Bryusov short biography and creativity. Valery Bryusov - biography (briefly)

Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich is a famous Russian poet, one of the founders of Russian symbolism, prose writer, playwright, literary critic, critic, translator. The Moscow merchant family, in which he was born on December 13 (December 1, O.S.), 1873, did not pay much attention to the upbringing of his son. Most often, Valery was left to himself, so he had the opportunity to read everything that was at hand, starting with scientific articles and ending with tabloid novels. The first poem was written by him at the age of 8, and the first publication of Bryusov took place in the magazine for children "Sincere Word" when the boy was 11 years old. Not particularly concerned with their son, the parents nevertheless provided him with a good education. From 1885 to 1893 He studied at two private gymnasiums. As a 13-year-old teenager, Bryusov already realized that his life calling was connected with poetry.

In the early 90s. Bryusov was seriously carried away by the French Symbolists, who, by his own admission, opened up a new world, inspired a different type of creativity. In a letter written in 1893 to Verlaine, the young Bryusov positions himself as the founder of a new literary movement in Russia, and names its dissemination as his mission. Between 1893 and 1899 he was a student of the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. During 1894-1895 he published three collections under the title "Russian Symbolists", most of the poems in which were written by himself. In 1895, his debut "personal" collection appeared - "Masterpieces", which caused fire with a pretentious title, which critics considered inappropriate to the content.

After graduating from the university in 1899, Bryusov got the opportunity to devote himself completely to creativity. The second half of the 90s is marked in his biography by a rapprochement with symbolist poets. In 1899, Bryusov was among the initiators and leaders of the new Scorpion publishing house, which rallied supporters of the movement around itself. In 1897, Bryusov married Ioanna Runt, who until the death of the poet was his faithful friend and assistant.

In 1900, the book "The Third Guard" was published, written in line with symbolism, which opened a new stage in Bryusov's creative biography. In 1901 to 1905, Bryusov was directly involved in the creation of the almanac "Northern Flowers", from 1904 to 1909 he was the editor of the main central printed organ of the Symbolists - the magazine "Scales". The significance of Bryusov's activities for Russian modernism and symbolism in particular is difficult to overestimate. Both the publication he headed and he himself were known as great literary authorities, Bryusov was called the master, the priest of culture.

Bryusov considered the collection "Wreath", which was written in the conditions of the revolutionary events of 1905, to be the apogee of his work. In 1909, the publication of "Balance" was stopped, and by the next year there was a noticeable decrease in the activity of the symbolism movement. Bryusov no longer positions himself as the leader of this trend, does not lead a literary struggle for the right to exist, his position becomes more balanced. Period 1910-1914 Literary critics call Bryusov's crisis both spiritual and creative. When the First World War began, in 1914 he was sent to the front as a war correspondent for Russkiye Vedomosti.

With the advent of the Bolsheviks to power, a new life and creative stage began. V.Ya. Bryusov develops a vigorous activity, striving to be at the forefront everywhere. In 1917-1919. he was the head of the Committee for the Registration of the Press, in 1918-1919. - Head of the Moscow Library Department at the People's Commissariat for Education, in 1919-1921. he is the chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian Union of Poets (the poet's entry into the Bolshevik Party in 1919 contributed to his stay in this post). There were such episodes in his biography as work in the State Publishing House, head of the literary sub-department of art education at the People's Commissariat of Education, membership in the state academic council, professorship at Moscow State University. In 1921, Valery Yakovlevich became the organizer of the Higher Literary and Art Institute, of which he was a professor and rector until the end of his life. Bryusov was the editor of the Department of Literature, Art and Linguistics in the team preparing the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

Creative activity also remained active, but his creative experiments inspired by the revolution remained equally little understood by both supporters of modernism and the broad masses. Nevertheless, on the occasion of his 50th birthday in 1923, the Soviet government presented the poet with a diploma for services to the country. Death overtook Bryusov on October 9, 1924. The cause was croupous pneumonia, probably aggravated by the writer's long years of addiction to drugs. He was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Biography of Bryusov

Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov (1873-1924) - Russian poet and prose writer, playwright, translator, literary critic, one of the founders of Russian symbolism.

Childhood and youth

Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov was born on December 1 (December 13) in Moscow into a merchant family. The future poet received his primary education at home. Since 1885, Bryusov studied at the classical gymnasium of F.I. Kreiman in Moscow. In 1890 he was transferred to the Moscow Gymnasium L. I. Polivanov.

University years

In 1893, Bryusov entered the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University. During this period, Valery Yakovlevich discovers the French symbolists - Verlaine, Baudelaire, Mallarmé. Admiring the work of Verlaine, he creates the drama “The Decadents. (End of the century)." Positioning himself as the founder of Russian symbolism, in 1894 - 1895 Valery Yakovlevich published three collections "Russian Symbolists".

In 1895, Bryusov's first collection of poems "Masterpieces" ("Chefs d'oeuvre") was published, which caused a wide resonance among literary critics. In 1897, the second collection of the poet, Me eum esse (This is me), was published.

Mature creativity

After graduating from the university in 1899 with a diploma of the 1st degree, Bryusov gets a job in P. Bartenev's magazine "Russian Archive". The poet is actively engaged in literary activity. In 1900, Bryusov's third collection Tertia Vigilia (The Third Guard) was published, which brought him literary fame.

Bryusov becomes one of the founders of the Scorpio publishing house. Since 1903, he has been collaborating in the New Way magazine. In the same year, the poet's collection "Urbi et Orbi" ("City and Peace") was published.

In 1901-1905, Bryusov took part in the creation of the almanac "Northern Flowers". In 1904 - 1909 he was the de facto editor of the Russian symbolist magazine "Vesy". Since 1908, Valery Bryusov, whose biography was full of new acquaintances with young writers, became the director of the Moscow literary and artistic circle.

The work of the poet between two revolutions

Bryusov's reaction to the moods and events of the revolution of 1905-1907 was the drama "Earth" and the collection "Wreath" (1905). In 1907, his prose collection of short stories, The Earth's Axis, was published; in 1909, the poetic collection All Melodies was published. In the post-revolutionary years, Valery Yakovlevich created the novel "Altar of Victory" (1911 - 1912), a collection of short stories "Nights and Days" (1913).

In 1914, during the First World War, Bryusov went to the front as a war correspondent for Russkiye Vedomosti. In 1916 he published the collection Seven Colors of the Rainbow.

last years of life

With the coming to power of the Bolsheviks, in 1917 - 1919, Valery Yakovlevich took the post of head of the Committee for the Registration of the Press. In 1919-1921 he was appointed chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian Union of Poets. With the organization of the Higher Literary and Art Institute in 1921, Bryusov became its rector and professor.

