Irina Sizova
Speech etiquette and communication culture

Introduction

I chose the topic of my essay speech etiquette and communication culture. I believe that this topic is relevant in our time. Lack of culture- a common phenomenon. Broad concept culture certainly includes what is called communication culture, culture of speech behavior. To own it, it is important to understand the essence speech etiquette. Etiquette is“established order of forms of treatment” .(SI. Ozhegov).At different times etiquette the requirements were different. Today there is an urgent question not only about the loss of norms etiquette, but also about general decline in communication culture.

What's happened speech etiquette?

Etiquette(French etiquette-label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to attitude towards people (dealing with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and clothing).

Speech etiquette- adopted in this culture a set of requirements for the form, content, order, nature and situational relevance of statements. Famous explorer speech etiquette N. I. Formanovskaya gives this definition: "Under speech etiquette regulatory rules are understood speech behavior, a system of nationally specific stereotypical, stable formulas communication, accepted and prescribed society to establish contact between interlocutors.” TO speech etiquette, in particular, include words and expressions used by people to say goodbye, requests, apologies, forms of address accepted in various situations, intonation features that characterize polite speech, etc. Study speech etiquette occupies a special position at the intersection of linguistics, theory and history culture, ethnography, regional studies, psychology and other humanitarian disciplines.

High culture Speech is the ability to correctly, accurately and expressively convey your thoughts using language. Culture speech obliges a person to adhere to certain mandatory norms and rules, among which the most important are: a) meaningfulness - thoughtfulness and utmost informativeness of expressions; true eloquence consists in saying everything that needs to be said, but no more. b) consistency - validity, consistency and consistency of presentation, in which all leading provisions are interconnected and subordinated to a single thought; logic is the foundation of persuasion and evidence; c) evidence - reliability, clarity and validity of arguments, which should clearly show the interlocutor that everything that is said exists in reality and is objective in nature; d) persuasiveness - the ability to convince an interlocutor and ensure that this conviction is firmly rooted in his mind; for these purposes, you should take into account the psychological characteristics of your interlocutor and illustrate your points with vivid examples; e) clarity - each expression must be clear and precise; speech that is too fast is difficult to perceive, speech that is too slow causes irritation; dull and inexpressive speech can destroy the deepest thoughts; f) understandability - the use of words and terms that are understandable to the interlocutor; you should not abuse foreign and rarely used words and expressions; The use of vulgar words and slang expressions is unacceptable.

Speech etiquette: history, foundations, factors determining its formation, national differences

Emergence etiquette as such, And speech etiquette in particular, is firmly associated with the development of the state as the main regulatory and management system society. The state needs norms and rules of behavior that would, in practice, serve as a means of differentiation and recognition of various social groups, layers, and institutions.

"Dictionary by ethics» defines this concept So: « Etiquette(French etiquette - label, label) - a set of rules of conduct relating to the external manifestation of attitude towards people (dealing with others, forms of address and greetings, behavior in in public places, manners and clothing)". As we see the word itself " etiquette"came to us from France, from the royal court of Louis XIV. And labels called small paper tablets given to those who wanted (or he was forced) appear before the king. It was written on them how a person should address the king, what movements he should make, what words he should say. This is where the tendency towards systematization of norms and rules manifests itself. Labels at the court of the French king were one of the first documents indicating the norms and rules of interpersonal communication. E. V. Arova in the book "Please" says that the oldest information about etiquette are already contained in"Kagemni's Teachings to Pharaoh Snofri", which are about five thousand years old. As you can see, in all the above examples we are talking about general rules of behavior. These rules and regulations speech behaviors are combined, we will talk mainly about speech rules, i.e. about speech etiquette.

Compliance speech etiquette people also has educational value, helps improve how speech, so general culture of society.

What factors determine the formation speech etiquette and its use? L.A. Vvedenskaya defines these factors:

Speech etiquette is built taking into account the characteristics of partners entering into business relations, conducting business talk: social status of the subject and addressee communication, their place in the service hierarchy, their profession, nationality, religion, age, gender, character.

Speech etiquette determined by the situation in which it occurs communication.

The basis speech etiquette consists of speech formulas, the nature of which depends on the characteristics communication. Any act communication has a beginning, the main part and the final part. In this regard, the formulas speech etiquette are divided into 3 main groups: 1.) speech formulas for starting communication; 2.) speech formulas, used in the process communication; 3.) speech formulas for ending communication.

Besides, speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation created its own system of rules speech behavior. For example, a feature of the Russian language is the presence in it of two pronouns - “you” and “you”, which can be perceived as forms of the second singular. The choice of one form or another depends on the social status of the interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, and the official/informal environment. It is not customary to address strangers with “you”; in an official setting; with those older in age, rank and sometimes position. At the same time, you should not use “you” to address friends and relatives, classmates or work colleagues.

So, taking into account the factors that shape and determine speech etiquette, knowledge and compliance with standards speech etiquette, creates a favorable climate for relationships, promotes the efficiency and effectiveness of business relationships.

National differences speech etiquettes in different countries Speech etiquette- an important element of any national culture. In the language speech behavior, stable formulas (stereotypes) communication rich folk experience, the uniqueness of customs, lifestyles, and living conditions of each people were deposited. And this is infinitely valuable.

I. Ehrenburg left something interesting certificate: “Europeans, when greeting, extend their hand, but a Chinese, Japanese or Indian is forced to shake a stranger’s limb. If a visitor stuck his bare foot into Parisians or Muscovites, it would hardly cause delight. Vienna man says "I kiss your hand", without thinking about the meaning of his words, and a resident of Warsaw, when he is introduced to a lady, mechanically kisses her hand. The Englishman, outraged by the tricks of his competitor, writes to him: "Dear sir, you are a fraud", without "dear sir" he can't start a letter. Christians, entering a church, church or church, take off their hats, and a Jew, entering a synagogue, covers his head. In Catholic countries, women should not enter the temple with their heads uncovered. In Europe the color of mourning is black, in China it is white. When a Chinese man sees for the first time a European or an American walking arm in arm with a woman, sometimes even kissing her, it seems to him extremely shameless. In Japan you cannot enter a house without taking off your shoes; in restaurants, men in European suits and socks sit on the floor. In the Beijing hotel, the furniture was European, but the entrance to the room was traditionally Chinese - the screen did not allow direct entry; this is associated with the idea that the devil is walking straight; but according to our ideas, the devil is cunning, and it costs him nothing to get around any partition. If a guest comes to a European and admires a picture on the wall, a vase or other trinket, then the owner is pleased. If a European begins to admire a thing in a Chinese house, the owner gives him this item - politeness demands this. My mother taught me that when visiting, you should not leave anything on the plate. In China, no one touches the cup of dry rice that is served at the end of lunch - you need to show that you are full. The world is diverse, and you shouldn’t rack your brains over this or that custom: if there are foreign monasteries, then, consequently, there are foreign charters" (I. Ehrenburg. People, years, life).

National specifics speech etiquette in every country is extremely bright, because the unique features of the language here, as we see, are superimposed by the features of rituals, habits, everything accepted and not accepted in behavior, permitted and prohibited in social etiquette.

Rules and regulations speech etiquette, main groups Role speech etiquette in communication

Speech communication- this is the unity of two sides (transmission and perception of information).

Forms communication there are oral and written.

Spheres speech communication – social and everyday life, social cultural, educational and scientific, socio-political, official business.

Using verbal formulas etiquette we express relationships when meeting and parting when we thank someone or apologize, in a dating situation and in many other cases. Each language has its own foundation etiquette formulas. Their composition in the Russian language is most fully described by A. A. Akishina and N. I. Formanovskaya, the authors of numerous works on modern Russian speech etiquette. Conceptual core speech etiquette is the concept of politeness as an indispensable condition for tolerant verbal communication in different manifestations: tact, goodwill, courtesy, correctness, courtesy, gallantry, courtesy, affability, etc.

Rules for conversation phone: formal and informal conversations should be distinguished; business calls are made on work phones, informal calls on home phones; It is indecent to call before 9 am and after 22 :00; You cannot call strangers; if you have to do this, you must explain who gave the phone number; the conversation should not be long - 3-5 minutes; the subscriber being called is not required to identify himself, even if it is a business telephone; It is not permissible for a caller to start a conversation with questions: "Who's talking?", "Who's on the phone?"

Semantic parts of telephone conversation: establishing contact (identification, hearing check); beginning of a conversation (greeting, question about the opportunity to speak, questions about life, affairs, health, message about the purpose of the call); theme development (expanding the topic, exchanging information, expressing opinions);friendly tone, clear pronunciation of words, average speech rate, neutral voice volume; end of the conversation (final phrases summarizing the topic of the conversation, etiquette phrases, farewell)

Youth uniform communication

Youth slang is a special form of language. From a certain age, many of us plunge into its element, but over time, it seems "surface" to the surface of literary spoken language. Youth slang is based on playing with words, on a special attitude to life, rejecting everything that is correct, boring, stable. He uses invention, word-making, humor, teasing. Often, older people also retain a predilection for jargon. In the vocabulary of youth slang, two extreme features coexist. On the one hand, specificity and clarity of definitions. tail – a failed exam or test; brake - a slow, slow-thinking person.

