What is an active life position, a socially active person? There is no simple answer to this seemingly simple question. These expressions take on many different meanings. Therefore, the answers may be different - depending on the position, field of activity, experience of the respondent.

Our first interlocutor was a teacher from one of the Cherepovets schools with twenty years of teaching experience (at the request of our interlocutor, we will not name him).

- An active life position is what everyone is talking about, but which is difficult to articulate. We would like it to be always a positive activity, taking the form of collectivism, camaraderie, the ability to make friends and be true to your friends. Maybe such social activity is just kindness, compassion, humanity. This means that we must all educate our children together.

But talking about kindness and humanity in the framework of the school curriculum is not so easy. After all, as a rule, practically the only traditional school course where issues of morality and humanism are discussed directly and in a system is the literature course. But with him, just all the time, the reformers of education are trying to get rid of him, then they strive to reduce everything, then to simplify ...

You also need to take into account the context: television and the Internet, computer games and social networks. By themselves, they are wonderful and useful. But after all, we can’t seriously say that it is humanity that is instilled in computer “shooters” and “walkers”? The world around appears tough, sometimes cruel. Does such a world prepare for the real challenges of being a teenager? Huge question. Therefore, we need joint efforts to humanize our education, to strengthen the role and place of those few humanitarian subjects that are able to give patterns of behavior or, at least, make you think about the eternal questions of good and evil, responsibility and love.

A person who perceives the world through the prism of these issues is a socially active person, a person who sympathizes and empathizes.

What's next? Behind the walls of the school for most of the current graduates are university audiences. The student is a special category, the most active in public opinion. Is this so, we ask our next interlocutor, director of the Humanitarian Institute of the ChSU, Professor Alexandra Chernova.

I'll try to narrow down the issue. Probably, we are not interested in youthful physiology, which gives rise to many activities, including social ones ... There is nothing to say about it, in general. Except, perhaps, one thing: there is an opinion of sociologists, according to which we live in an era when childhood disappears again ... Before the 18th century, there was no childhood as such, and there was no child, there was a small adult, who was treated differently in different cultures and different faiths. differently. And childhood was invented by enlighteners.

Today, childhood is disappearing in a different direction - it does not want to stop, and, on the one hand, social infantilism is developing, on the other, entire subcultures, like adults who consciously do not want to grow up.

There is an important factor. The entire modern global industry of meanings and signs is aimed at fighting age. Consumer culture needs active consumers with the insatiability of youth and with a tight wallet and plastic cards of people of age.

The university is a special place where the most current trends and emerging trends intertwine. Why about adulthood and childhood? Because, in my opinion, an active life position has only one reliable basis - independence and self-sufficiency. Independence is always a responsibility. Willingness to take risks and avoid overprotection. Fascinated by creativity, hobbies, their first job, love, freedom and lack of school parental control, a sense of adulthood, are the guys themselves ready to cope with the fact that they, using slang, “screwed up”?

The good news is that there are more and more of those who are ready. And the resulting pair at the state exam does not turn into a "lost year", but a successful career in the distribution network and the successful passing of the state in a year. Or passion for the profession makes you start and quit one program and specialty after another. But after three or four “re-admissions”, the talented guy managed to internally discipline himself and successfully combine study and work. This is an example of positive life activity: responsibility for oneself, one's destiny.

And that means real adulthood. Young people should have the right to make some mistakes, to make their own decisions, to make their own free choice. It's their right and it's okay. Can it be taught? Hardly. But to promote the formation of social norms, to prepare and help, in my opinion, the education system is simply obliged.

But what do professional sociologists think about the problem of social activity? For an answer, let's turn to an authoritative researcher of the social problems of the region, head of the department of sociology and social technologies of the Humanitarian Institute of the Chechen State University Albina Fur.

- An active life position means an indifferent attitude to what is happening around. That is, not just acceptance, but also active participation in solving those problems that arise not only in oneself, but precisely in society, in the world around. Everything starts with the family. But society, as a macro environment, must also form an active life position or influence its formation. That is, precisely those actions that can be designated as an active life position should be stimulated and encouraged: to take the initiative, not to remain silent, not to pass indifferently past socially dangerous cases.

Now an individual style of life is welcomed. But this individuality, the inner world must be directed to the correction of society. Fundamental changes are needed: the inclusion of young people in solving pressing issues, not only their own, but such as communal problems, problems of education, that is, it is about how they live, what they are included in.

I would also like to note the following thing: the school should play a big role in this issue, not only from the point of view of knowledge, but also from the point of view of creating an environment where the child sees examples of indifference.

To what end do we come? Social activity and an active life position are a sign of growing up. But in order for them to form and develop, conditions are needed, the position of society is needed ... The search for a young person must meet with understanding. Naturally, if it is not dangerous to others. It's great when there are many options for self-realization. The difficulty is that this formation takes place in real life, among real people. But there's nothing you can do about it: after all, you can't learn to swim on the shore.

Alexander Valentinov

Social activity is manifested when the degree of involvement of the individual in the system of social relations is high. If the degree of involvement of the individual in solving social problems is low, then social passivity takes place. Social activity characterizes the activity of the individual in its enhanced, solid form. Social passivity characterizes inactivity or extremely weakly expressed activity.

