One-part sentences- sentences with one main member only the predicate or only the subject: Silence. It's getting light. There's no one on the street. There is only one main member in a one-part sentence, and it cannot be called either a subject or a predicate. This is the main member of the proposal.
One-part sentences can be common and non-common, depending on whether the main member is explained with additional words or not. One-part sentences are of two types: verbal and substantive.
Verb one-part sentence. A distinctive feature of one-component verbal sentences is the absence of a subject: they do not represent the subject of the action, therefore the action is considered as independent. Such a one-part sentence includes the conjugated form of the verb as an auxiliary or linking verb, or is only such a verb: Are you going home?; Outside the window they sing; You won't fool him; He was having fun; Do not pass here. Verbal one-part sentences are divided into:
definitely personal;
vaguely personal;
generalized personal;
impersonal;
Definitely personal suggestions- one-part sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. The predicate (main member) in them is expressed in the form of the 1st or 2nd person of the verbs, singular or plural.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack. (S. Yesenin);
In the depths of the Siberian ores keep proud patience. (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, the relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence by substituting the subject into the sentence. me, you, we or you.
Indefinitely personal sentences- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such sentences is the 3rd person plural form (present and future tense, indicative mood and imperative mood) or the plural form (past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example:
In the village they say that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol);
An elephant was led along the streets ... (I. Krylov);
And let them talk, let them talk, but - no, no one dies in vain ... (V. Vysotsky);
It's okay that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing. (L. Oshanin).
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school actively addresses the problem of academic achievement; 2) one person: They brought me this book; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have secondary members, i.e. indefinitely personal sentences, as a rule, are common. As part of indefinitely personal sentences, two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: They sang in the hall. There is noise in the next class. In youth, they often strive to imitate someone (A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: We were invited into a room; He is welcome here; Now he will be brought here (M. Gorky).
Generalized personal sentences- these are one-part sentences in which the verb-predicate denotes an action that is performed by a wide, generalized circle of people.
The verb-predicate in a generalized personal sentence is in the same form as in definite personal and indefinite personal sentences. Proverbs are a prime example.
You can't even catch a fish from a pond without effort.
Business before pleasure.
You never know where you will find the real word. (Paust.)
Generalized personal sentences are used in cases where it is important to name the action itself, and not the persons who perform it. Generalized personal sentences - sentences in which the action is timeless, refers to any, every person, to a group of persons. Common in proverbs, sayings, aphorisms.
Definitely personal and indefinitely personal sentences can have a generalized meaning, that is, the action referred to in the sentence applies to all persons in general.
impersonal proposals- These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state.
A feature of the grammatical meaning of impersonal sentences is the meaning of spontaneity, the involuntary nature of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases when it is expressed: action ( The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal I couldn't sleep; He is cold); state of the environment ( It's getting dark; Pulls with freshness); the state of affairs ( Bad with frames; Experiments cannot be delayed.), etc. According to D. E. Rosenthal, impersonal sentences have a “tinge of passivity, inertia”.
According to the school classification, impersonal sentences also include infinitive sentences (that is, sentences with a main member-predicate expressed by an independent infinitive).
The main term can be expressed:
Form of the 3rd person singular of an impersonal or personal verb: It's getting light! It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
The neuter form: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
Word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form did not have, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will not): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you were not and are not more obedient (N. Gumilyov).
By combining the word of the category of state (with a modal meaning) with the infinitive (compound verbal predicate): When you know that it is impossible to laugh, then - then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
Brief passive participle of the middle gender (compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); I have not tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
Infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); For a long time to sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin).
Substantive one-part sentence. The main member is expressed by the form of the noun. Substantive sentences are not just verbless, they are not even supposed to act. Depending on the meaning, substantive sentences are divided into:
nominative;
genitive.
denominations.
Nominative proposals assert the existence of an object in the present tense: Night. The street. Lamp. Pharmacy. (Blok A.A.).
Genitive sentences, in addition to beingness and the present, have the meaning of redundancy, enhanced by emotional coloring. Genitive sentences can be common: Gold, gold, how much evil through you! (Ostrovsky A.N.)
denominations- this is one of the types of one-part sentences, the form of the main member in which is similar in expression to the subject.
The main member of nominal sentences is expressed by the form of the nominative case of the noun and the phrase, which includes the nominative case. In principle, the use of a pronoun is also possible, usually in colloquial speech: "Here I am!" Ariel said as she floated into the living room.. The use of the independent nominative case is possible in these sentences, since their meaning is a message about the being, presence, existence of an object or phenomenon. Therefore, only one grammatical tense is assumed - the present.
Types of nominal sentences
Nominative existential state the existence of an object. The subject is expressed in the nominative case of any nominal part of speech: Mom, porridge, cat, spoon, book, bright cover...
denominative indexes point to an object. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, demonstrative particles HERE or WON appear: Here is a sofa for you, spread yourself out to rest (Gr.).
Estimated denominative evaluate the subject from the speaker's point of view. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, various expressive-emotional particles appear: Well, night! Here's to you, grandmother and St. George's day.