Valery Yakovlevich Bryusov died on October 9, 1924 from pneumonia. The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. In memory of the life and work of Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich, a monument with a portrait was erected on his grave.

In his teenage years, Bryusov was fond of the work of Nekrasov, considering him his idol.
The third collection "Tertia Vigilia" Bryusov dedicated to his friend Konstantin Balmont, whom he met in his university years.
At the age of 24, Bryusov married Joanna Runt, with whom he lived until the end of his life.
A brief biography of Bryusov would be incomplete without mentioning his merits as a translator. Valery Yakovlevich opened E. Verharn to domestic readers, was engaged in translations of P. Verlaine, E. Poe, M. Maeterlinck, Byron, V. Hugo, O. Wild and many others.
For the collection of translations of Armenian poets "Poetry of Armenia from ancient times to the present day" Bryusov was awarded the title of People's Poet of Armenia.

aliases: Valery Maslov, Aurelius, Bakulin, Nellie

Russian poet, prose writer, playwright, translator, literary critic, literary critic and historian; one of the founders of Russian symbolism

Valery Bryusov

short biography

Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich- famous Russian poet, one of the founders of Russian symbolism, prose writer, playwright, literary critic, critic, translator. The Moscow merchant family, in which he was born on December 13 (December 1, O.S.), 1873, did not pay much attention to the upbringing of his son. Most often, Valery was left to himself, so he had the opportunity to read everything that was at hand, starting with scientific articles and ending with tabloid novels. The first poem was written by him at the age of 8, and the first publication of Bryusov took place in the magazine for children "Sincere Word" when the boy was 11 years old. Not particularly concerned with their son, the parents nevertheless provided him with a good education. From 1885 to 1893 He studied at two private gymnasiums. As a 13-year-old teenager, Bryusov already realized that his life calling was connected with poetry.

Biography from Wikipedia

creative path

Childhood

Valery Bryusov was born on December 1 (13), 1873 in Moscow, into a merchant family. The future emperor of symbolism was on the maternal side the grandson of the merchant and poet-fabulist Alexander Yakovlevich Bakulin, who published in the 1840s. collection "Fables of a provincial" (Bryusov signed some of his works with the name of his grandfather).

Valery's grandfather, Kuzma Andreevich, the ancestor of the Bryusovs, was a serf of the landowner Bruce. In 1859, he bought himself free and moved from Kostroma to Moscow, where he started a trading business and bought a house on Tsvetnoy Boulevard. The poet was born in this house and lived until 1910.

Bryusov's father, Yakov Kuzmich Bryusov (1848-1907), sympathized with the ideas of the populist revolutionaries; he published poems in magazines; in 1884, Yakov Bryusov sent to the journal "Intimate Word" written by his son "Letter to the Editor", describing the summer vacation of the Bryusov family. "Letter" was published (No. 16, 1884).

Carried away by the races, the father squandered his entire fortune on the sweepstakes; he became interested in racing and his son, whose first independent publication (in the journal "Russian Sport" for 1889) is an article in defense of the sweepstakes. Parents did little to educate Valery, and the boy was left to his own devices; much attention in the Bryusov family was paid to “the principles of materialism and atheism”, so Valery was strictly forbidden to read religious literature (“From fairy tales, from any“ devilry ”, I was diligently guarded. But I learned about Darwin’s ideas and the principles of materialism before I learned to multiply " , - recalled Bryusov); but at the same time, no other restrictions were imposed on the young man’s reading circle, therefore, among the “friends” of his early years were both natural science literature and “French boulevard novels”, books by Jules Verne and Mine Reed and scientific articles - the word “everything that came across under the arm." At the same time, the future poet received a good education - he studied at two Moscow gymnasiums: from 1885 to 1889 - at the private classical gymnasium of F.I. Kreiman (he was expelled for promoting atheistic ideas) and in 1890-1893 - at the private gymnasium of L. I. Polivanova; the last teacher had a significant influence on the young poet; in his last years at the gymnasium, Bryusov was fond of mathematics.

entry into literature. "Decadentism" of the 1890s

Already at the age of 13, Bryusov linked his future with poetry. Bryusov's earliest known poetic experiments date back to 1881; a little later his first (rather unskilful) stories appeared. While studying at the Kreyman gymnasium, Bryusov composed poetry and published a handwritten journal. In adolescence, Bryusov considered Nekrasov his literary idol, then he was fascinated by Nadson's poetry.

By the beginning of the 1890s, the time had come for Bryusov's passion for the works of the French Symbolists - Baudelaire, Verlaine, Mallarmé. “Acquaintance in the early 90s with the poetry of Verlaine and Mallarmé, and soon Baudelaire, opened up a new world for me. Under the impression of their work, those of my poems that first appeared in print were created, ”recalls Bryusov. In 1893, he wrote a letter (the first known) to Verlaine, in which he spoke of his mission to spread symbolism in Russia and presented himself as the founder of this new literary movement for Russia.

In the 1890s, Bryusov wrote several articles on French poets. Admiring Verlaine, at the end of 1893 he created the drama The Decadents. (End of the Century)", which tells about the short happiness of the famous French symbolist with Mathilde Mote and touches on Verlaine's relationship with Arthur Rimbaud. Between 1894 and 1895 he published (under the pseudonym Valery Maslov) three collections entitled "Russian Symbolists", which included many of his own poems (including under various pseudonyms); most of them were written under the influence of French Symbolists. In addition to Bryusov's, the collections widely represented the poems of his friend A. A. Miropolsky (real name Lang), as well as the mystic poet A. M. Dobrolyubov. In the third issue of "Russian Symbolists" Bryusov's one-line poem "O close your pale feet" was placed, which quickly gained fame and ensured the rejection of criticism and the Homeric laughter of the public in relation to the collections. For a long time, the name of Bryusov, not only among the bourgeoisie, but also among the traditional, “professorial”, “ideological” intelligentsia, was associated precisely with this work - the “literary circle” (in the words of S. A. Vengerov). The literary critic Vladimir Solovyov, who wrote a witty review of the collection for Vestnik Evropy, treated the first works of the Russian decadents with irony (Soloviev also owns several well-known parodies of the style of the Russian Symbolists). However, later Bryusov himself spoke of these first collections in the following way:

I remember these books
Like half asleep a recent day
We were bold, there were children,
Everything seemed bright to us.
Now in the soul and silence and shadow.
The first step is far
Five fleeting years are like five centuries.
Collection "Tertia Vigilia", 1900

In 1893, Bryusov entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University, where he studied on the same course with the famous literary historian Vladimir Savodnik. His main interests in his student years were history, philosophy, literature, art, and languages. “... If I could live a hundred lives, they would not satisfy all the thirst for knowledge that burns me,” the poet noted in his diary. In his youth, Bryusov was also fond of theater and performed on the stage of the Moscow German Club; here he met Natalya Alexandrovna Daruzes (she performed on stage under the surname Raevskaya), who soon became the poet's lover (Bryusov's first love, Elena Kraskova, died suddenly from smallpox in the spring of 1893; many of Bryusov's poems of 1892-1893 are dedicated to her). Daruzes Bryusov experienced love for "Tala" until 1895.

