Scientific educational story - what is it? Popularization of scientific knowledge about the world around us is a necessary link in the education system. It makes it possible to convey complex information about the content of various branches of science (natural and humanities) in an accessible form, in literary language. Popular science literature includes biographies of historical figures, scientists and cultural figures, and travel narratives, stories about nature and physical phenomena, and historical events.
Optimal genre
More specifically, in relation to children's consciousness, which is just beginning to master the variety of phenomena and objects known by man, then for the development of needs, scientific and educational literature is necessary first of all. It can be represented by various genre formations. The simplest and most appropriate for children's perception is a story. Compact in volume, it allows you to focus on any one topic, on homogeneous phenomena, choosing the most characteristic ones.
Artistic or informative?
A story as a genre presupposes narration, plot, and a sequential presentation of facts or events. The story should be of interest, contain intrigue, an unexpected, vivid image.
What is a scientific educational story, and how does it differ from a fiction story? The latter does not have as its goal the transmission of any accurate information about the surrounding world, although it cannot but be present there. A fictional story creates, first of all, a world based on both knowledge and fiction.
The writer uses the factual material known to him not in order to introduce someone to it and expand knowledge about the subject, but in order, firstly, to create a convincing image (to draw in words), and secondly, to express his attitude to the depicted realities: your feelings, thoughts - and infect the reader with them. That is, to express your creative potential.
To what category can M. Prishvin’s prose miniatures about nature be classified? “Gadnuts” - an artistic or scientific-educational story? Or his “High Melts”, “Talking Rook”?
On the one hand, the author absolutely reliably describes in detail the appearance and habits of the birds. On the other hand, he composes a dialogue that the chickadees supposedly conduct among themselves, and makes it very clear what surprise and admiration these birds evoke in him. He speaks in the same spirit in other stories. Of course, these are artistic stories, especially since in general they form a broad framework that allows us to evaluate them in the categories of artistic natural philosophy. But you can’t deny them educational value either.
Fiction and educational literature
A number of specialists in literary criticism and teaching literature at school introduce such a concept as artistic and educational literature. Of course, the stories of M. Prishvin, as well as those of V. Bianchi and N. Sladkov, fully fit into this concept and correspond to it.
This example clearly shows that the concept of “scientific educational story” can hardly have a precisely defined and limited framework. Strictly speaking, we must admit that its functions serve primarily educational purposes. What matters is not only the content - certain information necessary for assimilation, but also how it is organized, how it is communicated to the reader.
What is a scientific educational story? Its functions
A scientific educational work reveals its theme from a historical perspective, in development and in logical interconnectedness. Thus, it contributes to the development of logical thinking and helps to understand the cause-and-effect relationship between phenomena. A clever story can facilitate the transition from objective thinking to operating with abstract concepts.
It is intended to introduce into the mental life of a child (or teenager) an idea of the special terminology used in a particular branch of knowledge. Moreover, this should happen in stages: from revealing the content of a strict scientific concept to more complex texts that use certain terminology.
A scientific educational story stimulates the student to master special reference literature, helps him learn to use encyclopedias, dictionaries, and reference books on various fields of knowledge. It helps create a clear understanding of the system of reference guides that clearly reveal the terminology or essence of the subject of interest.
and education
Expanding the volume of knowledge, the information base of the emerging personality and at the same time cultivating intellectual activity, stimulating mental growth - this is what a scientific educational story is. A skillfully and talentedly composed text of a story necessarily touches on the emotional sphere. Only a machine can operate with “pure”, “naked” knowledge.
Assimilation of the material occurs much more successfully against the background of interest. A scientific educational story should evoke a desire to read something new and create a desire for knowledge. Therefore, a personal attitude, the author’s personal intonation - and this is a feature of fiction - are still a necessary component of such a work.
