Leonhard's theory of accentuated personalities quickly proved its validity and usefulness. However, its use was limited by the age of the subjects - the questionnaire for determining accentuation is designed for adult subjects. Children and adolescents, having no relevant life experience, could not answer a number of test questions, so it turned out to be difficult to determine their accentuations.

The solution of this problem was taken up by the domestic psychiatrist Andrey Evgenievich Lichko. He modified it for use in childhood and adolescence, revised the descriptions of the types of accentuation, changed the names for some of them and introduced new types. A. E. Lichko considered it more expedient to study accentuations in adolescents, since most of them are formed before adolescence and are most clearly manifested during this period. He expanded the descriptions of accentuated characters with information about the manifestations of accentuations in children and adolescents, and the change in these manifestations as they grow up. Peru A.E. Lichko owns the fundamental monographs "Adolescent Psychiatry", "Psychopathies and Character Accentuations in Adolescents", "Adolescent Narcology".

Accentuations of character from the point of view of A. E. Lichko

A. E. Lichko was the first to suggest replacing the term “personality accentuations” with “character accentuations”, arguing that it is impossible to combine all the personal characteristics of a person by defining only accentuation. Personality is a much broader concept, including worldview, features of upbringing, education, and response to external events. The character, being an external reflection of the type of the nervous system, serves as a narrow characteristic of the characteristics of human behavior.

Accentuations of character according to Lichko are temporary changes in character that change or disappear in the process of growth and development of the child. However, many of them can turn into psychopathy or persist for life. The path of development of accentuation is determined by its severity, the social environment and the type (hidden or explicit) of accentuation.

Like Karl Leonhard, A.E. Lichko considered accentuations to be a variant of character deformation, in which some of its features become excessively pronounced. This increases the sensitivity of the individual to certain types of influences and makes it difficult to adapt in some cases. At the same time, in general, the ability to adapt remains at a high level, and with some types of influences (which do not affect the “places of least resistance”), accentuated individuals cope more easily with ordinary ones.

A.E. Lichko considered accentuations as borderline states between the norm and psychopathy. Accordingly, their classification is based on the typology of psychopathy.

A. E. Lichko identified the following types of accentuations: hyperthymic, cycloid, sensitive, schizoid, hysteroid, conformal, psychasthenic, paranoid, unstable, emotionally labile, epileptoid.

Hyperthymic type

People with this accentuation are great tacticians and bad strategists. Resourceful, enterprising, active, easily oriented in rapidly changing situations. Thanks to this, they can quickly improve their official and social position. However, in a distant time, they often lose their position due to the inability to think through the consequences of their actions, participation in adventures and the wrong choice of comrades.

Active, sociable, enterprising, the mood is always good. Children of this type are mobile, restless, often play pranks. Inattentive and poorly disciplined, teenagers of this type learn in an unstable way. Often there are conflicts with adults. They have many superficial hobbies. They often overestimate themselves, strive to stand out, earn praise.

Cycloid character accentuation according to Lichko is characterized by high irritability and apathy. Children prefer to be alone at home instead of playing with their peers. Hardly experiencing any troubles, irritated in response to comments. The mood changes from good, upbeat, to depressed with a frequency of several weeks.

When growing up, the manifestations of this accentuation usually smooth out, but in a number of individuals they may persist or get stuck for a long time in one stage, more often oppressed melancholy. Sometimes there is a connection of mood changes with the seasons.

sensitive type

It is highly sensitive to both joyful and frightening or sad events. Teenagers do not like active, outdoor games, they do not play pranks, they avoid big companies. They are timid and bashful with strangers, give the impression of being closed. With close friends can be good comrades. They prefer to communicate with people younger or older than them. Obedient, love parents.

Perhaps the development of an inferiority complex or difficulty with adaptation in a team. They make high moral demands on themselves and the team. They have a developed sense of responsibility. Assiduous, prefer complex activities. They are very careful in choosing friends, they prefer older ones.

Schizoid type

Adolescents of this type are closed, they prefer loneliness or the company of elders to communicate with their peers. Defiantly indifferent and not interested in communicating with other people. They do not understand the feelings, experiences, the state of others, do not show sympathy. They also prefer not to show their own feelings. Peers often do not understand them, and therefore are hostile to schizoids.

Hysteroids are distinguished by a high need for attention to themselves, egocentrism. Demonstrative, artistic. They do not like it when in their presence they pay attention to someone else or praise others. There is a high need for admiration from others. Adolescents of the hysterical type tend to occupy an exceptional position among their peers, draw attention to themselves, and influence others. Often they become the initiators of various events. At the same time, hysteroids are unable to organize those around them, cannot become an informal leader, or earn authority from their peers.

Conmorphic type

Children and adolescents of the conformal type are distinguished by the lack of their own opinion, initiative, and criticality. They willingly submit to a group or authority. Their attitude to life can be characterized by the words "be like everyone else." At the same time, such teenagers are prone to moralizing and are very conservative. In order to protect their interests, representatives of this type are ready for the most unseemly acts, and all these acts find an explanation and justification in the eyes of a conforming personality.

Psychasthenic type

Adolescents of this type are characterized by a tendency to reflection, introspection, evaluation of the behavior of others. Their intellectual development is ahead of their peers. Their indecisiveness is combined with self-confidence, judgments and views are categorical. In moments when special care and attention are needed, they are prone to impulsive actions. With age, this type changes little. Often they have obsessions that serve as a means of overcoming anxiety. It is also possible to use alcohol or drugs. In relationships, they are petty and despotic, which interferes with normal communication.

paranoid type

The types of character accentuation according to Lichko do not always include this variant of accentuation due to its late development. The main manifestations of the paranoid type appear by the age of 30-40. In childhood and adolescence, such individuals are characterized by epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Their main feature is an overestimation of their personality, and, accordingly, the presence of overvalued ideas about their exclusivity. These ideas differ from delusional ones in that they are perceived by others as real, albeit exaggerated.

Adolescents show an increased craving for entertainment, idleness. There are no interests, life goals, they do not care about the future. Often they are characterized as "going with the flow".

Emotionally labile type

Children are unpredictable, with frequent and violent mood swings. The reasons for these differences are minor trifles (an oblique look or an unfriendly phrase). During periods of bad mood, they require the support of loved ones. They feel good about themselves around them.

epileptoid type

At an early age, such children are often whiny. In the older one, they offend the younger ones, torture animals, mock those who cannot fight back. They are characterized by dominance, cruelty, pride. In the company of other children, they strive to be not just the main, but the ruler. The groups they govern are brutal, autocratic. However, their power rests to a large extent on the voluntary submission of other children. They prefer the conditions of strict discipline, they know how to please the leadership, to seize prestigious positions that make it possible to exercise power, to establish their own rules.

Character (Greek - sign, distinctive property, distinctive feature, feature, sign or seal) - the structure of persistent, relatively constant mental properties that determine the characteristics of the relationship and behavior of the individual.

When they talk about character, they usually mean by this just such a set of properties and qualities of a personality that impose a certain imprint on all its manifestations and deeds. Character traits are those essential properties of a person that determine a particular way of behavior, way of life. The static character is determined by the type of nervous activity, and its dynamics is determined by the environment.

Character is understood as:

a system of stable motives and ways of behavior that form a behavioral type of personality;

a measure of the balance of the inner and outer worlds, the features of an individual's adaptation to the reality around him;

distinctly expressed certainty of the typical behavior of each person.

Character accentuations

The concept of "accentuation" was first introduced by the German psychiatrist and psychologist Karl Leonhard.

Definition. Accentuation is the disharmony of character development, which manifests itself in the excessive severity of its individual features or compounds, which causes an increased vulnerability of the individual to certain types of influences and makes it difficult to adapt to some specific situations.

Accentuation is not a disease, not a pathology, not a psychopathy, but an extreme expression of the norm. This is a sharpening of any individual traits, which, under certain unfavorable conditions, can lead to pathology - psychopathy.

The famous Soviet psychiatrist P. B. Gannushkin formulated three criteria for psychopathy:

1. Stability over time. A character can be considered pathological, that is, regarded as psychopathy, if it is relatively stable over time (it changes little during life).

2. The totality of the manifestation of character. With psychopathy, the same character traits are found in all spheres of human life: in production activities, at home, in communication with friends and relatives, etc.

3. Social maladaptation. A person constantly has difficulties in life. Moreover, these difficulties are experienced either by himself or by the people around him.

In the case of character accentuations, there may not be any of the listed signs of psychopathy, or at least all three signs are never present at once.

The absence of the first sign is expressed in the fact that the accentuation of character is manifested only at certain stages of personality development. Most often, it is formed in adolescence, and smoothes out when growing up.

The absence of the second sign means that the traits of an accentuated character do not appear in any situation, but only in special conditions. At the same time, it should be noted that the selective vulnerability of character traits in relation to certain types of influences can very often be combined with a good or even increased resistance of this trait to other influences.

Social maladjustment with accentuation either does not occur at all, or may be temporary, of a short duration. Difficulties in adapting the personality in some specific situations with a certain accentuation of character can be combined with good and even increased abilities for social adaptation in other situations.

Types of character accentuations

Depending on the degree of expression, there are explicit and hidden (latent) accentuations. Explicit accentuations appear relatively constantly; with hidden accentuations, pointed character traits are not detected until the person falls into extreme conditions. Under these conditions, hidden accentuations turn into explicit ones. In extremely unfavorable conditions for the personality, character accentuation can lead to pathological personality changes - psychopathy.

Based on this theory of character accentuation, various classifications were created. The most famous are the classifications of K. Leonhard and A. E. Lichko.

Classification of character accentuations (according to K. Leonhard)

Demonstrative type. The main feature of a demonstrative personality is the need to impress, to attract attention, to be in the center of events. This is manifested in vain, often deliberate, behavior, in particular, in such traits as self-praise, perception and presentation of oneself as the central character of any situation. Much of what such a person says about himself often turns out to be the fruit of his imagination or a much embellished account of events.

Pedantic type. External manifestations of this type are increased accuracy, the desire for order, indecision and caution. Before doing anything, such a person thinks everything over for a long time and carefully. Behind external pedantry are the unwillingness and inability to make quick changes, the lack of desire to take responsibility. These people love their usual work, conscientious in everyday life.

Stuck type. The stuck type of personality is distinguished by a high stability of affect, the duration of an emotional response, experiences. Insulting personal interests and dignity, as a rule, is not forgotten for a long time and is never forgiven just like that. In this regard, people around often characterize representatives of this type as touchy, vindictive and vindictive people. The duration of experiences is often combined with fantasizing, carrying out a plan of revenge on the offender.

Excitable type. A feature of an excitable personality is a pronounced impulsive behavior. The manner of communication and behavior largely depends not on the rational comprehension of one's actions, but on impulse, attraction, instinct or uncontrollable impulse. In the field of social interaction, representatives of this type are characterized by extremely low tolerance.

Hyperthymic type. A noticeable feature of the hyperthymic personality type is the constant stay in high spirits, even in the absence of any external reasons for this. High spirits are combined with high activity and a thirst for activity. Hyperthyms are characterized by such qualities as sociability, increased talkativeness, and an optimistic outlook on life. Difficulties are often overcome without much difficulty.

Dysthymic type. A dysthymic personality is the opposite of a hyperthymic one. Dystimics tend to focus on the dark, sad side of life. This is manifested in everything: in behavior, and in communication, and in the peculiarities of the perception of life, events and other people (socio-perceptual features). Usually these people are serious by nature, they are not characterized by activity.

Affectively labile type (cyclothymic type). An important feature of the cyclothymic type is the change of hyperthymic and dysthymic states. Such changes are frequent and systematic. In the hyperthymic phase in cyclothymes, joyful events cause not only joyful emotions, but also a thirst for activity, increased activity. In the dysthymic phase, sad events cause them not only grief, but also a state of depression. In this state, slowness of reactions, thinking, and emotional response are characteristic.

Affectively exalted type (exalted type). The main feature of an exalted personality is a violent (exalted) reaction to what is happening. They easily get excited by joyful events and fall into despair from sad ones. They are distinguished by extreme impressionability about any event or fact. At the same time, inner impressionability and a tendency to experience find a vivid external expression in their behavior.

Anxious type. The main feature of this type is increased anxiety about possible failures, concern for one's fate and the fate of loved ones, while there are usually no objective reasons for such concern or they are insignificant. They are distinguished by timidity, sometimes humility. Constant alertness to circumstances is combined with self-doubt.

Emotive type. The main feature of an emotive personality is high sensitivity. Such qualities as kindness, kindness, sincerity, emotional responsiveness, highly developed empathy, increased tearfulness (as they say, ``wet eyes'') are characteristic.

Extrovert type. Such a person is easily influenced by the environment, constantly looking for new experiences. The opinion of such people is not stable, since new thoughts expressed by others are easily accepted on faith and are not internally processed. A characteristic feature is impulsiveness of actions.

introverted type. This type is characterized by reliance on their life experience. This type is not affected by various situations. The degree of immersion in the inner world leads a person to separation from reality. Characterized by an accentuated tendency to think and a weak readiness for action.