On the other hand, amorphousness, blurred meanings; sometimes slang words and expressions cannot be translated into literary language: cool - a difficult to define positive characteristic of a person or object, borrowed from the Ofen language; cool – a positive characteristic of a person; dude or dude - designation of peers, borrowing from the gypsy language; get - something like bring out of patience with some stupid, boringly repeated action; to run over - to perform any action of an aggressive nature. In the last decade, youth jargon has been actively supplemented by computer vocabulary. There are also metaphorical reinterpreted Russians here words: kettle, hang, hack and numerous English-speaking borrowing: user, hacker, screw, Windows, soap, emelya. A striking feature of youth slang is its rapid updating. In the youth of grandparents, money could be called tugriks, rupees, in the times of parents - coins, mani, today's youth use babka, bucks. Another feature of youth jargon is its limited subject matter. There are about a dozen semantic classes of names, within which there are many synonyms. This is the name of persons (dude, forehead, small, horses, parts of the body (lanterns, claws, switch, positive assessments (cool, cool, awesome, awesome, out, the name of some actions (pass out, joke, trudge) Often slang speech is considered a sign of low culture. But for many people, jargon becomes a favorite game, and the same versatility allows for a complex interplay of meaning.

Literature

1) Goldin V. E. Speech and etiquette. - M., 1983

2) Krysin L.P. Language in modern times society. – M., 1977.

3) Lvova S.I. Speech etiquette. – M., 1995

4) Akishina A. A. Speech etiquette Russian telephone conversation. – M., 2000

5) Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist (linguistics) Comp. M. V. Panov. – M., 1984

6) Encyclopedia for children. T. 10. Linguistics. Russian language / Chapter. Ed. M. D. Aksenova. – M. Avanta +, 1998.

7) Network etiquette. Rules and regulations for using the network and virtual communication. - http://www.domonet.ru/abonents/etiquette.html

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

LUGANSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

LUGANSK PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC

"LUGANSK NATIONAL UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER TARAS SHEVCHENKO"

Institute of Pedagogy and Psychology

MESSAGE ON THE TOPIC:

« SPEECH ETIQUETTE AND CULTURE OF COMMUNICATION»

Performed

1st year student

Speciality "Preschool education. Speech therapy"

Form of study: correspondence

Sizova Irina Valerievna

Checked:

Art. Lecturer at the Russian Department linguistics and communication technologies

Gelyukh N. A.

In any place, wherever a person is, it is always customary to politely address the interlocutor. Every day we say hello, thank you, apologize, offer, ask for something, say goodbye. Speech etiquette is the ability to communicate politely with an interlocutor. Using etiquette in everyday communication will help you build good and trusting relationships with people.

Peculiarities

Since ancient times, human communication and human speech have played a huge role in the life and culture of mankind. Speech culture is reflected in the languages ​​of various countries and peoples. Thanks to linguistic traditions, we have an idea of ​​the culture of countries, their national values ​​and worldview.

Human speech is the most important sign by which one can understand the level of development and literacy of a person. Do not underestimate the importance of etiquette in the life of any person, since it is often the connecting element in work and social life.

Speech etiquette implies a set of norms, thanks to which a person understands how to communicate and maintain relationships with other people in different life situations. The rules of etiquette are very diverse; there is no general unified “formula” for communication. Any country is rich in its cultural subtleties of communication.

This type of etiquette interacts very strongly with the practice of communication itself; its components are present in any conversation. If you correctly follow the rules of speech etiquette, then you can competently and clearly convey to a person what you want from him. Mutual understanding and sympathy are also achieved much faster.

Speech etiquette also borders on other humanities - linguistics (as well as its subsections - morphology, lexicology, stylistics, phonetics, phraseology, etymology and others), psychology, and, of course, the cultural characteristics of other countries.

To successfully master the skills of cultural conversation, you should apply the formulas of speech etiquette.

Starter formulas are instilled into the child from childhood. This is what our parents teach us - how to properly greet a person, say goodbye, express gratitude, apologize. As each person grows older, he adopts new features in communication and learns different types of speech.

It is important to note that the ability to politely maintain a conversation with an opponent and correctly express your thoughts shows you as a polite interlocutor.

So, etiquette formulas are a set of generally accepted words and expressions that are used in conversation. They are used in three stages of conversation:

• Starting a conversation (greeting). The phrases that are selected for greetings depend on your interlocutor. It is important to take into account his gender, age, social status. There are no rigid frames. The standard greeting is “Hello! " or "Good morning! " Such an appeal is universal and is suitable for everyone - both your friends and family, and your bosses.
• Main part of the conversation. Here the formulas depend on the purpose of the conversation.
• Conclusion. According to general rules, it is customary to say goodbye or agree on a subsequent meeting. You can use universal options: “Goodbye! " or "All the best."

A little history

As noted above, etiquette is certain rules of behavior that are instilled in a person from childhood. The concept behind this definition is based on cultural values. Compliance with these norms helps to build good relationships with people. Today's etiquette standards were not invented intentionally. Words, phrases and various conversation techniques have been formed over many centuries in the process of communication between people.

The word “etiquette” itself is of Greek origin. It means "order". Subsequently, the word took root firmly in France. It began to be used at the end of the 17th century, during the reign of Louis XIV. The word “Etiquette” denoted a card on which the rules of behavior at the king’s table were indicated.

The rules of speech etiquette were formed in ancient times, when a person was just beginning to learn how to build relationships with his interlocutor. Already in those days, certain norms of behavior began to form that helped to gain understanding and make a favorable impression on the interlocutor.

Norms of correct behavior can be found in the manuscripts of the inhabitants of Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. In those days, these norms were a kind of ritual with the help of which people could understand that they did not pose a threat to each other and thought “on the same wavelength.”

Functions

The basic purpose of speech etiquette is the formation of communication and contact between groups of people. Compliance with general rules and norms makes the interlocutor more understandable to other people. We understand what to expect from him as we begin to trust the communication skills we are familiar with.

This feature arose in ancient times, when danger lurked everywhere for people. At that time, maintaining the ritual of communication was very important. When the other person, who is also the interlocutor, performed familiar and understandable actions, called the necessary and understandable words, this greatly simplified the interaction, mitigating mistrust.

Now we understand at the genetic level that a person who follows these norms can be trusted. Norms create a favorable atmosphere and have a positive impact on the person with whom the conversation is being conducted.

With the help of etiquette, we demonstrate our respect and deference to our opponent. Etiquette emphasizes a person's status.

In general, we can say that the use of the simplest norms of speech etiquette allows you to avoid the occurrence of many conflict situations.

Kinds

It is important to note that written and oral etiquette are quite different. Written ethics is strictly regulated, has stricter boundaries, and it is important to comply with its norms. Conversational ethics are freer in their manifestation; words and phrases can be replaced with actions, and sometimes omissions of words are allowed. An example is a greeting - instead of the usual “Good afternoon/evening! "You can nod your head slightly or replace it with a slight bow. In some situations this is dictated by ethical rules of conduct.

Etiquette is divided into the following types:

• Business. It is also called official. Normalizes a person’s behavior when he performs his job duties. Characteristic for official documentation, negotiations, public speech. Can also be used for discursive and polemical speech.
• Everyday. He is characterized by great freedom of action. As the name suggests, it is actively used by us in everyday life.

The application of etiquette standards may vary in different settings. For example, you can move from an official setting to an informal one if the address to your interlocutor has changed from the official “You” to the more familiar “You”.

Proper use of etiquette will help improve your communication skills.

Principles

All standards of behavior are initially based on generally accepted moral principles. Elements of speech etiquette were no exception.

The main principle can be characterized by the correct attitude towards the interlocutor. In any conversation, it is important to put yourself in the shoes of your interlocutor. This will help smooth out rough edges and avoid unwanted conflicts.

Language etiquette consists of principles that can be called “basic components”:

• Brevity;
• Relevance;
• Literacy;
• Accuracy.

It is important to select phrases that are suitable for a specific situation, taking into account the person’s status, as well as the degree of your acquaintance with him. The speech should be brief but relevant. It is important not to lose meaning when talking.

You need to treat your interlocutor with respect, showing the necessary amount of respect.

The most fundamental principles of etiquette are kindness and mutual cooperation. It is these principles that give rise to productive and mutually beneficial communication.

General rules

Cultural speech cannot exist without observing the general norms of communication between people:

• When addressing another person, it is important to take into account the gender, social status, and, of course, the age of the interlocutor. Phrases and words you might say to a friend may not be appropriate for a stranger, your boss, or an older person.
• Use of "you" and "you". It is customary to use “you” to address family members, friends, close relatives and some acquaintances. It is also acceptable to address an interlocutor who is younger than you in age. “You” is considered a neutral polite way of addressing a stranger, a person who has a higher position, or an older generation. Violation of the boundaries between “you” and “you” is considered to be familiar and rude, discourteous.
• Rudeness, contemptuous tone and insults should not be in your speech. If, due to circumstances, it is not possible to treat your interlocutor kindly, then it is better to use a neutral, respectful tone.
• Yawning, showing boredom, and constantly interrupting are considered terribly ugly and disrespectful when communicating with a person.