The inevitability of artistic bias
Here we will have to return to the comparison of fiction and scientific literature. Its elements, illustrativeness, descriptiveness, the creation of a verbal picture and, above all, the presence of an emotional aura and individual intonation give the work an educational function. They awaken curiosity in the little reader, help determine their value attitude towards the world around them, and their value orientations.
Therefore, artistic and educational literature is indispensable for perception at early school age. There is no impassable gap between these two types of educational literature. Artistic and educational stories correspond to the very first step of the educational process; it precedes the reading of scientific and educational stories.
Scientific educational story (definition)
So what is it? A scientific educational story is a type of teaching aid introduced into the educational process in the mid-70s, as at the same time a methodology for using this literature was developed, methods for its assimilation and memorization, and ways to motivate reading were developed. Its functions are defined: cognitive, communicative, aesthetic.
The authors of such works, for their part, use various techniques to facilitate understanding and memorization of the information presented. The narrative is constructed in the form of questions and answers, in the form of a dialogue with the reader. The author, narrating in the first person, acts as a mentor, friend, advisor. A scientific educational story is also a guide to performing various experiments and experiments; it includes their description and instructions.
Know yourself
Man as an object of knowledge, as a biological and social phenomenon, as well as society - all this is also a subject of study. A scientific educational story about a person can be devoted to an endless variety of topics.
The primary need for the younger generation is to become imbued with the norms of public morality created by generations of people, on which human solidarity rests. It is precisely this kind of material that is provided, for example, by stories about great people of the past, people's leaders, political figures, geniuses of science and culture - all those who created human civilization.
Scientific educational story - what is it? Popularization of scientific knowledge about the world around us is a necessary link in the education system. It makes it possible to convey complex information about the content of various branches of science (natural and humanities) in an accessible form, in literary language. Popular science literature includes biographies of historical figures, scientists and cultural figures, and travel narratives, stories about nature and physical phenomena, and historical events.
Optimal genre
More specifically, in relation to children's consciousness, which is just beginning to master the variety of phenomena and objects known by man, then for the development of needs, scientific and educational literature is necessary first of all. It can be represented by various genre formations. The simplest and most appropriate for children's perception is a story. Compact in volume, it allows you to focus on any one topic, on homogeneous phenomena, choosing the most characteristic ones.
Artistic or informative?
A story as a genre presupposes narration, plot, and a sequential presentation of facts or events. The story should be of interest, contain intrigue, an unexpected, vivid image.
What is a scientific educational story, and how does it differ from a fiction story? The latter does not have as its goal the transmission of any accurate information about the surrounding world, although it cannot but be present there. An artistic story creates, first of all, an artistic image of the world, based on both knowledge and fiction.
The writer uses the factual material known to him not in order to introduce someone to it and expand knowledge about the subject, but in order, firstly, to create a convincing image (to draw in words), and secondly, to express his attitude to the depicted realities: your feelings, thoughts - and infect the reader with them. That is, to express your creative potential.
To what category can M. Prishvin’s prose miniatures about nature be classified? “Gadnuts” - an artistic or scientific-educational story? Or his “High Melts”, “Talking Rook”?
On the one hand, the author absolutely reliably describes in detail the appearance and habits of the birds. On the other hand, he composes a dialogue that the chickadees supposedly conduct among themselves, and makes it very clear what surprise and admiration these birds evoke in him. He speaks in the same spirit in other stories. Of course, these are artistic stories, especially since in general they form a broad mosaic picture, which allows us to evaluate them in the categories of artistic natural philosophy. But you can’t deny them educational value either.
Fiction and educational literature
A number of specialists in literary criticism and teaching literature at school introduce such a concept as artistic and educational literature. Of course, the stories of M. Prishvin, as well as those of V. Bianchi and N. Sladkov, fully fit into this concept and correspond to it.
This example clearly shows that the concept of “scientific educational story” can hardly have a precisely defined and limited framework. Strictly speaking, we must admit that its functions serve primarily educational purposes. What matters is not only the content - certain information necessary for assimilation, but also how it is organized, how it is communicated to the reader.