In the same year, the first collection of exclusively Bryusov's poems appeared - "Chefs d'oeuvre" ("Masterpieces"); press attacks were caused by the name of the collection itself, which, according to critics, did not correspond to the content of the collection (narcissism was characteristic of Bryusov in the 1890s; for example, in 1898 the poet wrote in his diary: “My youth is the youth of a genius. I lived and acted in such a way that only great deeds can justify my behavior. Moreover, in the preface to the collection, the author states: “Printing my book today, I do not expect it to be properly assessed either by critics or by the public. I do not bequeath this book to my contemporaries and not even to humanity, but to eternity and art. As for "Chefs d'oeuvre", and in general for Bryusov's early work, the theme of the struggle against the decrepit, obsolete world of the patriarchal merchant class, the desire to escape from "everyday reality" - to a new world, which was drawn to him in the works of French symbolists, is characteristic. The principle of "art for art's sake", detachment from the "outside world", characteristic of all Bryusov's lyrics, was already reflected in the poems of the collection "Chefs d'oeuvre". In this collection, Bryusov is generally a "lonely dreamer", cold and indifferent to people. Sometimes his desire to break away from the world comes to those of suicide, "the last verses." At the same time, Bryusov is constantly looking for new forms of verse, creating exotic rhymes, unusual images. See for example:

Shadow of Uncreated Creatures
Swaying in a dream
Like blades of patching
On the enamel wall.
purple hands
On the enamel wall
Sleepily draw sounds
In the resounding silence...

In the poems of the collection one can feel the strong influence of Verlaine.

In the next collection - "Me eum esse" ("This is me", 1897), Bryusov progressed slightly compared to "Chefs d'oeuvre"; in "Me eum esse" we still see the author as a cold dreamer, detached from the "outside" world, dirty, insignificant, hated by the poet. The period "Chefs d'oeuvre" and "Me eum esse" Bryusov himself later called "decadent". The most famous poem is "Me eum esse" - "To a young poet"; it opens the collection.

In his youth, Bryusov was already developing the theory of symbolism: “The new direction in poetry is organically connected with the former ones. It’s just that new wine requires new skins,” he wrote in 1894 to the young poet F. E. Zarin (Talin).

After graduating from the university in 1899, Bryusov devoted himself entirely to literature. For several years he worked in P. I. Bartenev's magazine "Russian Archive".

In the second half of the 1890s, Bryusov became close friends with symbolist poets, in particular, with K. D. Balmont (acquaintance with him dates back to 1894; it soon turned into a friendship that did not stop until Balmont’s emigration), became one of the initiators and the leaders of the Scorpion publishing house founded in 1899 by S. A. Polyakov, which united supporters of the “new art”.

In 1897, Bryusov married Joanna Runt. She was the companion and closest assistant of the poet until his death.

1900s

"Tertia Vigilia"

In 1900, the collection Tertia Vigilia (Third Guard) was published in Scorpio, which opened a new - "urban" stage in Bryusov's work. The collection is dedicated to K. D. Balmont, whom the author endowed with the “eye of a convict” and noted as follows: “But I love you - that you are all a lie.” A significant place in the collection is occupied by historical and mythological poetry; Bryusov's inspirations were, as noted by S. A. Vengerov, "the Scythians, the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, Ramesses II, Orpheus, Cassandra, Alexander the Great, Amalthea, Cleopatra, Dante, Bayazet, Vikings, Ursa Major."

In later collections, mythological themes gradually fade, giving way to the ideas of urbanism - Bryusov glorifies the pace of life in a big city, its social contradictions, the urban landscape, even tram bells and dirty snow piled up in heaps. The poet from the "desert of loneliness" returns to the world of people; he seems to be regaining his "father's house"; the environment that nurtured him is destroyed, and now, in the place of "dark shops and barns," shining cities of the present and future("The dream of the prison will dissipate in the light, and the world will reach the predicted paradise"). One of the first Russian poets, Bryusov fully revealed the urban theme (although elements of "urban lyrics" can be found long before Bryusov - for example, in Pushkin's "The Bronze Horseman", in some poems by N. A. Nekrasov). Even poems about nature, of which there are few in the collection, sound “from the mouth of a city dweller” (“Electric Monthly Light”, etc.). The "Third Watch" also contains several translations of poems by Verhaern, whose admiration for his work followed admiration for the music and "fuzzy images" of Verlaine's poetry.

At this time, Bryusov was already preparing a whole book of translations of Verharn's lyrics - "Poems about Modernity." The poet is carried away not only by the growth of the city: he is excited by the very premonition of impending changes, the formation of a new culture - the culture of the City; the latter should become the "king of the universe" - and the poet is already bowing before him, ready to "throw into dust" in order to open "the path to victories." This is the key theme of the Tertia Vigilia collection.

A characteristic feature of Bryusov's poetics from this period is stylistic inclusiveness, encyclopedism and experimentation, he was a connoisseur of all types of poetry (he visits "Fridays of K. K. Sluchevsky"), a collector of "all tunes" (the title of one of his collections). He speaks about this in the preface to Tertia Vigilia: “I equally love the faithful reflections of the visible nature in Pushkin or Maikov, and the impulses to express the supersensible, the superearthly in Tyutchev or Fet, and the mental reflections of Baratynsky, and the passionate speeches of a civil poet, say, Nekrasov. The stylization of a variety of poetic manners, Russian and foreign (up to the “song of the Australian savages”) is Bryusov’s favorite pastime, he even prepared an anthology “Dreams of Humanity”, which is a stylization (or translations) of poetic styles of all eras. This feature of Bryusov's work evoked the most polarizing responses; its supporters (primarily symbolists, but also such acmeist students of Bryusov as Nikolai Gumilyov) saw in this the “Pushkin” trait, “proteism”, a sign of erudition and poetic power, critics (July Aikhenvald, Vladislav Khodasevich) criticized such stylizations as a sign "omnivorous", "heartlessness" and "cold experimentation".