Social activity is manifested in activity. And activity in its orientation can be progressive or conservative, or combining elements of progressive and conservative at the same time. The combination of these elements can be very different: elements of a progressive order may predominate, or elements of a conservative order may predominate. If elements of a progressive order predominate, then activity, and at the same time social activity, will be progressive in its direction, but if elements of a conservative order predominate, then activity, and consequently social activity, will be conservative.

The concept of "social activity" can be understood in two senses. Firstly, as a process of everyday human interaction with the environment, the direct participation of the individual in creating comfortable living conditions, the presence of initiative in the search for the most appropriate methods and means of self-realization, self-affirmation. Secondly, as a quality designed to ensure the everyday nature of the implementation various forms of manifestation of social activity , the most typical of which are amateur-creative, cognitive-labor, self-educational (self-educational), self-cognitive, communicative, educational and educational, socio-cultural, social-organizational.

Amateur-creative a form of social activity finds its expression in the presence of a certain level of understanding by a person of the importance, essence of the facts of the surrounding reality, the disclosure of cause-and-effect relationships and relationships between objects, phenomena, the desire to master the system of knowledge about the world and about one's "I", the consistent formation and development of conviction the need to transform society. This form of social activity involves the daily participation of a person in the life of a collective (group), institution, organization, combined with personal responsibility for achieving positive results; manifestation of independence in decision-making and readiness to adequately comprehend the best experience of activity; realization of the ability to critically assess their successes and shortcomings, the ability to correct practical efforts to solve certain problems.

Cognitive labor a form of social activity is an expression of the internal readiness and ability of the individual to accumulate knowledge in the field of professional activity, improve skills and abilities in applying innovative approaches to the performance of functional duties. Labor is perceived by a person as a process and result of mastering new ways to ensure the success of solving problems of social existence, material well-being, and prospects for personal development. This form of social activity is based on the manifestation of the most important need of the individual in self-actualization.

self-educational and self-educational forms of social activity of the individual, in fact, reflect the motivation of any person in satisfying their intellectual needs. The features of the implementation of such forms lie in the individual's desire to acquire a new (updated) status of social life, increase the level of self-esteem, and expand opportunities for self-affirmation in society. Incentives in the constant manifestation of this kind of social activity can be the "involvement" of the pupil in a joint, collective, educational, social work; giving a person the opportunity to demonstrate his best actions and sides of character.

self-knowledge the form of social activity is reflected in the very essence of a person, in his desire to identify the strengths and weaknesses of his "I", the need for self-identification, professional self-determination, in the search for the meaning of life. This form of activity reveals a harmonious combination of the interests of the individual with the interests of the people around him, society as a whole. Self-knowledge is inextricably linked with the process of education and upbringing. Moreover, the cognitive activity of students is an indispensable component of the process of self-knowledge, the transformation of this knowledge into the field of practical socially useful activity.

Communicative the form of social activity is associated with the presence of skills and abilities to establish and maintain a person’s relationships with other people, with the desire to belong to a group, to be understood and accepted by others, the willingness and desire for cooperation, interaction. This form of activity is the most important condition for ensuring the success of the joint solution of problems of practical activity. Communicative activity provides for the formation and development of a culture of speech, a positive experience of relationships.

Educational and educational the form of social activity of the individual is an expression of the individual's motives to satisfy the need for obtaining new information, information about ongoing events, phenomena of the surrounding reality. The source of this kind of activity is educational activity; mass media; independent work with printed sources (literature). This form of social activity is characterized by the personal interests and needs of a person, the realization of the right to freedom of choice of occupations, and the pronounced individuality of his socio-psychological constitution.

Socio-cultural the form of social activity of a person is determined by the objective belonging of a person to a specific historical and cultural community, which contains a set of spiritual and moral values, norms and rules of behavior, priority images of self-expression, communication. This kind of activity reflects the corresponding "age" subculture: children, adolescents, parents, representatives of various types of professional activities, and expresses the nature of the individual's attitude to the surrounding reality.

Public-organizational form of social activity. Most people are members of one or another association, corporate union. Collective formations have such features as a commonality of interests and needs, a natural and social basis, and a certain organizational structure. It is a clear organization of activities, communication, relationships that provide a comprehensive formation of personality. Due to such circumstances, the social-organizational form of activity becomes one of the leading ones for modern society.

One of the most significant forms of manifestation of the social-organizational form of social activity is the civic activity of the individual.

At the present stage of development of Russian society, it is of great importance civic engagement – a form of self-realization and self-activity of the individual as a full-fledged member and subject of civil society, expressed in his conscious and purposeful participation in social transformations, in the protection and expansion of economic, political, social and other rights (freedoms), in maintaining the integrity of society and its institutions.

Civic activity refers to a special type of social activity of the individual. This concept also characterizes a historically determined quality of social activity, namely, the degree of intensity of the implementation of labor activity or the measure of the realization of the labor forces of a person, as well as the form of amateur activity corresponding to it.

Civil activity of the individual is manifested in all spheres of life of modern society. In the economic field, it is implemented in the form of resolving labor conflicts, concluding mutually beneficial deals and developing partnerships. In the political sphere, it acts in the form of citizens' participation in public administration. In the spiritual and ideological field, civic activity is carried out in alternative forms of educational, scientific, religious and artistic activities of people. In the field of social reproduction, it is presented in the form of various organizations and movements advocating a healthy lifestyle, nature and environment protection, the rights of motherhood and childhood, family development, support for the elderly, and the preservation of ethnic minorities.