What is a scientific educational story? Its functions
A scientific educational work reveals its theme from a historical perspective, in development and in logical interconnectedness. Thus, it contributes to the development of logical thinking and helps to understand the cause-and-effect relationship between phenomena. A clever story can facilitate the transition from objective thinking to operating with abstract concepts.
It is intended to introduce into the mental life of a child (or teenager) an idea of the special terminology used in a particular branch of knowledge. Moreover, this should happen in stages: from revealing the content of a strict scientific concept to more complex texts that use certain terminology.
A scientific educational story stimulates the student to master special reference literature, helps him learn to use encyclopedias, dictionaries, and reference books on various fields of knowledge. It helps create a clear understanding of the system of reference guides that clearly reveal the terminology or essence of the subject of interest.
Educational literature and education
Expanding the volume of knowledge, the information base of the emerging personality and at the same time cultivating intellectual activity, stimulating mental growth - this is what a scientific educational story is. A skillfully and talentedly composed text of a story necessarily touches on the emotional sphere. Only a machine can operate with “pure”, “naked” knowledge.
Assimilation of the material occurs much more successfully against the background of interest. A scientific educational story should evoke a desire to read something new and create a desire for knowledge. Therefore, a personal attitude, the author’s personal intonation - and this is a feature of fiction - are still a necessary component of such a work.
The inevitability of artistic bias
Here we will have to return to the comparison of fiction and scientific literature. Its elements, illustrativeness, descriptiveness, the creation of a verbal picture and, above all, the presence of an emotional aura and individual intonation give the work an educational function. They awaken curiosity in the little reader, help determine their value attitude towards the world around them, and their value orientations.
Therefore, artistic and educational literature is indispensable for perception at early school age. There is no impassable gap between these two types of educational literature. Artistic and educational stories correspond to the very first step of the educational process; it precedes the reading of scientific and educational stories.
Scientific educational story (definition)
So what is it? A scientific educational story is a type of teaching aid introduced into the educational process since the mid-70s as extracurricular reading. At the same time, a methodology for using this literature was developed, methods for assimilating and memorizing it, and ways to motivate reading were developed. Its functions are defined: cognitive, communicative, aesthetic.
The authors of such works, for their part, use various techniques to facilitate understanding and memorization of the information presented. The narrative is constructed in the form of questions and answers, in the form of a dialogue with the reader. The author, narrating in the first person, acts as a mentor, friend, advisor. A scientific educational story is also a guide to performing various experiments and experiments; it includes their description and instructions.
Know yourself
Man as an object of knowledge, as a biological and social phenomenon, as well as natural history, the history of society - all this is also the subject of study. A scientific educational story about a person can be devoted to an endless variety of topics.
The primary need for the younger generation is to become imbued with the norms of public morality created by generations of people, on which human solidarity rests. It is precisely this kind of material that is provided, for example, by stories about great people of the past, people's leaders, political figures, geniuses of science and culture - all those who created human civilization.
Maria Prigozhina
Cognitivestories
Preface
Once upon a time there was a boy named Kirill. He loved to read. And not only fairy tales, but also scientific and educational books - about stars and planets, about animals and plants, about natural phenomena and much more. Friends asked him every now and then, and he always answered everyone, and not just like that, but with detailed explanations. “You’ll probably be a great scientist,” the guys said, having received an answer to their next question. - Why do you have to be a scientist? - Kiryusha was surprised. “I’m just interested in learning about everything.” Everyone should be able to understand the things that surround us. Not only boys and girls came to Kirill with their questions about nature, about space, about the current and past inhabitants of the earth, but these inhabitants themselves sometimes dropped in and also asked about something. And then they told each other about those meetings. Although how could they ask and retell? After all, animals can’t talk! But if they could, they would definitely ask. Perhaps that’s why Kiryusha embellished some of the stories a little, just to make it more interesting. This is how educational stories appeared.