If words and phrases can be called verbal means of communication, then gestures and facial expressions are non-verbal methods of influencing people. It is important to monitor facial expressions and gestures. Excessive gesticulation is usually unacceptable. Following these simple rules will help you become a good conversationalist.

Various situations

Human behavior in various situations is based on etiquette. So these include:

• Establishing contact (greeting);
• Acquaintance;
• Appeal;
• Advice;
• Offer;
• Expression of gratitude;
• Consent or refusal;
• Congratulation;
• Compliment and so on.

There are standard speech formulas for various situations. Let's take a closer look at some situations.

Making contact

In this case, etiquette formulas are aimed at establishing contact with the interlocutor. This is the greeting of the interlocutor. The most universal and frequently used word is “Hello.” This word has many synonyms: from a simple “Hello” in close relationships to the standard polite “Good day” and “My respects.” The use of greeting synonyms is determined by many factors - the degree of acquaintance, age, proximity of the opponent, and, ultimately, your field of work.

When establishing contact, greeting is important. The words “sorry” or “excuse me” or “can I contact you” can attract a person’s attention. It is worth adding to them an explanatory phrase why you contacted the person: a request, an offer or an introduction.

The situation of address is the most difficult etiquette situation, since it is not always easy to choose the appropriate address to a person.

During the Soviet Union, the standard address was the universal word "Comrade". It was used in relation to all people, regardless of their gender. Currently, the title “Mr” or “Madam” is used.

It is considered polite to address your interlocutor using his first and patronymic. The address “Woman” or “Girl”, “Young Man” is inappropriate and rude. When performing official duties, it is allowed to be addressed by the title of the position: “Mr. Deputy Director.”

When addressing a person, you cannot indicate any of his personal characteristics (gender, nationality, social status, age, religion).

Ending contact

This stage is important because it will help your interlocutor form the final impression of you. When saying goodbye, you can use standard phrases: “See you,” “Goodbye,” “All the best.” With closer contact or longer acquaintance, you can use an informal farewell in the form of the word “Bye.”

At the final stage of contact, it is reasonable to include gratitude for the time allocated for communication and for the work done. You can express your wishes for further interaction. When ending a conversation, it is important to make a good impression. In the future, this will help to establish long-term and mutually beneficial cooperation.

Let's also consider the dating situation. It is important to pay attention to handling here. As mentioned above, it is customary to use “You” to address familiar people with whom you have close or friendly relationships. In other cases, it is preferable to use the address “You”.

If you introduce people to each other, then you can use the following phrases: “Let me introduce you,” “Let me introduce you.” The presenting person should give a short general description of the person being represented, for the convenience of the interlocutor. They usually name the last name, first name and patronymic, position and some important detail. Interlocutors who meet each other usually say that they are glad to meet you.

Congratulations and gratitude

A fairly large number of speech formulas are used to express gratitude. This can include the phrases “Thank you”, “Thank you”, “I am very grateful” and so on.

There are also many phrases for congratulations. In addition to the usual “Congratulations,” it is customary to come up with individual congratulations and various holiday poems.

Invitation and proposal

When inviting your interlocutor to various events, it is important to observe certain standards of behavior. The elements of the invitation and offer are somewhat similar; they tend to emphasize the special significance of a person.

Stable phrases for invitation: “We invite you...”, “Please visit...”, “Please come...”. When inviting someone, it is appropriate to indicate that you are waiting for your interlocutor. This can be done using the phrase “We’ll be glad to see you.”

Requests are characterized by the use of stable expressions: “We ask you”, “Could you please”.

Any request or proposal is subject to consent or refusal. Consent is expressed briefly and concisely. It is best to issue a refusal with a mitigating motivation that explains the reason for the refusal.

Condolence, sympathy and apology

There are tragic moments in the life of any person when one has to use speech etiquette when expressing condolences or sympathy. The main rule is that this must be done as tactfully as possible so as not to aggravate the situation.

It is important that your words sound sincere; it is recommended to use encouraging words. When expressing condolences, it is appropriate to offer your help. For example, you could say: “Please accept my sincere condolences regarding... You can count on my help if necessary.”

Compliments and praise

Compliments are one of the important components of any relationship between people. With their help, you can significantly strengthen relationships. But you have to be careful. There is a very thin line between compliments and flattery; they are distinguished only by the degree of exaggeration.

According to general rules of etiquette, compliments should relate directly to the person, and not to things. Let's consider a specific situation. How to compliment a woman in a beautiful dress? According to the general rules of etiquette, it would be wrong to say “This dress suits you so well!” " Correct use of the phrase “You look so good in that dress!” "

A slight rearrangement of words emphasizes the beauty of the person, not the dress.

In today's world, it is very important to use praise. You can praise your interlocutor for his character, for his special skills, for his work, and even for his feelings.

National traits

Speech etiquette is based on generally accepted human principles of morality. The essence of etiquette is identical in many cultures of different countries. This includes literacy, politeness in communication, restraint and the ability to use generally accepted speech formulas that will correspond to a specific situation.

But there are still some cultural differences in the speech etiquette of countries. In Russia, for example, etiquette involves maintaining a conversation, including with strangers (barely familiar). A similar situation can occur in a confined space - an elevator, a train compartment, a bus interior.

In other countries (especially Asian countries - Japan, China, South Korea), people try to avoid talking to strangers. They try not to meet the eyes of the interlocutor, do not pay attention to him, look at the phone. If the conversation cannot be avoided, then they talk about the most abstract and neutral topics (for example, about the weather).

Let's look at the differences in speech etiquette in different countries using Japan as an example. Relations between people in this country are based on traditions and have certain conventions. In this country, any greeting is accompanied by an obligatory bow, which is called “ojigi”.

The relationships between people of different ages are interesting. If a person is older, then his position in society is higher than the position of the younger interlocutor. This rule is followed even within the family circle. The girl does not address her brother, who is older in age, by name, but uses the phrase “nii-san,” which translated means “elder brother.” The young man will address his older sister as “onee-san” (translation: elder sister).

If we compare the position of a man and a woman, then the man is the superior person. The same principle applies to father and mother. Although a woman may be the head of the family, her social status is lower.

In a work environment where positions are strictly defined, a person with a lower rank will bow lower to a higher-ranking colleague.

In Japan, a special place is given to greetings, and bows occupy an important place. Residents of Japan bow to other people several times a day. Bowing when greeting helps create a favorable environment for communication. By doing this, you endear your interlocutor to yourself, showing such important respect.

Any words of greeting must be expressed with due respect for the interlocutor. Under no circumstances should manifestations of unceremoniousness and familiarity be allowed. You should not exceed the permitted level of trust in you.

Cultural speech today is an important component of success. And not only in business. There are many in the modern world, and all participants in the process will be pleased to hear competent speech, as well as correctly express their point of view.
Naturally, in different life situations our speech has a different character. At work this is business communication, at home it is simple speech; When speaking in public, we speak completely differently than with close friends, etc. In this article, I would like to tell the readers of MirSovetov about the rules of use and pronunciation of commonly used words and phrases, about what makes our speech cultural in any respect.

Correct pronunciation of sounds

1. Hard and soft pronunciation of consonants in borrowed words.
In borrowed words, the consonant before “e” can be pronounced either hard or soft. It depends on how long ago the word was borrowed and how often it is used. The consonant before “e” is pronounced softly in the words: peon[e]r, muz[e]y, t[e]rmin, zoo[e]khnik, accord[e]on, d[e]kan. Those. pronounce d[e]kan correctly and d[e]kan incorrectly.
The consonant before “e” is pronounced firmly mainly in book words, scientific terms, such as: ann[e]xia, grot[e]sk, antit[e]za, cott[e]j, d[e]fault, d [e]gradation, at[e]lie. Those. It is correct to pronounce d[e]folt and incorrectly d[e]folt.
You can equally pronounce: bass[e]yn = bass[e]yn, d[e]valuation = d[e]valvation, s[e]ssia = s[e]ssia.
2. Pronunciation of the combination "chn".
Previously, this combination could only be pronounced as [sh] (sunny [sh]ny). But according to modern rules, most words in the Russian language are both written and pronounced “chn”. However, in some words the senior norm is retained, i.e. read [shn]. These words are: boring, horse[sh], empty, eggs, mustard, starling.
In addition, the senior norm is preserved in stable phrases (“old pere[sh]itsa”, “dear friend”) and in female patronymics (Nikiti[sh]a, Ilyin[sh]a).
3. Pronunciation of the combination "zhd".
The word “rain” is pronounced in two equal variants: a long soft “sh” (do [sh’sh’]) and “sht’” (do [sht’]).
4. There are a sufficient number of words in the Russian language in which you just want to add or subtract some sound. For example, many people pronounce the word “incident” as “incident”, which is wrong.
The list of such words in the correct version: incident, precedent, state, leatherette, intriguer, competitive, market situation, grapefruit, escalator, legal adviser, compost, neuropathologist (from “neurosis”), dividends, legitimate, scrupulous, colander, post office, can, folklore , ikebana, furnished, fluorography, agency (from “agent”), slip, mock, handwriting, dishes, borrowed, chronology, porcupine, baking sheet, future, get well (I), key rings, applaud (they), crazy, perturbation.