Thus, by showing social activity, a person creates or destroys what exists in the world, contributes to the establishment of a new one or tries to preserve the obsolete, old; reflects, copies, reproduces or, by reproducing, distorts the existing manifestations of the world and the world in its entirety.

The concept of social activity and its essence

This article discusses the positions of scientists, teachers, sociologists, philosophers, psychologists on the content of the concept of "social activity". Based on the analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, the author clarifies the concept of social activity of students. Key words

The term "social activity" in the conditions of the formation of the post-non-classical scientific picture of the world has fundamentally entered the system of concepts of a number of social sciences - the humanities: pedagogy, sociology, psychology, philosophy. The term "social activity" is interpreted very controversially, despite the mass distribution, in the scientific literature there is ambiguity in the definition of this term. This is due to the complexity of the concept itself, as well as the variety of manifestations of forms and types of "social activity".

Considering the problem of the development of students' social activity, it is impossible not to focus on the paradigm chain "activity - social activity - student social activity".

V.S. Mukhina, outlining in her book the phenomenology and development of the self-awareness of the individual, postulates that the social activity of the individual is based on three hypostases: worldview - obligation - will.

N.N. Bashaev, using a systematic approach, studying and revealing the integrity of the phenomenon of social activity of the individual, defined it as a special, integral quality of a person, as the highest form of human activity and as his ability to change the surrounding reality, the world to act consciously. At the same time, ideas about this phenomenon were synthesized, which ensured its functioning of the components, which consisted in determining the essence of social activity, the characteristics of its sources and conditions of functioning.

From this we can conclude that social activity is the highest form of activity.

Social activity manifests itself as a special quality, as the ability to act consciously, as the ability not only to adapt to external reality, but also to change it, that is, to adapt the environment to one's interests, and in this interaction with the environment, the individual changes himself.

V.Z. Kogan gives the following definition of social activity - this is the conscious and purposeful activity of the individual and its holistically social and psychological qualities, which, being dialectically interdependent, determine and characterize the degree or measure of the subject's personal impact on the object, processes and phenomena of the surrounding reality. In our opinion, it is a detailed and realizing the main meaning of social activity.

There is an interpretation of social activity based on a general philosophical understanding of the active role of the subject in interaction with society, through which the subject cognizes, transforms social reality and himself.

Pedagogical science this concept is considered from different positions.

In recent years, in pedagogical science, the concept of "social activity" has been considered from different positions and has undergone changes.

Social activity can be considered in two polar dimensions - as positive and as negative. Traditionally, psychology discusses social activity as a conscious focus on changing circumstances, other people and the individual himself for the benefit of society, as a responsibility for changing circumstances. It is in this form that positive activity manifests itself. However, socially dangerous personalities, alienated from humanity in general and from any person standing in the way, are also formed in human society, who also create and change circumstances, have reflection, act consciously, anticipating the results of their actions. But in their orientation they are asocial, devoid of a sense of responsibility for people. Asocial forms of influence on society should be attributed to negative social activity.

There is also social passivity, as the antipode of social activity is expressed in the alienation of a person from social ideals and tasks, which is manifested in a decrease in social satisfaction and labor activity, in indifference to socio-political problems, in the consumer style of leisure. The growth of social activity in society is not carried out automatically, but involves purposeful social stimulation of this process.

Social activity in the psychological aspect can be defined through: motives of behavior, semantic systems, value orientations, its specific focus on solving social problems, in the ability of a person to be represented in others, to continue oneself in others. “Personality,” as A.B. Petrovsky - acts as an ideal representation of the individual in other people, as his "other existence" in them (and, by the way, in himself as a "friend"), as his personalization. The most important feature of a person is to find a second life that has its own dynamics in other people, to produce lasting changes in them.

The scientist's idea that representation in other people is a measure of the personal in a person, and hence the measure of his social activity, is understandable to us. Psychological research is aimed at revealing specific mechanisms for the functioning of a socially active person, depending on the requirements of society and the criteria set by it.

Social activity is associated with the transformation of interest into a factor of action, with cognition and goal setting. From the standpoint of philosophy, this is a concept that "reflects the nature of the functioning of individuals and social groups in society."

In the philosophical dictionary edited by I.T. Frolova social activity is a concept that reflects the functioning of an individual in society and is associated with the transformation of interest into an action factor, with cognition, goal-setting and transformation of reality, due to the active nature of a person, the contradiction between the conditions of existence and the objective needs of the individual and is aimed at eliminating the discrepancy between needs and conditions human being.

Sociology considers social activity as a property of the individual, its ability to transform both the natural and social environment for its existence. The social activity of the individual and its change are influenced by internal and external factors. Internal factors include the natural and genetic characteristics of the individual, his character, level of socialization, culture, consciousness, needs, etc. All this is closely related. External factors include factors of the surrounding social and natural environment in which the person functions.

N.F. Tretyakov, on the basis of data from sociological studies, showed that the social activity of a person in one type of activity rebuilds its internal structure to master other types of activity. The personality finds ever new spheres and forms of application of its forces, blocking individual links of activity in order to strengthen those areas where the need for a measure of social activity is more urgent.

In philosophical, sociological, psychological and pedagogical studies, social and social activity most often acts as synonyms (V.F. Bekhterev, K.A. Abulkhanova - Slavskaya). Under the social activity of V.F. Bekhterev understands the quality of the individual, which is manifested in the consciousness of the need for socially significant activities and in the readiness for this activity, in the ability to act disinterestedly for the common good.