Story1. Why is a spider not an insect?
Story 2. chocolate tree
A little boy Sasha, who lived in the next apartment, came to visit Kiryusha. He loved all kinds of sweets, especially chocolates, and his mother hid them from him so that he wouldn’t overeat and get sick with some strange, terrible disease called “Allergy.” Sasha was worried about this and, no matter what they talked about, he always remembered chocolates. “If it weren’t for Al-lergia,” he lamented, “I could have chewed chocolates all day long!” And why did they make them both tasty and harmful at the same time? “Ask the chocolate tree about that,” Kiryusha grinned. - Ha-ha-ha! - Sasha burst out laughing. - Chocolate! Is it made of chocolate? Also tell me, you can cut off pieces of bark from it, eat it and drink tea. If I listen to you, there is a candy tree! “Yes,” confirmed Kiryusha. - The candies that grow on it taste like raisins. And the chocolate tree, of course, is not made of chocolate, but chocolates are made from its seeds. Add sugar, milk, nuts, raisins, etc. You can add a lot of things, but the main thing in any chocolate is the seeds of the chocolate tree, cocoa beans. There is also a strawberry tree, and berries grow on it that are very similar to strawberries. Little Sasha went home with his mouth open - probably he was afraid to forget about the fabulous chocolate tree. He then dreamed about it at night and very politely apologized for his Allergy.
Story 3. For whatdrink kefir in the evening
One boy named Slavik did not like kefir. And every time in the evening when his mother poured him a full cup of this sour drink, Slavik winced, became capricious and demanded candy. “Before bed, just kefir,” my mother said, and she didn’t take out the candy. -- But why? - asked Slavik. - Why should the very last food in the evening be kefir? “I don’t know,” my mother admitted. - Ask someone else. Once Slavik came to see Kiryusha and saw that he had a lot of interesting things and books. “You read so much,” said Slavik. - Maybe you know why they drink kefir in the evening without sweets? “Of course, I know,” answered Kiryusha, “it’s written about in books.” Kefir is good because beneficial microbes live in it. They are very weak and do not take root well in the intestines, where they should live and work and help us digest food. But bad, harmful microbes have plenty of freedom there! That’s why they drink kefir before bed, so that weak beneficial microbes can somehow take root overnight and push out the harmful ones. “I see,” Slavik said and sighed. - That is, it’s completely unclear. And why do these beneficial microbes live in kefir and not in sweets? If I were them, I would choose candy.
Story 4. So different ohblac!
One day a little pig named Zucchini was tumbling in the sand and suddenly saw clouds. He had never looked at the sky before and did not know that there were clouds there, and even so different - white, gray, curly, plump and all sorts of others. And the little pig decided to ask the mole where the clouds come from. He is so dignified and thoughtful in appearance, which means he must know a lot of things. But the mole had never seen any clouds in his life for the simple reason that he endlessly rummaged underground, where there was no need to see at all. However, he did not want to admit ignorance, and, sticking his nose out of the hole, he muttered displeasedly: “Clouds, clouds... Some have nothing to do!” I build underground tunnels and get food. I have no time for clouds! Then Zucchini asked his question to the rooster, who often flew up onto a high fence and sat there for a long time. He must have known about the clouds to climb so high. No wonder his feathers look like cirrus clouds! The rooster did not want to admit that the clouds were as far from him as they were from the piglet, and he thought about feathers only when he plucked them after another fight, and therefore arrogantly declared: “I have no time to stare at the heavens in vain, to look for clouds.” I just watch the sun so I can crow on time. And then the piglet went to Kiryusha. Kirill Kabachka listened and told him everything he knew about clouds. And that they consist of water vapor, that is, of tiny droplets of water, and when it’s cold, of ice crystals, and that clouds are different at different altitudes, and even about the rarest and most unknown mother-of-pearl and silver clouds, which are very high they climb into the sky. You can’t see those extraordinary clouds during the day; the sun’s rays obscure them. They are visible either early in the morning or late in the evening, when the sun illuminates them from over the horizon. As soon as the rays of light break through and shine a little lower, the unusual clouds seem to disappear. “All clouds are extraordinary and each one is uniquely beautiful,” the boy explained to the pig, not noticing how confused he was, “but what they look like and what falls out of them depends on what is in the cloud.” And there can be only water vapor, only ice, or both together. If water droplets or ice crystals in clouds become too large, they become heavy and fall to the ground. And then we have rain, snow or hail. For example, cirrus clouds, so named for their external resemblance to rooster feathers, consist only of ice crystals. And the hail... Kiryusha spoke for so long, explaining in such detail that the piglet was completely confused and asked: “Come on, I’ll come to you again, then you’ll tell me about the hail.” “Perhaps you’re right,” Kirill agreed. - About the hail next time. Come, I'm always happy to help.