Desirable-naming express a strong desire for something. In the grammatical basis, in addition to the subject, expressed in the nominative case of any name, particles appear ONLY, ONLY WOULD, IF: If only not the control.
Incomplete a sentence is called that is characterized by an incomplete grammatical structure due to the omission of certain formally necessary members (main or secondary), which, even without naming, are clear from the context or setting.
The incompleteness of the grammatical structure of such sentences does not prevent them from serving the purposes of communication, since the omission of certain members does not violate the semantic completeness and definiteness of these sentences.
In this respect, incomplete sentences differ from unsaid sentences, which are interrupted for one reason or another by statements, for example: But wait, Kalinina, what if... No, it won't work like that...(B. Paul); - I'm, mother. Am I... People say that she...(B. Paul.).
Correlation with complete sentences is revealed by the presence in such sentences of words that retain the grammatical functions and forms characteristic of them in the corresponding complete sentences. It is they who point to the "empty" positions of the omitted members of the sentence. Incomplete sentences are especially common in colloquial styles of language, they are widely used in fiction, both in the transfer of dialogue and in description.
Types of incomplete sentences. Incomplete sentences are divided into contextual and situational. contextual incomplete sentences with unnamed members of the sentence that were mentioned in the context are called: in the nearest sentences or in the same sentence (if it is complex).
Contextual suggestions include:
Simple sentences with unnamed main or minor members (separately or in groups). Absence of subject:
- Wait, who are you? Kurov was surprised.
- Rostislav Sokolov, - the boy introduced himself and even bowed at the same time(B. Paul.).
Absence of predicate:
- You left your wife, Mikola?
- Not,she me(Shol.).
Absence of both subject and predicate:
- Does the baker Konovalov work here?
- Here!I answered her(M. G.).
Absence of predicate and circumstance: Kalinich stood closer to nature.Ferret - to people, to society(T.).
Absence of predicate and object: Who was waiting for him?Empty, uncomfortable room(B. Paul.).
The absence of a minor member of the proposal (additions, circumstances) in the presence of a definition relating to the missing member: The mother gave the father carrots, but forgot to give the gloves.I handed my father(S. Bar.).
Compound sentences with an unnamed main or subordinate clause.
- Well, where are your Near Mills? - What is it to you? You say, not mills? - Where? What do you mean "where"? Here. - Where is it? -Where do we go(Cat.). The main part is not named in the last sentence.
Incomplete sentences that are part of a complex sentence with an unnamed member in another part of the complex sentence.
In a compound sentence: In one hand he held a fishing rod,and in the other - a kukan with a fish(Sol.). In the second part of the complex sentence, the main members that are in the first part are not named.
In a complex sentence: Lopakhin jumped into the trench and,when he raised his head, I saw how the lead aircraft, absurdly falling on the wing, dressed in black smoke and began to fall obliquely(Shol.). In the subordinate part of the sentence, when he raised his head, the subject was not named, which is common with the main part.
In a non-union complex sentence: This is how we go:on level ground - on a cart, uphill - on foot, and downhill - so with jogging(Sol.). In the explanatory part of the complex sentence, the predicate mentioned in the explanatory part is not named.
situational incomplete sentences with unnamed members are called, which are clear from the situation, prompted by the situation. For example: Somehow, after midnight, he knocked on Zhuravushka's door. She threw back the hook ... -Can?he asked in a trembling voice(M. Alekseev).
Occasionally there was a whine somewhere. Apparently not close.
- Calmed down- peacefully said my neighbor(S. Bar.). While I was waiting for my turn, printing presses began to scroll behind me. Only women worked for them today.
- I'm behind you!I warned and ran to my car.(S. Bar.).
Incomplete sentences are especially typical of dialogic speech., which is a combination of replicas or a unity of questions and answers. The peculiarity of dialogic sentences is determined by the fact that in oral speech, along with words, extralinguistic factors also act as additional components: gestures, facial expressions, situation. In such sentences, only those words are called, without which the thought becomes incomprehensible.
Among dialogic sentences, sentences-replicas and sentences-answers to questions are distinguished.
Suggestions-replicas are links in a common chain of successive replicas. In the replica of the dialogue, as a rule, those members of the sentence are used that add something new to the message, and the members of the sentence already mentioned by the speaker are not repeated, and the replicas that begin the dialogue are usually more complete in composition than the subsequent ones. For example:
- Go to the dressing.
- Will kill...
- Crawling.
- You won't be saved anyway.(New-Rev.).
Suggestions-answers vary depending on the nature of the issue. They can be answers to a question in which one or another member of the sentence stands out:
- What's in your knot, eagles?
"Crayfish," the tall man answered reluctantly.
- Wow! Where did you get them?
- Near the dam(Shol.).
They can be answers to a question requiring confirmation or denial of what was said:
- Do you have a grandmother?
- Not at all.
- And the mother?
- There is(New-Rev.).
Can be answers to a question with suggested answers:
- What have you not tried - to fish or to love?
- First(M. G.).
And finally, answers in the form of a counter-question with the meaning of the statement:
- How will you live?
