grass leaves accumulates crystal a drop dew, 4 what (joint word) bright should in the meadow from your feet, 5 as good ordinary in the rays of the sun horsetail . All subordinate clauses are joined by a verbal connection, all are explanatory. 2, 3, 4, 5 form a block of adnexal, they are homogeneous. Homogeneous into a block, the latter - into a chain with degrees of dependence.
in) Heterogeneous / parallel subordination - this is a type of complicated subordinating relationship, in which two or more subordinate clauses belong to one main clause, which differently attached to the main part(for example: one by a conditional connection, the other by a determinant one), and subordinate clauses belong to different semantic types. An example of such a design: 1 When I and Belokurov walked near the house, 2 suddenly moved in spring into the yard stroller, 3 in which (associative word) sat our old friend . If the subordinate clauses are both circumstantial (one place, the other time), both are joined by a determinant connection, then they are considered as homogeneous, and not as heterogeneous. Sometimes it can be considered as heterogeneous. For Gogolina T.V. these are homogeneous clauses (because the connection is the same).
*d) Exists transitional type between homogeneous and heterogeneous subordination . Not all scientists agree with the concept of "transitional type". That's what Babaitseva calls him. Some scholars consider heterogeneous and parallel subordination as two independent types of subordination. For the transitional type, they use the term "parallel subordination". 1 I knew, 2 what soon exam and 1 constantly thought,3 what it's time (state category word) to begin to him get ready . They refer to different words. In terms of structure, this is a heterogeneous subordination, but in terms of semantics (because the subordinate clauses are the same), this is a homogeneous subordination. The second type is parallel subordination.
*e) Contaminated type of complicated subordination , involving the combination of previous types of subordination in different versions. "Anna Karenina": 1 Now She understood,2 what Annane could have been in purple and 3 what (confluence of unions) her charm is exactly in (SIS), 4 what it's brighter your outfit, 5 what outfit never cannot be seen on it. There are two blocks of homogeneous subordinate clauses. Types of complicated subordination: 2 and 3 belong to 1 - this is a homogeneous subordination, 4 and 5 belong to the 3rd - this is also a homogeneous subordination. 1->3->4; 1->3->5 is sequential subordination. Thus, there is a contaminated / combined type of complicated subordinating relationship, because there is both homogeneous and consistent subordination.
The difference between SMEs and SSCs is one :in a polynomial complex sentence, only one type of syntactic connection is always used, and in SSK there are always several of them .
The division of complex sentences into polynomial, SSK and others began in the 50s of the XX century. This was discussed in detail. They singled out complex sentences of a binary type and sentences with a large number of components (this group was called differently). Tutorial released Alexander Nikolaevich Gvozdev . He singled out complex sentences with composition and submission. The textbook came out a little later. Vera Arsentievna Beloshapkova . V.A. Beloshapkova called such proposals "complex sentences of a complicated type". The textbook came out later. A.G. Rudneva . He called them "complex sentences of mixed construction". In the 70s of the XX century, many textbooks and various terminological designations appeared at once:
a) Leonard Yurievich Maksimov (classmate of Demidova KI). He used the term "polynomial complex sentence".
b) In the traditional school textbook (Maksimova, Kryuchkov), the term "SP with different types of communication" appeared, in parallel there was the term "SP with several subordinate clauses".
c) At the same time, a textbook by Nina Sergeevna Valgina was published, which proposed the term "complex syntactic constructions". This term has become entrenched in science.
Anna Nikolaevna Chesnokova and Galina Ivanova Tretnikova - textbook, collection "Synthesizing tasks in grammar" (70s - early 80s). A.N. Chesnokova and G.I. Tretnikova wrote an article that describes the SSC according to 4 criteria (structure, semantics, function and style). Both N.S. Valgina, and G.I. Tretnikova, and Chesnokova under the SSC understood any sentences in which there are more than three predicative units.
In the latest textbooks (90s - early 2000s) it is customary to divide into SMEs and SSCs (but Dibrova does not assume such a division), in P.A. Lekant’s textbook SMEs and SSCs are separated (but not described in great detail). In the last textbook by N.S. Valgina there is a division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions.
AT school grammar there is no rigid, formal division into polynomial complex sentences and complex syntactic constructions, there are not even such terms, but in fact such a division exists in school grammar. The terms proposed by Kryuchkov and Maksimov exist to this day. A complex syntactic construction in a school textbook is called a complex sentence with different types of connection, and among polynomial complex sentences, NGNs with different types of clauses are distinguished. JV school classification:
2. NGN (MsNPP - NGN with several clauses)
4. SPS with different types of communication (= SSK)
*About the school. In NGN with several subordinate clauses, complex types of subordination are used. Types of complicated connection:
1) Consistent submission.
2) Parallel subordination: homogeneous / heterogeneous subordination. Parallel is opposed to sequential, and for this it stands out. In many manuals that come out in addition to the textbook, they try to abandon the term parallel subordination. And soon it will be like this: consistent, homogeneous, heterogeneous submission.