Structure of character To determine the structure or structure of a person's character means to single out the main components or properties in the character and to establish the specific features caused by them in their relationship and interaction. In the structure of the existing character, we must single out two sides: content and form. The content includes features that express the orientation of the individual (sustainable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relations to the surrounding reality and representing individually peculiar ways of implementing these relations. In the content of the character, one or the other component can come to the fore, depending on the way of life, educational influences and the requirements of the surrounding reality. This or that orientation of the personality leaves an imprint on all human behavior, although it is determined by an integral system of relations. In different forms of character, ways of manifesting relationships, fixed emotional-volitional characteristics of behavior, temperament are expressed. People differ from each other in habits, behavior. Intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits are related to form. “In the system of personality, four groups of character traits are distinguished, forming symptom complexes. Snmptomocomilexes are systems of interrelated mental properties. 1. Features that characterize a person’s attitude to other people, to a team, to society (sociability, sensitivity, responsiveness, respect for other people and their opposite features - isolation, callousness, callousness, rudeness, contempt for people). 2. Features that show a person’s attitude to his day (hard work, a penchant for creativity, conscientiousness, responsibility, initiative, perseverance and their opposite features - laziness, a tendency to routine work, dishonesty, irresponsibility, passivity). 3. Features that show how a person relates to himself (self-esteem, pride, self-criticism, modesty and their opposite - self-conceit, arrogance, vanity, arrogance, touchiness, shyness, selfishness, self-centeredness). 4. Features that characterize a person's attitude to things (neatness or carelessness, careful or careless handling of things) ". “Depending on this or that structure of character, a person exhibits certain traits of behavior. The number of these traits is great. But it is possible to identify the main groups or types of character traits. These include: a) moral (sensitivity, attentiveness, delicacy); b) strong-willed (temper, passion, tenderness); c) emotional (decisiveness, perseverance, firmness). More clearly, one can define the main synthetic properties of a positive nature. “Among them, the following stand out: - Moral education of character. It characterizes a person in terms of direction and form of behavior. - Completeness of character. It testifies to the versatility of aspirations and hobbies of a person, a variety of activities, such people are distinguished by inner wealth and activity. - Integrity of character. This is the unity of a person's mental make-up, the consistency of his relationship to various aspects of reality, the absence of contradictions in aspirations and interests, the unity of word and deed. - Definiteness of character. It is expressed in the stability of behavior, which in all cases corresponds to established beliefs, moral and political ideas and concepts, the main direction that makes up the meaning of life and activity of the individual. You can tell in advance about such a person how he will behave in certain conditions of life. - Strength of character. This is the energy with which a person pursues the goals set for himself, this is the ability to be passionately carried away and develop a great effort of strength when meeting with difficulties and obstacles, this is the ability to overcome them. - Strength of character. It manifests itself in the sequence of actions and perseverance of a person, in the conscious upholding of views and decisions. - Balance of character. This is the most optimal ratio of restraint and activity for activity and communication with people, developed evenness of behavior. These properties of character are in a complex, sometimes contradictory relationship. All these properties are not a natural gift, but the result of life influences, upbringing and self-education. But self-education is due to the corresponding motivation, which depends on mental processes and states. So, character is a set of individually peculiar properties of a personality, determined by its relations and manifested in the ways of activity typical for a given personality. In the character of each person one must see the unity of stable and dynamic properties. "Character can mask one of the innate manifestations, enhance others, inhibit others due to the formation and strengthening of new reflex connections." Consequently, from a natural-science point of view, character is an alloy of traits such as nervous activity and life impressions, fixed in the form of certain temporary nerve connections in the cerebral cortex. Character is a consequence of the reflection of the complexity of life experiences, is formed in the process of active interaction between the individual and the environment. Character finds its expression not only in deeds and actions, but also in speech, facial expressions and pantomime, and also leaves a seal on the external appearance of the individual and is reflected in a typical posture. Character, reflecting life, in turn affects the way of life. Character is of great importance not only for the individual, but also for society. Character is a holistic formation, a system of properties of personalities that are in certain relationships to each other. “In the structure of character, content and form are distinguished. Content of character reflects the social impact of influence, constitutes the life orientation of the individual, that is, her material and spiritual needs, interests, ideals and social attitudes. In different forms of character, ways of manifesting relationships, fixed emotional-volitional characteristics of behavior, temperament are expressed. People differ from each other in habits, manners of behavior. The character is influenced by needs, intelligence and abilities, will, emotions, orientation, temperament. The totality of distinctive essential, typical features forms a type of character that reflects the typical conditions of people's lives. 2. Traits of character Character is an inseparable whole. But it is impossible to study and understand such a complex whole as character without highlighting individual aspects or typical manifestations (character traits) in it. Common traits of character are manifested in the relationship of the individual to social duties and duty, to people, to himself. The attitude to social duties and duty, first of all, is manifested in the attitude of the individual to social work. In this regard, such character traits as diligence, conscientiousness, perseverance, thrift, and the opposite of them - laziness, negligence, passivity, wastefulness are revealed. A person's attitude to work has a decisive influence on the formation of his other personal qualities. D. I. Pisarev wrote: "Character is tempered by labor, and whoever has never earned his own daily food by his own labor, for the most part remains forever a weak, sluggish and spineless person." Attitude towards people is clearly manifested in such character traits as sociability, politeness, goodwill, etc. n. The antipodes of these traits are isolation, tactlessness, malevolence. As V. Hugo stated, "every person has three characters: the one that is attributed to him; the one that he attributes to himself; and, finally, the one that is in reality." In order to clarify the essence of his character, it is useful for a person to know the opinion about himself of the team in which he works and spends a significant part of his life. And above all, how orderly his relations with people are, how much people need him, how authoritative he is among them. Attitude towards oneself is manifested in self-assessment of one's actions. Sober self-assessment is one of the conditions for personal development, helping to develop such character traits as modesty, adherence to principles, self-discipline. Negative character traits are increased conceit, arrogance and boasting. A person with these traits is usually quarrelsome in a team, involuntarily creates pre-conflict and conflict situations in it. Another extreme in a person's character is also undesirable: underestimation of one's own merits, timidity in expressing one's positions, in defending one's views. Modesty and self-criticism must be combined with a heightened sense of self-worth, based on the awareness of the real significance of one's personality, on the presence of certain successes in work for the common good. Principle is one of the valuable personal qualities that give the character an active orientation. Volitional character traits. Will is understood as a complex mental process that causes the activity of a person and awakens him to act in a directed way. Will is the ability of a person to overcome obstacles, to achieve the goal. Specifically, she acts in such character traits as purposefulness, determination, perseverance, courage. These character traits can contribute to the achievement of both socially useful and anti-social goals. To do this, it is important to determine what the motive of a person's volitional behavior is. "A brave act, the motive of which is to enslave another person, to seize someone else's property, to promote oneself, and a brave act, the motive of which is to help a common cause, of course, have completely different psychological qualities." According to volitional activity, characters are divided into strong and weak. People with a strong character have stable goals, are proactive, boldly make decisions and implement them, have great endurance, are courageous and courageous. People in whom these qualities are weakly expressed or some of them are absent are classified as weak-character. They are characterized by a passive manifestation of their business and personal qualities. Often such people, having the best intentions, do not achieve significant results in work, study. Many of them sincerely experience their inability to act independently, persistently and decisively. Volitional qualities can be cultivated in a person. IP Pavlov emphasized that a person is the only system capable of regulating itself within wide limits, that is, it can improve itself .. Weak-willed people, with thoughtful pedagogical work with them, can become actively active. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of a person, for example, his temperament. So, it is easier for a choleric person to develop activity and determination than for a melancholic person. A person himself must train his will from a young age, develop such qualities as self-control, activity, courage.

PSYCHOPATHY If character accentuation is an extreme version of the norm, then psychopathy is a pathology of character. According to P. B. Gannushkin, "Psychopathies are anomalies of character that determine the entire mental appearance of an individual, imposing their imperious imprint on his entire mental warehouse, do not undergo any drastic changes during life and prevent him from adapting to the environment" . In order to more comprehensively define psychopathy, several definitions of this concept can be considered. In Ball's words, "Psychopathic personalities are permanent residents of the borderline between mental health and mental illness, as unfortunate biological variations, as having gone too far away from a certain average level or normal type." Schneider: "Psychopathic personalities are such abnormal personalities, from whose abnormality either they themselves or society suffer." Kraepelin speaks of psychopathic personalities as infantile (partial, uneven infantilism; more often manifested in the field of will and feelings): “The impression of something underdeveloped, childish, for example, increased suggestibility, a tendency to exaggerate, excessive fantasy in hysterics, weak will in unstable …". Gannushkin-Kerbikov criteria for psychopathy Character pathology (psychopathy) is always characterized by three features (Gannushkin-Kebrikov criteria): 1) totality; 2) stability; 3) disadaptation. The absence of at least one criterion excludes psychopathy. Classifications of psychopathy There are several classifications of psychopathy on various grounds. Psychopathies can be classified according to severity: severe, severe, moderate. Psychopathies can be divided according to the cause of occurrence: 1. Constitutional (or true, genuine, "nuclear"). In the emergence of constitutional psychopathy, the decisive factor belongs to heredity. They often include such types of psychopathy: cycloid, schizoid, psychasthenic, epileptoid. 2. Acquired (psychopathic or pathological development). With psychopathic development, the main thing is improper upbringing, the negative influence of the environment. In this case, excitable, hysterical, unstable psychopathy is revealed. 3. Organic. The latter develop as a result of the action on the brain of prenatal, natal and early postnatal (the first 2-3 years) pathological factors (intoxication, infections, traumatic brain injury, etc.). After an organic brain lesion, excitable and unstable psychopathy is more often noted. Different authors offer different typologies of psychopathy and character accentuations. For example, the classification proposed by A. E. Lichko looks like this: hyperthymic, cycloid, labile, astheno-neurotic, sensitive, psychasthenic, schizoid, epileptoid, hysteroid, unstable, conformal In addition to certain types of psychopathy, Lichko also distinguishes mixed ones, for example: hyperthymic-unstable , sensitive-psychasthenic, etc. E. G. Eidemiller offers his own classification, close to Lichko's typology, in his method of auto-identification and identification by verbal characterological portraits. A somewhat different classification of accentuations of character traits (demonstrative, pedantic, stuck) and accentuations of temperament traits (hyperthymic personality, dysthymic, affective-labile, affective-exalted, anxious), as well as combinations of accentuated character traits and temperament (extroverted and introverted personalities) was proposed by K. . Leonhard. An interesting description of different types of character is offered by D. Dril. He explores the antisocial behavior of "nervous tantrums, alcoholics, epileptics", and also analyzes some diseases, criminal cases, the causes of crimes and the connection with character traits. In addition, Dril characterizes some characters from fiction (for example, the type of Rudin, Oblomov). Gives a general description of "impoverished natures". F. Scholz describes the pathology of children's characters, the formation of character accentuations and psychopathy in accordance with different types of upbringing, heredity. He uses simple names for different types of character, such as: capricious child, fearful, arrogant (abnormalities in the field of feelings and sensations), windy child, curious and secretive (abnormalities in the field of feelings and impressions), restless, greedy, prone to destruction (abnormalities in the field of will and action). Offers methods of correction, education for children with different types of character. V. V. Pushkov and G. A. Kharitonov consider the dependence of psychopathic disorders in adolescents on their age, gender, upbringing conditions, and the presence of organic disorders. The following methods are used to diagnose character accentuations and psychopathy: PDO (pathocharacterological diagnostic questionnaire), Eidemiller identification method, Leonhard-Shmishek method, MMPI. 39. Professional selection. Methods of professional selection.

Professional selection is a procedure for probabilistic assessment ((Professional Fitness)) of a person, studying the possibility of mastering a certain specialty, achieving the required level of skill and effective performance of professional duties. There are 4 components in professional selection: medical, physiological, pedagogical and psychological. In its essence and criteria, professional selection is a socio-economic event, and in terms of methods - biomedical and psychological.

The concepts of "professional selection" and "psychological selection" are often identified, since the essence of the latter is the diagnosis and prediction of abilities. The main stages of psychological professional selection:

1) Extraction and primary processing of the necessary initial diagnostic information;

2) Formulation of forecasts of ability for this type of professional activity and assessment of the expected level of suitability of the subject;

3) Verification of forecasts based on data on the actual effectiveness of the professional activities of selected individuals.

The system of psychological professional selection includes a complex of special diagnostic methods, technical means and standardized procedures. Also, methods of generalization, interpretation of the received diagnostic information and forecasting of the success of the activity are used.

The condition that determines the practical expediency of psychological professional selection is the proof of its socio-economic justification, the availability of a reasonable and proven selection system, and experienced diagnosticians.

Occupational selection consists in a scientifically based admission of a person to a certain work in the event that he has the necessary inclinations, sufficient physical and educational training. Professional selection is usually preceded by professional selection. Professional selection serves to determine the range of professions that are most suitable for a given person, that is, it helps him choose a profession using scientifically based methods and means. For the purposes of professional selection (vocational selection), questionnaire, instrumental and test methods are used.

MAIN METHODS OF PROFESSIONAL SELECTION OF CANDIDATES

Preliminary analysis of personal data (short registration form, resume, letter of application) - a comparison of requirements, capabilities, qualifications, experience, personal characteristics, etc. is carried out. candidate, the degree of his compliance with the “ideal” candidate.

Preliminary screening interview (usually telephone) - preliminary identification of missing information.

Analysis of a completed detailed questionnaire or a special questionnaire.

The main interview (a series of interviews) - a description of the life path of the applicant and his characteristics from the point of view of psychology is formed - strengths and weaknesses, personality traits, the ability to perform the functions of an “ideal” candidate, the ability to immediately begin to effectively fulfill their duties - without “buildup”.

Collecting information about the candidate (from other people), checking reviews and recommendations - the characteristics of the candidate and his compliance with the “ideal” candidate (from subordinates, colleagues, managers) are being clarified.

ADDITIONAL METHODS OF PROFESSIONAL SELECTION OF CANDIDATES

1) Testing abilities (IQ, attention span, etc.) - an assessment of the level and structure of intelligence (mental abilities), an assessment of the level of memory, attention, etc. is carried out.