"Urbi et Orbi"

Consciousness of loneliness, contempt for humanity, a premonition of inevitable oblivion (characteristic poems - “In the days of desolation” (1899), “Like otherworldly shadows” (1900)) are reflected in the collection “Urbi et Orbi” (“City and the world”), published in 1903; Bryusov is no longer inspired by synthetic images: more and more often the poet turns to the "civilian" theme. A classic example of civil lyrics (and perhaps the most famous in the collection) is the poem "The Mason". For himself, Bryusov chooses among all life paths "the path of labor, like a different path", in order to explore the secrets of "a wise and simple life." Interest in reality - knowing suffering and need - is expressed in the "urban folk" "chastushkas" presented in the "Songs" section. The "Songs" are written in a lifelike way, in a "popular" form; they attracted a lot of attention from critics, who, however, were mostly skeptical of these works, calling Bryusov's "pseudo-folk ditties" "falsification". The urban theme is more developed here than in Tertia Vigilia; the poet draws with separate strokes the life of a big city in all its manifestations: so, we see the feelings of the worker (“And every night I regularly stand here under the window, and my heart is grateful that I see your icon lamp”), and the true experiences of the inhabitant “at home with red flashlight."

In a few poems, far-fetched self-adoration is visible (“And the virgins and young men stood up, meeting, crowning me like a king”), while in others - erotomania, voluptuousness (the section “Ballads” is largely filled with such poems). The theme of love receives a remarkable development in the section "Elegies"; love becomes a sacrament, a “religious sacrament.” If in all previous collections Bryusov took only timid steps along the path of New Poetry, then in the collection "Urbi et Orbi" he is a master who has already found his calling, determined his path; it was after the release of "Urbi et Orbi" that Bryusov became the recognized leader of Russian symbolism. The collection had a particularly great influence on the young symbolists - Alexander Blok, Andrei Bely, Sergei Solovyov.

The apotheosis of capitalist culture is the poem "The Bled Horse". In it, the reader is presented with a full of anxiety, intense life of the city. The city with its "roars" and "nonsense" erases the impending face of death, the end from its streets - and continues to live with the same furious, "noisy" tension.

Themes and moods in the work of this period

The great-power mood of the times of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 (the poems “To Fellow Citizens”, “To the Pacific Ocean”) were replaced by Bryusov’s period of belief in the inevitable death of the urban world, the decline of the arts, the onset of the “era of damage”. Bryusov sees in the future only the times of "last days", "last desolations". These sentiments reached their peak during the First Russian Revolution; they are clearly expressed in Bryusov's drama The Earth (1904, included in the collection The Earth's Axis), which describes the future death of all mankind; then - in the poem "The Coming Huns" (1905); in 1906, Bryusov wrote the short story "The Last Martyrs", describing the last days of the life of the Russian intelligentsia, participating in a crazy erotic orgy in the face of death. The mood of "Earth" (a work of "extremely high", according to Blok's definition) is on the whole pessimistic. The future of our planet is presented, the era of the completed capitalist world, where there is no connection with the earth, with the expanses of nature, and where humanity is steadily degenerating under the “artificial light” of the “world of machines”. The only way out for humanity in the current situation is collective suicide, which is the finale of the drama. Despite the tragic ending, the play occasionally still contains hopeful notes; so, in the final scene, a young man who believes in the "rebirth of mankind" and in the New Life appears; according to it, only true humanity is entrusted with the life of the earth, and people who decide to die a “proud death” are only an “unfortunate crowd” lost in life, a branch torn from its tree. However, decadent moods only intensified in the subsequent years of the poet's life. Periods of complete dispassion are replaced by Bryusov’s lyrics of unquenched painful passions (“I love in the eyes of those swollen”, 1899; “In a gambling house”, 1905; “In a brothel”, 1905, and many others).

«Στεφανος»

Bryusov's next collection was "Στεφανος" ("Wreath"), written during the most violent revolutionary events of 1905 (released in December 1905); the poet himself considered him the pinnacle of his poetic creativity (““ Wreath ” completed my poetry, put on it truly a“ wreath ”,” writes Bryusov). Bryusov's civic lyrics flourish brightly in it, which began to appear in the Urbi et Orbi collection. Only the cycles "Driven from Hell" and "Moments" are dedicated to love. Bryusov sings a “hymn of glory” to the “coming Huns”, knowing full well that they are going to destroy the culture of the contemporary world, that this world is doomed and that he, the poet, is its inseparable part. Bryusov, who came from the Russian peasantry, who was under the "master's yoke", was well acquainted with rural life. Peasant images appear even in the early - "decadent" - period of Bryusov's lyrics. Throughout the 1890s, the poet turned to the "peasant" theme more and more often. And even during the period of worship of the city, Bryusov sometimes has the motive of "escape" from the noisy streets to the bosom of nature. A person is free only in nature - in the city he only feels like a prisoner, a “slave of stones” and dreams of the future destruction of cities, the onset of “wild will”. According to Bryusov, the revolution was inevitable. “Oh, it’s not the Chinese who are beaten in Tianjin who will come, but those who are more terrible, trampled down in mines and squeezed into factories ... I call them, because they are inevitable,” the poet writes to four Symbolists in 1900, after Vladimir Solovyov’s “Three Conversations” . The divergence of views on the revolution among the symbolists thus began already at the turn of the century. Bryusov himself feels himself a slave to bourgeois culture, the culture of the city, and his own cultural construction is the construction of the same prison that is presented in the poem "The Mason". Similar in spirit to "The Bricklayer" and the poem "Rowers of the Trireme" (1905). The poems "Dagger" (1903), "Satisfied" (1905) - poems of the "songwriter" of the growing revolution, ready to meet its overthrow with a "welcome anthem".

Leader of symbolism

The organizational role of Bryusov in Russian symbolism and in general in Russian modernism is very significant. The Libra, headed by him, became the most thorough in the selection of material and an authoritative modernist magazine (opposing the eclectic and not having a clear program of the Pass and the Golden Fleece). Bryusov influenced the work of many younger poets with advice and criticism, almost all of them go through the stage of one or another “imitation of Bryusov”. He enjoyed great prestige both among his peers-symbolists and among literary youth, had a reputation as a strict impeccable "master", creating poetry as a "magician", "priest" of culture, and among acmeists (Nikolai Gumilyov, Zenkevich, Mandelstam), and futurists ( Pasternak, Shershenevich and others). Literary critic Mikhail Gasparov assesses the role of Bryusov in Russian modernist culture as the role of a "defeated teacher of victorious students" who influenced the work of an entire generation. Bryusov was not without a sense of "jealousy" for the new generation of Symbolists.