Story 5. hail
The zucchini came, as promised, next time. But that next time did not come soon, but only when a large hailstone reminded of itself. She did it rather unceremoniously - she simply fell on the piglet's back. Behind her, and another, and a third, and a fourth... The poor fellow barely reached the saving barn in which he lived, and immediately promised himself that he would certainly deal with the unscrupulous precipitation that took advantage of his tender back, like drumsticks with a drum. That same evening, a pig, wet and angry, came to Kirill and shouted from the threshold: “Hail is the most terrible thing that falls from the clouds!” Just some kind of stone rain! “Well, not stone,” the boy corrected, “but ice.” But sometimes hailstones grow to significant sizes. Then, of course, it is unpleasant to be in their way. “It’s not me, but they were on my way,” muttered the piglet. - And why do such huge pieces of ice continue to cling to the cloud and not fall to the ground while they are small? I could have tolerated the little ones somehow. And in general, I don’t like your vaunted clouds! “You shouldn’t be offended by them,” Kirill smiled. - They bring us a lot of benefit. Water, for example, is supplied and the sun's rays are regulated. And what helps prevent hailstones from falling is the wind or, scientifically, vertical air currents, which, by the way, also hold birds and allow them to soar for a long time at high altitudes without flapping their wings. “I thought the wind only blows sideways, but that means it can also blow upwards?” “And up, and down, and even in a spiral,” Kiryusha grinned. “Then it’s called a cyclone.” But come on, about him some other time next time, but for now, listen further about the hail. A cloud for small pieces of ice is like your barn, your home, they are in no hurry to leave it, they “feed” on cold drops of water and grow fat, overgrown with ice scales. And the time comes when there are too many hailstones in the cloud. It’s cramped for them, the fat ones bump into each other, and then it snows, but if they suddenly collide with drops of water, it will turn out to be hail. And the thick ice floes jump out, no wind can stop them, and they fall to the ground and beat the unwary Zucchini. “Yes,” the piglet thought. - I wish I knew their schedule. “Also about weather forecasting next time,” the boy laughed.
Story 6. Origin of people
Two friends once learned about biological evolution, namely, that all living things are constantly changing and developing, and from simple creatures more complex ones arise. And the guys argued about how people appeared on earth. One said that they appeared here directly as a result of this most wonderful evolution, and the second claimed that they flew from outer space. “I’ll resolve your dispute very simply,” said Kiryusha. - And who is right? - the guys asked in unison. - Both of you are right! - How is this possible? It can not be! - But it can! Because there is evolution, and we are from space. All living things come from space, or rather, from the stars. The fact is that stars form --complex--composite particles, which are then, almost like cubes, formed into living beings. Stars are also not immortal, and from time to time one of them explodes, and then those amazing particles scatter throughout the Universe, but they do not find suitable conditions everywhere. On our planet, once upon a time, a very, very long time ago, such conditions existed, and so, first primitive ones appeared, and then, as a result of evolution, more complex living creatures.