2) Psychological testing - possible behavior is predicted in various production situations, assessment of the compliance of personal requirements for a candidate for the position in question.

3) Testing knowledge and skills, performing trial tasks - passing standardized tests or completing professional tasks, preparing documents (for example, a “Business Plan”, etc.)

4) Sociometric assessment - assessment of business qualities in a group.

5) Assessment Center - involves the participation of the candidate in a special seminar lasting 1-2 days. The assessment center program includes business games, group exercises, testing and professional assignments.

6) Expert assessments.

7) “Exotic” methods - a polygraph test (lie detector), a security check, a medical examination (health and stamina, attitudes towards alcohol and drugs, a check for the absence of a criminal past are revealed).

It is possible to apply several methods of verification at the same time.

1.1 Description of professional selection methods

As a rule, the professional selection of personnel covers two areas: an assessment of the professional knowledge and personal qualities of a candidate or employee. The employee is needed by the organization as -

The worker is a specialist, a professional,

An employee is a performer of a certain work.

The worker is a person.

1.2 Professional selection based on professional qualities. Application of special questionnaires, professional questionnaires, work with resumes

The easiest way to evaluate professional knowledge is to ask a specialist to do it - an expert. For example, ask to draw up an auditor's opinion on the professional qualities of the current or future chief accountant.

Another way. Prepare special questionnaires or tasks to reveal the true knowledge of a specialist. (Appendix No. 1)

Method three. Ask him to complete pre-designed tasks: for example, in order to determine the degree of computer proficiency, ask the future secretary to find the right file and prepare some kind of letter.

A lot of useful information about the level of a candidate can be obtained from questionnaires and resumes. The questionnaire is a specially designed questionnaire that includes a list of certain qualities and answer options. At the same time, the list of qualities that a specialist should possess depends on the scope of his activity and position.

Analysis of resumes and personal data allows you to identify the compliance of the applicant's education with the minimum qualification requirements, the correspondence of practical experience to the nature of the activity, the presence of restrictions of any kind on the performance of job duties, and readiness to accept additional workloads. This contributes to further narrowing the circle of applicants for the position. (Appendix No. 2, 3).

1.3 Professional selection for personal business qualities. Definition of psychological professional suitability

During professional selection, not only the professional experience of potential candidates is evaluated, but it is also necessary to study the professional suitability of the candidate - the degree to which his psychological characteristics correspond to the requirements of a particular position (job). This is usually done by a psychologist. What is Psychological Fitness?

For the correct conduct of professional selection, it is necessary to understand the meaning and objectives of the study of professional suitability. This understanding is based on the basic criterion of professional suitability (i.e., correct for any profession). A person has the necessary degree of professional suitability if:

His individual psychological qualities ensure success in this particular activity (that is, they allow him to perform work with the required quality and at the right time);

At the same time, the person himself, at least, does not bear any losses (the state of health does not worsen, neurotic traits do not become active, the personality does not deform, etc.).

Often, the employees themselves, and the management of the organization, do not attach much importance to psychological fitness. However, practice shows that if an employee is psychologically unsuitable, then this is reflected in the quality and timing of the work performed and the microclimate of the team in which he works. The employee himself also suffers: he fails to achieve the desired professional successes, or they are given too much effort, and, consequently, promotion is difficult, the desired social and material status is not achieved, well-being worsens (both from physical overstrain and overload of some functions, and from a constant feeling of dissatisfaction with work), the character and relationships with others deteriorate.

Thus, people who see in the phrase "professional selection" a meaning that discriminates against an employee are completely wrong.

What is a knowingly unsuitable candidate?

Two groups can be distinguished here: qualities that are a contraindication for almost any activity (with rare exceptions), and features that are specified by management. The first ones include:

mental illness;

neurotic personality warehouse with all the signs of its actualization;

personality deformation.

The main reason why the management of most organizations tries to avoid hiring people with mental illness is the possible unpredictability of their behavior and the high probability of sudden and prolonged absence from the workplace.

The second group of people whose presence in the organization is undesirable are those with pronounced signs of neuroticism. For an employer who does not delve into subtle psychological matters, it is enough that such an employee is characterized by reduced efficiency, inattention, irritability, excessively violent reactions to people and circumstances, and frequent illnesses. For a psychologist, it is important to figure out whether such a state is temporary, situational (in which we accidentally found a person at the time of diagnosis) or persistent - inherent in this person and ready to be activated at any moment from the slightest trouble. The second option makes such a person undesirable for the organization.

The third group of people whose presence in an organization will no doubt add to its problems are those with personality deformities. A characteristic feature of such a person is the disharmony of the personal organization, which leads to an inadequate perception of himself and people. The consequence may be anger, uncriticality in assessing one's own actions, a striking discrepancy between ideas about oneself and the true personal appearance, an unreasonable fear of intrigues (deception, "setting up", slander, etc.) on the part of others and other similar features that negatively affect reality and people working nearby.

In addition, to screen out obviously unsuitable candidates, the management of the organization may establish additional requirements, for example, it is stipulated that persons with communication problems or with poorly formed speech skills, poor development of analytical abilities, etc., are considered unsuitable in advance.

The need to determine the professional suitability of personnel is due to two main reasons. Firstly, any organization in which a new person comes to work has its own established values, views on the world around us, its own specific features and basic (i.e. main) internal aspirations, on the basis of which joint activities are formed, the solution of common problems . It is very important that the new employee, in terms of his personal qualities, can successfully "fit" into the team, be compatible with other employees, increase, and not lower the potential of the team. This point is not always possible to solve even for experienced managers. The leader can be well versed in the business qualities of a new employee, but intuition sometimes fails. After some time, it turns out that a pleasant, sociable at first glance employee begins to change the positive psychological mood of other employees, “infect” them with negative emotions. It may well happen that after some time a previously successful team increasingly begins to fail even without visible conflict situations. Negative emotions, like viruses, spread from one to another, reducing performance at work and worsening interpersonal relationships. Such mistakes can be very costly. Secondly, the psychological assessment of an employee allows you to more accurately determine his resources, his internal potential, and, consequently, to find out in which workplace the employee will be more useful, whether you can expect rapid professional growth from him, what abilities should be developed, what personal characteristics he can strengthen, and how weaken collective work.

Determining the presence or absence of the qualities necessary to perform a certain job is carried out by psychologists using different methods. This is a diagnostic conversation, and the use of special psychological tests, and a business game, and others.

For example, the “probing questionnaire” method, which helps to isolate some important characteristics even before meeting with the candidate. The questionnaire is a simple personality test. It usually consists of four components:

* personal data;

* expert opinion.

A systematic analysis of this information gives a fairly accurate idea of ​​the personality of the candidate due to the psychological overtones of most questions. (Appendix No. 4) For example, items 1-9 of the questionnaire are a survey taking into account the systematized psychoanalytic categories that provide the firm's psychologist with important additional information. In some cases, further testing, which requires the firm to spend time and money, becomes redundant.

From the answer to question 1, you can get additional information about the media and social environment of the candidate. Questions #2 and #4 deal with the professional motivation of the candidate. It is logical if the events of the candidate's life are related to the desired position. However, the exaggeration of the role of these events is alarming. Question number 3 determines the leadership qualities of the candidate. A positive answer to this question is important for candidates for leadership positions. From the answers to question number 5, the psychologist receives information that is of additional interest to the company. It is desirable that the firm could use the candidate's hobbies for their own purposes. Too many hobbies can negatively affect a candidate's assessment, as there is a risk that there will be no time left for work. Question No. 6, in addition to information about the candidate's social environment, evaluates the role of external and internal factors in a person's life. Externally controlled people are ideal performers, getting the job done quickly and accurately. These people can lead the unit. In the role of a higher-level manager, their effectiveness will be insufficient, because, as a rule, they avoid making decisions. Most often they are introverts. In contrast to this type, a person controlled from the inside is directed to the outside world (extrovert according to Eysenck). The extrovert's hobbies are active (sports, tourism), while the introvert prefers quieter activities (collecting, drawing, sewing). An extrovert is open to the outside world. He is more capable of independent action, of leadership than an introvert. The deepest meaning of questions No. 7 and No. 8 is in determining the candidate's self-esteem and the degree of his self-confidence. Question 9 is based on the accident-prone personality theory. According to this theory, some people attract accidents and provoke them. The severity of the misfortunes that happen to the candidate is alarming, as is their complete absence. Questions #10 and #11 assess the candidate's criticality and self-esteem.

The use of such a "probing questionnaire" requires psychological knowledge, intuition and the ability to read between the lines from a recruiting specialist.

Increasingly, especially when assessing highly qualified employees, it is necessary to use new, non-standard approaches in assessing personnel. For example, a special socio-genetic interviewing of the subject. This method was first applied by the famous American scientist, Doctor of Psychology and Physics Ch.K. Toychem and based on the study of a person's heredity according to his pedigree, the professional activities of his ancestors, their diseases, hobbies, positive and negative events in their biography. Secondly, you can use the latest psychological equipment - devices "Polytest" and "Photon-2m". These devices allow us to determine with great accuracy some properties of our nervous system. For example, by the speed of reaction to a moving object, the stability of the hands or the moisture content of our fingers. Thirdly, you can use various computer programs that have additional degrees of protection for the reliability of the results.

A very effective way to study psychological professional suitability is a diagnostic business game: the psychologist chooses a plot that is close in content to the planned professional activity and observes what qualities of the applicant are manifested. A business game can be combined with an interview and testing.

The specific approach to the study of professional suitability depends on several factors, primarily on the tasks that the organization's management sets for the psychologist.

In cases where the number of applicants is large, there is a shortage of time, there is a hiring for positions with a large turnover of personnel, the danger of "overseeing" a good applicant does not bother the management, one can limit oneself to only a "pilot" study to screen out people with undesirable qualities. For this, "selection by limiting qualities" is used. For a specific activity, one or two undesirable qualities are determined, and the psychologist directs all attention to the search for these qualities in applicants.

Important positive aspects of this approach are significant savings in the time and effort of the psychologist and the ability to get results relatively quickly. This “savings effect” can be enhanced by a psychologist using group diagnostics, when the necessary tests (for the previous example, these are tests of stability and switched attention in conditions of interference) are presented simultaneously (in parallel) to a whole group of candidates. This approach is often used with a large number of candidates in order to conduct more painstaking and detailed research with those remaining after dropping out. The decision on these candidates is usually made by the head of the personnel service.

The selection of candidates with certain qualities for a specific position requires more time, since in this case the psychologist must state the presence or absence of a whole group of qualities in applicants. In this case, diagnostic work is carried out individually, and only one or two tests can be presented to a small group of applicants (of such a size that the psychologist can pay attention to each of its members). Usually, such work is controlled by the head of the personnel service, but the head of the organization can himself trace the results of psychological diagnostics.

The most painstaking work awaits a psychologist in the case when an organization selects an employee for a responsible position, and the candidate’s failure to meet the requirements can have great consequences for the organization. Here, the psychologist is required to predict success and, possibly, correct undesirable traits, and this requires a comprehensive study of the personality of the employee and identification of his most important problems (i.e., although the most superficial, but problematic analysis). Such a study is necessary, as a rule, in the selection of middle and senior managers. This work is carried out only individually, and its results are brought to the head of the organization. Additional time should be provided for writing the conclusion, which is always better than verbal transmission of information, since it can always be returned to.

Often the head of the personnel service expects the psychologist to objectively assess the moral potential and predict the possible actions of the employee that can cause significant damage to the organization (such as a tendency to steal, abuse of office, etc.). Unfortunately, psychological knowledge is powerless here. With the help of psychological methods, it is possible to determine such qualities as insufficient social, emotional or ideological maturity of the applicant. The psychologist can identify in the applicant the traits of an unstable personality type, i.e., weakness of will and irresponsibility, a tendency to follow one’s desires, excessive craving for pleasure. However, an employee with signs of these qualities will not necessarily be a robber or a spy for a competing firm, although he can be expected to make missteps in his work and stupid actions.

Some organizations use a "lie detector" (polygraph) - a device whose sensors register galvanic skin, cardiovascular and other reactions of the body to significant words related to the alleged unscrupulous plans of the candidate or the already committed reprehensible act of the employee. However, practice has shown that only very high-class specialists can correctly explain these reactions. Therefore, if it is necessary to study the moral principles of an employee or applicant, the good old way is the most effective - qualified and conscientious work of the security service.

In addition to the classification of K. Leonhard, in the practice of psychologists and psychiatrists are used accentuation of Lichko's character.

He expanded and supplemented this concept, deduced his own typology of characteristics of pointed personality traits.

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Brief background

A. Lichko derived his systematics of character accentuations, based on, G.E. Sukhareva and P. B. Gannushkin.

However, she slightly different.

Classification in the first place for studying adolescence, covers not only accentuations, but also psychopathological deviations of character.

Lichko proposed to replace the term "personality accentuations" with "character accentuations", explaining that personality is a broader concept and cannot be assessed only in terms of accentuations.

Attention in the studies was directed to adolescence, because during this period, various psychopathy begin to manifest itself most clearly.

Types of character accentuation according to Lichko:

Accentuations of character from the point of view of A. E. Lichko

According to Lichko's theory, accentuation is temporary. In the process they may appear and disappear. These changes and personality traits sometimes turn into psychopathy and persist into adulthood.

The direction of development of pointed personality traits is determined by the social environment and the type of accentuation. She happens overt and covert.

According to psychiatrist A. Lichko, accentuations are borderline states between norm and pathology.

Therefore, he built his classification on the basis of the types of psychopathy.