Bryusov also took an active part in the life of the Moscow literary and artistic circle, in particular, he was its director (since 1908). Collaborated in the journal "New Way" (in 1903, he became editorial secretary).

1910s

Valery Bryusov. Portrait by S. V. Malyutin. 1913

The Scales magazine ceases publication in 1909; by 1910 the activity of Russian symbolism as a movement was declining. In this regard, Bryusov ceases to act as a figure in the literary struggle and the leader of a particular direction, taking a more balanced, "academic" position. From the beginning of the 1910s, he paid considerable attention to prose (the novel The Altar of Victory), criticism (work in Russkaya Mysl, the journal Art in Southern Russia), and Pushkin studies. In 1913, the poet experiences a personal tragedy caused by a painful romance for both with the young poetess Nadezhda Lvova and her suicide. In 1914, with the outbreak of World War I, Bryusov went to the front as a war correspondent for Russkiye Vedomosti. It should be noted the growth of patriotic sentiments in the lyrics of Bryusov in 1914-1916.

1910-1914 and, in particular, 1914-1916, many researchers consider the period of spiritual and, as a result, creative crisis of the poet. Already the collections of the late 1900s - "The Earth's Axis" (a prose collection of stories, 1907), "All the Melodies" (1909) - were criticized as weaker than "Stephanos", they basically repeat the former "tunics"; thoughts about the frailty of all things intensify, the poet’s spiritual fatigue manifests itself (poems “The Dying Bonfire”, 1908; “The Demon of Suicide”, 1910). In the collections “Mirror of Shadows” (1912), “Seven Colors of the Rainbow” (1916), the author’s calls to oneself to “continue”, “swim further”, etc., which betray this crisis, become frequent, occasionally images of a hero, a worker appear. In 1916, Bryusov published a stylized continuation of Pushkin's poem "Egyptian Nights", which caused an extremely mixed reaction from critics. Reviews of 1916-1917 (who wrote under the pseudonym Andrey Polyanin Sofia Parnok, Georgy Ivanov, etc.) note self-repetitions, breakdowns in poetic technique and taste, hyperbolic self-praise (“Monument”, etc.) in “Seven Colors of the Rainbow”, come to the conclusion about the exhaustion of Bryusov's talent.

With an attempt to get out of the crisis and find a new style, researchers of Bryusov's work associate such an interesting experiment of the poet as a literary hoax - the collection "Nelli's Poems" (1913) dedicated to Nadezhda Lvova and the "Nelli's New Poems" (1914-1916) that continued it (1914-1916, remained unpublished under author's life). These poems are written on behalf of a “chic” urban courtesan, carried away by fashion trends, a kind of female counterpart of the lyrical hero Igor Severyanin, poetics reveals - along with the characteristic signs of Bryusov's style, thanks to which the hoax was soon exposed - the influence of Severyanin and futurism, to which Bryusov refers with interest.

Bryusov and the revolution

In 1917, the poet defended Maxim Gorky, who had been criticized by the Provisional Government.

After the October Revolution of 1917, Bryusov actively participated in the literary and publishing life of Moscow, worked in various Soviet institutions. The poet was still faithful to his desire to be the first in any business started. From 1917 to 1919 he headed the Committee for the Registration of the Press (since January 1918 - the Moscow branch of the Russian Book Chamber); from 1918 to 1919 he was in charge of the Moscow Library Department at the People's Commissariat of Education;. from 1919 to 1921 he was chairman of the Presidium of the All-Russian Union of Poets (as such, he directed poetry evenings of Moscow poets of various groups at the Polytechnic Museum). In 1919 Bryusov became a member of the RCP(b). He worked at the State Publishing House, headed the literary sub-department of the Department of Art Education at the People's Commissariat for Education, was a member of the State Academic Council, a professor at Moscow State University (since 1921); from the end of 1922 - head of the Department of Art Education of the Glavprofobra; in 1921 he organized the Higher Literary and Art Institute (VLHI) and remained its rector and professor until the end of his life. Bryusov was also a member of the Moscow Council. He took an active part in the preparation of the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (he was the editor of the department of literature, art and linguistics; the first volume was published after the death of Bryusov).

In 1923, in connection with the fiftieth anniversary, Bryusov received a letter from the Soviet government, which noted the poet's numerous merits "to the whole country" and expressed "gratitude from the workers' and peasants' government."

Late creativity

After the revolution, Bryusov continued his active creative activity. In October, the poet saw the banner of a new, transformed world, capable of destroying bourgeois-capitalist culture, the "slave" of which the poet considered himself earlier; now he can "resurrect life." Some post-revolutionary poems are enthusiastic hymns to "dazzling October"; in some of his poems, he glorifies the revolution in one voice with Marxist poets - in particular, “Work”, “Responses”, “To the Brothers-Intellectuals”, “Only Russian”) Having become the founder of the “Russian literary Leniniana”, Bryusov neglected the “precepts”, set out by him back in 1896 in the poem "To the Young Poet" - "do not live in the present", "worship art."

Despite all his aspirations to become part of the new era, Bryusov could not become a “poet of the New Life”. In the 1920s (in the collections "Dali" (1922), "Mea" ("Hurry!", 1924)) he radically renews his poetics, using rhythm overloaded with accents, abundant alliteration, ragged syntax, neologisms (again, as in the era of Nelly's Poems, using the experience of futurism); Vladislav Khodasevich, who is generally critical of Bryusov, evaluates this period not without sympathy as an attempt to acquire “new sounds” through “conscious cacophony”. These poems are saturated with social motives, the pathos of "scientific" (in the spirit of Rene Gil's "scientific poetry", which Bryusov was interested in even before the revolution: "The World of the Electron", 1922, "The World of N-Dimensions", 1924), exotic terms and proper names ( the author provided many of them with detailed comments). M. L. Gasparov, who studied it in detail, called the manner of the late Bryusov “academic avant-garde”. In some texts, notes of disappointment with one's past and present life, even with the revolution itself, appear (the poem "House of Visions" is especially characteristic). In his experiment, Bryusov was alone: in the era of building a new, Soviet poetry, Bryusov's experiments were considered too complex and "incomprehensible to the masses"; representatives of modernist poetics also reacted negatively to them.