According to K.A. Abulkhanova - Slavskaya, the social activity of a person is manifested in his attitude to activity and consists in the ability to put forward new social tasks and deeds, take responsibility for their solution, etc. .

The concept of "social activity" today is interpreted in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, social activity is understood as a quality that reflects the level of a person's sociality, i.e. its connection with the social whole, willingness to act in the interests of society, the depth of acceptance of public interests. And in a narrow sense, social activity is understood as the quality of a person, expressing its connection with a certain social community.

The essence of social activity lies in a creative attitude to the world, which is objectified in positive activity. This point of view is shared by many scholars. For example, E.A. Anufriev, in his book "Social Activity of the Personality", revealing the concept of a moral personality, the nature of moral relations and their role in the formation of a human character, tracing the essential stages and factors of the moral education of young people, defines social activity as a conscious, creative attitude to life, as a deep and complete self-realization personality .

Consequently, a creative attitude to life presupposes the presence of personality traits such as high culture and morality, knowledge and worldview.

L.M. Arkhangelsky, in his book, considering the concept of a moral personality, the nature of moral relations and their role in the formation of a human character, considers social activity as a goal and means of personality development and as creative activity.

Also, the social activity of the individual is defined by different authors in different ways: as a kind of measure of activity in society; measure of direction of activity; the activity itself; the total ability of the subject to a variety of active relations with objective reality.

NOT. Vorobyov expresses the opinion that "... social activity in its general sociological understanding is an attribute of a social subject, a subjective social cause, a source, a basis for all its social qualities, properties, its entire social structure, moreover, its very social being ...".

In this case, "social activity is the degree, the measure of an individual's involvement in the system of social relations, an indicator of his participation in all types of social activities."

Sociologists G.E. Zborovsky and G.P. Orlov give the following definition: "Social activity is an integrative characteristic of social, purposeful human activity associated with the transformation of the social environment and the formation of social qualities of the individual."

In our study, we will take this definition of the concept of "social activity" as the basic one.

In all spheres of life of society, a person can be socially active. The social activity of the individual can be divided into: labor, political, social activity in the field of spiritual life, other types of social activity.

The main types of social activity can be divided into subspecies. In certain areas of life and activities, a person can be more socially active than in others.

All types and subspecies of social activity, as well as spheres of public life, are interconnected. Scientists involved in the problem of personality: T. Parsons, C. Cooley, Z. Freud, G. Hegel, P. Sorokin, P. Lavrov, N. Mikhailovsky, M. Weber and others.

Also, a concept close to our understanding of social activity is a social initiative. Under the social initiative, many authors understand activities aimed at transforming the sociocultural environment in the interests of harmonizing the sociocultural field.

Table 1 summarizes the authors' various interpretations of the concept of "social activity".

Table 1

The concept of "social activity" from the perspective of various authors

Definition of the concept of "social activity"

Social activity - specialquality , as the ability to act consciously, as the ability not only to adapt to external reality, but also to change it, that is, to adapt the environment to one’s interests, and in this interaction with the environmentpersonality changes itself.

I.Ch. Christ's

Social activity is conscious and purposefulpersonality activity and its holistic socio-psychologicalquality , which, being dialectically interdependent, determine and characterize the degree or measure of personal impactsubject on the subject, processes and phenomena of the surrounding reality.

V.Z. Kogan

Social activity is an attribute of the socialsubject , subjective social cause, source, basis of all its socialqualities , properties, its entire social structure, moreover, its very social being.

NOT. Vorobyov

Social activity is a concept that reflects the functioning of an individual in society and is associated with the transformation of interest into a factor of action, with knowledge, goal-setting and transformation of reality, due to the active nature of a person, the contradiction between the conditions of existence and objective needs.personalities and is aimed at eliminating the discrepancy between the needs and conditions of human existence.

I.T. Frolov

Social activity is a form of dialectical connection of a person with the surrounding reality, in interaction with which both reality and the person himself change.

S.L. Rubinstein

Social activity - can be defined through the motives of behavior, semantic systems, value orientations, its specific focus on solving social problems, in the ability

personality to be represented in others, continuation of oneself in others.

A.B. Petrovsky

Social activity - socio-political activity, which is a complex moral and volitional quality, which organically combines interest in social work, responsibility in carrying out assignments, diligence and initiative, exactingness to oneself and comrades, willingness to help others in the performance of public assignments, the presence of organizational skills.

N.V. Savin

Social activity manifests itself as a special quality, as the ability to act consciously, as the ability not only to adapt to external reality, but also to change it, that is, to adapt the environment to one's interests, and in this interaction with the environment, the individual changes himself.

I.Ch. Christ's

Based on the generalized data of the listed definitions of the concept of "social activity" presented in the table, we conducted a content analysis and identified general trends (social activity is an integrative quality of a person as a subject of activity) and propose the following definition of the concept of "social activity".

Social activity is an integrative quality and an independent, proactive, purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at conscious interaction with the social environment, carried out in the process of internal (mental) and external (practical) activities to transform oneself and the socio-cultural environment in accordance with the interests of society.

We believe that the essence of social activity cannot be determined without considering the relationship between activity and activity.

Different opinions of researchers on the relationship between the concepts of "activity" and "activity" can be divided into the following groups:

social activity is identified with activity;

In our study, we are of the opinion that these categories are related as a whole to a part, social activity is realized in the worldview and activity of the subject.