Character accentuations - examples:

Classification

The following types of accentuations were distinguished:

1. Hyperthymic type. Active, restless, poorly controlled by teachers. Flexible, easily adapts to changing situations. Teenagers are prone to conflicts with adults, including teachers. Change is not afraid. The mood is predominantly positive. tend to overestimate their capabilities, so they are able to take risks without hesitation.

   For them, excitement, noisy, active companies and entertainment are acceptable. There are many hobbies, they are superficial.

2. Cycloid. Characterized by frequent mood swings - from good to bad. They prefer loneliness, being at home, than active entertainment in the company. Adversity is hard to bear. Painfully reacts to criticism and remarks. There is a tendency to, apathy, easily irritated. Change of mood can be tied to the time of year.

   In the process of growing up, the pronounced features of accentuation can be smoothed out, but sometimes it gets stuck at the oppressive-melancholic stage. During the period of recovery, when the mood is good, there is cheerfulness, optimism, high activity, sociability, initiative. In the opposite state - a bad mood - they show increased sensitivity, react sharply to criticism.

3. sensitive. People of this type are highly sensitive. Adolescents give the impression of being closed, they do not strive for joint games, they are timid. They treat their parents well, behave obediently. Difficulties in adapting in a team are possible. An inferiority complex may develop.

   People of this type have a developed sense of responsibility, make high moral demands on themselves and others.

   Perseverance allows you to successfully engage in painstaking work and complex activities. choose carefully. They prefer to communicate with those who are older.

4. Schizoid type. There is isolation, the desire to spend time alone, fenced off from the world. They are indifferent to other people and communication with them, which can manifest itself in a defiant avoidance of contact. They lack such a quality as sympathy, they do not show interest in the people around them, there is no empathy and understanding of the feelings of others. do not seek to show people their feelings, so their peers do not understand them, considering them strange.
5. 
   hysterical. They have a high degree of egocentrism. They need the attention of other people, and they do everything to get it. Demonstrative and artistic. They worry if attention is paid not to them, but to someone else. They should be admired - one of the important needs of the individual. Hysteroids become the initiator of events and events, but they themselves are not able to clearly organize them. It is also problematic for them to earn authority among their peers, despite the fact that they strive for leadership. They need praise in their address, but criticism is perceived painfully. Feelings are shallow.

   Prone to deceit, fantasies, pretense. Often they show a demonstrative type of suicide in an attempt to attract attention and earn the sympathy of others.

6. Conformal type. Teenagers with a similar accentuation easily obey the will of other people. They do not have their own opinion, they follow the group. The basic principle is to be, to act like everyone else. At the same time, they are conservative. If they need to protect their interests, they will do anything, finding an excuse for them. prone to betrayal. Finds a way to survive in the team, adapting to it and adapting to the leader.
7. psychasthenic type. Differs in indecision, unwillingness to take responsibility. They are prone to introspection, they are critical in evaluating their personality and actions. They have high mental abilities, ahead of their peers. In behavior, impulsiveness and thoughtlessness of actions can be observed. Accurate and prudent, calm enough, but at the same time indecisive and not capable of active actions, where risk and responsibility are required.

   To relieve tension, they tend to use alcohol or drugs. Psychasthenics manifest themselves arbitrarily in personal relationships, which can ultimately lead to their destruction. They are also prone to pettiness.

8. Unstable. They show little interest in learning, which causes a lot of excitement for parents and teachers. They have a penchant for entertainment. There are no life goals, they live one day, they are not interested in anything. The main features are frivolity, laziness, idleness. They are not interested in work. They do not like to be controlled, they strive for complete freedom. Open to communication, communicative, love to talk. They are prone to different types of addictions. Often fall into dangerous companies.
9. Emotionally labile type. Abrupt, unpredictable mood swings. Any trifle, up to an incorrectly thrown glance or a spoken word, can serve as a reason for changes in the emotional state.

   The type is sensitive, needs support, especially during periods of bad mood.

   Treats peers well. It has sensitivity, understands the attitude and mood of others. Strongly attached to people.

10. epileptoid type. One of the pronounced character traits is cruelty, they tend to offend the younger and weaker animals. He prefers to make friends and communicate with adults, the need to establish communication with peers causes discomfort. At an early age, they show traits of capriciousness, tearfulness, and require attention.

    They have self-esteem and a desire for power. If they become the boss, subordinates are kept in fear. Of all the accentuations, it is considered the most dangerous personality type, as it has a high degree of cruelty. If it is necessary to make a career and achieve a high position, they are able to please the top management, adapt to its requirements, while not forgetting their own interests.

11. Asthenoneurotic type. Show discipline and responsibility. However, they have a high degree of fatigue, this is especially noticeable during monotonous activities or the need to participate in competitive work. Drowsiness, fatigue can occur for no apparent reason. In manifestations of accentuation, irritability, increased suspiciousness, and hypochondria are noticeable.

    There is a possibility of emotional breakdowns, especially if events do not happen the way asthenics want. Irritability is replaced by remorse.

In addition to pronounced types, there can also be observed mixed characters.

Table of character accentuations:

Where is the technique used?

Lichko test expanded to 143 questions. Focused more on children and teenagers.

used to identify obvious problems and accentuations in character, allows you to predict the appearance of psychopathy, start correcting negative states in a timely manner, and identify dangerous personalities.

Lichko believed that it was important to study accentuations already in adolescence, since the majority during this period manifests itself most clearly and is formed. up to adolescence.

The use of methods of diagnosing, testing, conversation allows identify the problem in a timely manner and develop a corrective program.

How to identify character accentuations? Psychologist's comment:

character accentuation or personality accentuation- excessive strengthening of individual character traits. This feature of a person determines behavior and actions, leaves an imprint on all spheres of her activity: attitude towards herself, towards others, towards the world. Accentuation is an extreme version of the norm and is not considered a mental disorder or disease.

Prevalence. Personality accentuations are widespread, especially among adolescents. Among young people, explicit or hidden accentuations are found in 95% of those surveyed. With age, people will be able to smooth out unwanted features, and the number of accentuations is reduced to 50-60%.

The benefits and harms of accentuations. On the one hand, an accentuated trait makes a person more stable and successful in some situations. For example, people with hysterical accentuation are talented actors, and people with hyperthymic accentuation are positive, sociable and can find an approach to any person.

On the other hand, an accentuated character trait becomes a vulnerable spot of a person, complicates life for himself and those around him. Situations that are not significant for other people turn into a test for the psyche. For example, people with a hypothymic type of accentuation experience difficulties if it is necessary to get to know each other and make contact.

There is a danger that in difficult situations these enhanced character traits can develop into psychopathy, cause neurosis, become the cause of alcoholism, illegal behavior.

In what cases can accentuations develop into pathology

• Unfavorable environmental conditions that hit the accentuated feature as the weakest point, for example, for conformal accentuation, is the rejection of a person in a team.
• Long-term impact of this factor.
• The impact of an unfavorable factor during the period when a person is most vulnerable. Most often it is junior classes and adolescence.

If these conditions are met, the accentuation is aggravated and turns into psychopathy, which is already a mental disorder.

How do accentuations differ from psychopathy?

Reasons for the formation of accentuations. It is believed that the formation of accentuations is influenced by the innate properties of temperament. So a person born choleric is prone to developing excitable accentuation, and a sanguine person to hyperthymic. The strengthening of certain character traits occurs in childhood and adolescence under the influence of chronic psycho-traumatic situations (constant humiliation by peers) and the peculiarities of education.
Degrees of personality accentuations

• Explicit- manifests itself in a person's behavior in most situations, but does not violate his ability to adapt to various social situations (acquaintance, conflict, communication with friends).
• Hidden- does not manifest itself in life, can be detected only in critical situations that affect accentuated character traits.

Types of personality accentuations. Each scientist who dealt with character accentuations singled out his own types. To date, several dozen have been described. This article will describe the main ones.
Psychologists began to deal with the problem of personality accentuations in the second half of the twentieth century. Therefore, in matters of classification, diagnosis and correction, many controversial issues remain.

Types of accentuation

There are many character traits, and each of them can be overly enhanced. It is the accentuated features that determine the type of personality and character traits, make a person different from others. We give short descriptions of the main types of personality.

hysteroid type

In other classifications demonstrative type of. Widespread among women. It is especially pronounced in adolescence and young age. Distinctive features:

• Eagerness to get attention surrounding to his person. They seek attention by all means - actions, manner of dressing and speaking, appearance. They demand from others respect, surprise, sympathy, in extreme cases, anger. Appearance bright, attractive. Even in the absence of outstanding external data, they know how to look spectacular.
• Increased emotionality. They are highly sensitive and responsive. At the same time, they easily endure mental pain, grief and resentment, although they demonstrate strong emotions. Some emotions are quickly replaced by others. There is a tendency to envy and jealousy. They do not tolerate if the attention of others switches to another person.
• Artistry manifests itself in all life situations. Easily get used to any role, which facilitates adaptation to new situations. They differ in arrogant facial expressions and mannered postures.
• developed imagination and figurative thinking. They believe in what they have imagined. Suggestible. They are fond of applied magic, they believe in horoscopes. They tend to advertise and exaggerate their victories in their personal lives.
• fearful. They tend to exaggerate the danger.
• Positive features: open to communication, easily establish contact with a new person. They adapt well to new situations. They have an active life position. The desire for fame becomes a powerful motivator, which contributes to success in creative professions (actors, singers, dancers, artists).
• Flaws: excessive emotionality, an overly sharp reaction to all events relating to one's own personality, while indifference to the problems of others. Difficulties that have arisen along the way make you abandon your plan. Do not tolerate routine work. They can easily get sick on a nervous basis - psychosomatic diseases develop. Loss of authority can lead to suicidal thoughts. They provoke conflicts, based on the desire to be in the spotlight.

epileptoid type

In other classifications excitable personality type. People with this accentuation, just like hysteroids, seek to attract attention to themselves. But they do it not so defiantly, but with the help of stuttering, coughing, complaints. Distinctive features:

• Discontent and irritability. prone to negative emotions. Constantly grumbling, complaining. They fixate on the bad and think about the problem for a long time, while dissatisfaction grows until it spills out in the form of a major quarrel. The behavior model of such people is compared to a steam boiler, the temperature of which increases until an explosion occurs. After discharge, they cannot calm down for a long time. This feature distinguishes them from other types. In family life, they show despotism, arrange frequent scandals over trifles.
• Tendency towards the established order in things, deeds and relationships. They do not like changes, permutations. They keep order themselves and force others, especially family members and subordinates. Clutter can lead to a big fight. Emphasis is placed on rationality, not purity.
• Easy attitude to moral standards. In actions, they are guided only by their own opinion, therefore they can cross the norms of morality, especially in a fit of anger. They can be rude, show disrespect for elders, physical violence towards children and animals. At the same time, they will not even notice the misconduct, and will not be tormented by remorse.
• Structured thinking. When making decisions, they are guided by common sense and logic. However, this does not prevent them from reaching fits of rage if their desires are not fulfilled. They don't consider alternatives. They believe that their point of view is the only correct one.
• incredulity, based on critical thinking. They don't take their word for it, they demand proof. Do not trust strangers. They do not believe in horoscopes and predictions.
• It is difficult to adapt to a new situation.
• Positive features: scrupulousness, increased accuracy, taking care of one's health, the ability to receive benefits, the ability to defend one's interests. In a calm state, they show extreme kindness and care for family members and animals. Energetic and active in matters of maintaining order, which can become part of the profession - managers, managers, housekeepers.
• Flaws violent fits of anger, after which they cool down for a long time, gloom, intolerance to contradictions, lack of respect for other people's opinions. These aspects of character provoke dissatisfaction with others, frequent conflicts in the family and at work. Possible addiction to alcohol, sexual perversion, sadistic inclinations.

Schizoid type

People with a schizoid accentuation are secretive, uncommunicative and outwardly cold. However, this accentuation rarely leads to adaptation disorders. Distinctive features:

• Closure. They do not know how and do not want to communicate with others. Strive for loneliness. After trying to make an acquaintance, they note that they have nothing to talk about with a person, which causes disappointment and withdrawal into themselves.
• Combination of conflicting properties: shyness and tactlessness, sensitivity and indifference, compliance and stubbornness.
• Lack of intuition about feelings other people. They cannot understand whether the interlocutor treats them well or badly, how he reacted to their words.
• The inability to empathize. Indifferent, do not show emotions in communication.
• Secretive do not show their inner world. Open only to like-minded people.
• Unusual interests and hobbies. Reading literature of a certain genre, drawing churches, calligraphy, sometimes collecting (for example, only flower stamps).
• Positive features: developed fantasy, creativity, creativity, passion for non-team sports to improve your body (cycling, yoga), playing musical instruments (guitar, violin).
• Flaws. Sometimes there may be a penchant for peeping or exhibitionism, they may take small doses of alcohol or soft drugs to overcome shyness in communication.

1. Cycloid type of. Accentuation causes a periodic change in mood (duration of periods from several days to 2 weeks). Distinctive features:

• undulating mood swings. Each phase can last 1-2 weeks. Sometimes there are breaks in "balance" between them. Cycloid accentuation is common in adolescents and smoothes out with age.
• Rise periods The person is full of energy and desire to work. At this time, the cycloids are cheerful and sociable, striving for leadership, achieving success in school and at work. They do not tolerate loneliness, boredom, monotony.
• Recession periods or subdepression- mood and performance are sharply reduced. There is no desire to communicate, do anything, drowsiness develops. They strive for loneliness, entertainment loses its appeal. Become too sensitive to criticism and vulnerable. Self-esteem is sharply reduced, thoughts about their uselessness, inferiority appear.
• Positive features: in the lifting phase, a person is full of strength and desire to work and communicate.
• Flaws. Low activity in the decline phase. In the event that the subdepressive phase is prolonged, thoughts of suicide may arise. Under adverse circumstances, accentuation can develop into bipolar disorder.