Death

On October 9, 1924, Bryusov died in his Moscow apartment from lobar pneumonia. The poet was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in the capital.

The main features of Bryusov's work

In Bryusov's poems, the reader is faced with opposite principles: life-affirming - love, calls for "conquest" of life by labor, for the struggle for existence, for creation - and pessimistic (death is bliss, "sweet nirvana", therefore the desire for death is above all; suicide is "seductive", and insane orgies are "the secret pleasures of artificial edens"). And the main character in Bryusov's poetry is either a brave, courageous fighter, or a man who despairs of life, who sees no other way but the way to death (such, in particular, are the already mentioned "Nellie's Poems", the work of a courtesan with a "selfish soul ").

Bryusov's moods are sometimes contradictory; they replace each other without transitions. In his poetry, Bryusov either strives for innovation, or again goes back to the time-tested forms of the classics. Despite the desire for classical forms, Bryusov's work is still not an empire style, but a modernist style that has absorbed contradictory qualities. In it, we see a fusion of qualities that are difficult to combine. According to Andrei Bely's characterization, Valery Bryusov is a "poet of marble and bronze"; at the same time, S. A. Vengerov considered Bryusov a poet of "solemnity par excellence." According to L. Kamenev, Bryusov is a "hammer fighter and jeweler."

Bryusov's versification

Valery Bryusov made a great contribution to the development of the form of verse, actively used inaccurate rhymes, "free verse" in the spirit of Verhaarn, developed "long" meters (iambic 12-foot with internal rhymes: "Near the sluggish Nile, where Lake Merida is, in the kingdom fiery Ra // you loved me for a long time, like Osiris Isis, friend, queen and sister ... ", the famous 7-foot trochee without caesura in "The Pale Horse": "The street was like a storm. Crowds passed // As if they were pursued by the inevitable Rock ... ”), used alternating lines of different meters (the so-called “linear logaeds”: “My lips are approaching // To your lips ...”). These experiments were fruitfully received by the younger poets. In the 1890s, in parallel with Zinaida, Gippius Bryusov developed tonic verse (dolnik is a term that he introduced into Russian poetry in an article of 1918), but, unlike Gippius and subsequently Blok, he gave few memorable examples to this verse in the future. rarely addressed: the most famous dolniks of Bryusov are The Coming Huns (1904) and The Third Autumn (1920). In 1918, Bryusov published the collection "Experiments ...", which did not set creative tasks and was specially dedicated to the most diverse experiments in the field of verse (extra-long line endings, figured poetry, etc.). In the 1920s, Bryusov taught versification at various institutes, some of his courses were published.

Bryusov in different genres

Bryusov tried his hand at many literary genres.

Prose

The most famous historical novels by Bryusov are The Altar of Victory, which describes the life and customs of Rome in the 4th century AD. e., and - in particular - the "Fiery Angel". In the latter, the psychology of the time being described (Germany of the 16th century) is superbly displayed, the mood of the era is accurately conveyed; based on the "Fiery Angel" Sergei Prokofiev wrote the opera of the same name. The motives of Bryusov's novels fully correspond to the motives of the author's poetic works; Like poetry, Bryusov's novels describe the era of the collapse of the old world, depict its individual representatives who paused in thought before the arrival of the new world, supported by fresh, revitalizing forces.

Bryusov's original short stories, built on the principle of two worlds, were compiled in the collection The Earth's Axis (1907). In the short story cycle "Nights and Days" Bryusov gives himself up to the "philosophy of the moment", the "religion of passion". Bryusov also wrote fantastic works - this is the novel "Mountain of the Stars", the stories "The Rise of the Machines" (1908) and "The Mutiny of the Machines" (1914), the story "The First Interplanetary", the anti-utopia "Republic of the Southern Cross" (1904-05). Noteworthy is the story "The Betrothal of Dasha", in which the author portrays his father, Yakov Bryusov, who was involved in the liberal social movement of the 1860s. The story "The Last Pages from a Woman's Diary" also received considerable attention from critics.

Translations

As a translator, Bryusov did a lot for Russian literature. He opened to the Russian reader the work of the famous Belgian urban poet Emile Verhaern, was the first translator of the poems of Paul Verlaine. Bryusov's translations of works by Edgar Allan Poe (poems), Romain Rolland ("Liliuli"), Maurice Maeterlinck ("Pelleas and Melesande", "Massacre of the Innocents"), Victor Hugo, Racine, Ausonius, Molière ("Amphitryon"), Byron, Oscar Wilde ("The Duchess of Padua", "The Ballad of Reading Gaol"). Bryusov completely translated Goethe's Faust, Virgil's Aeneid. In the 1910s, Bryusov was fascinated by the poetry of Armenia, translated many poems by Armenian poets and compiled the fundamental collection "Poetry of Armenia from ancient times to the present day", for which he was awarded the title of People's Poet of Armenia in 1923, Yerevan Linguistic University bears his name.

Bryusov was a translation theorist; some of his ideas are still relevant today, the review of "Verhaarn on a Procrustean bed" (1923), etc.

Criticism and literary criticism

As a literary critic, Valery Bryusov began to speak as early as 1893, when he selected poems by beginning poets (the same, however, as he himself) for the first collection, Russian Symbolists. The most complete collection of Bryusov's critical articles is Far and Near. In his critical articles, Bryusov not only revealed the theory of symbolism, but also made statements about the dependence of form on content in literature; Poetry, according to Bryusov, "can and should" be learned, because it is a craft that has an important educational value. According to Bryusov, separation from reality is fatal for the artist. Bryusov's works on versification are interesting ("Fundamentals of versification", etc.). Bryusov was sympathetic to the work of proletarian poets, which is expressed in his articles "Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow of Russian Poetry", "Synthetics of Poetry".

Of Bryusov's literary works, the most famous are his works devoted to the biography and work of Alexander Pushkin (works on Pushkin's versification, "Pushkin's Letters to Pushkin", "Pushkin in the Crimea", "Pushkin's Relations with the Government", "Pushkin's Lyceum Poems". In the latter The work contains newly discovered and restored texts by Pushkin the lyceum student). Several articles ("Pushkin and serfdom", an article on Pushkin's poetic technique, etc.) were written by Bryusov for the collected works of the great Russian poet (Brockhaus edition). Bryusov studied the work of Nikolai Gogol (which was expressed in his speech "Incinerated"), Baratynsky, Fyodor Tyutchev (Bryusov actually opened the work of this talented poet to Russian society), Alexei Tolstoy.