- And what about the head, and what about the hands?(M. G.).
- Tell me, Stepan, did you marry for love? - asked Masha.
- What kind of love do we have in the village? Stepan replied and chuckled.(Ch.).
Sentences containing both the subject and the predicate are much more familiar to disassemble, since their meaning is absolutely transparent. However, the syntax of the Russian language is very mobile, so definitely personal sentences are gaining more and more popularity in it, examples of which from fiction will be analyzed below.
What are these offers? Our article gives a complete idea of this type of syntactic constructions.
Definitely personal sentences are a kind of predicative speech statement with the subject omitted, but it is still implied by the speaker. The predicate goes in the form of 1, 2 persons singular. and many others. hours and is expressed in the verb form.
According to the rules, such units of text are a reflection of the conversation or the subjective thoughts of the speakers.
The emphasis is on a specific action, and not on who will perform this action.
These complete statements are very similar to two-part incomplete statements with the subject omitted, because although there is no subject, it is guessed from the context.
Note! These statements are used in dialogues with vivid emotions and implying the energy or dynamics of speech activity.
Definitely personal proposals are being studied in the program in the 8th grade of high school. It was then that teachers begin to draw the attention of schoolchildren to a definitely personal form of a unit of text, which has long been encountered in works of art, as well as in dictations and expositions.
For example, the teacher’s phrase: “Open notebooks!” - this is a similar statement, where the predicate has the form of 1 person plural. h. The teacher omits the subject “we” in the conversation, but from the context it is already clear who is being discussed. Indeed, the main thing here is the action, and any class is meant by the subject.
Definitely personal suggestions
Next example: "Write down the task!". In this case, the predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, since apart from the pronoun "you" no other subject can be put here.
1 person unit hours and more hours:
- I've been thinking about buying a moped for a long time.
- I'll do this work before lunch.
- I will see how to dress tomorrow for the weather.
- face unit and many others. numbers:
- Help open the door!
- Come see me after the meeting!
Simple and complex sentences
Naturally, all complete statements can be either simple or complex.
A simple sentence implies the presence of one stem in the syntactic construction. This term refers to the presence of at least one main member. Complexity combines several foundations.
For example:
Simple definitely personal - We can come to you tomorrow.
Difficult - I know, in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in fresh shocks under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin)
There are three basics here - “I know, you will go out and sit down.” Moreover, all three predicates are in the form of a different person and number:
- I know - 1 person unit. h.
- You will go out - 2 person unit. h.
- Let's sit down - 1 person pl. h.
If the statement has more than one grammatical basis, then this is called a complex syntactic unit of text. And it contains three simple ones.
One-part common sentences
In addition to the number of grammatical foundations, such statements are common and not common due to the presence of secondary members.
Note! Secondary members in syntactic units are definitions, circumstances and additions. The subject and the predicate are the main terms.
Syntax constructs are considered common, where there are these secondary elements in addition to the main ones.
Examples of Definitely Personal Offers
For example:
I look at the future - with fear ... (). After parsing, that is, decomposing this syntactic unit of text according to the member of the sentence, it can be noted that it contains not only the predicate “I look” in the form of 1 l. units h., but also two secondary members - “for the future”, which is an addition and answers the question of the accusative case: “To whom? For what?" and the circumstance of the mode of action "with fear", answering the question: "How?".
Examples from the literature
In the texts of works of art by famous writers, such syntactic constructions are found in dialogues, as well as in a certain type of “I”-narrative (that is, the story of heroes told in the first person).
To better understand the structure of such units of text, you need to parse.
For example:
- Greetings, desert corner! (). The basis includes one predicate in the form of 1 l. units h. (that is, the pronoun “I” will approach it). This construction is exclamatory, simple (only one basis), one-part (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definitely personal (predicate in the form of 1 l unit). In addition, it is common (in addition to the stem, there is “you” - an addition expressed by a personal pronoun, and an appeal - “corner”, as well as its definition “desert”, expressed by a relative adjective). Further abbreviations will be used in the analysis.
- We are sailing on the deserted Ladoga, // Under the bright arch-rainbow ... (V.Ya. Bryusov). The basis includes one predicate in the form of 1 l. pl. h. (that is, the pronoun "we" is suitable for it). This complete speech statement is a narrative. (at the end there is an ellipsis), unexcited, simple. (only one grammatical basis), odnosost. (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definite-person. (predicate in the form of 1l. plural), dist. (besides the base, there is the addition “Ladoga”, expressed by its own noun, the definition of “desert”, expressed by the relative adj., as well as the addition “rainbow arch”, expressed by the noun, and the definition of “bright”, expressed by the adj.).
- Did you go to Vorobyovka, for birch trees? (I.S. Shmelev). The grammatical basis here consists of one predicate in the form of 2 l. pl. h. (that is, the pronoun "you" is suitable for it). This speech statement is a question, non-exclamation, simple. (only one grammatical basis), odnosost. (there is no one main member of the sentence - the subject), definite-person. (predicate in the form of 2 l. pl.), dist. (besides the stem, there is the circumstance of the place “on Vorobyovka”, expressed by the noun proper, as well as the clarifying addition “behind the birches”, expressed by the noun).