Correct placement of stress

1. Monosyllabic masculine nouns (cake, bow) usually have fixed stress in all cases and in the plural.
For example: to’rt, to’rts, to’t, to’t, to’t, about to’t. Also: ba’nt, ba’nty, ba’nta, ba’ntu, ba’ntom, oh ba’nte.
In other similar words in the genitive case, the emphasis is transferred to the ending: bandage-bandage', screw-vinta', pancake-pancake', coat of arms', horse-horse', goose-goose', tourniquet-harness', umbrella-umbrella '.
2. In the word “ya'sli” the stress is fixed in all forms of words (“from ya’sli”).
3. Stress on past tense verbs. In the Russian language there is a large group of one- and two-syllable verbs, the emphasis in which moves depending on the form of the word.
Problems with stress placement usually arise when forming past tense forms, such as verbs: slept, waited, began, took, was, called, weaved, lied, took, forked, rotted, lived, cursed, occupied, assigned, took away, added, poured. The rule here is this: in all past tense forms the stress is placed on the stem of the word, and in the feminine form - on the ending.
Examples:
Slept: he slept, it slept, she slept, they slept.
He waited: he waited, it waited, she waited, they waited.
Borrowed: he borrowed, it borrowed, she borrowed, they borrowed.
Poured: he poured, it poured, she poured, they poured.
In other one- and two-syllable verbs (vez, led, carried, flowed, lay down, weaved, harnessed, took, etc.), in past tense forms the emphasis in masculine verbs is placed on the basis of the word, and in other forms it goes to the ending . However, there are no difficulties when placing stress in these verbs.
Examples:
Flowed: he flowed, it flowed, she flowed, they flowed.
It was taken: he was taken, it was taken, she was taken, they were taken.
In the third group of verbs, the stress is not transferred anywhere, but in all forms is placed on the basis of the word (read, counted, twisted, spoke, wore, ran, etc.). It is extremely difficult to make a mistake in placing the emphasis here.
Examples:
He ran: he ran, it ran, she ran, they ran.
He counted: he counted, it counted, she counted, they counted.
4. The stress in verbs ending in “-it” is flexible, and usually there are no problems with its placement (for example, the verb “wear”: I wear’, you no’sit, he no’sit, we no’sim, you no'site, they no'syat).
However, there are exceptions - verbs in which in absolutely all forms the emphasis falls on the ending. Here they are: call, deepen, aggravate, turn on, grow, create. For example, in the word “call” in other forms the stress will be placed as follows: I’m calling, you’re calling, he’s calling, we’re calling, you’re calling, they’re calling.
5. The emphasis in verbs with “-ify” is fixed and in any form of the verb falls on “ir”: telegraph, agitate.
Exceptions: bonus (premiruyut, premium), seal (seal, sealed).
6. Sometimes stress in verbs can serve as a means of differentiating the meaning of words, such as: ko'sit (grass) - mow with the eye, ka'tit (pushes) - kati't (rides dashingly), va'lit (forest) - Vali't (it's snowing all the time).

Euphony of speech

As Aristotle noted, “what is written should be easy to pronounce.” For beautiful, expressive speech, the compatibility of sounds and words is very important. Poor sound organization can prevent the listener from correctly perceiving speech. The most natural sound of Russian speech is determined by achieving the following conditions:
uniform alternation of vowels and consonants;
minimal use in speech of combinations of several consonants and difficult to pronounce combinations of sounds;
uniform alternation of long and short words;
calm, smooth intonation.
As an example of euphonious speech, we can cite the lines from S. Yesenin’s poem “Anna Snegina”: “I am walking through an overgrown garden, my face is touched by lilacs. The aged fence is so dear to my flashing glances. Once upon a time, at that gate over there, I was sixteen years old, and a girl in a white cape said to me affectionately: “No!” The following story is also euphonious: “My friend is a philatelist. He started collecting stamps when he was in high school. Now there are about a thousand copies in his collection. Some stamps are very rare and valuable.” All sounds here are pronounced easily, long words alternate with short ones, and the intonation is smooth.
Factors that disrupt the euphony of speech:
the use of several consonants in a row (more than 4): “tlz”, “jr”, “vrzh”, “mgrtch”, etc. (Beatles, Mgrtchan, etc.);
repetition of identical or similar sounds. In this case, the undesirable effect of growling, whistling, hissing, etc. occurs. The repetition of whistling and hissing sounds is especially undesirable:

Instead of a large number of participial and participial phrases, it is better to construct separate sentences:

Using several vowels in a row:

The use of several words with the same suffix or ending (especially often seen in business speech):

Wrong	Right
Violation of orders to attend classes	The order on the procedure for attending classes was violated
The station provides training in observing animal behavior	The station teaches how to properly observe animal behavior
Continuing the study of schoolchildren’s mastery of knowledge is one of the tasks of pedagogy	Continuing research in the field of schoolchildren mastering new knowledge is one of the tasks of pedagogy
To perform well, the trainee must demonstrate diligence, knowledge and skills	To perform well, the trainee must try to demonstrate all his knowledge and skills
To maintain plants, it is important to create and maintain a number of conditions	Plants must be kept in certain conditions

accidental rhyme in prose makes speech frivolous:

Speech accessibility for understanding

What the speaker wants to say is always different from what his interlocutor hears. For each of the participants in the communication process, everything said or heard is filled with individual meaning; each “passes” the information through his life experience, personal qualities, situation, mood, etc. Therefore, in order to most fully express your point of view, it is very important to structure your speech in such a way that listeners can be fully imbued with the meaning that you put into it.
The rule here is: “Think first, then speak.” The thought must first be formalized in internal speech, and only then translated into external speech, i.e. express. It is necessary to clearly formulate your thoughts, carefully select words and expressions (avoid ambiguity). Examples:

Wrong	Right
The priority task of our organization is to eliminate employees who do not know how to work with program X (the word “eliminate” is used inappropriately, because it means “to destroy, to cease the existence of someone,” which is unlikely to be what the author meant ).	All employees of our organization must learn to work with program X.
My brother ignores the attention of potential employers to him (the word “ignores” is not used in its proper meaning).	My brother neglects the attention of potential employers.
In this place, raspberry bushes grow (the word “tabernacles” cannot be used in this case, since kusha means “tent, hut, canopy”, in any case not “bushes”).	There are many raspberry bushes growing in this place.
In this you look very efficient (the word “effective” is not suitable in this case, because it means getting results from the invested costs).	In this coat you look very impressive (spectacular, i.e. “making an impression”).

The speaker's good knowledge of the subject of speech, broad outlook and erudition help make speech more accurate.
It is very important to correctly orient your speech towards your interlocutor. It is necessary to express your opinion in a language accessible to the listener, try to avoid words that may be incomprehensible to the interlocutor. For example, in a conversation with a colleague, you can use professionalism and special terms without restrictions. At the same time, it is better to refrain from them at home. When talking with young children, we often utter short, simple sentences, and when communicating with like-minded people, our thoughts “spread throughout the tree.”

Ethical speech

No matter how correctly your statements are constructed, they will all be received properly only if your speech complies with ethical standards. Nothing is more valuable than politeness, and being polite is incredibly easy. First of all, you need to treat your interlocutor kindly. Next, build at a level appropriate for a specific situation. In a work environment, formal forms of greeting, farewell, calling “you” and by first name and patronymic are appropriate. When communicating with old acquaintances, naturally, simpler speech forms can be used.
According to etiquette, you need to greet a person with the words “Hello!” or “Good... (indicate the time of day: morning, afternoon, evening)!” With good acquaintances, friends, relatives, the words “Hello!”, “Salute!” are appropriate. etc. It is necessary to respond to a greeting in any case, including to people with whom you are unfamiliar.
The form of addressing the interlocutor may be different. Currently, the officially adopted form of address in Russia is “Mr/Madam”. However, due to the fact that in Soviet times these forms of address were used with irony, now they sometimes lead to comical situations.
Friendly address involves the use of the words “friend”, “girlfriend”, “colleague”, “old man”. Between close people it is possible to address each other familiarly (“buddy”, “girlfriend”, “my blue-winged fish”).
During the dating procedure, it is very important to follow the norms of speech etiquette. For example, at work, a manager may introduce a new employee as follows: “Let me introduce you to Vladimir Nikolaevich Petrov, our new employee.” At the same time, it is impolite to clarify: “Vladimir Nikolaevich is the brother of the famous director Pyotr Nikolaevich.”
It is better to contact a stranger without using special forms, but using general words, for example: “Please tell me...”, “Be kind...”, etc.
Naturally, the use of derogatory words, insulting the interlocutor and foul language are strictly prohibited. Conversation in a raised voice and familiar address are also condemned.