Bryusov-journalist

Bryusov began his journalistic activity in the journal, far from literary storms - "Russian Archive", where from the end of the 1890s he went through the school of scientific publishing under the guidance of a prominent historian and editor of the journal Bartenev, and from 1900 to 1903 he was the secretary of the editorial board of the journal. Published in Yasinsky's Monthly Works (1900-1902).

Later, Bryusov became the main character in the journal Scales (1904-1909), the main organ of Russian symbolism. Bryusov put all his energy into editorial work. Bryusov was both the principal author and editor of Vyesov. In addition to him, Andrey Bely, Konstantin Balmont, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Maximilian Voloshin, Mikhail Kuzmin were published there. Bryusov also directed the publishing house "Scorpion" and participated in the publication of the almanac of this publishing house "Northern Flowers" (published in 1901-1903, 1905 and 1911).

The experience of Bryusov as an editor was taken into account by Struve when he invited the poet to edit the literary department of the oldest Moscow magazine Russkaya Mysl in 1910. Bryusov saw his mission as a literary editor in the continuation of the traditions of Libra. Soon, Bryusov, in addition to fiction, began to oversee the bibliography and criticism of the magazine. With the advent of a new literary editor, Alexei Tolstoy, Andrei Bely, Alexander Blok appeared on the pages of the magazine,

Bryusov Valery Yakovlevich
13.12.1873 - 09.10.1924
biography

Born into a merchant family. The grandfather on the father's side is a merchant from the former serfs, and the grandfather on the mother's side is a self-taught poet A. Ya. Bakulin. My father was fond of literature and natural sciences.

In the private gymnasium of F. I. Kreiman (1885-1889), Bryusov was immediately admitted to the second grade. In the second year of study, together with a classmate V. K. Stanyukovich, he publishes a handwritten gymnasium magazine "The Beginning", through which he first realizes himself as a "writer".

In 1889, he published a handwritten "Leaflet of the V class", in which he denounced the gymnasium's order. Because of this article, Bryusov's relations with the administration are aggravated, as a result of which he has to go to the L. I. Polivanov gymnasium (1890-1893). At the same time, Bryusov is experiencing a number of first youthful hobbies, a love affair with E. A. Maslova (Kraskova) who died suddenly in 1893 from smallpox, to whom he devoted many poems and the last chapters (under the name of the heroine Nina) story "My youth".

In 1893-1899. Bryusov studies at the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. In addition to classical philology, he studies Kant and Leibniz, listens to history courses by V. O. Klyuchevsky, P. G. Vinogradov, and attends the seminars of F. E. Korsh. During the years of study at the university, the first initial period of conscious literary creativity of Bryusov falls.

In 1894-1895. Bryusov publishes three small editions of the collection "Russian Symbolists", in which he gives examples of "new poetry". It was the first collective manifesto of Russian modernism in Russia. The reaction to the collections was scandalous and deafening.

In 1895-1986, Bryusov published the first author's collection of poems "Masterpieces", consisting of two editions. The catchy title, defiant content and far from modesty preface, addressed to "eternity and art", caused a unanimous rejection of criticism.

In the period from 1895 to 1899, he became close to famous symbolist writers: K. K. Sluchevsky, K. M. Fofanov, F. Sollogub, D. S. Merezhkovsky, Z. N. Gippius, N. M. Minsky. On the "Saturdays" of Georg Bachmann, and then on his own "Wednesdays", Bryusov began to meet regularly with Moscow modernists.

In 1897 he traveled abroad for the first time, to Germany. In the same year, he marries Ioanna Matveevna Runt, who became his life partner and assistant in literary affairs.

From 1900 to 1903, Bryusov was the editorial secretary of the Archive. He publishes a number of articles here, including "On the collected works of F. I. Tyutchev" (1898), "F. I. Tyutchev. Chronicle of his life" (1903).

In the autumn of 1900, the publishing house "Scorpion" published the third book of Bryusov's lyrics "The Third Guard. A book of new poems. 1897-1900", opening the second mature period of the writer's work.

In March 1903, Bryusov delivered a keynote lecture on art, "Keys of Secrets", which was perceived as a manifesto of the latest Russian symbolism.

Since the end of 1902, the poet has been a secretary in the journal "New Way" for some time, publishes poems, articles, notes, and also maintains the column "Political Review". At the same time, he was a member of the commission of the Moscow literary and artistic circle, and since 1908 - the chairman of its directorate.

The collection "Wreath. Poems 1903-1905" became the poet's first truly major success. In it, along with historical and mythological plots and intimate lyrics, Bryusov included poems on the topical topic of war and revolution. With fantastic rapture, as the purifying element of fate, the poet looks at war and revolution.

By 1909, Bryusov became a recognized master of "courageous", Apollonian lyrics.

In 1904-1908. Bryusov is the organizer, permanent leader and leading author of the main magazine of Russian symbolists, "Scales". After the closure of "Balance" (1909), from September 1910, for two years, Bryusov became the head of the literary-critical department of the journal "Russian Thought".

During the First World War, Bryusov spent many months as a correspondent in the theater of operations. At first, this war seemed to the poet the last ("The Last War", 1914), capable of transforming human life for the better. However, after two and a half years, Bryusov's opinion about her changed ("The Thirtieth Month", 1917). Disillusioned with the outcome of the war and politics, Bryusov goes deeper and deeper into literature and scientific work. He turns to translations of Armenian, Finnish and Latvian poetry.

In 1923, the year of the 50th anniversary of the poet, the Armenian government awarded Bryusov the honorary title of People's Poet of Armenia.

Disappointment in the victorious outcome of the war, after a brief hesitation, prepared Bryusov for the adoption of the October Revolution. In 1920, he joined the Communist Party, worked in the People's Commissariat of Education, headed the presidium of the All-Russian Union of Poets, read various lecture courses, organized (1921) and directed the Higher Literary and Art Institute.

Post-October, mostly revolutionary collections of poems by Bryusov ("On Such Days", 1921; "Dali", 1922; "Hurry", 1924) marked the last, final period of the master's work.

Sergei Rachmaninov and Mikhail Gnesin, Alexander Grechaninov and Reingold Gliere wrote music for Valery Bryusov's poems. However, the poet not only composed poetry - he created plays and translated foreign authors, published magazines and led a literary institute. Valery Bryusov became one of the founders of Russian symbolism.

"Huge bags of scribbled paper"

Valery Bryusov was born in 1873 into a Moscow merchant family. He was the grandson of the poet Alexander Bakulin, author of The Fables of a Provincial.