- Take your time, take your time, let's wait.//Let's forget the urgent matter for a moment.//Look: the grass came to life in the rain, //And the old tree became younger. (K. Simonov). The last quatrain by Konstantin Simonov is a rather interesting and original example of the introduction of definite personal syntactic constructions to enhance the atmosphere of the poem. It is clear that the lyrical hero addresses his girlfriend, drawing her attention to such "insignificant things" as grass shining with dew after rain, to an old tree that suddenly became young after saving moisture. Only the lyrical hero is the first to notice all this, and the main thing here is not a specific appeal, but actions - do not rush, do not rush, wait, etc.
Considering this poem, it is worth stopping at the very first line, which is a complete statement.
Definition and examples of definite-personal sentences
At first glance, it seems simple, however, turning to the syntactic analysis, one can understand that the reader is faced with: narrative (at the end there is a dot), non-exclamatory, complex (the first grammatical basis is the homogeneous predicates “do not hurry, do not rush” in the form 2 l singular, since you can substitute the pronoun “you”, and the second is the predicate “wait” in the form of 1 l plural, since “we” is easily “embedded”).
Then it turns out that the first and second sentences are definitely personal, not widespread (due to the absence of secondary members).
The second syntactic unit of the quatrain, by analogy with the previous ones, will be narrative, non-exclamatory, simple, one-part, definite-personal, distribution.
And the third is even more difficult than the first - narrative, non-exclamatory, complex (it contains three whole sentences):
- One-part, definite-personal, non-distributive
- Double-acting, dist.
- Double-acting, dist.
Important! All proverbs, for example, “If you like to ride, love to carry sleds” do not belong to definitely personal syntactic constructions. These are generalized personal speech statements, since the pronoun “you” does not mean a specific person participating in the conversation, but any person.
Table of Definitely Personal Offers
To make remembering this rule easier, you can create a small hint table:
Useful video
Summing up
Thus, such complete speech utterances are a special type of one-component constructions of the Russian language, where the subject is omitted, and the predicate is in the form of 1, 2 person units. and many others. h.
They begin to study this rule according to the school curriculum in the 8th grade. Proverbs and sayings do not belong to this type of syntactic constructions.
The opposition of two-part and one-part sentences is connected with the number of members included in the grammatical basis.
Two-part sentences contain two the main members are the subject and the predicate.
The boy is running; The earth is round.
One-part sentences contain one main member (subject or predicate).
Evening; It's evening.
Types of one-part sentences
| Main member expression form | Examples | Correlative constructions two-part sentences |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Offers with one main member - PREDICT | ||
| 1.1. Definitely personal suggestions | ||
| Verb-predicate in the form of the 1st or 2nd person (there are no forms of the past tense or conditional mood, since in these forms the verb has no person). |
I love the storm in early May. |
I I love the storm in early May. |
| 1.2. Indefinitely personal sentences | ||
| The verb-predicate in the form of the plural of the third person (in the past tense and the conditional mood the verb-predicate in the plural). |
They knock on the door. |
Someone knocks on the door. |
| 1.3. Generalized personal offers | ||
| They do not have their own specific form of expression. In form - definitely personal or indefinitely personal. Distinguished by value. Two main types of value: A) the action can be attributed to any person; B) the action of a particular person (the speaker) is habitual, repetitive or presented as a generalized judgment (the verb-predicate is in the form of the 2nd person singular, although we are talking about the speaker, that is, the 1st person). |
Without effort, you can not take the fish out of the pond(in the form of a definite personal). |
Any ( any) without difficulty will not take the fish out of the pond. |
| 1.4. impersonal offer | ||
| 1) Verb-predicate in impersonal form (coincides with the singular, third person or neuter form). |
a) It's getting light; It was dawning; I'm lucky; |
b) Snow is melting; |
| 2) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) It's cold outside ; |
a) there are no correlative structures; b) I'm cold; |
| 3) A compound verbal predicate, the auxiliary part of which is a compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - an adverb. |
a) to me sorry to leave with you; |
a) I I don't want to leave with you; |
| 4) A compound nominal predicate with a nominal part - a brief passive participle of the past tense in the form of a singular, neuter gender. |
Closed . |
The shop is closed . |
| 5) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + addition in the genitive case (negative impersonal sentences). |
No money . |
|
| 6) The predicate no or the verb in the impersonal form with the negative particle not + the addition in the genitive case with the intensifying particle neither (negative impersonal sentences). |
There is not a cloud in the sky. |
The sky is cloudless. |
| 1.5. Infinitive sentences | ||
| The predicate is an independent infinitive. |
Everyone be silent! |
Everyone be quiet. |
| 2. Offers with one main member - SUBJECT | ||
| Denominative (nominative) sentences | ||
| The subject is a name in the nominative case (the sentence cannot contain a circumstance or addition that would relate to the predicate). |
Night . |
Usually there are no correlative structures. |
Notes.