1. paranoid type. Formed late - by the age of 30. Its main characteristics are perseverance and perseverance in achieving goals. People with a paranoid accent feel bad and are afraid of what others will think of them if they find out about their nature. As a result, they often experience fear and shame. Two personalities coexist in them, they consider one worthless and despise it. The second is perceived as ideal and omnipotent. Between these two poles there is an exhausting internal conflict. Distinctive features:

• Projection of one's own character traits onto other people. They attribute their thoughts and intentions to them. This leads to the fact that they see in others anger, envy. Constantly trying to recognize the malevolence in the behavior of others.
• Focus on self. Selfish, constantly thinking about themselves, experiencing their own internal conflict.
• Over-sensitivity to comments criticism, rejection.
• grumpiness and the constant desire to defend their rights, even if they were not infringed.
• Unreasonable jealousy, suspicions of conspiracies.
• Failure to refuse. They do not know how to say "no", but prefer to make promises and not keep them.
• A penchant for exclusivity and uniqueness in clothes and hobbies.
• Positive features: persistent and purposeful. They have non-standard thinking, are smart, well-read. They are able to analyze and foresee the result of their own and others' actions. They have a sense of style. They can deny themselves excesses for the sake of an idea.
• Flaws: a tendency to hypercontrol over loved ones, suspicion, disgust for people.

1. Unstable (rampant) type of. People with an unstable type are distinguished by a desire to have fun. Distinctive features:

• Laziness and weakness. It's hard to force yourself to do something that isn't enjoyable. Under any pretext, they shirk from work or imitate labor activity.
• The instability of emotions. Any event causes a short burst of emotions. Therefore, they need frequent changes of impressions.
• The need for strict control. Only the knowledge that the result of their work will be controlled can force them to complete the task. However, strict control makes them want to run away or quit.
• Tendency to obey an informal leader. They show lack of independence even in the search for entertainment. They follow the lead of others, do what they are offered.
• Positive features. Carelessness, curiosity, an optimistic view of the future.
• Flaws. The constant search for thrills increases the risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism. They love speed, which increases the risk of accidents when driving a car or motorcycle. prone to gambling.

labile type

People have frequent unpredictable mood swings that occur on any insignificant occasion (did not like the tone or look of the interlocutor). Distinctive features:

• mood swings. Mood swings are sharp and deep. People are not just upset, they fall into despair, and after half an hour they can experience sincere joy. Their well-being and performance, their idea of ​​their own future and the structure of the world largely depend on these differences. So, if a person is in high spirits, then he feels great, is friendly even to unfamiliar people, and looks to the future with optimism. If the mood has fallen, then everything becomes negative.
• High sensitivity to praise and criticism. Praise causes joy and stimulates new achievements, but criticism can cause discouragement and abandonment of activity.
• Sociability. They are drawn to their peers, in dire need of communication. They become attached to people and suffer greatly from the breakdown of relationships.
• Positive features: sincere, direct, positive, devoted. This accentuation rarely passes into the phase of psychopathy.
• Flaws. It is difficult to endure losses, have extremely low stress resistance. Not ready to deal with difficulties, they may abandon the goal.

Conformal type

People with a conformal type accentuation tend to trust and follow their surroundings. Distinctive features:

• Obedience to the opinion of the majority. They tend to agree with the opinion of the majority in the group to which they belong. There is no critical thinking, they do not analyze how the group decision correlates with the norms of morality, law.
• fashion following. Adhere to fashion trends in clothing, choosing a hobby or profession.
• The desire to be "like everyone else." The unwillingness to stand out from the group stimulates to be no worse than others in study and work. At the same time, they do not have a desire to take the place of a leader, to become better than the majority.
• Conservatism. Tend to adhere to the established order imposed by the majority.
• It's hard to break up with the group. Expulsion from the group, conflict with its leaders and loss of authority cause serious psychological trauma.
• Positive features. Successful in a positive environment. This accentuation rarely becomes the basis of mental disorders.
• Flaws. They do not show independence, independence, initiative. Feel hostility to people of other nationalities, to strangers in the group. Once in a bad company, they follow the lead, consume drugs and alcohol, and break the law.

Astheno-neurotic type

People with an astheno-neurotic type of accentuation are characterized by fatigue, irritability and a tendency to hypochondria. Distinctive features:

• Difficulty with mental and physical stress(exams, dissertation defense, competitions). Severe fatigue causes mental and emotional stress. They also experience fatigue from noisy companies, outdoor activities. Try to avoid stress as much as possible.
• Irritability, appearing on the background of fatigue. Its manifestations are short-term and not too strong outbursts of anger, which are associated with increased fatigue of the nervous system. Against this background, sleep worsens and appetite disappears.
• Tendency to hypochondria is characteristic of this type of accentuation. They like to be treated, they are happy to observe bed rest, listen to bodily sensations. They note the connection - the higher the state of health, the better the state of the nervous system. And against the background of a nervous shock, a real, and not far-fetched, disease can develop.
• Positive features. Attachment to loved ones, kindness, good intellectual development, conscientiousness.
• Flaws. The risk of developing neurosis and neurasthenia, they react painfully to jokes addressed to them, high fatigue prevents them from studying well and working productively.

Psychasthenic type

People with psychasthenic accentuation are prone to introspection. Distinctive features:

• Reflection- attention is directed inward. They tend to analyze their feelings, actions, emotions.
• indecisiveness. Avoid situations in which you have to make a choice.
• Striving to live up to expectations, which lays on them family, friends, bosses. A developed sense of responsibility, combined with increased fatigue, causes a constant internal conflict between “should” and “can”, which depletes mental strength.
• The development of obsessions. Obsessive thoughts, memories, fears, actions, rituals, superstitions that appear regardless of a person’s desire and cause negative emotions.
• Feelings towards the future. They fear that misfortune may happen to them or their loved ones in the future.
• Pedantry. Strictly follow the rules. These rules can be generally accepted (traffic rules, fire safety) or invented by them. The goal is to keep yourself out of trouble.
• Positive features: kindness, affection for loved ones, adherence to moral principles, high intelligence, developed imagination.
• Flaws: indecision, tendency to obsessive-compulsive disorder.

1. Hyperthymic type of. The main feature of people with a hyperthymic type of accentuation is optimism, and short-term outbursts of anger are very rare. Distinctive features:

• A good mood often without good reason - a hallmark of hyperthyms, which makes them the soul of the company.
• Energetic, active, hardy. Everything is done quickly. Sometimes the quality of work can suffer.
• chatty. They like to tell, exaggerate, sometimes embellish the truth.
• Sociable. They love to chat and make new friends. Strive to command. They love jokes and pranks.
• Positive features: high vitality, optimism, endurance to physical and mental stress, stress resistance.
• Flaws: illegibility when choosing acquaintances, the risk of regular consumption of alcoholic beverages. Restless, do not like work that requires accuracy. Wasteful, can borrow and not give back. Among people with hyperthymic accentuation, there is an addiction to petty theft.

sensitive type of

Very sensitive, yet reliable, serious and silent. Mostly depressed mood.

• Impressionability. Even in adulthood, they remain extremely susceptible to all external stimuli. They endure stress and conflicts very hard, they endure them for a long time.
• Difficulties in managing yourself in stressful situations. If this situation drags on, they can flare up a lot. Which they later regret. In critical situations, they are capable of courageous deeds.
• Lack of self-esteem. In their imagination they draw a strict “I-ideal”, they worry that they do not correspond to it in real life.
• Pessimism. They see the future in gloomy colors.
• Anxiety about the attitude of others around them. They worry about what other people will think of them. They are afraid of criticism and ridicule.
• Positive features: conscientiousness, diligence, fidelity.
• Flaws: passivity, unpredictability in a stressful situation.

Combinations of types of accentuations

O mixed accentuations they say when not one, but several traits are enhanced in a person’s character. It is these options that are found in the vast majority of cases of accentuations.
The most common mixed character accentuations:

• Hyperthymic + conformal;
• Labile + cycloid;
• Sensitive + schizoid;
• Sensitive + astheno-neurotic + psychasthenic;
• Hysteroid + epileptoid.

Classification of accentuations according to Leonhard

The German psychologist Karl Leonhard divided all character traits into basic and additional. The main ones are the core of the personality. They are responsible for her mental health. If one of these features is strengthened (accentuated), then it determines the behavior of a person. When exposed to adverse factors, pathology can develop.

Group	Type of accentuation	Characteristic
temperament like a natural formation	emotive	Kind, compassionate, humane, appreciates close friends, peace-loving, executive, has a heightened sense of duty. But at the same time it is distinguished by timidity, tearfulness and shyness.
	Affectively exalted	Sociable, amorous, distinguished by good taste, attentive to loved ones, altruistic, capable of high feelings. But at the same time, he is prone to panic, gets lost under stress, and is prone to mood swings.
	Affectively labile	Soft, vulnerable, capable of empathy, has high moral principles. But he is prone to sharp cyclic mood swings that determine his relationship with people. Does not tolerate loneliness, indifference, rudeness.
	alarming	Friendly, loyal, executive, self-critical. The mood is often lowered, timid, does not defend his interests, needs support.
	Dysthymic (hypothymic)	Conscientious, serious, laconic, appreciates friends. But at the same time, an individualist, closed, prone to pessimism, passive.
	Hyperthymic	Sociable, optimistic, active, hardy, hardworking, does not lose control in stressful situations. Frivolous, rarely brings what he started to the end. Does not tolerate loneliness and strict control.
Types of accentuations related to character how to social education	Excitable	It is characterized by mood swings and violent outbursts of anger. In a calm state, caring, conscientious, accurate. During outbursts of anger, he does not control his condition well, is irritable.
	stuck	Responsible, stress-resistant, stubborn, hardy, makes high demands on himself and others. But at the same time suspicious, touchy, boring, jealous, somewhat conflicted. He does not tolerate when someone else claims to be in his place.
	Pedantic	Neat, strictly adheres to the rules, reliable, conscientious, peaceful. But boredom, grumbling, not work - bureaucracy are often noted.
	Demonstrative	Artistic, charismatic, sociable, has a developed imagination, strives for leadership. But at the same time, he is vain and prone to lies, selfish. He does not tolerate when he is not paid attention, suffers if his authority is undermined.
Types of accentuations related to personalities generally	extroverted	Sociable, friendly, attentive, executive, always ready to listen, does not pretend to be a leader. But at the same time, he is talkative, frivolous, easily falls under the influence of others, prone to rash impulsive actions.
	introverted	Principled, restrained, immersed in his inner world, morally developed, distinguished by a rich imagination. But at the same time, closed, stubborn, defends his point of view, even if it turns out to be wrong. He does not tolerate interference in his personal life.

Classification of accentuations according to Lichko

Soviet psychiatrist Andrey Lichko considered accentuations as temporary enhancements of character traits that can appear and disappear in childhood and adolescence. At the same time, he recognized the possibility of preserving accentuations for life and their transition to psychopathy. Since Lichko considered accentuations to be a borderline option between the norm and psychopathy, his classification is based on the types of psychopathy.

Type of accentuation	Characteristic
Hyperthymic	Cheerful, active, optimistic, self-confident, striving for leadership, resourceful, enterprising. Cons: frivolous, restless, inattentive, not responsible enough for his duties, sometimes irritable.
Labile	Empathy is well developed, feels the emotions of others and their attitude towards themselves. Experiencing severe mood swings on minor occasions. Needs the support of loved ones.
Cycloid	Cyclical ups and downs in mood. The frequency is several weeks. In periods of upswing, sociable, energetic, joyful, energetic. During the recession - apathetic, irritable, sad.
Astheno-neurotic	Disciplined, meticulous. Increased mental fatigue is noted, which makes a person irritable and overly concerned about his health.
Psychasthenic (anxious and suspicious)	Intellectually developed. He is prone to reflection, introspection, evaluation of his actions and the actions of others. Inflated self-esteem is combined with indecision. In times of crisis, he can make rash acts. Cons: petty, despotic, prone to the development of obsessive actions.
sensitive (sensitive)	High sensitivity to joyful and frightening moments. Obedient, assiduous, responsible, calm, makes high moral demands on himself and others. Cons: unsociable, suspicious, whiny, hard to adapt to a new team.
Epileptoid (inert-impulsive)	Strives for leadership, loves to set the rules, enjoys authority with management and among peers. It tolerates harsh discipline well. Cons: can offend the weak, establishes cruel orders, irritable.
Schizoid (introverted)	Closed, prefers loneliness or communication with elders. Cons: indifferent, incapable of showing sympathy and empathy.
Unstable	Sociable, open, courteous, eager to have fun. Cons: laziness, unwillingness to work and study. Prone to alcohol, drugs, gambling.
Hysteroid (demonstrative)	Artistic, impulsive, enterprising, sociable, loves attention, seeks to take a leading position, but is not able to achieve authority. Cons: self-centered, prone to lies. Behavior is unnatural and pretentious.
Conformal	There is no criticality and initiative, he is inclined to obey the opinion from the outside. Strives to be different from the rest of the group. For the sake of the group, he can commit unseemly acts, while he is inclined to justify himself.
Paranoid	Characteristic features develop by the age of 30. In childhood, he manifests himself as a teenager with an epileptoid or schizoid accentuation. Self-esteem is significantly overestimated, ideas about their exclusivity and genius appear.
Emotionally labile	Suffers from frequent and severe mood swings, needs support, feels the attitude of people towards him well. Cons: emotionally unstable.