At the age of four, Bryusov learned to read and literally settled in his parents' library. He studied the biographies of great people and foreign classics, read tabloid novels and scientific literature. The poet recalled his childhood: “From fairy tales, from any “devilry” I was diligently protected. But I learned about the ideas of Darwin and the principles of materialism before I learned multiplication. I did not know classical literature well: I did not read either Tolstoy, or Turgenev, or even Pushkin; of all the poets in our house, an exception was made only for Nekrasov, and as a boy I knew most of his poems by heart ". Bryusov was also fond of scientific experiments: he conducted simple chemical and physical experiments and studied the nature of various phenomena from books. Even at preschool age, the boy wrote the first comedy - "The Frog".

At the age of 11, Valery Bryusov became a student of the Kreyman private gymnasium - after the exam, he was accepted immediately into the second grade. At home, he grew up without comrades, did not know simple children's games, and his passion for science and literature alienated him even more from his classmates. However, later Bryusov became close with other young lovers of reading, together they began to publish a handwritten magazine "Beginning". During these years, the novice writer tried his hand at prose and poetry, translating ancient and modern authors. However, Bryusov's first publication was a completely ordinary article - at the age of 13 he appeared on the pages of the Russkiy Sport magazine in support of a sweepstakes at the races.

“I started new works all the time. I wrote poetry, so much so that I soon filled up the thick Poesie notebook that had been given to me. I have tried all forms - sonnets, tetracins, octaves, triolets, rondos, all sizes. I wrote dramas, short stories, novels... Every day carried me further and further. On the way to the gymnasium, I thought about new works, in the evening, instead of learning lessons, I wrote ... I had huge packets of scribbled paper.

The magazine "Beginning" was published for several years, and after that the students abandoned this idea. Bryusov resumed his editorial activity when he was 16 years old. He began to issue a handwritten "Leaf of the V class" at school. The newspaper criticized the gymnasium rules, so soon the freethinker student was forced to move to another educational institution. He continued to study at the Polivanov gymnasium.

Dedication to "Eternity and Art"

In the 1890s, Valery Bryusov became interested in the work of Pushkin and the French Symbolists - Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine, Stefan Mallarmé. In 1893 he wrote a letter to Verlaine, in which he called himself the founder of Russian symbolism. In the same year, Bryusov created the drama "The Decadents (End of the Century)" - she talked about some of the facts of the biography of the French poet.

In 1893, Bryusov entered the Faculty of History and Philology of Moscow University. He studied history and philosophy, art and literature. The young poet devoted a lot of time to foreign languages - sometimes only to read foreign authors in the original.

Bryusov wrote in his diary: “If I could live a hundred lives, they would not satiate all the thirst for knowledge that burns me”.

Already in the second year of study, the poet published his first collection "Chefs d'oeuvre" - "Masterpieces". In the preface, he wrote: “Printing my book today, I do not expect it to be properly assessed ... I do not bequeath this book to my contemporaries and not even to humanity, but to eternity and art.” Critics were skeptical of the poems, including because of the high-profile title of the book. Two years later, the second collection was released - "This is me." Urban, historical and scientific motives appeared in it. The next book - a collection of poems "The Third Guard" with historical and mythological plots - was dedicated by the poet to Konstantin Balmont. The poet published his works in many Moscow and St. Petersburg magazines, worked in the Moscow publishing house "Scorpion".

In 1897 Valery Bryusov got married. His chosen one was Joanna Runt, the young governess of the poet's sisters. The poet wrote in his diary: “The weeks leading up to the wedding are not recorded. This is because they were weeks of happiness. How can I write now if I can only define my state with the word “bliss”? I'm almost ashamed to make such a confession, but what? That's it". Joanna Runt was very sensitive to Bryusov's manuscripts, before the wedding she did not allow them to be thrown away during cleaning, and after that she became a real keeper of Bryusov's works.

Valery Bryusov and his wife, Ioanna Bryusova (née Runt). 1899 Photo: M.Zolotareva

Valery Bryusov with his wife Ioanna Matveevna

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Valery Bryusov became close to other symbolists - Dmitry Merezhkovsky, Zinaida Gippius, Fyodor Sologub. In 1901, their first joint almanac "Northern Flowers" was published - it was then that symbolism became an established literary trend. Poets and writers arranged literary meetings in the Gippius circle, on “Wednesdays” with Bryusov, as well as with his friend Alexander Miropolsky (Lang). Quite often, seances that were fashionable in those years were held here. Lights were dimmed in the rooms and "spirits" were called in, which moved furniture and even "wrote" mysterious texts - of course, with someone else's hand.

In 1903, Bryusov published the book "City and the World", and in 1906 - the collection "Wreath". The "Wreath" includes works of several previous years - mythological, lyrical, as well as those dedicated to the revolution and war. In parallel with his literary work, the poet publishes the symbolist magazine Scales, manages the department of literary criticism in the Russian Thought magazine, writes plays, prose, and translates foreign authors.

Correspondent, translator, professor

During the First World War, Valery Bryusov worked as a war correspondent for the Russkiye Vedomosti newspaper. But the patriotic sentiments of the first years of the war quickly faded. Ioanna Bryusova recalled that he "returned deeply disappointed by the war, no longer having the slightest desire to see the battlefield." During this period, Bryusov's critical poems appeared, but they remained unpublished.

During these years, Valery Bryusov focused not on the plots of his new poems, but on the form of verse and poetic technique. He selected refined rhymes, wrote classical French ballads, studied the techniques of the poets of the Alexandrian school. Bryusov became a virtuoso of improvisation: he created a classical sonnet in record time. Bryusov created one wreath of sonnets from fifteen works by Bryusov in just seven hours.

In 1915, by order of the Moscow Armenian Committee, Valery Bryusov began to prepare a collection of national poetry. The anthology covered one and a half thousand years of Armenian history. The poet was also involved in the organization of work, and translations, and editing the book, and preparing it for publication. When the collection came out, Bryusov wrote several articles about Armenian culture and the book Chronicle of the Historical Destinies of the Armenian People. Later he received the title of People's Poet of Armenia.

After the revolution, Valery Bryusov became a civil servant. At first, he led the Committee for the Registration of the Press, worked at the State Publishing House, was chairman of the presidium of the All-Russian Union of Poets, and helped prepare the first edition of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia. In 1921, Anatoly Lunacharsky suggested that Bryusov organize the Higher Literary and Art Institute. Until the end of his life, the poet remained his rector and professor.

In 1924, the poet died - he died of pneumonia. Valery Bryusov was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery.

Portal for the student. Self-training