Social activity can be considered in several aspects: on the one hand, as a result of the influence of the social environment, and on the other hand, as a factor that determines this environment.

Social activity is an indicator of a person's purposefulness. At the same time, it would be wrong to consider social activity only as a “property” or “sign” of an individual. This is an indicator of the social essence of the individual. Forms of manifestation and goals, and all other features of social activity are generated by society, the social environment in which the personality is formed. In this sense, social activity is an indicator of the degree of socialization of the individual, characteristic of the corresponding social communities and social groups. It should be emphasized that social activity is not just an adaptation of the individual to certain conditions, it is mainly aimed at their transformation, carried out purposefully and in an organized manner. The transformation of social conditions is one of the most important indicators of a person's social activity.

Social activity can be carried out in various forms, not only as an individual, but also as a group, collective, organizational, aimed at realizing the possibilities and interests of certain social communities. The social significance of social activity is determined by its content and direction, by the extent to which it meets the objective interests and needs of society in a strategic perspective. It is also important in what sphere of public life a person manifests it. The main areas of social activity are socio-political, educational and professional activities and labor activities, which provide the widest opportunities for creative and effective work, for social initiatives, participation in the management of production and society, in the formation of new social norms and values. At the same time, the sphere of leisure necessary for the development of the individual is not replaceable in its significance.

Having considered the phenomenology of the concepts of "activity" and "social activity" from the pedagogical, philosophical, psychological, sociological points of view, we can conclude that the authors often correlate the components of social activity with each other as a whole and a part: the unity of the subjective and objective sides, quality and property, activity and action, initiative and activity, etc.

As follows from the analysis of the literature, there are diverse, conflicting points of view of various authors on the essence of these concepts and to reveal that scientists do not have unity of positions in defining social activity and understanding its essence.

This is evidence that the conceptual apparatus of the problem of social activity of the individual is still far from its final definition.

By the term "activity" we mean a complex, generalized concept that expresses not the activity itself, but its level and nature. As an attribute of the actor, it affects both the process of goal-setting, and the creation of motivation, and the choice of methods of activity.

We understand social activity as an integrative quality and independent, proactive, purposeful activity of the individual, aimed at conscious interaction with the social environment, carried out in the process of internal (mental) and external (practical) activities to transform oneself and the socio-cultural environment in accordance with the interests of society.

The main types of social activity can be divided into subspecies. In certain areas of life and activities, a person can be more socially active than in others. All types and subspecies of social activity, as well as spheres of public life, are interconnected. Social activity can be carried out in various forms, not only as an individual, but also as a group, collective, organizational, aimed at realizing the possibilities and interests of certain social communities.

The main areas of social activity are socio-political, educational and professional activities and labor activities, which provide the widest opportunities for creative and effective work, for social initiatives, participation in the management of production and society, in the formation of new social norms and values.

There are as many types of social activity as there are types of social activity.

Bibliographic list of used literature

Abramova N.T. Scope of activity and level of activity / N.T. Abramova // Questions of Philosophy. - 1970. - No. 9. - S. 75 - 85.

Abulkhanova-Slavskaya K. A. Activity and psychology of personality. M.: 1980. - 334 p. - With. 39.

Anufriev E.A. Social activity of the individual / E.A. Anufriev. Moscow: Knowledge, 1969. - 37 p.

Arefieva G.S. Social activity / G.S. Arefieva. - M.: Higher school, 1974. - 142 p.

Arkhangelsky L.M. Socio-ethical problems of the theory of personality / L.M. Arkhangelsky M.: Thought, 1974. - 222 p.

Bashaev N. N. The role of physical education in the formation of social activity of social activity of students: dis. … cand. ped. Sciences / N.N. Bashaev.- L., 1979. - p. 21.

Bekhterev V.F. Education of social activity of students: Textbook. Krasnoyarsk, 1985.- p. 12.

Vorobyov N.E. To the question of the criteria for social activity / N.E. Vorobyov. - Volgograd, 1976.- p. 8-29.- p. 9.

Zborovsky G.E., Orlov G.P. Sociology. Textbook for humanitarian universities. - M.: Inter-praks, 1995. - 320 p.

Kogan V.Z. Social activity of the individual as a socio-psychological problem: Abstract of the thesis. dis. cand. psychol. Sciences. M., 1970. -22 p.

Brief Dictionary of Sociology / Ed. D.M. Gvishiani, N.I. Lapin; Compiled by E.M. Korsheva, N.F. Naumov. - Politizdat, 1989.-479 p.- p. eight.

Kupreychenko A.B. The problem of defining and evaluating social activity // Psychology of individuality. Proceedings of the IV All-Russian Scientific Conference. M.: Logos, 2012.

Mukhina V.S. Developmental psychology: developmental phenomenology, childhood, adolescence: A textbook for students. universities. - 4th ed., stereotype. / Mukhina V.S. M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 1999.

Nikitina L.E. Forecasting the development of the educational situation // Pedagogy. 2006. - No. 10. With. 28-36.

Olesich N.Ya., V.I. Lenin and the revolutionary students of Russia / N.Ya. Olesich - M., 1982. - 89 p.

Petrovsky A.V. Personality. Activity. Team / A. V. Petrovsky. - M.: Politizdat, 1982. - 255 p.