Character accentuation test according to Shmishek

The personality questionnaire, developed by G. Shmishek, is designed to identify character accentuations. It is based on the classification of accentuations developed by Leonhard. The adult character accentuation test according to Shmishek consists of 88 questions. Each of them must be answered yes (+) or no (-). It is not recommended to think about questions for a long time, but to answer as it seems at the moment. The children's version of the test is similar and differs only in the wording of the questions.

Each of the 88 questions characterizes some accentuated feature.

1. Hyperthymia
2. distimity
3. Cyclothymicity
4. Excitability
5. Jam
6. emotivity
7. Exaltation
8. Pedantry
9. demonstrativeness

The results obtained are processed using the key. For each feature, the points are summed up and multiplied by the coefficient corresponding to this feature.

Scale	1 point is awarded for		Coefficient
	Answer "yes"	The answer is "no"
Hyperthymia	1, 11, 23, 33, 45, 55, 67, 77		3
distimity	9, 21, 43, 74, 87	31, 53, 65	3
Cyclothymicity	6, 18, 28, 40, 50, 62, 72, 84		3
Excitability	20, 30, 42, 52, 64, 75, 86		3
Jam	2, 15, 24, 34, 37, 56, 68, 78, 81	12, 46, 59	2
emotivity	3, 13, 35, 47, 57, 69, 79	25	3
Exaltation	10, 32, 54, 76		6
Anxiety	6, 27, 38, 49, 60, 71, 82	5	3
Pedantry	4, 14, 17, 26, 36, 48, 58, 61, 70, 80, 83	39	2
demonstrativeness	7, 19, 22, 29, 41, 44, 63, 66, 73, 85, 88	51	2

Each scale is assigned a score, from 0 to 24.

• 0-6 - the trait is not expressed.
• 7-12 - the trait is moderately expressed;
• 13-18 - the severity is above average;
• 19-24 - accentuated feature.

Based on the points obtained, a graph is built, which is also very important, since it makes it possible to characterize the personality in general terms.

Features of accentuation in adolescents

Personality accentuations are formed in adolescence. In the same period, they appear especially brightly. The reason for this is the impulsiveness of adolescents, the inability to control their emotions and actions. These or other personality accentuations are present in 90-95% of adolescents.

The very presence of an enhanced character trait is not dangerous, but it makes a teenager extremely sensitive to external situations and internal conflicts, and affects relationships with parents and peers. The same accentuations under adverse conditions can cause offenses, and with the right approach and the right choice of profession, they will help to achieve success in life.

It is important for parents to know about the presence of character accentuation in a teenager in order to help him adapt to life, to build a parenting style that will be as effective as possible. The task of parents is to develop qualities and skills in a teenager that will smooth out an accentuated character trait.

hysteroid type

"Stars of the class", activists, participate in all events. They differ in artistry and desire to stand out from the background of others. They don't like it if the praise goes to someone else. They exaggerate emotionally react to all events (they sob sobbing in front of the audience).
Distinguishing feature. Playing for the public, a constant need for attention, recognition or sympathy.

Characteristic
As long as they feel loved and all the attention is on them, there are no behavioral problems. In everyday life, they attract attention in all possible ways. This is a defiant behavior, an expressive manner of speaking and bright clothes. Take credit for accomplishments. They can boast that they drank a lot, ran away from home. They often lie, mostly fantasies concern their own person. They can’t stand it when the attention of others switches to others (a newcomer to the class, a newborn, a stepfather). They can take actions to get rid of a competitor, “out of spite” to do things that their parents will obviously not like. In words, they defend independence, sometimes with scandals, but they need guardianship and do not seek to get rid of it.

Problems
Often, behavioral problems are an attempt to get the attention of parents. They have suicidal tendencies, but the goal is not to commit suicide, but to avoid punishment or achieve sympathy. Suicide attempts are demonstrative and not dangerous. Easily amenable to suggestion, they run the risk of falling into a "bad" company. They can drink alcohol, but in small quantities. There are cases of minor offenses (fraud, absenteeism, petty theft). Demonstrative and frivolous behavior, revealing clothing and a desire to show one's adulthood can provoke sexual violence.

Positive sides. If they are set as an example, they become very diligent. They study well, especially in the lower grades. Artistic, successful in dancing, vocals, conversational genre.

How to interact

• Encourage only good things to say about others.
• Praise only for real achievements.
• Give a task - help a peer to be in the spotlight. For example, prepare a number in which someone else will be the soloist.

epileptoid type

Personality properties are due to the passivity of the processes occurring in the nervous system. Adolescents with such an accentuation are touchy and get stuck on offense for a long time.

Distinctive feature. Periods of intense irritability and hostility to others, lasting up to several days.

Characteristic
Adolescents with epileptoid accentuation are stubborn and uncompromising in nature. They are vindictive and do not forget insults. In the first place put personal interests, do not take into account the opinions of others. The company tries to become leaders by uniting the younger and the weak around them. Since they are despotic, their power rests on fear. The process of growing up is problematic. Teenagers can demand not only freedom, but also their share of property. Sometimes they get angry and cry for hours. Strong emotions provoke bouts of anger and aggression. During seizures, teenagers are looking for a “victim” on whom they can pour out their emotions. During these attacks, they can reach sadism.

Problems.
Suicidal attempts as a reaction to "unfair" punishment. They tend to drink alcohol in large quantities "before memory loss." They do not remember the actions that they perform in this state. But rarely consume other toxic drugs. During puberty, they experience a strong sexual desire, which can lead to the development of perversions. There is a predilection for setting firecrackers and making fires.

Positive sides.
Discipline, accuracy. They know how to win over teachers. They feel comfortable in conditions of strict discipline (boarding school, camp). They love and know how to make things.
How to interact

• Provide security and peace of mind to reduce irritability and aggression.
• Require strict adherence to the rules established at home (do not give unsolicited advice, do not interrupt). This will allow parents to get the status of "strong" in the eyes of a teenager.

Schizoid type

This type of accentuation manifests itself even at preschool age: children prefer playing alone to communicating with peers.

Distinctive feature isolation, immersion in a fantasy world.
Characteristic
They prefer to fantasize, to engage in their own hobby, as a rule, highly specialized (they mold soldiers from plasticine, embroider birds). They do not know how and do not want to establish emotional contact and communicate. They do not express their emotions. Closed, do not share their experiences, do not reveal their inner world. Consciously choose loneliness and do not suffer from the absence of friends. Difficulties in communication are associated with a lack of understanding of the feelings of others: “I don’t know if this person likes me, how he reacted to my words.” At the same time, they are not interested in the opinion of others. Not able to rejoice with friends or empathize with someone else's grief. They are not tactful, they do not understand when to remain silent, and when to insist on their own. Speech is florid, statements are often with subtext, which further complicates communication.
Problems. A tendency to take narcotic drugs may develop to enhance fantasies and immersion in their invented world. Occasionally they can commit illegal acts (theft, damage to property, sexual violence), and they think through their actions to the smallest detail.
Positive sides. Developed fantasy, rich inner world, stable interests.
How to interact

• Encourage classes in a theater studio - this will help a teenager learn to express emotions, actively use facial expressions. Encourage dance and martial arts or other sports that train plasticity. They will teach you to control your body, make movements less sharp and angular.
• Encourage you to be in the center. A teenager should periodically feel like an animator in charge of entertaining others. For example, by entertaining his younger brother and his friends, he will learn to speak loudly and emotionally. Learn to read the reaction to your actions.
• Instill a sense of style. It is necessary to teach a teenager to take care of his appearance and fashion.

1. Cycloid. In adolescence, cheerful, sociable and active children have long (1-2 weeks) periods of low mood, loss of strength, and irritability. They are called the subdepressive phase. During these periods, adolescents are no longer interested in past hobbies and communication with peers. Problems begin in studies due to a decrease in working capacity.

Distinctive feature- Alternating cycles of high spirits with apathy and loss of energy.
Characteristic
A lack of perseverance, patience and attention leads to the fact that adolescents with cycloid accentuation do poorly in monotonous scrupulous work. In the subdepressive phase, changes in the usual way of life are poorly tolerated. Become very sensitive to failure and criticism. Their self-esteem drops significantly. They look for and find shortcomings in themselves, they are very upset about this. During periods of recovery, they do not like loneliness - they are open, friendly and need to communicate. The mood rises, there is a thirst for activity. Against this backdrop, performance improves. During periods of recovery, they try to catch up with the lost time in studies and hobbies.
Problems.
Serious problems in a teenager in the subdepressive stage can cause an emotional breakdown or even provoke a suicide attempt. They do not tolerate total control, they can escape in protest. Absences from home can be both short and long. During periods of recovery, they become promiscuous in acquaintances.
Positive sides: during the recovery period, conscientiousness, accuracy, reliability, high productivity.

How to interact
It is necessary to be as tolerant and tactful as possible, especially when a teenager is going through a subdepressive phase.

• Protect from emotional overload.
• Avoid rudeness and insults, as this can provoke a serious nervous breakdown.
• During periods of recovery, you need to help direct the energy in the right direction. Support a teenager in his hobby, teach him to plan his time and finish what he started.
• Support in the negative phase, increase his self-esteem, cheer him up. Convince that the bad period will end soon.

paranoid ( steam-burning ) or stuck the type of accentuation in adolescents is not distinguished, since its features are formed later by the age of 25-30.
Distinctive feature- high purposefulness.
Characteristic
Sets a goal and looks for means to achieve it. In adolescence, hostility towards others, as the main feature of this accentuation, does not manifest itself in any way. Future accentuation can give out an exaggerated sense of self-worth, ambition and perseverance. Also characteristic is "stuck", when a teenager cannot move away from a state of affect (strong negative emotions) for a long time.

Unstable or unrestrained.

Such teenagers from childhood are distinguished by disobedience and unwillingness to learn. They need strict control. Fear of punishment is the main incentive to study and fulfill duties.

Distinguishing feature - weak will, laziness and desire to have fun.
Characteristic
They love pleasure, need frequent changes of impressions. Avoid any work under various pretexts. This is especially noticeable when it is necessary to study or fulfill instructions from parents. Only communication with friends seems attractive to them. On this basis, they run the risk of falling into an asocial company. Easily succumbed to negative influences.
Problems associated with the desire to have fun. On this basis, they begin to drink early and use various intoxicants. The risk of developing drug addiction and alcoholism is quite high. “For fun” they can skip school, steal cars, break into other people’s apartments, commit theft, etc. They have a tendency to wander.

Positive sides. Striving for positive emotions, cheerfulness.

How to interact

• They need strict control. This applies to everything from homework to the quality of errands.
• Management by the "carrot and stick" method. Decide in advance what penalties will be imposed for failure to complete tasks, and what bonuses the teenager will receive for quality work.
• Encourage active sports and other ways to release energy.

Labile

Frequent and rapid mood swings from delight and wild fun to despondency and tears. Often the reasons for changing the mood are the most insignificant (bad weather, tangled headphones).

Distinctive feature- Mood volatility for minor reasons.
Characteristic
During periods of good mood, adolescents are talkative, active, and set to communicate. But any little thing can ruin their mood and piss them off. At the same time, they can burst into tears, easily go into conflict, become lethargic and withdrawn.
Problems.
Very dependent on people they value (close friends, parents). The loss of a loved one or his location, separation from him, causes affect, neurosis or depression. A bad mood can cause a deterioration in well-being up to the development of real diseases (bronchial asthma, diabetes mellitus, migraine, nervous tics). Very badly endure criticism and reproaches from teachers, parents, close friends. They become withdrawn, react with tears.

Positive sides. Often talented. They have deep inner peace. Capable of strong affection and sincere friendship. Appreciate people for being kind to them. During periods of good mood, they are full of energy, desire to communicate, learn and engage in hobbies. Empathy is developed - they accurately feel the attitude of others towards them.

How to interact

• Show empathy and openness in communication. Let your teenager know that you share his feelings.
• Give the opportunity to take care of the weaker, take care of younger family members, volunteer.
• Encourage to expand the circle of communication, get acquainted with peers in extracurricular activities.

Conformal

Extremely susceptible to outside influences. Change their minds and behavior to please others. Afraid to stand out from the crowd.
Distinctive feature conformity, the desire to please others.
Characteristic
The main desire to "be like everyone else" is manifested in clothes, demeanor, interests. If all friends are into breakdancing, such a teenager will also do it. If the immediate environment (parents, friends) is prosperous, then such teenagers are no different from the rest and the accentuation is practically not noticeable. If they fall under bad influence, they can break the rules and the law. The loss of friends is hard to bear, but they can betray a friend for the sake of someone more authoritative. Conservative, do not like changes in all areas. They rarely show initiative.

Problems
Having contacted a bad company, they can become drunk, addicted to taking drugs. To avoid being accused of cowardice, they may commit acts that endanger their health or harm other people. The prohibition to communicate with the company can provoke a scandal with parents or an escape from home.

Positive sides. Appreciate their surroundings. Attached to friends. They love stability and order.

How to interact

• Offer to make your own choice, without relying on someone else's opinion.
• Make sure that the teenager is involved in various teams, has the opportunity to communicate with peers at school, in sports sections, circles. This reduces the likelihood that he will be in bad company.
• To help choose authorities who are truly worthy of emulation.

Astheno-neurotic

Teenagers with such an accentuation are characterized by increased fatigue and irritability.
Distinctive feature- fears for their health, increased fatigue.
Characteristic
Mental and emotional stress quickly tire them. The result is irritability when teenagers vent their anger at whoever is at hand. Immediately after this, they become ashamed of their behavior, they sincerely repent, ask for forgiveness. Outbursts of anger are short and not strong, which is associated with low activity of the nervous system. Prone to hypochondria - listen to bodily sensations, perceiving them as signs of illness. They like to be examined and treated. Get attention with complaints.