1) Negative impersonal sentences ( No money; There is not a cloud in the sky) are monosyllabic only when negation is expressed. If the construction is made affirmative, the sentence becomes two-part: the form of the genitive case will change to the form of the nominative case (cf .: No money. - Have money ; There is not a cloud in the sky. - There are clouds in the sky).
2) A number of researchers form the genitive case in negative impersonal sentences ( No money ; There is not a cloud in the sky) considers part of the predicate. In school textbooks, this form is usually parsed as an addition.
3) Infinitive sentences ( Be silent! Be thunder!) are classified as impersonal by a number of researchers. They are also discussed in the school textbook. But infinitive sentences differ from impersonal ones in meaning. The main part of impersonal sentences denotes an action that arises and proceeds independently of the agent. In infinitive sentences, the person is encouraged to take active action ( Be silent!); the inevitability or desirability of active action is noted ( Be thunder! To go to the sea!).
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences are classified by many researchers as two-part with a zero link.
Note!
1) In negative impersonal sentences with an addition in the form of the genitive case with an intensifying particle neither ( There is not a cloud in the sky; I don't have a dime) the predicate is often omitted (cf.: The sky is clear; I don't have a dime).
In this case, we can talk about a one-part and at the same time incomplete sentence (with an omitted predicate).
2) The main meaning of denominative (nominative) sentences ( Night) is the statement of being (presence, existence) of objects and phenomena. These constructions are possible only if the phenomenon is correlated with the present time. When changing tense or mood, the sentence becomes two-part with the predicate to be.
Wed: It was night ; There will be night; Let there be night; It would be night.
3) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain circumstances, since this minor member usually correlates with the predicate (and there is no predicate in nominal (nominative) sentences). If the sentence contains a subject and a circumstance ( Pharmacy- (where?) around the corner; I- (where?) to the window), then it is more expedient to analyze such sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with an omitted predicate.
Wed: The pharmacy is/is located around the corner; I rushed/ran to the window.
4) Nominative (nominative) sentences cannot contain additions that correlate with the predicate. If there are such additions in the proposal ( I- (for whom?) For you), then it is more expedient to analyze these sentences as two-part incomplete ones - with the predicate omitted.Wed: I am walking/following you.
Plan for parsing a one-part sentence
- Determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Indicate those grammatical features of the main member that make it possible to attribute the sentence to this particular type of one-component sentences.
Sample parsing
Show off, city of Petrov(Pushkin).
The offer is one-part (definitely personal). Predicate show off expressed by the verb in the second person of the imperative mood.
Fire lit in the kitchen(Sholokhov).
The sentence is one-part (indefinitely personal). Predicate lit expressed by the verb in the plural past tense.
With a gentle word you will melt the stone(proverb).
The offer is one-sided. In form - definitely personal: predicate melt expressed by the verb in the second person of the future tense; in meaning - generalized-personal: the action of the verb-predicate refers to any actor (cf .: With a kind word and a stone will melt any / anyone).
Smelled wonderfully fishy(Kuprin).
The offer is one-part (impersonal). Predicate smelled expressed by the verb in the impersonal form (past tense, singular, neuter).
soft moonlight(stagnant).
The offer is one-part (named). Main member - subject light- expressed by a noun in the nominative case.
Single sentences. Definitely personal suggestions.
The purpose of the lesson:
Ø find definitely personal offers among other offers;
Lesson objectives:
Ø remember the distinguishing features of one-part and two-part sentences;
Ø to form the ability to find definitely personal proposals among single-component sentences;
Ø use the skills of working with definitely personal sentences in creative work when compiling riddles about tea;
Educational tasks :
Ø show students the beneficial properties of tea;
Speech development:
Ø use definitely personal sentences in speech;
Lesson equipment:
Ø handout on the topic: “One-part sentences. Definitely personal proposals”;
Ø reproduction of the painting by B. M. Kustodiev “Merchant for tea”;
Ø algorithm of actions for determining the type of one-component definitely personal sentences;
Ø reference tables "Personal pronouns"; "Personal Verb Endings".
During the classes
1. Organizational moment
2. Frontal survey.
What is the grammatical basis of a sentence?
What groups according to the structure of the grammatical basis are sentences divided into?
What are two-part sentences?
What sentences are called one-part sentences?
Name the groups of one-part sentences?
3. Syntactic warm-up (work in pairs)
Give a description of the sentence on the structure of the grammatical basis:
1 group : Tea is a useful plant.
2 group : It removes ailments, drives away drowsiness.
3 group : Friendship and tea are good when they are strong and not very sweet.
4 group : Under the guise of a samovar, a conversation warming the heart and soul is being conducted.
5 group : In the 18th century, the samovar was invented in Russia.
6 group : It was made in the Urals.
4. Learning new material.
- Announcement of the topic.
- Connection of the topic of the lesson with health-saving technologies.
- Teacher's word about the origin of tea.
- Student's message on an old Chinese legend: "The origin of tea."
- Work with text.
People make a variety of drinks. But the most famous and common drink is tea.
This drink not only quenches thirst well, but also has healing properties, helps to cure many diseases.