Semenov. V.E. Value orientations of modern youth / V.E. Semenov// Sociological research. - 2007. - No. 4. - p. 37-43.

Social activity of a specialist: origins and mechanism of formation /sociological analysis/. Kyiv, 1983. - p. 5.

Social activity [Electronic resource] / Philosophical Dictionary. - Access mode: http://www.edudic.ru/fil/1160/# - Access date: 09/10/2012.

Tokareva E.M. Sociology: Lecture notes / E.M. Tokarev. M.: MIEMP, 2005.- 70 p.

Tolochek V.A. Styles of professional activity / V.A. Tolochek. -M.: Meaning, 2000. - 199 p.

Filonenko V.I. Modern Russian students in a transitive society: contradictions and paradoxes of socialization. Rostov n / a, 2009. , p. 108

Chernyshev A.S., Lunev Yu.A., Lobkov Yu.L., Sarychev S.V. Psychological school of youth leaders. - M., 2005. - 275s.

Schukina G.I. Activation of cognitive activity in the educational process: a textbook for students ped. institutes / G.I. Schukin. - M.: Enlightenment, 1979. - 160 p.

Under the conditions of a qualitative transformation of society, the problem of the social activity of the masses and the individual acquires special significance. "

The process of radical renewal is impossible without the involvement

in it the broadest masses, without the development of new non-traditional forms of social activity. Meanwhile, this need of society is not satisfied. The contradiction between the need to develop constructive creative activity and the real state of activity of the masses, between this need and destructive, negative and destabilizing factors in the manifestation of activity, is aggravated. ^

What is social activity?

The starting point in understanding social activity is the understanding of its connection with the sociality of the individual. The sociality of the individual in the broadest sense of the word is its connection with the social

PERSONALITY

whole: society, social communities, humanity. Co-

sociality can be. revealed only through the study of the system of social relations of the individual with a wide variety of communities:

class, professional, settlement, demographic, ethnic, cultural, status, etc. Interests, needs, values ​​of these groups are diverse. The concept of social activity gives an idea of ​​the quality of sociality, the level

and the nature of its implementation.

In conditions of qualitative changes, it is especially important to find out the level and nature of the personality's sociality. Does the person feel, understands the needs, interests of society and, in connection with this, the goals and

goals of social movements? Does he accept them as his own? Does she follow them thoughtlessly, or is she able to realize, to comprehend on her own? How does it implement? Is he aware of himself as a subject of social relations? How developed is the human in man, has the experience of his historical social development been mastered? It is impossible to answer these questions without referring to the category of social activity.

The social activity of the individual is a systemic social quality in which the level of its sociality is expressed and realized,

those. the depth and completeness of the relationship of the individual with society, the level of transformation of the individual into the subject of social relations.

Social activity cannot be reduced to one of the moments of consciousness or activity of the individual. This is the initial social quality, which expresses a holistic, sustainable active attitude towards society, the problems of its development and determines the qualitative features of consciousness, activity, and states of the individual.

The interests of the individual, the values ​​that he accepts, may conflict with the interests of wider communities,

society as a whole, but this does not mean that the individual is not socially active. A high level of social activity does not imply mindless adherence to the interests of society, automatic acceptance of its values.

Social activity is not only an understanding and acceptance of the interests of society and certain communities, but also a willingness,

the ability to realize these interests, the vigorous activity of an independent subject.

The most important signs of social activity of the individual (in

the opposite of a passive personality) is a strong, stable

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personality is a chivalry, not situational desire to influence social processes

(ultimately society as a whole) and real participation in public affairs, dictated by the desire to change, transform, or vice versa, preserve, strengthen the existing social order,

its forms, sides. And in terms of its content, focus on certain values, and in terms of their comprehension, and in terms of the nature

and the level of implementation of social activity is diverse. It seems that it is the analysis of its connection with sociality that will make it possible to identify certain types of social activity. It is possible to single out, based on the characteristics of this connection, three main criteria for social activity.

The first criterion makes it possible to identify the breadth, range of values ​​of the individual, the level of sociality in terms of orientation towards the

Orientation to certain interests, needs, values. The nature and level of acceptance of interests, needs, values. The nature and level of realization of interests, needs, values.

the resources of not only a narrow social group, but also wider communities, society as a whole, humanity. Social activity can have an egocentric orientation, locking a person into

the space of his personal subjectivity; alterocentric, subordinating life to the service of loved ones; sociocentric, aimed at the realization of social needs of different levels,

making human life inseparable from the concerns and problems of broad social communities. In modern conditions, the importance of orientation towards universal human values ​​is increasing. For a socially active person, they are initial, defining. Thus, the first criterion reveals the nature of the driving forces,

needs, values ​​underlying social activity.

An active person is a person for whom the highest value is life in the name of public interests, life in the midst of social events, life subjectively included in the movement and

development of social organisms and social processes.

The basis of social activity is the special characteristics of the self-consciousness of the individual, identifying him with society and race.

PERSONALITY

viewing it as a subject expressing and protecting the interests of the community as their own. Productive is the concept of the general value orientation of the personality, which in-

"integrates all values, ideas into a holistic unity. Knowing the content of the general value orientation of an individual, it is impossible

it is possible to predict with certainty his actions at certain, discrete segments of his life path (they may be the result of the influence of many factors), but it is possible to predict with certainty the general lines of his social activity in a long life perspective.