Expressiveness of speech

When we speak, we want to be heard. Therefore, the interlocutor must be “interested.” Dryness, monotony, and inexpressiveness are not characteristics of cultural speech. There are several ways to win over your interlocutor, and you can and should use them not only at work, during business meetings, but also at home and among friends:
proper name (saying the interlocutor’s name out loud);
mirror of relationships (how we are treated, so are we);
(slight exaggeration of a person’s merits).
A little about the compliment. A compliment begins with the desire to say it and brings mutual benefits. It is unacceptable if a compliment contradicts the facts and also develops into flattery.
The expressiveness of speech depends on the tone of the voice, the speaker’s highlighting of the main thoughts, the ability to emphasize attention with the help of small pauses, the use of rhetorical digressions, examples, and repetitions. It is also important to sometimes give the listener the opportunity to laugh at a funny fact. Proverbs, sayings, phraseological expressions, and catchwords also help to make speech bright and expressive.

To summarize the above, I would like to express the hope that the tips given will help readers of MirSovetov make their speech more competent and harmonious, more accurately convey their point of view to listeners, and conduct an interesting and meaningful conversation.

Etiquette and culture of business communication is a fairly diverse set of conventions that simply must be taken into account in order to avoid awkward situations. If you follow the basic rules of speech etiquette and communication culture, you will gain an advantage in any life situation, not to mention conducting important business negotiations.

What does it mean to follow the rules of speech etiquette in communication?

For starters, it is to have a high level of communication skills in the business world. What does it mean:

1. The art of conveying your thoughts, expressing yourself clearly and intelligibly, including in public.
2. Listening skills. Moreover, it is necessary to correctly understand the thought expressed by the interlocutor.
3. The ability to objectively perceive your partner, regardless of the differences between you.
4. Possession of skills in building relationships with people, be they partners, co-workers, subordinates or superiors.
5. The ability to effectively interact with an interlocutor based on mutual interests.

The result of business communication, built in the best traditions of speech etiquette, is not only something material: a signed contract, agreement, closing a deal. Much more important are the feelings that people leave with after business negotiations. Thanks to the ability to communicate, your interlocutor will have a certain emotional coloring from your meeting. The words will be forgotten, but the emotions experienced from meeting you will be remembered by your interlocutor for a long time. Often they are the basis for further cooperation.

1. Preparation is the beginning of the result. Business negotiations are often the only way to convince your interlocutor to cooperate with you. Be fully prepared and thoroughly prepare for them. Think about what you want to say and what you want to hear in response.
2. The culture of communication assumes that the conversation is started by the guests, but the etiquette of verbal communication determines that the business part is led by the receiving party.
3. During a business conversation, be calm, restrained, and friendly.

And, of course, don’t forget about documentation. After all, documents are part of the business card of any enterprise, be it a letterhead or just paper for notes.

Since it is not always possible (and even necessary) for oral communication, written communication comes to the rescue, in which speech etiquette should also be observed. All documents must be drawn up not only competently, but also legally correct. The essence of the matter should be stated clearly and specifically, adhere to the rules of reference at the beginning and the correct end of the document. If the “papers” are perfect, then the opinion about the head of the enterprise and his employees will receive an additional bonus. And this will serve well in resolving any issue.

It is important to remember that the culture of verbal communication can be developed and nurtured in the process of socio-psychological training. Therefore, even if today you do not have perfect command of the etiquette of verbal communication, everything can be fixed!

When they speak to people, they should be polite, polite, reasonable,
rather than talking a lot. Then listen and don’t interrupt other people’s speeches, but let everyone speak out and then present your opinion. If a sad thing happens and a sad speech happens, then you should be sad and have regret. On a joyful occasion I will be joyful

This is how an unknown author instructs the youth of Peter the Great’s times "Youth of the Honest Mirror"

Speech etiquette has always existed in one form or another. The culture of communication has ritual, sacred roots. For our ancestors, the word had sacred power. They believed that speech affects people and the world around them. It was believed that only with the help of words can certain events be caused or avoided. Expressions that we now perceive as simple formulas of politeness used to be wishes that, according to the speaker, had quite material power. For example, thank you - “God bless”, “hello” - “be healthy”. Can you imagine how responsibly you need to approach your speech with such a worldview? Even in ancient times, there were prohibitions on certain words and phrases, which we now perceive as swearing, abusive, and we also try not to use.

In a broad sense, speech etiquette enables people to communicate successfully with each other. In this meaning, it is associated with the postulates of information transfer, which were formulated by the Anglo-American researcher Herbert Paul Grice in 1975:

• the message must be truthful and have a basis (quality);
• the message should not be too short or lengthy (quantity);
• the message must be valuable to the recipient (attitude);
• the message must be understandable and not contain unclear words and expressions (method of delivery).

In a narrower sense, speech etiquette is a set of linguistic means that are appropriate in certain circumstances. A well-mannered person knows how to greet, say goodbye, express gratitude, sympathy, grief in the expressions accepted in a given culture. In some countries, for example, it is okay to complain about difficulties, but in others it is inappropriate. In some places it is acceptable to talk about your successes, but in others it is not. Some things cannot be discussed under certain circumstances. There are many nuances in the culture of communication.

Speech etiquette as a system manifests itself at different levels of language:

• at the dictionary level this is special vocabulary, set expressions ( Please, Thank you, I'm sorry, I beg your pardon, Goodbye), accepted forms of address ( comrade, madam, sir);
• at the grammatical level - plural for polite address (for example, the pronoun You), replacing imperative sentences with interrogative ones ( Can you help me?);
• at the stylistic level - cultural speech, literacy, refusal of obscene words, use of euphemisms;
• at the intonation level - depending on the intonation, the same phrase can sound either polite or offensive;
• at the level of correct pronunciation: for example, you should say “ Hello" instead of " Hello";
• at the organizational and communication level: you cannot interfere in someone else’s conversation, interrupt the interlocutor, etc.

Speech etiquette in business communication

Dale Carnegie, author of the world bestseller “How to Win Friends and Influence People,” wrote that a person’s success in financial affairs depends approximately 15% on professionalism and 85% on communication skills. And the master is certainly right. Speech is the most important part of a business image. The ability to use words to convince, win over, and lead is a key skill of a successful person. Let's look at the applied rules of speech etiquette that will help you at work.

Theater begins with a hanger, and the culture of communication begins with a greeting. If the meeting participants do not know each other, they need to introduce themselves to each other. The head of the host party calls himself first, then the chief among the guests. Next they introduce their colleagues. If a large delegation has arrived, it is necessary to prepare a list indicating the full names and positions of all participants.

At a business meeting, the younger one is introduced to the older one, regardless of gender. If you've met your partner before, it's best to introduce yourself again. If someone has not identified themselves, you can ask them to do so. Try to remember names right away so as not to look discourteous later.

It is customary to shake hands as a sign of greeting and agreement at a business meeting. The age-old question: who should give a hand first? Here they are, these people:

• the person to whom you are introduced;
• one who is higher in position and older in age;
• a woman, and she may not participate in the handshake at all, the choice is hers.

You cannot walk up to a group and shake hands with just one person. Either limit yourself to a verbal greeting, or shake hands with everyone.

General principles

- I'm sorry!

Unfortunately, we often hear this form of address. Speech etiquette and communication culture- not very popular concepts in the modern world. One will consider them too decorative or old-fashioned, while another will find it difficult to answer the question of what forms of speech etiquette are found in his everyday life.

Meanwhile, the etiquette of verbal communication plays a vital role for a person’s successful activity in society, his personal life and the building of strong family and friendly relationships.

The concept of speech etiquette

Speech etiquette is a system of requirements (rules, norms) that explain to us how to establish, maintain and break contact with another person in a certain situation. Speech etiquette norms are very diverse, each country has its own peculiarities of communication culture.

• speech etiquette - a system of rules

It may seem strange why you need to develop special rules of communication and then stick to them or break them. And yet, speech etiquette is closely related to the practice of communication; its elements are present in every conversation. Compliance with the rules of speech etiquette will help you competently convey your thoughts to your interlocutor and quickly achieve mutual understanding with him.

Mastery etiquette of verbal communication requires acquiring knowledge in the field of various humanitarian disciplines: linguistics, psychology, cultural history and many others. To more successfully master communication culture skills, they use such a concept as speech etiquette formulas.

Speech etiquette formulas

Basic formulas of speech etiquette are learned at an early age, when parents teach their child to say hello, say thank you, and ask for forgiveness for mischief. With age, a person learns more and more subtleties in communication, masters different styles of speech and behavior. The ability to correctly assess a situation, start and maintain a conversation with a stranger, and competently express one’s thoughts distinguishes a person of high culture, education and intelligence.