Problems- high fatigue, the risk of developing neurosis.

Positive sides. Kindness, sympathy, high intelligence. Such teenagers do not run away from home, hooliganism and other illegal actions.

How to interact

• Ignore outbursts of anger that occur against the background of nervous exhaustion.
• Praise for success and notice even minor achievements, which will become a serious motivation.
• Encourage to play sports, do morning exercises, take a contrast shower to increase the efficiency of the nervous system.
• Use peak productivity periods (from 10 to 13) to complete the most difficult tasks.

Psychasthenic

Such adolescents are characterized by: suspiciousness, a tendency to introspection and fear of the future.
Distinctive feature high demands on oneself and the fear of not living up to the expectations of others.

Characteristic
This type of accentuation is formed if parents place too high hopes on the child in school or sports. Failure to meet their expectations leaves an imprint on the character. These teenagers have low self-esteem, they are tormented by guilt and fear of failure, which can further disappoint their parents. Teenagers suffer from increased anxiety. They are afraid, no matter how something terrible and irreparable happens to them or their loved ones. Pedantry develops as a defense mechanism. Adolescents draw up a detailed action plan, believe in omens, develop rituals that should ensure success (not washing your hair before an exam).

Problem. The risk of developing anxiety, obsessive thoughts and actions that are prone to complications.

Positive sides. In critical situations, they quickly find the right solution, are capable of a bold act. Obedient, non-confrontational, as a rule, they are quite successful in their studies, they become good friends.

How to interact

• Model frightening situations and offer to find a solution on your own. For example: “Let’s say you got lost in a strange city. What will you do?"
• Teach a constructive approach to problem solving. What to do? Who to turn to for help? What should I do to prevent what happened from happening again?

Hyperthymic

They are characterized as cheerful, noisy, restless. It is difficult for them to focus on their studies and maintain discipline at school. Often become informal leaders among peers. They do not tolerate strict control by adults, they constantly fight for independence.

Distinctive feature- optimism and high spirits, which often pushes them to pranks.

Characteristic
Very sociable, quickly become the center of any company. They do not bring the matter to the end, they are not constant in their hobbies. It is easy to make and break promises. Despite good abilities, they study mediocrely. They easily provoke conflicts, but they themselves can make amends for them. They quickly find peace of mind after failures and quarrels. Outbursts of anger are short lived.

Problems- unable to perform routine work that requires perseverance and intense attention. Illegible in the choice of acquaintances. If such teenagers find themselves in an unfavorable situation, they may develop an addiction to alcohol and soft drugs. They can commit illegal and antisocial acts (vandalism, hooliganism, petty theft). They are characterized by early sexual relations. Prone to risk, extreme hobbies and gambling. Once in conditions of control and strict discipline (hospital, summer camp) they can escape.

Positive sides. Energetic and tireless. They are distinguished by fun, do not lose optimism in difficult circumstances. They find a way out in any situation.

How to interact
The task of adults is to teach a teenager with hyperthymic accentuation to discipline and self-organization.

• Avoid total control.
• Advise the teenager to keep a diary in which it is necessary to write down their plans for the day and independently control their implementation.
• Come up with a punishment for each unfinished business.
• Teach to maintain order on the table, in the closet, in the room. This will stimulate the teenager to systematize and analyze everything that happens.

sensitive type

Signs of this accentuation can be seen in childhood. The sensitive type is manifested by numerous fears that replace each other.

Distinctive feature- hypersensitivity.

Characteristic
Teenagers deeply and for a long time experience everything that happens. Praise and criticism are deeply embedded in their memory, and have a significant impact on their self-esteem, behavior and actions. Very shy and for this reason uncommunicative. It is difficult to get used to the new team. They quickly get tired of mental work. Tests and exams cause them considerable stress. They are also very worried about ridicule from their peers. Dreamy, introspective. Conscientious, have a developed sense of duty. Be sure to finish what you started. They are very worried about the result of their actions (control, actions).

Problems. Tendency to self-flagellation and the development of phobias. Tearfulness. Excessive demands on oneself can cause neurosis. A chain of failures can trigger a suicide attempt.

Positive sides. Diligent in studies, responsible attitude to all tasks. Strive to become a good friend, value loved ones.

How to interact

• Increase self-esteem and self-confidence. To do this, it is important to give feasible tasks that will not be too simple, otherwise their solution will not cause self-respect.
• Conduct long conversations to establish contact with a teenager.
• Deserved praise and thanks. Keep criticism to a minimum. Do not criticize qualities, do not hang labels - "lazy", "sloppy". Instead, indicate what needs to be done.
• Encourage auto-training. Repeat formulas to increase self-esteem: “I feel calm and confident”, “I am brave and confident”, “I am a great speaker.”

Most teenagers have several accentuated character traits at once. Therefore, to determine the accentuation, it is necessary to use the Schmishek test, and not be guided only by the presented description of the accentuation.

Factors influencing the formation of personality accentuations

In the vast majority of cases, accentuation is formed in childhood or adolescence. Her appearance is significantly influenced by inharmonious relationships with parents and conflicts with peers.

• Overprotection and control by parents and teachers. Promotes the appearance and aggravation of psychasthenic, sensitive, asthenic accentuation;
• Lack of care and parental attention increases the risk of developing hysterical, unstable and conformal personality traits:
• Cruel attitude excessive severity and authoritarian style of communication provokes an increase in epileptoid features;
• Excessive demands on the child leads to psychasthenic character accentuation;
• Lack of emotional contact can cause an increase in labile, sensitive and asthenic features;
• Over-emphasis on well-being and chronic diseases disrupting the normal way of life. Physical defects, defects in appearance and diseases of the nervous system play an important role. The result may be hysteroid or astheno-neurotic accentuations;
• Serious conflicts with peers in adolescence, when communication is most significant, can cause the development of conformal or schizoid accentuation.

The development of any type of accentuation can be facilitated by:

• Inability to satisfy basic needs for love, care, security, communication;
• Lack of concepts about moral and cultural norms, interests and hobbies;
• Wrong self-image inferiority complex, high self-esteem;
• Professional factors. Accentuations associated with work often occur among actors, teachers, doctors of some specialties, law enforcement officers and the military;
• genetic predisposition. Features of the functioning of the nervous system are transmitted from parents to children. This is especially true for hyperthymic, cycloid and schizoid accentuation. Therefore, if parents have an accentuated character trait, then it is highly likely that it will be found in the child. Improper upbringing and parental behavior can significantly enhance innate accentuated features.

Techniques for the treatment of accentuations of various types

Treatment of accentuation is based on the smoothing of enhanced features. Correction is necessary if the accentuation of the personality violates its social adaptation. If normally a person changes his behavior depending on the situation and the goals of the activity, then people with a pronounced accentuation constantly demonstrate an enhanced character trait that interferes with themselves and those around them. Although the character cannot be changed, a person can learn to restrain its negative manifestations. This can help work on yourself and psychocorrection.

Work on yourself

People with character accentuation rarely seek help from a psychologist, preferring independent work.
To correct accentuated traits, training is needed that develops character traits opposite to the accentuated one. At the same time, new models of behavior are mastered and the personality is harmonized.
To correct pronounced character accentuations, exercises have been developed that must be performed daily.

1. hysteroid type

• "Calm Quiet Speech". Adopt a phlegmatic conversational style (quiet speech, a minimum of facial expressions and gestures). Think about what you want to say. State the facts, not your emotions about what is happening.
• "Good deeds". Try to do them discreetly and not tell anyone about what you have done. Watch the person's reaction without showing yourself.
• "Invisible". While in company for an hour, try to sit silently, watching others. Don't give in to attempts to draw you into a conversation.
• Do auto-training daily. The goal is to love yourself for who you are and increase your self-esteem. When you achieve this, the praise and attention of others will not seem vital.

1. epileptoid type of.

• Forgive and let go of grudges. Realize that resentment is harmful to the mental and physical health of the one who is offended.
• Practice tolerance and kindness to people. Smile at acquaintances when you meet, or try to read the willingness to smile on your face.
• Be generous take part in charity events.
• "Active Listening". Listen to the other kindly, without interrupting or arguing. Encourage the speaker with the phrases: “I understand you”, “I know this”.
• Put yourself in the place of others. This exercise must be done daily. It is important to put yourself in the place of the person with whom you want to enter into an argument.

1. Schizoid type.

• Learn to copy the facial expressions of another person and determine his emotion. For this exercise, you will need the help of someone close to you.
• "Calm kindness" will be the best way to communicate with others. Such an even attitude towards the interlocutor must be practiced daily in communication with loved ones. Avoid being overly friendly or hostile.
• « Game of choleric". Try to speak louder, faster, more impulsively. Express your opinion during the conversation. Do it kindly with a smile on your face.

1. Cycloid type of.

• Keep a diary. It is necessary for planning and describing your emotions and experiences. During periods of decline, it is useful to reread how the same people and events were perceived during a period of emotional upsurge. It helps to realize that difficulties are temporary.
• Ask yourself a question, “What can I change in myself so that my negative qualities do not interfere with me and others?”

1. paranoid type.

• Check your motives don't trust other people's first impressions.
• "Hour without remarks." For a while, completely abandon criticism and moralizing.
• Attend communication training. Read relevant literature and apply knowledge in life.
• Learn practices that make you be "here and now"- meditation, yoga, zen.
• "Compliment". Develop the habit of saying something nice to your loved ones every day.

1. unstable type.

• "I can + want." This exercise will help to cope with laziness and force yourself to do the necessary things. If you don’t want to do something, you need to ask yourself the question: “Can I do it? Can I do it?" Second question: Do I want to? Moreover, you can want long-term consequences - I want a salary, so I get a job; I want a slim healthy body, so I go to the gym.
• Increase motivation. Think about what you really want. Write down the goal. Break the path to it into stages and act. A strong desire (car, vacation) will make you move forward.

1. Labile type of.

• Rational approach to problem solving. In any unpleasant situation, answer the questions: why did this happen? (what is the reason) what can be done now? (where to start), how to fix the situation? (long-term plans), what can be done to prevent this from happening again?
• Mood Diary. Keep a diary in which you indicate when and for what reason the change of mood occurred.
• Separate the rational and the emotional. It is important to accept and love both sides of yourself. Treat your "emotional" self with indulgence, but don't let your emotions rule your actions.
• Autotraining, which will help balance the processes in the nervous system. This will make you less sensitive to situations that piss you off, help control your emotions.

1. Conformal type.

• Develop critical thinking. Consider whether this statement could be false. What are the consequences if you do what you are offered.
• Suggest. Try not to immediately agree with what is offered to you. Make a counter offer. When they tell you, let's go to the cinema - offer to go to a cafe.
• Try something new. Try new foods, buy clothes in a new style for you, visit places you have not been to, communicate with people not from your circle.

1. Astheno-neurotic type.

• "Superman". Imagine that you have superpowers. Feel how your inner state changes. The purpose of the exercise is to look, move, talk, feeling your importance and exclusivity. The goal is to keep the image as long as possible.
• Meeting new people. Set a goal - to meet a new person and start a short conversation with him.
• Add some humor. Do not silently swallow ridicule. Learn to answer them with humor, self-irony is also acceptable. To develop a sense of humor, read more humorous literature and watch comedy shows.

1. psychasthenic type.

• Imagine that what you fear has happened. Calmly think over the plan of your actions in this situation.
• Deviate from the established order. Do not follow your usual rituals (walk on the left side of the street, do not step on cracks) to make sure that nothing bad happens;
• "Charging for the face." In people with psychasthenic accentuation, the muscles of the forehead and the muscles that lower the corners of the mouth are constantly tense. It is necessary to make grimaces depicting positive emotions (surprise, joy, delight).

1. Hyperthymic type.

• Put things in order. Take 15 minutes a day to clean up your desk and closet. It helps to organize thoughts.
• Get the job done. Make a promise to yourself to finish what you started, no matter what happens. Be sure to complete it, and then move on to other activities.
• diary. Planning will help you systematize tasks, prioritize and complete what you started on time. Be sure to include precise deadlines for completing each task. Test yourself and reward your progress.

1. sensitive type.

• "Winner". Praise yourself for every success. Break large tasks into stages and do not forget to thank yourself for each successfully completed period.
• "My Dignity" You need to make a poster that lists all the virtues that you value in yourself or that people pay attention to. It is advisable to put it in a conspicuous place.
• Play the joker. Learn funny stories and anecdotes to share with others. Gradually, this will cause less and less psychological discomfort when speaking to the public.

The main principle of correction is that you need to do a little, but every day what you are not used to, what the accented line opposes. Such exercises allow you to smooth out the roughness of character and make you a harmoniously developed personality.

Help from a psychologist

Psychological correction of personality accentuations usually takes from 3 months to several years. It includes work with a psychologist and independent performance of tasks. Main directions:

• Individual conversations- the psychologist points out the accentuated character traits and the most vulnerable places of the personality. Tells how to effectively use the strengths of character. Teaches how to change the way you react and behave in different social situations.
• Group lessons. They select a group of people with similar accentuations or choose a topic that would be useful to everyone. The psychologist teaches productive models of behavior in various situations, the rules of communication with others, the intricacies of relationships with family members. The conversation is illustrated with examples from life, the lesson includes practical tasks for each type of accentuation.
• Family Therapy - conversation with family members. It is aimed at establishing relationships with loved ones and improving the psychological atmosphere in the family. One of the main methods when working with teenagers.
• Psychological trainings - active training that teaches the correct behavior in various situations.
• Method of psychodrama- a group method of psychotherapy based on playing an exciting situation (invented or real events). It helps to develop the correct model of behavior and communication in people in various situations.