The second criterion characterizes the measure, the depth of acceptance, assimilation of values. At the same time, the initial methodological principle of understanding social activity is the allocation of its three sides: rational, sensual-emotional, volitional. Personality

Can accept values ​​at the level of feelings, moods, knowledge or volitional aspirations. As a rule, at the level of emotions, a person assimilates values ​​superficially, although in a vivid emotional form. At the level of knowledge, there is a deeper and more specific assimilation of values. At the level of volitional aspirations, social attitudes are formed, i.e. readiness for action, for the realization of needs, values. Only in unity do all these levels give a truly complete and deep acceptance of values. A vivid expression of the organic connection of knowledge, feelings and will, providing genuine social activity, are the beliefs of the individual, his social attitudes. Indicators of a high level of social activity are conscious involvement in social life,

high personal significance of the interests of society as a whole and specific communities, the individual's awareness of his place in society, personal responsibility for the processes taking place in it.

The third criterion reveals the features of the realization of values. The indicators of the level of implementation are the nature and scale, results, forms of activity.

When analyzing character, it is especially important to find out whether interests, social roles are realized purely formally, standardly or creatively, what is the level of creativity, innovations in methods, methods of implementation. Is implementation an internally consistent process when the value orientations of the individual, his social attitudes are realized, or is there a gap between the values, value orientations of the individual, his social attitudes and

activities, when on the basis of situational motives other

value personality. The identification of the internal unity of the process of realization is achieved as a result of a comparison of value orientations, social attitudes and activities of the individual.

When studying the scale, it is necessary to identify whether the person takes on himself in connection with the orientation towards certain values ​​of the goal,

additional obligations, more significant specialized roles, or only conscientiously or proactively fulfills its previously inherent ones.

In the study of forms of activity, the most essential clarification is the one-dimensionality or multidimensionality of the expressions of social activity. Are certain values, interests, goals realized?

in one or multiple forms? In modern conditions, it is productive to compare the level of development of forms of activity and identify their connection.

Close connection, interpenetration of forms of social activity is a necessary condition for its existence and development.

And, on the contrary, activity acquires a detrimental character when the forms are inconsistent, do not complement, but oppose each other. In modern conditions, we are faced with opposition to the political

and moral activity. The development of moral activity lags behind, and this leads to the transformation of political activity into

quasi-activity, which gives rise to consequences that are harmful in the moral and in all other respects.

We can give the following scheme of the main indicators of the social activity of the individual (see Fig. b6).

With a systematic approach, social activity appears as an internally multifaceted phenomenon, as a unity of the subjective and objective, as a system of orientation and values ​​that express the interests of certain social communities, as a system of feelings, knowledge, volitional components, as a creative attitude that involves innovations in understanding and implementation values ​​in various forms;

Social activity is a system-forming quality,

characterizing the integrity of the individual. Its level is evidenced by the consistency of the elements, not so much by the level of their development, but by the nature of their relationship, unity.

Therefore, when measuring the quality, the level of maturity of activity, it is fruitful to use personality culture as an integrative indicator. Most often, culture is defined as a set of certain orientations, values, realized in

personality

(Egocentric and alterocentric orientation Monosociocentric orientation Focus on certain interests, needs, values

Polysociocentric;?I orientation Orientation to universal values

Acceptance at the level of feelings Acceptance at the "level of knowledge" Acceptance at the level of volitional aspirations, ^ Acceptance at the level of feelings, knowledge, volitional aspirations - our Hirikter and the level of acceptance of interests, values

Acceptance at the level of feelings and volitional aspirations Acceptance at the level of knowledge and feelings Acceptance at the level of knowledge and volitional aspirations

The character is creative, non-creative, contradictory and consistent Scales and results (social roles and effectiveness of activity) Forms (orientation to a multifaceted and one-dimensional space, connection of forms) Characterize the level of realization of the needs of interests, "values

personality transformative activity. According to A. Mol, personality culture is its spiritual equipment. It seems that these definitions are not precise enough. Culture is a more general concept

this is a qualitatively mature manifestation of the sociality of the individual, measured through the consistency of the elements of the spiritual world of the individual, this is a general way for the individual to master social experience, social roles, functions. Culture is not only an orientation, a mood of consciousness, not just a body of knowledge, but a certain state of their productive implementation, an expression of social activity and social initiative of an individual. This is the realization of spiritual equipment. This is a way of perceiving the world, activities, which is formed on the basis of certain value orientations, knowledge, beliefs, certain activities and is an expression of the social properties inherent in the personality. Os-

The new structural elements of personality culture are beliefs, personality traits, the nature of the activity, its skills and

skills. Therefore, we judge the culture of an individual primarily by the level of development and implementation of social roles, the performance of certain functions, by the possession in this regard of the mechanisms of assimilation and development of social experience. Appeal to culture as an integrative indicator focuses on the study of moments of personality activity, expressing its holistic orientation, interconnection,

Structural orderliness, consistency of qualities, integrity of activity.

The study of the mechanism of the formation of the social activity of the individual in modern conditions requires, first of all, an analysis of the influence of innovations in social life, the formation of new economic,

social and political structures, new moments of spiritual development, characteristic of our society at the present time. It is important to compare this influence with the influence of old conservative structures and traditional forms.