Complex syntactic constructions are polynomial complex sentences with different types of syntactic connection, for example, coordinating and subordinating, coordinating and non-union, etc. Such sentences are sometimes called mixed-type sentences.
Sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connections usually consist of two (at least) logically and structurally distinguishable parts or several, among which there may be complex sentences. However, as a rule, the main parts have the same type of connection (coordinative or non-union).
For example, in the sentence, the Mechik did not look back and did not hear the chase, but he knew that they were chasing him, and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him, and he ran even faster (Fad .) four parts:
a) The sword did not look back and did not hear the chase;
b) but he knew that they were chasing him;
c) and when three shots rang out one after another and a volley rang out, it seemed to him that they were shooting at him;
d) and he started even faster.
All these parts are connected by compositional relations, but within the parts there is subordination (see parts b and c).
The syntactic unit of the text is the period. A classic example is Lermontov's "When the yellowing field is agitated."
When the yellowing field worries,
And the fresh forest rustles at the sound of the breeze,
And the crimson plum hides in the garden
Under the shade of a sweet green leaf;
When sprayed with fragrant dew,
Ruddy evening or morning at a golden hour,
From under the bush I silver lily of the valley
He nods his head amiably;
When the cold key plays in the ravine
And, plunging the thought into some kind of vague dream,
Babbling me a mysterious saga
About the peaceful land, from where he rushes, -
Then the anxiety of my soul humbles itself,
Then the wrinkles on the forehead diverge, -
And I can comprehend happiness on earth,
And in the sky I see God.
The period is a complex syntactic and rhythmic-intonational formation. The main feature of its structure is the presence of two parts, usually unequal in volume (the first significantly exceeds the second), with different melody and rhythm. The first part is pronounced in a higher tone (with a strong increase to a pause), an accelerated tempo; as a rule, it is divided into rhythmic segments. The second part, after a pause, is pronounced with a sharp decrease in tone, the rhythm slows down. Rhythm is maintained by the parallel structure of the components of the first part, the repetition of prepositions, and lexical repetitions.
According to the syntactic structure, the period is diverse; it can take the form of a joint venture (one of the types or a complex structure) or a common, complicated simple one, or a text consisting of a number of sentences. In other words, a period is not so much a syntactic structure as a rhythmic stylistic figure.
Complex syntactic constructions are combinations of parts with heterogeneous syntactic links. These are combined types of offers; they are diverse in terms of possible combinations of parts in them, however, for all their diversity, they lend themselves to a fairly clear and definite classification.
Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:
- Composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, he was delighted, “ioogdir the driver appeared at the door and reported (ftd) the car was ready (K. Simonov).
For some reason, we all remembered, YashD) our Belikov is not married, @ now it seemed strange to us, lt;ftdgt; we have so far ... completely overlooked such an important detail in his life (A. Chekhov).
| , and | ||
| I | ||
| (what...) | (what...) |
Zuev shone with a flashlight, (YD) the light kept dimming, @ Zuev extinguished it, Dtobr save the last glimpse of fire as a last resort (K. Paustovsky).
and
but
(to...),
I began to dine in the people's kitchen, from the former luxury I only had this servant who still served my father and whom it would be painful for me to dismiss (A. Chekhov).
(which...) and (which...)
- Composition and unionless connection: I have a direction to another part, (§а) I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant (E. Kazakevich).
| | |
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| | . | |||
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There was not a soul on the street and near the dachas: the old summer residents were already going to bed, the young ones were walking in the grove (A. Chekhov). 
But reading, apparently, does not occupy her well: she drops the book and picks it up again, puts it on her knees and wants to cut the sheets with her head pin, but the sheets are torn and the book falls (N. Leskov).
and
but
Corncrakes scream in the bushes, quails beat, bitterns hum, the first stars burn, and the dawn smolders over the distances and fogs for a long time (K. Paustovsky).
a
, [
- Submission and non-union connection: In the forest, on a walk, sometimes, thinking about my work, I am seized by philosophical delight: it seems, b^rdtr) you decide the conceivable fate of all mankind (M. Prishvin).
says let
In science it is necessary to repeat the lessons, then it is good to remember them; in morality it is necessary to remember mistakes well, lt; ^ not to repeat them (V. Klyuchevsky).
Whoever has done a good deed, let the one for whom it was done be silent (Seneca).
There could be no doubt about that. Dtfeto was exactly that: orange-yellow glasses peacefully shone on his head (M. Sholokhov).
- Composition, submission and unionless connection: She listened and looked into his face: her eyes were sad, intelligent,® it was clear, lt;$td) she wants to say something to him (A. Chekhov).
| 5 | ||
| | 1 (what...) |
|
Litvinov experienced a sensation similar to that which takes possession of a person, Skogdyuon looks down from a high tower: his whole inside froze, his head was spinning quietly and cloyingly (I. Turgenev).
, and
(which...)
(when...)
And so the vigil ended, everyone quietly dispersed, The distance was again dark and empty, @ the very silence came, which happens only at stations standing alone in a field or in a forest (A. Chekhov).
and
and
}