Speech etiquette formulas- these are certain words, phrases and set expressions used for three stages of conversation:

• starting a conversation (greeting/introduction)
• main part
• final part of the conversation

Starting a conversation and ending it

Any conversation, as a rule, begins with a greeting; it can be verbal and non-verbal. The order of greeting also matters: the youngest greets the elder first, the man greets the woman, the young girl greets the adult man, the junior greets the elder. We list in the table the main forms of greeting the interlocutor:

IN ending a call use formulas for stopping communication and parting. These formulas are expressed in the form of wishes (all the best, all the best, goodbye), hopes for further meetings (see you tomorrow, I hope to see you soon, we’ll call you), or doubts about further meetings (goodbye, farewell).

Main part of the conversation

Following the greeting, a conversation begins. Speech etiquette provides for three main types of situations in which various speech formulas of communication are used: solemn, mournful and work situations. The first phrases spoken after the greeting are called the beginning of the conversation. There are often situations when the main part of the conversation consists only of the beginning and the ending of the conversation that follows.

• speech etiquette formulas - stable expressions

A solemn atmosphere and the approach of an important event require the use of speech patterns in the form of an invitation or congratulations. The situation can be either official or informal, and the situation determines what formulas of speech etiquette will be used in the conversation.

A mournful atmosphere in connection with events that bring grief suggests condolences expressed emotionally, not routinely or dryly. In addition to condolences, the interlocutor often needs consolation or sympathy. Sympathy and consolation can take the form of empathy, confidence in a successful outcome, and be accompanied by advice.

In everyday life, the work environment also requires the use of speech etiquette formulas. Brilliant or, conversely, improper performance of assigned tasks can become a reason for criticism or reproach. When carrying out orders, an employee may need advice, for which it will be necessary to make a request to a colleague. There is also a need to approve someone else’s proposal, give permission for implementation or a reasoned refusal.

The request must be extremely polite in form (but without ingratiation) and understandable to the addressee; the request must be made delicately. When making a request, it is advisable to avoid the negative form and use the affirmative. Advice should be given uncategorically; giving advice will be an incentive to action if it is given in a neutral, delicate form.

It is customary to express gratitude to the interlocutor for fulfilling a request, providing a service, or providing useful advice. Also an important element in speech etiquette is compliment. It can be used at the beginning, middle and end of a conversation. Tactful and timely, it lifts the mood of the interlocutor and encourages a more open conversation. A compliment is useful and pleasant, but only if it is a sincere compliment, said with a natural emotional overtones.

Speech etiquette situations

The key role in the culture of speech etiquette is played by the concept situation. Indeed, depending on the situation, our conversation can change significantly. In this case, communication situations can be characterized by a variety of circumstances, for example:

• personalities of the interlocutors
• place
• time
• motive

Personalities of the interlocutors. Speech etiquette is focused primarily on the addressee - the person being addressed, but the personality of the speaker is also taken into account. Taking into account the personality of the interlocutors is implemented on the principle of two forms of address - “You” and “You”. The first form indicates the informal nature of communication, the second - respect and greater formality in the conversation.

A place of communication. Communication in a certain place may require the participant to have specific rules of speech etiquette established for that place. Such places can be: a business meeting, a social dinner, a theater, a youth party, a restroom, etc.

In the same way, depending on the topic of conversation, time, motive or purpose of communication, we use different conversational techniques. The topic of conversation can be joyful or sad events; the time of communication can be conducive to being brief or to an extensive conversation. Motives and goals are manifested in the need to show respect, express a friendly attitude or gratitude to the interlocutor, make an offer, ask for a request or advice.

Any national speech etiquette makes certain demands on representatives of its culture and has its own characteristics. The very appearance of the concept of speech etiquette is associated with an ancient period in the history of languages, when each word was given a special meaning, and faith in the effect of the word on the surrounding reality was strong. And the emergence of certain norms of speech etiquette is due to the desire of people to bring about certain events.

But the speech etiquette of different nations is also characterized by some common features, with the difference only in the forms of implementation of speech norms of etiquette. Each cultural and linguistic group has formulas for greeting and farewell, and respectful addresses to elders in age or position. In a closed society, a representative of a foreign culture, unfamiliar with the peculiarities national speech etiquette, appears to be an uneducated, poorly brought up person. In a more open society, people are prepared for differences in the speech etiquette of different nations; in such a society, imitation of a foreign culture of speech communication is often practiced.

Speech etiquette of our time

In the modern world, and even more so in the urban culture of the post-industrial and information society, the concept of the culture of verbal communication is changing radically. The speed of changes occurring in modern times threatens the very traditional foundations of speech etiquette, based on the idea of ​​​​the inviolability of social hierarchy, religious and mythological beliefs.

Study of norms speech etiquette in the modern world turns into a practical goal focused on achieving success in a specific act of communication: if necessary, attract attention, demonstrate respect, inspire trust in the addressee, his sympathy, create a favorable climate for communication. However, the role of national speech etiquette remains important - knowledge of the peculiarities of foreign speech culture is a mandatory sign of fluency in a foreign language.

Russian speech etiquette in circulation

Main feature Russian speech etiquette One can call it its heterogeneous development throughout the existence of Russian statehood. Serious changes in the norms of Russian language etiquette occurred at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The previous monarchical system was distinguished by the division of society into classes from nobles to peasants, which determined the specifics of treatment in relation to the privileged classes - master, sir, master. At the same time, there was no uniform appeal to representatives of the lower classes.

As a result of the revolution, the previous classes were abolished. All addresses of the old system were replaced by two - citizen and comrade. The citizen's appeal has acquired a negative connotation; it has become the norm when used by prisoners, criminals, and detainees in relation to representatives of law enforcement agencies. The address comrade, on the contrary, was fixed in the meaning of “friend”.

During communism, only two types of address (and in fact, only one - comrade), formed a kind of cultural and speech vacuum, which was informally filled with such addresses as man, woman, uncle, auntie, guy, girl, etc. They remained and after the collapse of the USSR, however, in modern society they are perceived as familiarity, and indicate a low level of culture of the one who uses them.

In post-communist society, the previous types of address gradually began to reappear: gentlemen, madam, mister, etc. As for the address comrade, it is legally enshrined as an official address in law enforcement agencies, the armed forces, communist organizations, and in the collectives of factories.

In preparing the article, materials from the Online Encyclopedia Around the World and the RGUI Library were used.

The ethics of verbal communication begins with compliance with the conditions of successful verbal communication: with a friendly attitude towards the addressee, demonstration of interest in the conversation, “understanding understanding” - attuned to the world of the interlocutor, sincere expression of one’s opinion, sympathetic attention. This prescribes expressing your thoughts in a clear form, focusing on the world of knowledge of the addressee. In idle-speech spheres of communication in dialogues and polylogues of an intellectual, as well as “game” or emotional nature, the choice of topic and tone of conversation becomes especially important.

Signals of attention, participation, correct interpretation and sympathy are not only regulatory cues, but also paralinguistic means - facial expressions, smile, gaze, gestures, posture. A special role in conducting a conversation belongs to the gaze. Thus, speech ethics are the rules of proper speech behavior based on moral norms and national and cultural traditions.

Ethical norms are embodied in special etiquette speech formulas and expressed in statements by a whole ensemble of multi-level means: both full-nominal word forms and words of incomplete-nominal parts of speech (particles, interjections).

The main ethical principle of verbal communication - respect for parity - is expressed from greeting to farewell throughout the conversation.

1. Greeting. Appeal. Greetings and addresses set the tone for the entire conversation. Depending on the social role of the interlocutors, the degree of their closeness, you-communication or you-communication is chosen and, accordingly, greetings hello or hello, good afternoon (evening, morning), hello, fireworks, greetings, etc. The communication situation also plays an important role.

The address performs a contact-establishing function and is a means of intimacy, therefore throughout the entire speech situation the address should be pronounced repeatedly; this indicates both good feelings towards the interlocutor and attention to his words. In phatic communication, in the speech of close people, in conversations with children, address is often accompanied or replaced by periphrases, epithets with diminutive suffixes.

National and cultural traditions prescribe certain forms of addressing strangers. If at the beginning of the century the universal methods of address were citizen and citizen, then in the second half of the 20th century dialectal southern forms of address based on gender - woman, man - became widespread. Recently, the word lady is often used in casual colloquial speech, when addressing an unfamiliar woman, but when addressing a man, the word gentleman is used only in an official, semi-official, club setting. Developing equally acceptable addresses to men and women is a matter of the future: sociocultural norms will have their say here.

2. Etiquette formulas. Each language has fixed methods and expressions of the most frequent and socially significant communicative intentions. So, when expressing a request for forgiveness, an apology, it is customary to use a direct, literal form, for example, Sorry (those), Forgive (those).