It is important to remember that character accentuation is not a predisease. This is the strengthening of certain character traits that make a person more vulnerable to certain influences, but these same traits provide increased resilience.

They are hypertrophied and manifest themselves in the form of "weak points" in the psyche of the individual - its selective vulnerability to certain influences with good and even increased resistance to other influences. Separate accentuated character traits are usually quite compensatory. However, in difficult situations, a person with an accentuated character may experience a violation of behavior. Accentuations of character, his "weak points" can be obvious and hidden, manifested in extreme situations. Persons with personal accentuations are more malleable to the influences of the environment, more prone to mental trauma. And if an unfavorable situation strikes at a “weak spot”, then the entire behavior of such persons changes dramatically - accentuation features begin to dominate (Fig. 95).

The types of accentuated personalities have not yet been definitively determined. They are described by K. Leonhard and A. E. Lichko. However, these authors give an overly fractional classification of accentuations. We distinguish only four types of accentuated personalities: excitable, affective, unstable, anxious (Table 12).

Rice. 95. Structure of character

Unlike accentuation of character, they do not cause a general social maladjustment of the individual.

Intensively manifesting in adolescence, character accentuations can be compensated over time, and under adverse conditions, develop and transform into "marginal" psychopathy.

Types of character accentuations

The main types of character accentuation include:

• excitable;
• affective;
• unstable;
• anxious;

Sometimes accentuation borders on various types of psychopathy, therefore, in its characterization, typology, psychopathological schemes and terms are used. Psychodiagnostics of the types and severity of accentuations is carried out using the “Pathocharacteristic Diagnostic Questionnaire” (developed by A. E. Lichko and N. Ya. Ivanov) and the MMPI personality questionnaire (the scales of which include zones of accentuated and pathological manifestations of character).

Accentuation of character according to A. Lichko

According to the level of manifestation of character traits, characters are divided into medium (normal), pronounced (accentuated) and beyond the norm (psychopathy).

The central, or pivotal, relations of the individual are the relation of the individual to those around him (the team) and the relation of the individual to work. The existence of central, core relationships and the properties conditioned by them in the structure of character is of great practical importance in the upbringing of a person.

It is impossible to overcome individual character flaws (for example, rudeness and deceit) and cultivate individual positive qualities (for example, politeness and truthfulness), ignoring the central, core relationships of the personality, namely, the attitude towards people. In other words, it is impossible to form only a certain property, it is possible to educate only a whole system of interrelated properties, while paying the main attention to the formation of the central, pivotal relations of the individual, namely, relations to others and work.

The integrity of character, however, is not absolute. It's related to that. that the central, core relationships do not always completely and completely determine the rest. In addition, the degree of integrity of character is individually peculiar. There are people with a more holistic and less holistic or contradictory character. At the same time, it should be noted that when the quantitative expression of one or another character trait reaches the limit values ​​and turns out to be at the border of norms, the so-called accentuation of character arises.

character accentuation- these are extreme variants of the norm as a result of strengthening individual features. Accentuation of character under very unfavorable circumstances can lead to pathological disorders and changes in personality behavior, to psychopathy, but it is wrong to identify it with pathology. Character properties are determined not by biological laws (hereditary factors), but by social (social factors).

The physiological basis of character is an alloy of traits such as higher nervous activity and complex stable systems of temporary connections developed as a result of individual life experience. In this alloy, the systems of temporary connections play a more important role, since the type of the nervous system can form all the social qualities of the personality. But, firstly, the systems of connections are formed differently in representatives of different types of the nervous system and, secondly, these systems of connections manifest themselves in a peculiar way depending on the types. For example, decisiveness of character can be brought up both in a representative of a strong, excitable type of nervous system, and in a representative of a weak type. But it will be brought up and manifested differently depending on the type.

Attempts to construct a typology of characters have been repeatedly made throughout the history of psychology.

All typologies of human characters have proceeded and proceed from a number of general ideas.

The main ones are the following:

• the character of a person is formed quite early in ontogenesis and manifests itself as more or less stable throughout the rest of his life;
• those combinations of personality traits that enter into a person's character are not accidental. They form clearly distinguishable types that make it possible to identify and build a typology of characters.

Most of the people in accordance with this typology can be divided into groups.

One of the curious character classifications belongs to the famous Russian scientist A.E. Lichko. This classification is based on observations of adolescents.

Accentuation of character, according to Lichko, is an excessive strengthening of individual character traits (Fig. 6), in which there are deviations in the psychology and behavior of a person that do not go beyond the norm, bordering on pathology. Such accentuations as temporary states of the psyche are most often observed in adolescence and early adolescence. The author of the classification explains this factor as follows: “... under the action of psychogenic factors addressing “the place of least resistance, temporary adaptation disorders, deviations in behavior may occur.” As the child grows up, the features of his character that manifest themselves in childhood remain quite pronounced, lose their sharpness, but with age they can again appear clearly (especially if a disease occurs).

In today's psychology, from 10 to 14 types (typologies) of character are distinguished.

They can be defined as harmonious and disharmonious.

Harmonious character types are characterized by a sufficient development of the main character traits without isolation, isolation, without exaggeration in the development of any one trait.

Disharmonious ones are manifested with the identification of different character traits and are called accentuated or accentuated.

In 20-50% of people, some character traits are so sharp that there is a “skew” of character - as a result, interaction with people worsens, difficulties and conflicts appear.

The severity of accentuation can be rachtic: from mild, noticeable only to the immediate environment, to extreme options, when you have to think about whether there is no illness - psychopathy. Psychopathy is a painful deformity of character (while maintaining the intellect of a person), as a result of which relationships with other people are sharply violated. But, unlike psychopathy, character accentuations appear inconsistently, over the years they can completely smooth out, approach the norm. Accentuations of character are most often found in adolescents and young men (50-80%), since it is these periods of life that are most critical for the formation of character, the manifestation of originality, and individuality. Then accentuations can be smoothed out or, on the contrary, intensified, developing into neuroses or psychopathy.

Rice. 6. Character accentuation scheme according to E. Filatova and A.E. Testicle

We can consider twelve disharmonious (accentuated) types of character (according to K. Leonhard's typology) and describe their positive and negative qualities that can affect a person's professional activity - we need this to confirm the foundations of personality differentiation in terms of a person's characterological properties.

Hyperthymic type

It is almost always distinguished by a good mood, high vitality, splashing energy, unstoppable activity. Strives for leadership, adventures. It is necessary to be reserved about his unreasonable optimism and overestimation of his capabilities. Features attractive to interlocutors: energy, thirst for activity, initiative, a sense of the new, optimism.

For the people around him, it is unacceptable: frivolity, a tendency to immoral acts, a frivolous attitude to the duties assigned to him, irritability in the circle of close people.

The conflict is possible with monotonous work, loneliness, in conditions of strict discipline, constant moralizing. This causes the person to become angry. Such a person shows himself well in work related to constant communication. These are organizational activities, household services, sports, theater. It is typical for him to often change professions and jobs.

Dysthymic type

The opposite of the first type: serious. pessimist. Constantly low mood, sadness, isolation, reticence. These people are burdened by noisy societies, they do not closely converge with colleagues. They rarely enter into conflicts, more often they are a passive side in them. They greatly appreciate those people who are friends with them and tend to obey them.

People around like their seriousness, high morality, conscientiousness and justice. But such traits as passivity, pessimism, sadness, slowness of thinking, "separation from the team" repel others from acquaintance and friendship with them.

Conflicts are observed in situations that require violent activity. For these people, a change in their usual way of life has a negative impact. They are good at jobs that do not require a wide range of communication. Under unfavorable conditions, they tend to neurotic depression. This accentuation occurs most often in persons of melancholic temperament.

Cycloid type

The accentuation of character is manifested in cyclically changing periods of ups and downs in mood. During the period of mood rise, they manifest themselves as people with hyperthymic accentuation, during the period of decline - with dysthymic. During the recession, they perceive troubles more acutely. These frequent changes in mental state tire a person, make his behavior unpredictable, contradictory, prone to changing profession, place of work, interests.

excitable type

This type of people have increased irritability, a tendency to aggression, intemperance, gloom, boredom, but flattery, helpfulness, a tendency to rudeness and obscene language or silence, slowness in conversation are possible. They actively and often conflict, do not avoid quarrels with superiors, are quarrelsome in a team, are despotic and cruel in a family. Outside of fits of anger, these people are conscientious, accurate and show love for children.

People around do not like their irritability, irascibility, inadequate outbursts of rage and anger with assault, cruelty, weakened control over attraction. These people are well affected by physical labor, athletic sports. They need to develop endurance, self-control. Because of their quarrelsomeness, they often change jobs.

stuck type

People with this type of accentuation "get stuck" on their feelings, thoughts. They cannot forget insults and "settle scores" with their offenders. They have official and domestic intractability, a tendency to protracted squabbles. In the conflict, they are most often the active side and clearly define the circle of friends and enemies for the day. They show dominance.

The interlocutors like their desire to achieve high performance in any business, the manifestation of high demands on themselves, the thirst for justice, adherence to principles, strong, stable views. But at the same time, these people have features that repel others: resentment, suspicion, vindictiveness, arrogance, jealousy, ambition.

A conflict is possible with hurt pride, unfair resentment, an obstacle to achieving ambitious goals.

Pedantic type

These people have a pronounced "tediousness" in the form of experiencing the details, in the service they are able to torture them with formal requirements, exhaust the household with excessive accuracy.

For others, they are attractive conscientiousness, accuracy. seriousness, reliability in deeds and feelings. But such people have a number of repulsive character traits: formalism, "chicanery", "boring", the desire to shift decision-making to others.

Conflicts are possible in a situation of personal responsibility for an important matter, with an underestimation of their merits. They are prone to obsession, psychasthenia.

For these people, professions that are not associated with great responsibility, “paperwork”, are preferred. They are not inclined to change jobs.

alarm type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low mood, timidity, timidity, self-doubt. They constantly fear for themselves, their loved ones, experience failure for a long time and doubt the correctness of their actions. They rarely enter into conflicts and play a passive role.

Conflicts are possible in situations of fear, threats, ridicule, unfair accusations.

People around like their friendliness, self-criticism and diligence. But timidity, suspiciousness sometimes serve as a target for jokes.

Such people cannot be leaders, make responsible decisions, as they are characterized by endless experience, weighing.

emotive type

A person of this type of character is overly sensitive, vulnerable and deeply worried about the slightest trouble. He is sensitive to comments, failures, so he most often has a sad mood. He prefers a narrow circle of friends and relatives who would understand him perfectly.

Rarely enters into conflicts and plays a passive role in them. Resentment does not splash out, but prefers to keep them in himself. Those around him like his compassion, pity, expression of joy about other people's successes. He is very executive and has a high sense of duty.

Such a person is usually a good family man. But extreme sensitivity, tearfulness repel others from him.

Conflicts with a loved one, death or illness, he perceives tragically. Injustice, rudeness, being surrounded by rude people are contraindicated for him. He achieves the most significant results in the field of art, medicine, raising children, caring for animals and plants.

Demonstrative type

This person strives to be in the spotlight and achieves his goals at any cost: tears, fainting, scandals, illnesses, boasting, outfits, unusual hobbies, lies. He easily forgets about his unseemly deeds. He has a high adaptability to people.

This person is attractive to others with courtesy, perseverance, purposefulness, acting talent, the ability to captivate others, as well as his originality. He has traits that repel people from him, these traits contribute to conflict: selfishness, unbridled actions, deceit, boastfulness, a tendency to intrigue, shirking from work. A conflict by such a person occurs when his interests are infringed, his merits are underestimated, he is overthrown from the “pedestal”. These situations cause him hysterical reactions.

exalted type

People with this type of accentuation have a very changeable mood, talkativeness, increased distractibility to external events. Their emotions are pronounced and are reflected in amorousness.

Such traits as altruism, artistic taste, artistic talent, brightness of feelings and attachment to friends are liked by interlocutors. But excessive impressionability, pathos, alarmism, susceptibility to despair are not their best features. Failures and sad events are perceived tragically, such people are prone to neurotic depression.

Their environment of existence is the sphere of arts, artistic sports, professions associated with proximity to nature.

introverted type

People of this type of accentuation are characterized by low sociability, isolation. They are aloof from everyone and enter into communication with other people only if necessary, most often immersed in themselves and their thoughts. They are characterized by increased vulnerability, but they do not tell anything about themselves and do not share their experiences. Even to their loved ones, they are cold and reserved. Their behavior and logic are often not understood by others.

These people love solitude and prefer to be alone rather than in noisy company. They rarely enter into conflicts, only when trying to invade their inner world.

They are picky in choosing a spouse and are busy searching for their ideal.

They have a strong emotional coldness and weak attachment to loved ones.

The people around them like them for restraint, degree, deliberateness of actions, the presence of strong convictions and adherence to principles. But the stubborn upholding of their unrealistic interests, views and the presence of their own point of view, which differs sharply from the opinion of the majority, repel people from them.

Such people prefer work that does not require a large circle of communication. They are prone to theoretical sciences, philosophical reflections, collecting, chess, science fiction, music.

Conformal type

People of this type are highly sociable, talkative to the point of talkativeness. Usually they do not have their own opinions and do not strive to stand out from the crowd.

These people are not organized and tend to obey others. In communication with friends and family, they give way to leadership to others. Surrounding in these people like their willingness to listen to another, diligence. But at the same time, these are people "without a king in their heads", subject to someone else's influence. They do not think about their actions and have a great passion for entertainment. Conflicts are possible in a situation of forced loneliness, lack of control.

These people have easy adaptability to a new job and do an excellent job with their job responsibilities when tasks and rules of conduct are clearly defined.