One long-liver said this about tea: “Tea is my favorite drink. I don't recognize others.
With tea, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are easily digested.
Tea is a very good thing!
Assignments to the text :
Ø read the text expressively;
Ø Determine its topic and main idea,
Ø title;
Ø find among the sentences of the text - a one-part sentence;
Ø Try to determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Declaring the purpose of the lesson.
- Work with the textbook (work in pairs with the table).
Task:
Ø highlight from the definition of definite personal sentences the signs by which these sentences can be distinguished from other one-component sentences;
o Complete the table.
- Self-examination of work with a textbook according to the model (sample on the board)
Suggestions for the presence of the main membersThe main members of the proposal
What is the main member of the sentence
One-part sentence type
one-component
predicate
verb 1 and 2 person singular and plural present and future indicative or imperative
definitely personal
Appeal to the memos: "Personal pronouns", "Personal endings of verbs 1 and 2 persons singular and plural."
5. Dynamic pause.
6. Training exercises.
1) Let's go back to the offer. : I don't recognize others.We indicate in the verb-predicate of this sentence, grammatical features by which we can determine the type of a one-component sentence. (1 person singular present indicative)
2) From a series of sentences, write out a one-part definite-personal sentence:
1. There is no dashing from tea.
2. Tea gives a person determination.
3. Here is fragrant caramel.
4. We treat everyone with pancakes and drink fragrant tea.
Prove that this sentence is definitely a personal sentence. This will help youalgorithm of actions (posted on the board).
3) Continue the text, making a number of definite personal sentences according to the model (work with a reproduction of B. M. Kustodiev “The Merchant for Tea”).
Hello, dear Katerina Gavrilovna!
And what delightful evenings over a cup of tea!
Cover table with a white tablecloth ...
4) Physical education (finger gymnastics).
5) Verification of the proposals made.
6) Recording under the dictation of the text: Memo to the tea brewer!
Rinse the teapot with boiling water and pour dry tea leaves into it. Then fill the kettle with boiling water, and cover the top with a napkin. Close the opening on the lid and spout. Steep tea for five minutes.
Underline the predicate verbs.
What form of the verb-predicate is appropriate in this memo? Why?
7. Consolidation of new material using definite personal sentences in speech (composing riddles about tea).
8. Reflection.
- What new did we learn at the lesson today?
9. The final word of the teacher.
I want to reveal a secret and give useful advice,
Tea in cold weather warms, and in the heat it refreshes us,
He will overcome drowsiness and argue with fatigue,
Will crush any ailment,
Healthy tea is your best friend!
Homework: § 181, choice exercise from § 181 or make up several sentences on the topic: "Winter day" using definite personal sentences.
LESSON 2
Goals as student activity:
Use a textbook and dictionaries, extract information from different sources, correlate and comprehend it;
Agree on joint activities, express their point of view, accept someone else's, develop a coherent monologue speech;
Planned results:
Subject: to identify definitely personal sentences in the text, punctuation correctly to form definitely personal sentences.
Metasubject:
Cognitive UUD - independently formulate cognitive goals; apply methods of information retrieval, including with the help of computer tools; justify the choice of effective ways to solve problems; apply semantic reading techniques; analyze language units, compare language units; build a logical chain of reasoning;
Regulatory - formulate learning objectives based on the correlation of what is already known and learned, and what is still unknown; draw up a plan and sequence of actions; control by comparing the method of action and its result with a given standard; assess the correctness of the action, adequately perceive the assessment of the teacher.
Communicative - take into account the positions of other people, participate in a collective discussion of the problem, know how to work in pairs, formulate their own opinion, ask questions.
Personal - give an adequate self-assessment of educational activities, realize the boundaries of their own knowledge and ignorance.
During the classes:
Teacher :
What do you think is the most important part of the sentence - the subject or the predicate?
(statements of students)
Can there be sentences without one of them? Doesn't this interfere with the understanding of the meaning?
What do we call such offers? (single-piece)
Can one-part sentences be common?
Teacher : Now write down the sentences and try to explain how the groups differ:
1. Night.Street.Lantern.Pharmacy.
2. I walk along the street. You look at the starry sky.
(Group 1 - nominal sentences, since the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case;
2nd group - with the main member - predicate)
What did they do for it? (highlighted the grammatical basis)
Teacher :
Do we know what the second group of one-part sentences is called? (No)
Formulate the questions that you would like to receive answers to in our lesson
Read the title of the paragraph (item 32)
Write down the topic of the lesson.
Express your guess about the meaning of the word "definitely-personal sentences"
1. Reading the textbook paragraph on page 90 (with notes)
2. What have you learned about the definitely personal offers?
3. What seemed incomprehensible?
4. What do you need to know to know for sure that this is definitely a personal offer? (person and mood of the verb)
Solving a problem situation : (slide)
1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentences and determine the form and mood of the verbs:
Sleep, my bed is soft ... Take care of honor from a young age. Die yourself, but save a comrade. Farewell, father! They searched for him for three days.