When expressing a request, it is customary to represent one’s “interests” in an indirect, non-literal statement, softening the expression of one’s interest and leaving the addressee the right to choose an action.

There are etiquette formulas for congratulations: immediately after the address, the reason is indicated, then the wishes, then assurances of the sincerity of feelings, and a signature. The oral forms of some genres of colloquial speech also largely bear the stamp of ritualization, which is determined not only by speech canons, but also by the “rules” of life, which takes place in a multidimensional, human “dimension.” This applies to such ritualized genres as toasts, gratitude, condolences, congratulations, and invitations.

Etiquette formulas, phrases for the occasion are an important part of communicative competence; knowledge of them is an indicator of a high degree of language proficiency.

3. Euphemization of speech. Maintaining a cultural atmosphere of communication, the desire not to upset the interlocutor, not to offend him indirectly, not to cause an uncomfortable state - all this obliges the speaker, firstly, to choose euphemistic nominations, and secondly, a softening, euphemistic way of expression.

Historically, the language system has developed ways of periphrastic nomination of everything that offends taste and violates cultural stereotypes of communication. These are paraphrases regarding death, sexual relations, physiological functions; for example: he left us, died, passed away, etc.

Mitigating techniques for conducting a conversation are also indirect information, allusions, and hints that make it clear to the addressee the true reasons for this form of statement. In addition, mitigation of a refusal or reprimand can be realized by the technique of “changing the addressee,” in which a hint is made or the speech situation is projected onto a third participant in the conversation.

In the traditions of Russian speech etiquette, it is forbidden to speak about those present in the third person (he, she, they), thus, all those present find themselves in one “observable” deictic space of the speech situation “I - YOU (YOU) - HERE - NOW." This shows respect for all participants in communication.

4. Interruption. Counter remarks. Polite behavior in verbal communication requires listening to the interlocutor’s remarks to the end. However, a high degree of emotionality of the participants in communication, demonstration of their solidarity, agreement, introduction of their assessments “in the course” of the partner’s speech is a common phenomenon in dialogues and polylogues of idle speech genres, stories and stories-memories. According to the observations of researchers, interruptions are typical for men, while women are more correct in conversation. In addition, interrupting the interlocutor is a signal of a non-cooperative strategy. This kind of interruption occurs when there is a loss of communicative interest.

Cultural and social norms of life, the subtleties of psychological relationships require the speaker and listener to actively create a favorable atmosphere of verbal communication, which ensures the successful resolution of all issues and leads to agreement.

5. YOU-communication and YOU-communication. In the Russian language, YOU-communication in informal speech is widespread. Superficial acquaintance in some cases and distant long-term relationships of old acquaintances in others are shown by the use of the polite “You”. In addition, YOU communication demonstrates respect for the participants in the dialogue; So, you-communication is typical for long-time friends who have deep feelings of respect and devotion for each other.

More often, you-communication during long-term acquaintance or friendships is observed among women. Men from different social strata are more likely to engage in You-communication. Among uneducated and uncultured men, You-communication is considered the only acceptable form of social interaction. When You-communication relationships are established, they attempt to deliberately reduce the social self-esteem of the recipient and impose You-communication. This is destructive element of speech communication that destroys communicative contact.

It is generally accepted that You-communication is always a manifestation of spiritual harmony and spiritual intimacy and that the transition to You-communication is an attempt to intimate relationships; Wed Pushkin’s lines: “You are empty with a heartfelt You, having mentioned, replaced...”. However, during You-communication, the sense of the uniqueness of the individual and the phenomenal nature of interpersonal relationships is often lost.

Parity relationships as the main component of communication do not negate the possibility of choosing You-communication and You-communication depending on the nuances of social roles and psychological distances. The same participants in communication in different situations can use the pronouns “you” and “you” in an informal setting. This may indicate alienation, a desire to introduce elements of ritual treatment into the speech situation.

Among the functional varieties of language, colloquial speech occupies a special place. Colloquial speech is such speech of native speakers of a literary language, which is realized spontaneously (without any preliminary thinking) in an informal setting with the direct participation of communication partners. Spoken speech has significant features at all linguistic levels, and therefore it is often considered as a special language system. Since the linguistic features of spoken language are not recorded in grammars and dictionaries, it is called uncodified, thereby contrasting with codified functional varieties of language.

It is important to emphasize that colloquial speech is a special functional variety of the literary language (and not some kind of non-literary form). It is wrong to think that linguistic features of spoken speech are speech errors that should be avoided. This implies an important requirement for the culture of speech: in conditions of manifestation of colloquial speech, one should not strive to speak in writing, although one must remember that in colloquial speech there may be speech errors; they must be distinguished from colloquial features.

The functional variety of language “colloquial speech” has historically developed under the influence of the rules of linguistic behavior of people in various life situations, that is, under the influence of the conditions of communicative interaction of people. All the nuances of the phenomenon of human consciousness find their expression in the genres of speech, in the ways of its organization.

A speaking person always declares himself as an individual, and only in this case is it possible to establish contact with other people.

Successful verbal communication is the implementation of the communicative goal of the initiators of communication and the achievement of agreement by the interlocutors.

Mandatory conditions for successful communication are the interlocutors’ interest in communication, an attunement to the recipient’s world, the ability to penetrate into the speaker’s communicative intent, the ability of interlocutors to fulfill the strict requirements of situational speech behavior, to unravel the “creative handwriting” of the speaker when reflecting the real state of affairs or “pictures of the world”, the ability to predict “vector” "dialogue or polylogue.

Therefore, the central concept of successful verbal communication is the concept of linguistic competence, which presupposes knowledge of the rules of grammar and dictionary, the ability to express meaning in all possible ways, knowledge of sociocultural norms and stereotypes of speech behavior, which allows one to correlate the relevance of a particular linguistic fact with the speaker’s intention and, finally, makes it possible to express one's own understanding and individual presentation of information.

The reasons for communicative failures are rooted in ignorance of language norms, in the difference in background knowledge of the speaker and the listener, in the difference in their sociocultural stereotypes and psychology, as well as in the presence of “external interference” (alien communication environment, distance of interlocutors, presence of strangers).

The communicative goals of the interlocutors determine speech strategies, tactics, modality and techniques of dialogue. The components of speech behavior include expressiveness and emotiveness of statements.

Techniques of speech expressiveness are the basis of the techniques of fiction and oratory; Wed techniques: anaphors, antitheses, hyperboles, litotes; chains of synonyms, gradations, repetitions, epithets, unanswered questions, questions of self-verification, metaphors, metonymies, allegories, hints, allusions, periphrases, redirection to a third participant; such means of expressing the author's subjective modality as introductory words and sentences.

Colloquial speech has its own aesthetic atmosphere, which is determined by the deep processes that connect a person with society and culture. The ethics of verbal communication prescribes the speaker and listener to create a favorable tone of conversation, which leads to agreement and success of the dialogue.

Etiquette (French etiquette), a set of rules of conduct and treatment accepted in certain social circles (at the courts of monarchs, in diplomatic circles, etc.). In a figurative meaning - a form of behavior, treatment, rules of courtesy accepted in a given society. (Great Soviet Encyclopedia)

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etiquette Speech etiquette and culture of speech communication

The word etiquette itself originated in France and has been used since the time of Louis XIV. Initially, etiquette arose as a ceremony to demonstrate hierarchical authority. In every society, etiquette gradually developed as a system of rules of everyday life, behavior, a system of permissions and prohibitions that organize moral standards in general. From the history

Speech etiquette Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas for polite communication. Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect.

Often, carried away by the topic of conversation, we completely forget about the culture of communication: we try to impose our point of view on the topic of conversation on the interlocutor; we don’t try to delve into the arguments that our counterpart brings, we simply don’t listen to him; and, finally, in an effort to force everyone around us to agree with our view of things, we neglect speech etiquette: we stop watching our own words. Listening skills

Communication culture According to the rules of communication culture, it is strictly forbidden to put pressure on the interlocutor. Besides the fact that imposing your opinion is very ugly, it is also ineffective. Your behavior will most likely cause a defensive reaction from your partner, and then your conversation, at best, simply will not work out.

If you not only do not listen to your interlocutor, but also constantly interrupt him, not allowing him to finish, you should know that you are not only demonstrating your lack of speech culture, but also showing disrespect for the personality of your interlocutor, which does not characterize you in a positive way . Do not interrupt

The key to success The ability to listen is an indispensable component of the culture of communication. If you show genuine attention to the thoughts and feelings of the person you are talking to, if you sincerely respect the opinion of your counterpart, you can be sure that you are a good conversationalist and people enjoy communicating with you. The ability to listen is the key to your success in any life situation and in any society.

According to most people, speech is just a mechanism for putting your thoughts into words. But this is an erroneous judgment. Speech and speech etiquette are important tools in establishing communication with people, establishing contacts, and increasing the productivity of communication. A culture of speech

Behavior Among other things, the culture of speech has a huge influence on the behavior of the speaker himself. After all, everyone knows that the manner of speech and the choice of words during a dialogue not only set the interlocutor in the right mood, but also program our own behavior. We monitor our speech etiquette and weigh every word spoken and heard in response.