The article will consider the social activity of the individual and its types, factors of social activity, as well as what consequences it has for society. Also, attention will be paid to its main characteristics and ways of development.

general information

What is meant by activity? It should be noted that this is a generalized and at the same time complex concept. It is used to characterize living organisms. Speaking in general and in general, then activity is understood as the internal deterministic movement of living matter. But we are interested in a special case - the behavior of an individual in society. And, revealing the topic of the article, it should be said that the social activity of a person is the need of an individual to maintain or change the foundations of his life, according to his worldview and the Conditions and environment of manifestation is a complex of all factors that affect a particular individual in society. Social activity is most often manifested in attempts to change the circumstances of people's lives (or oneself), so that a person (or group) receives a certain benefit. It should also be noted that there are ample opportunities for such activities. Of course, all activities are interconnected. But if a person can no longer walk, this does not mean at all that he will not take part in the life of society. This is possible due to the social nature of this type of activity.

Species and interaction

Social activity is most strongly associated with mental and physical manifestations. It determines their further development. At the same time, there are separate provisions on which the social activity of the individual most depends. Its characteristic can be expressed in three words: worldview, duty and will. True, different sciences have a slightly different vision on all this. To get acquainted with them, you can read the philosophical, psychological and sociological literature. Thus, activity can be considered not only as activity itself, but also as a measure of its orientation and the total ability of a particular subject to enter into diverse active relations with the existing objective reality. However, there is no generally accepted interpretation of this phenomenon. There are generalized and narrower interpretations.

Interpretation

So, the researchers do not have a single interpretation. The social activity of the individual in psychology, philosophy and other sciences is considered from the point of view of individual opinions. Bringing them all is quite problematic. Therefore, they were grouped by the author into three groups, which will be designated within the framework of this article:

1. is a broader category than activities. In this case, it is understood that a person can exert a certain influence even by his mere presence.
2. Social activity is identified with activity. In this case, it is implied that everything that a person does is important for society.
3. Social activity is a narrower category than activity. Adherents of such a statement are people who believe that not all human actions can be considered from a social point of view.

Researchers' opinions

For a better understanding of the topic of the article, I suggest that you familiarize yourself with two approaches. The first one was proposed by S. A. Potapova, who considers the worldview and activity of the subject as part of one whole - social activity. However, not every action can be considered in this way. Only that activity is an indicator of social activity, which has certain quantitative and qualitative characteristics that are interconnected. Independence is also a prerequisite. In other words, activity should not be imposed from outside. It must be a product of human needs. That is, in order to recognize a particular individual as a socially active subject, you need to make sure that he consciously realizes his needs.

The methodological conclusion of VG Mordkovich is also interesting. He considers activity as an essential feature of the subject. If someone else's will is imposed on a person, then he already becomes the bearer of activity. In other words, the individual turns from a subject into an object, which performs other people's tasks for which he has no need. To designate people of this type, the concept of "socially passive" was introduced. At the same time, it is noted that not all needs have a driving influence on activity, but only those of them, the satisfaction of which has social significance or affects certain public interests. The structure of the behavioral model in this case depends on the goals pursued by the subject and the preferred levers of influence.

Division by spheres

We have previously considered division based on theoretical approaches to study. If we look at the practical result, that social activity can manifest itself in the following areas of life:

1. Labor;
2. Socio-political;
3. Spiritual.

Each species has its subspecies.

Features of theoretical consideration

Social activity can be considered in two main aspects. In the first one, it appears as a social activity, in this case it is considered as one that is due to natural data and characteristics that were formed and developed during the educational, educational, training and practical processes. In other words, this quality shows how a person relates to the social environment and how capable he is of solving emerging problems (both his own and those of other people). The second aspect considers activity as a certain measure of activity. In other words, a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the inclusion of the individual in the existing and functioning system is given.

Assessment of social activity

In order to assess how a person manifests himself, as a rule, indicators such as diligence and initiative are used. The first is understood as the ability of an individual to perform the tasks at the required level in accordance with the requirements, norms and rules. Normativity is often used to characterize performance.

As an example, we can recall factories and their existing wage systems, where people are paid for the quantity of products created not below a certain level of quality. If diligence is brought up from an early age, then initiative is born in childhood and gradually develops. It reaches peak values ​​in adulthood, when a person creates the greatest number of different ideas. All of them are evaluated by the quality of study, social value, the direction of the initiative, the responsibility of the performer, duration, sustainability and frequency of manifestations. Also, those of them where a person acted as an organizer or performer can be summed up separately. There are, of course, other evaluation indicators, but these are the most universal. Let's look at a small example. In it, we will combine the information presented earlier.

An example of the growth of social activity

To model the conditions, imagine that the actions will unfold in the socio-political sphere. So we have an individual. He does not take any active actions and is an ordinary ordinary man in the street. At one certain moment, the insight “condescends” on him that something is going wrong in the public or political life of the state. He begins to collect information, attend various conferences, communicate with representatives of organizations that operate in this area. Thus, the individual becomes a passive participant in public life: he participates in it, but his possibilities of influencing it are close to zero. He shows social activity, but so far he is not a more or less significant participant, his social "weight" is very low. Over time, the individual begins to participate more actively in various events. Perhaps he even establishes his own public organization. This requires more time and effort from him, which must be devoted to the cause. Thus, social activity will grow. Moreover, this will not be work in vain, but to achieve certain goals that are pursued by a person.

Conclusion

Social activity is an important parameter in studying the involvement of the population in the process of government. Also, if there are thoughts about large-scale state or public activities, then the activation of this characteristic of the population can do a very good job.