Story 7. How cancer surrendered to tweezers
In the summer, Kiryusha brought a red swamp crayfish from the school living corner. Mom bought an aquarium and a water filter and made two grottoes from plastic packaging. It turned out, if not a swamp, then almost a real coastal area. Cancer, who lived in a basin at school, should have liked it. He probably liked it because he behaved appropriately, as an arthropod representative of aquatic fauna should behave in natural conditions - he pretended to have died long ago, even probably rotten, and for this reason was of no interest to the surrounding predators, who All they did was endlessly rush around, shouting, knocking and scattering the remains of tasty prey. The cancer very skillfully took advantage of the sluggishness of its enemies, picking up tidbits while the screamers ran away to hunt in other places. And at night he studied the hospitable dwelling, rested near the filter, which he had noticed from the first day, rearranged the grottoes and checked if there was anything edible left. Unfortunately, there was never anything left, but in the morning the food appeared again, so there was no reason to be upset. One day, the electrical outlet to which the filter was connected failed. It turned out she was too overloaded. Dad determined the reason in the evening, and until that time the water in the aquarium had not been purified and soon began to resemble the not very pleasant slurry in which the cancer lived in the school basin. Therefore, when the filter started working, the owner of the “coastal” rushed towards it with all his might and, apparently, decided not to let the more useful item out of sight. However, the opposite later turned out to be true. Cancer mistook the cleaning device for a competitor who had taken over the best corner of the aquarium, and as soon as mom pulled out the filter to wash it, he immediately took the elite place. Mom tried to pull her pet away in a proven way - using plastic tweezers. It worked before... And now the cancer regularly grabbed it with its claws, but as soon as the terrible two-horned monster attacking it began to drag its prey (well, of course, to devour it or, at best, drive it away and take possession of the wonderful place!), it immediately let go of the tweezers . Then mom simply moved the stubborn guy to the side and installed the filter. And I was surprised to discover that the cancer had turned over on its back and raised its claws upward. - He gave up! - Dad exclaimed. And everyone agreed with him. Only one cancer, probably, did not understand anything. After all, he was not kicked out and eaten, but left to live in a beautiful coastal area with such terrible, but absolutely harmless predators!
Although L.N. Tolstoy is known throughout the world as a master of monumental prose; among the writer’s creative heritage there are many small works. A separate category consists of stories for children, including pupils of the Yasnaya Polyana school.
Works of Tolstoy for children
Among Tolstoy's works for children, several main genres can be distinguished. The first of them is fairy tales. Most of the fairy tales are processed folk stories (such as “The Three Bears”), which were included in Tolstoy’s famous “ABC”.
Another genre loved by Tolstoy is the story. In such works, he describes events that happened in reality, but artistically processes them. The famous “Filipok” and “The Lion and the Dog” belong to this type.
The writer created a large number of realistic stories, the heroes of which are often children themselves. These include the works “Fire”, “Girl and Mushrooms”, etc.
Finally, the last genre in which Tolstoy created stories for children was scientific educational stories. Let's talk about it in more detail.
Scientific and educational stories by Tolstoy
Among the most famous scientific and educational works of Tolstoy for children are the stories:
- "Hares".
- "What kind of dew happens on the grass."
- "About Ants"
- "How wolves teach their children."
- “Why can you see in the dark?”
- "Apple trees."
- "How trees walk."
Already from the titles of the works it is clear that most of them are devoted to the description of natural phenomena. Tolstoy talks in detail about the habits of animals, various plants, etc. At the same time, the presentation style is quite laconic, but succinct. This helps children better perceive the material and learn the most important points regarding a particular topic.
Tolstoy's scientific and educational stories are an excellent example of how a work of art can be combined with an educational function. Children remember well a vivid image, and after it the main facts that relate to the scientific characteristics of the subject of the story.