Rules of speech culture Avoid verbosity in any communication situation. If you want to convey some idea to the listener, there is no need for unnecessary words that distract attention from the main subject of the speech. Before entering into a conversation, clearly formulate for yourself the purpose of the upcoming communication. Always try to be brief, clear and precise. Strive for speech diversity. For each specific communication situation, you must find suitable words that are different from those that are applicable in other situations. The more complexes of diverse words you have for individual situations, the higher your speech culture will become. If a person does not know how to select words that meet the requirements of a particular communication situation, it means that he does not have the culture of speech.

Rules of speech culture Strive for speech diversity. For each specific communication situation, you must find suitable words that are different from those that are applicable in other situations. The more complexes of diverse words you have for individual situations, the higher your speech culture will become. If a person does not know how to select words that meet the requirements of a particular communication situation, it means that he does not have the culture of speech. Learn to find a common language with any interlocutor. Regardless of your counterpart’s communication style, follow the principles of speech culture, be polite and friendly.

Rules of speech culture Never respond to rudeness with rudeness. Don't stoop to the level of your ill-mannered interlocutor. By following the “tit for tat” principle in such a situation, you will only demonstrate the lack of your own speech culture. Learn to be attentive to your interlocutor, listen to his opinion and follow his train of thought. Try to always show the correct response to the words of your counterpart. Be sure to answer your interlocutor if you see that he needs your advice or attention. Remember, when you do not respond to the words of your interlocutor, you are grossly violating speech etiquette.

Rules of speech culture Make sure that during a conversation or public speaking, emotions do not overpower your mind. Maintain self-control and composure. Violation of the rules of speech etiquette is possible in cases where it is necessary to achieve expressive speech. However, under no circumstances should you stoop to using obscene words. Otherwise, there can be no talk about any culture. When communicating with your interlocutor, do not adopt his communication style: stick to your positive speech habits. Of course, it is necessary to seek a common language with any interlocutor, but by imitating his style of communication, you lose your individuality.

Wisdom “Nothing is given to us so cheaply and is not valued so dearly as POLITENESS” Cervantes

Regardless of a person’s education and age, knowledge of speech etiquette and speech culture helps to create a pleasant impression, establish connections and gain advantages over those people who neglect the golden rules of a well-mannered person. What is it, what are its functions and role, is the culture of speech different in different countries?

Speech etiquette means

Etiquette includes rules of behavior that are accepted in society. This is a manner of communication, appearance, correspondence, that is, it covers the complex behavior of a cultured person. This set of rules and regulations differs in different countries. use information about the etiquette of a specific historical period for a more detailed study of values ​​by era.

Speech etiquette refers to a system of speech behavior, rules of live conversation and correspondence, how to use language and its tools in a specific situation and environment. The first acquaintance with speech etiquette occurs before the age of one year, when parents show their child by example when to say “hello”, “bye”, “thank you”, “sorry”. But these words are elementary formulas that become more complex with age and acquire new expressions.

Without speech etiquette, it is impossible to imagine full-fledged communication with friends, in the family circle or in a business environment. Since the development of speech etiquette and speech culture occurs gradually, it seems that this is a simple process - a family, a kindergarten, through examples or direct teaching assign a person the necessary norms and rules of communication. But in fact, learning closely intersects with linguistics, history, culture and.

general characteristics

The sphere of speech culture includes the transmission of information plus linguistic ways of expressing emotions adopted by a particular people. So, if in one culture it is customary to openly share emotions, talking about business, then in others it is natural to be restrained, leaving personal things at home.

Speech etiquette consists of many ready-made formulas that make it easier to study, making it simple and clear in what situation, what set of words is necessary.

Communication is divided into three blocks:

1. Beginning (meeting/greeting/introduction).
2. The basis of the conversation (the essence and reason for the appeal or communication).
3. Final (final, final part).

Regardless of the topic, a proper conversation should be like this, otherwise it will be difficult for the interlocutor to tune in to the right mood, he may not understand what they want to convey or forget about the main idea of ​​​​the conversation.

Formulas include: words of politeness, greetings, farewells, etc.

Levels of the speech etiquette system:

• vocabulary, phraseology (forms of address, special words, expressions);
• grammar (you are capitalized);
• stylistics (use of all reserves of the selected speech);
• intonation (calm only);
• spelling (full forms of words, no jargon, slang or abbreviations);
• (hear the interlocutor, do not interrupt, do not interfere with other people’s communication).

The value of speech culture is so important that it is observed at all levels of communication, from the babble of a child and an adult, to business communication and even street chatter. Naturally, these will be different formulas.

Unusual functions

Functions of speech etiquette:

• establishing contact - establishing a connection with the interlocutor, setting up the conversation in the right way, preparing for the transfer of information;
• appellative - addressing the interlocutor, the function of attracting and concentrating attention on oneself, a call for communication;
• conative - the use of suitable speech patterns, depending on the social role of the interlocutor;
• voluntarily - influencing the conversation participant using speech tools, for example, requests, advice, suggestions;
• emotive – selection of the necessary speech structure, depending on the emotions and feelings evoked by the person, topic of conversation or situation.

It is difficult to overestimate the role and possibilities of speech etiquette for a resident of a metropolis. People from anthill cities have to interact daily with hundreds of people of varying proximity, importance and social level. By using the correct phrases and correct formulas, a person receives a powerful tool for interaction and influence on interlocutors and increases the efficiency of activities.

Purpose of speech etiquette

It is impossible to imagine the interaction of people without the use of norms and rules of speech etiquette, be it the familiar chatter of street hooligans, the communication of a teacher and a teacher, the chirping of lovers or the conversations of business partners. This is the selection of the correct pronouns, the selection of the necessary constructions, forms of words with the necessary information content and emotional connotation.

Speech etiquette is intended to convey information in a timely, correct and pleasant manner for interlocutors. Establishing contact and obtaining the desired result of the conversation is the direct purpose of correctly selected speech structures. Emotionally coloring, making communication vivid, but at the same time useful and acceptable for perception is an important purpose of speech etiquette. Therefore, the level of proficiency in speech culture characterizes a person’s professional suitability, especially in those specialties where there is live interaction. Negotiations and business conversations are an indispensable tool for successful business, not to mention the speech etiquette of a business letter.

What role do pronouns play in speech etiquette?

The role of pronouns during address and speech interaction is important, especially for Russian speech. Using pronouns, a person, in addition to establishing direct contact, shows that this or that object of conversation belongs to someone. Plus shortens complex constructions by replacing entire phrases with possessive pronouns. Demonstratives and interrogatives make it possible to build simple and understandable formulas.

And the choice between the pronouns “you” and “you” allows you to express not only the degree of respect for the interlocutor, the difference in age, social status, but also the form of address (official, unofficial). The role of pronouns in professional activities is noticeable. Using “you”, a person shows the closeness of the relationship, friendliness, and confidentiality of the conversation.

Features of speech etiquette in different countries

Knowledge of the speech culture of different nations allows you to quickly establish contact with foreigners, especially in their countries, and allows you to avoid ambiguity and insult to your interlocutor in simple words, because the same element is perceived differently in different parts of the world. Correctly expressing thoughts, not offending your interlocutor, guaranteed to receive an answer, not breaking or offending local traditions - these are the possibilities of speech etiquette.

Even when speaking through an interpreter, you should respect the speech culture of the place where your interlocutor or partner is from. And if you communicate directly, then you cannot do without strict adherence to the rules. Therefore, learning a foreign language begins with memorizing the most important phrases, addresses, and corresponding speech forms (greetings, farewells, gratitude, forgiveness).

Each country and nationality has its own rules of speech behavior. This is characterized by recognition of endless respect for the interlocutor and his family. They try to avoid direct denial and refusal. A Japanese partner will find hundreds of ways to say “no” without saying it directly. This will not be a way to avoid responsibility or deceive a partner, this is a feature of the mentality and the desire not to offend a person with a refusal.

A good word is half the battle.

The tongue will not wither from polite words.

My tongue is my enemy, it speaks before my mind.

It's better to understate than to overstate.

If you watch your tongue, it will protect you.

The word is not an arrow, but stings in the heart.

Talk to a smart guy about drinking honey.

To be in an intelligent conversation is to gain intelligence, but to be in a stupid conversation is to lose yours.

Red speech is beautiful to listen to.

A heartfelt word reaches the heart.

Each carries the age-old wisdom of the people, allowing you to study certain principles of full communication and the secrets of successful negotiations.

It is important to instill the basics of speech etiquette from the first days of life. When talking to a babbling baby, you should use the multifaceted possibilities of speech, correct forms of address, complex and simple constructions. This will not only allow the child to speak earlier, it will give him an involuntary store of knowledge, which will allow him to master new contacts faster than his peers, receive the necessary information, make acquaintances easier and be on better terms in any team. The process of learning speech etiquette will occur naturally and without discomfort.