2. Which offer was superfluous and why? (the latter, because the verb in it is in the form of the 3rd person and there is no indication of a specific person)
To what type shall we classify all other proposals? (definitely personal)
3. Dictionary work: platform (lexical and grammatical meaning of the word, spelling). You can use the Internet Wikipedia, S.I. Ozhegov's dictionary, etc.
4. Digital dictation (write down the numbers of definitely personal offers):
1) One plows in the field, and two wave their hands. 2) You're walking, looking like me. 3) Keep your thoughts clean. 4) Know yourself. 5) Cranberries are marsh berries. 6) Don't let your soul be lazy. 7) Don't leave, stay with me.
Checking the dictation according to the standard (on the slide, the answers are 2,3,4,6,7). Self-esteem
- In what sentence and why is it necessary to put a dash?
Exercise. Write out only definitely-personal offers. Underline the predicate.
I wish you success. Wash your hands before eating. Appreciate love. Potato is a valuable food product. After school, the whole class goes to the cinema. Arriving at the place, the geese noisily fall into the water. What are you laughing at? Choose your favorite book. Will you be from Moscow? There was a knock on the door. His stories will be remembered for a long time.
Correct answer.
I wish you success. Wash your hands before eating. Appreciate love. After school, the whole class goes to the cinema. Choose your favorite book. Will you be from Moscow? What are you laughing at?
One-part sentences - these are sentences whose grammatical basis consists of one main member, and this one main member is enough for a complete verbal expression of thought. Thus, "single-part" does not mean "incomplete".
Main member one-part sentence- a special syntactic phenomenon: it alone constitutes the grammatical basis of the sentence. However, in its meaning and ways of expression, the main member of the majority one-part sentences(except nominal) approaches the predicate, and the main member of nominal sentences - with the subject. Therefore, in school grammar it is customary to divide one-part sentences into two groups: 1) with one main member - the predicate and 2) with one main member - the subject. The first group includes definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal sentences, and the second group includes nominal sentences.
Behind every type one-part sentences(except for generalized-personal ones) their own ways of expressing the main member are fixed.
Definitely personal suggestions
Definitely personal suggestions - these are sentences denoting the actions or states of the direct participants in the speech - the speaker or the interlocutor. Therefore, the predicate (the main member) in them is expressed by the form 1st or 2nd person singular or plural verbs.
The category of a person is in the present and future tenses of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Accordingly, the predicate in definite personal offers can be expressed in the following forms: tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, tell, let's tell; go, go, go, go, I will go, you will go, we will go, you will go, go, go, let's go.
For example: I do not ask for honors or wealth for long journeys , but I take the little Arbat courtyard with me, I take it away (B. Okudzhava); I know that in the evening you will go beyond the ring of roads, we will sit in a fresh shock under the neighboring haystack (S. Yesenin); What are you laughing at? You laugh at yourself (N. Gogol); Do not look forward to happy days presented by heaven (B. Okudzhava); Keep proud patience in the depths of Siberian ores (A. Pushkin).
These sentences are very close in their meaning to two-part sentences. Almost always, relevant information can be conveyed in a two-part sentence, including the subject in the sentence. me, you, we or you.
The sufficiency of one main member is due here to the morphological properties of the predicate: the verbal forms of the 1st and 2nd person, with their endings, unambiguously indicate a well-defined person. Subject I, you, we, you turn out to be informatively redundant.
We use one-component sentences more often when it is necessary to pay attention to the action, and not to the person who performs this action.
Indefinitely personal sentences
- these are one-part sentences that denote the action or state of an indefinite person; the actor in the grammatical basis is not named, although it is thought personally, but the emphasis is on the action.
The main member of such proposals is the form 3rd person plural (present and future indicative and imperative) or forms plural(past tense and conditional verbs or adjectives): they say, they will say, they said, let them say, they would say; (im) satisfied; (he) are happy.
For example: They say in the village that she is not at all a relative of him ... (N. Gogol); An elephant was led through the streets ... (I. Krylov); And let them talk, let them talk, but- no, no one dies in vain... (V. Vysotsky); It's nothing that we are poets, if only they would read us and sing (L. Oshanin).
The specific meaning of the figure in indefinite personal sentences in that it actually exists, but is not named in the grammatical basis.
The form of the 3rd person plural of the verb-predicate does not contain information about either the number of figures or the degree of their fame. Therefore, this form can express: 1) a group of persons: The school is actively solving the problem of academic performance; 2) one person: This book was brought to me; 3) both one person and a group of persons: Someone is waiting for me; 4) a person known and unknown: Somewhere far away they scream; I got a 5 on the exam.
Indefinitely personal sentences most often have minor members in their composition, i.e. indefinite sentences are usually widespread.
As part of indefinite personal sentences two groups of secondary members are used: 1) Circumstances of place and time, which usually indirectly characterize the figure: hall sang. In the next class make noise. Often in youth strive someone imitate(A. Fadeev); These distributors usually characterize the figure indirectly, designating the place and time associated with the person's activity. 2) Direct and indirect additions made to the beginning of the sentence: Us invited to the room; him here glad; Now hiswill lead here (M. Gorky).
When these minor members are excluded from the composition of the sentence, the sentences are incomplete two-part with a missing subject: In the morning we went to the forest. We stayed in the forest until late in the evening.
Generalized personal offers
Generalized personal offers occupy a special place among single-component sentences. This is explained by generalized personal sentences do not have their own forms, and thus, the main criterion for their selection is a semantic feature.
The meaning of generalization can be characteristic of sentences of different structures: And what rus sky does not love fast driving (N. Gogol)(two-part sentence); Looking for words cannot be neglected nothing (K. Paustovsky)(impersonal offer); You can't command the heart (proverb)(definitely personal proposal).
Generalized-personal only those sentences are considered that are definitely personal or indefinitely personal in form, but denote actions or states of a generally conceivable person. These are sentences in which observations are formulated related to the generalizing characteristics of certain objects, life phenomena and situations: Take care of honor from a young age (proverb); What do we have- we do not store, having lost- crying (proverb); Chickens are counted in the fall - (proverb); Having removed their heads, they do not cry over their hair (proverb).
The most typical form is the 2nd person singular present or future simple indicative: You surrender involuntarily to the power of the surrounding cheerful nature (N. Nekrasov); ... In a rare girl you will meet such simplicity and natural freedom of sight, word, deed (I. Goncharov); You can’t put a scarf on someone else’s mouth (proverb).
In contrast to the outwardly similar definite-personal sentences with verbs in the form of the 2nd person, in sentences of generalized personal never talks about the specific actions of the interlocutor, the subject of the action is thought in such sentences in a generalized way, like any person.
impersonal proposals
impersonal proposals - These are one-component sentences that talk about an action or state that arises and exists independently of the producer of the action or the carrier of the state. Feature of grammatical meaning impersonal proposals is the meaning of spontaneity, involuntariness of the expressed action or state. It manifests itself in a variety of cases, when it is expressed: action (The boat is carried to the shore); condition of a person or animal (I couldn't sleep; He's cold); state of the environment (It gets dark; Pulls with freshness);"the state of affairs" (Bad with shots; Experiments should not be postponed) etc.
The main term can be expressed:
1) shape 3rd person singular impersonal or personal verb: It's dawning!.. Ah, how soon the night has passed / (A. Griboedov); It smells of spring through the glass (L. May);
2) shape neuter: Happiness covered you with snow, took you centuries ago, trampled you with the boots of soldiers retreating into eternity (G. Ivanov); There was not enough bread even before Christmas (A. Chekhov);
3) word No(in the past tense, it corresponds to the neuter form It was, and in the future - the form of the 3rd person singular - will be): And suddenly consciousness will throw me in response that you, obedient, were not and are not (N. Gumilyov); There is no beast stronger than a cat (I. Krylov);
5) a combination of the word category state(with modal meaning) with infinitive(compound verb predicate): When you know not to laugh, then- then this shaking, painful laughter takes possession of you (A. Kuprin); It's time to get up: it's already seven o'clock (A. Pushkin);
6) short passive neuter participle(compound nominal predicate): Wonderfully arranged in our world! (N. Gogol); At I have not been tidied up!.. (A. Chekhov);
7) infinitive: You will not see such battles (M. Lermontov); Well, how not to please your own little man? (A. Griboyedov); Long sing and ring the blizzard (S. Yesenin)
Name sentences
denominations (nominative) suggestions - these are single-component sentences in which the existence, being of objects or phenomena is affirmed. Grammatical basis nominal proposals consists of only one main member, similar in form to the subject: main member nominal proposals expressed nominative case of a noun(single or with dependent words), for example: Noise, laughter, running around, bows, gallop, mazurka, waltz... (A. Pushkin).
Meaning nominal proposals consists in the assertion of being, the existence of a phenomenon in the present time. So nominal sentences cannot be used either in the past or in the future tense, neither in the conditional nor in the imperative mood. In these tenses and moods, they correspond to two-part sentences with a predicate It was or will be: autumn(name offer). It was autumn; It will be autumn(two-part sentences).
There are three main varieties nominal proposals.
1. Being: Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness (A. Akhmatova).
2. Index; they include pointing particles here, here, there, there, there: Here is the place where their house stands; Here is a willow (A. Pushkin); Here is the bridge / (N. Gogol).
3. Estimated existential; they are pronounced with an exclamatory intonation and often include exclamatory particles what, what, well: Siege! Attack! Evil waves, like thieves climb through the windows (A. Pushkin); What a night! Frost is crackling ... (A. Pushkin).
feature nominal proposals is that they are characterized by fragmentation and at the same time a large capacity of the expressed content. They name only individual details of the situation, but the details are important, expressive, designed for the imagination of the listener or reader - such that he can imagine the overall picture of the situation or events being described.
Often nominal sentences are used in descriptive contexts of poetic and prose speech, as well as in remarks of dramatic works: Rocks blackened from sunburn... Hot sand that burns through the soles (N. Sladkoe); Evening. Seaside. Sighs of the wind. Majestic cry of the waves (K. Balmont); Living room in Serebryakov's house. Three doors: right, left and in the middle.- Day (A. Chekhov).
