Traditionally allocated significant and auxiliary parts of speech as capable or incapable of performing a nominative function, i.e. designate and name individual concepts. Standing apart, as a rule, are interjections that do not name anything, but express feelings, express will, give an expressive assessment, etc. Separately, onomatopoeic words can be distinguished - various kinds of conditional reproduction of sounds accompanying human actions or uttered by some animal.
Significant parts of speech are grammatical categories of words that satisfy several requirements:
- they are able to express and name certain concepts or point to them, and therefore have an independent lexical meaning;
- in the overwhelming majority of cases, they are morphologically formed and have grammatical meaning;
- can be members of a sentence and enter into various syntactic relations;
- they cannot be represented as some kind of closed list - they are an open set of words.
The division of parts of speech into significant and auxiliary in the domestic science of language under different names has existed since the 18th century.
Significant parts of speech are nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, a verb together with participial and participle forms (which some researchers recognize as separate parts of speech), words of the state category, adverbs.
Within one or another significant part of speech, lexico-grammatical categories are distinguished - subsets of words that have a similar lexical meaning, which has a certain effect on the ability of words to express certain grammatical meanings (number, person, pledge, etc. .) and form certain grammatical forms. Words belonging to the same lexico-grammatical category, as a rule, not only belong to the same inflectional type, but also have similar derivational characteristics and syntactic functions.
Let's demonstrate this concept on the example of adverbs, within which it is customary to distinguish between two lexical and grammatical categories: attributive (or proper-characterizing) and circumstantial adverbs. The class of definitive adverbs in terms of their semantics is quite heterogeneous: there are qualitative adverbs (correctly, sincerely), quantitative adverbs (many, very) and the way and manner of action (probably running). Circumstantial adverbs indicate different circumstances of an action: place (near, at home), direction (up), time (now, summer), purpose (on purpose), reason (blindly), compatibility (together, in pairs) and etc. Belonging to the group of qualitative adverbs is manifested in the presence of suffixes -o or -e in these words, as well as in the ability to form degrees of comparison, like adjectives. Two categories of adverbs also show different syntactic properties: attributive adverbs adjoin separate words, and adverbial adverbs can adjoin the whole sentence. material from the site
Lexico-grammatical categories are presented in all significant parts of speech. So, in particular, among nouns, categories of proper and common nouns are distinguished, and within common nouns, specific, real, abstract and collective names are distinguished; among verbs, personal and impersonal, transitive and intransitive, reflexive verbs with different types of meanings are distinguished (see Reflexivity), etc.
Service parts of speech- words that do not have their own lexical meaning (lexically non-independent), serving to express syntactic relations between full-value words and sentences, as well as to express additional shades of meaning and subjective modality.
By the absence of lexical meaning and by grammatical functions, auxiliary words are opposed to significant words. Service parts of speech do not change and are not members of the sentence.
Functional words include conjunctions, prepositions and particles.
There are 12 parts of speech in modern Russian: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, verb, participle, participle, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. Participle and participle are a special form of the verb.
Parts of speech are divided into independent, auxiliary, and interjections are distinguished separately. In Russian, there are also words that do not belong to any part of speech: the words "yes" and "no", modal words, onomatopoeic words. Modal words express the relation of the utterance to reality: undoubtedly, true, fact, certainly, perhaps, probably, maybe, maybe, tea, it seems, probably, and others. They usually act as introductory words. These are invariable words, not related to other words in the sentence, therefore they are not members of the sentence.
Note. Many scientists do not consider participle and gerund as separate parts of speech and refer to the verb group. According to such scientists, there are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language. In a number of school programs (for example, in the textbook by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya), one more part of speech is distinguished: the category of state. Use the material in this article, taking into account your school curriculum.
Diagram of parts of speech
Independent parts of speech are divided into changeable (inflected or conjugated) and invariable. Let's show the parts of speech of the Russian language in the diagram:
Table of parts of speech
Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological features, 3) syntactic role. Morphological features can be permanent and non-permanent. Invariable independent parts of speech, service parts of speech, interjections have only constant morphological features. Independent parts of speech are members of sentences, service parts of speech and interjections are not. From the point of view of these characteristics, consider the parts of speech of the Russian language:
The pages of independent and service parts of speech contain tables with a detailed and comparative description of meanings, morphological features and the syntactic role of parts of speech. We will show a generalized table of meanings and morphological features of all parts of speech in the Russian language.
| Morphological features | Syntactic role |
|---|---|
| Noun - subject (primary meaning) | |
Permanent signs: own or common noun, animate or inanimate, gender, declension. Variable signs: case, number. |
Subject, object, inconsistent definition, circumstance, application, nominal part of the compound predicate. |
| Adjective - a sign of an object | |
| The initial form is the nominative case, singular, masculine. Permanent signs: qualitative, relative or possessive. Inconstant features: comparative and superlative degree (for qualitative), full or short (for qualitative), case, number, gender (in the singular). |
Definition, nominal part of the compound predicate, predicate (in short form). |
| Numeral name - the number or order of objects when counting | |
| The initial form is the nominative case. Constant signs: simple or compound, quantitative or ordinal, whole, fractional or collective. Variable signs: case, number (if any), gender (if any) |
Quantitative - any member of the proposal. Ordinal - definition, nominal part of the compound predicate. |
| Pronoun - points to objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them | |
| The initial form is the nominative case, singular. Permanent signs: category (personal, reflexive, interrogative, relative, indefinite, negative, possessive, demonstrative, attributive), person (for personal pronouns). Variable signs: case, number (if any), gender (if any). |
Subject, definition, object, circumstance. |
| Verb - action or state of an object | |
| The initial form is an indefinite form (infinitive). Constant signs: appearance, conjugation transitivity. Non-permanent signs: inclination, number, time, person, gender. |
An infinitive is any member of a sentence. Personal forms - predicate. |
| Participle - a sign of an object by action | |
| The initial form is the nominative case, singular, masculine. Permanent signs: real or passive, time, appearance. Non-permanent signs: full or short form (in the passive), case (in full form), number, gender. |
Definition. Brief passive - the nominal part of the compound predicate. |
| The participle is an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb | |
| The initial form is the indefinite form of the verb. Permanent features: unchanging form, perfect and imperfect form, transitivity*, recurrence*. * In a number of school programs, signs of transition and recurrence are not considered. |
Circumstance. |
| Adverb - a sign of the action of an object or other sign | |
| Groups by meaning: adverbs of place, time, mode of action, measure and degree, reason, purpose. Degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative (if any). Immutability. |
Circumstance. |
| Preposition - expresses the dependence of a noun, numeral and pronoun on other words | |
| Union - connects homogeneous members in a simple sentence and simple sentences in a complex | |
| Immutability. Composing and subordinating. | They are not part of the offer. |
| Particle - introduces various shades of meaning into a sentence or serves to form word forms | |
| Immutability. Formative, negative and modal. | They are not part of the offer. |
| Interjection - expresses, but does not name, various feelings and urges | |
| Immutability. Derivatives and non-derivatives. | They are not part of the offer. |
Presentation materials
Materials on parts of speech for the preparation of presentations by students in grades 5-7. Click on the desired picture - it will open in a separate tab, press CTRL + S on a computer or select the save icon on a mobile device to save the picture.
Pictures with a diagram.
1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.
Together with syntax, morphology constitutes a branch of the science of language called grammar.
2. Each part of speech has signs that can be grouped into three groups:
3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) and official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.
4. Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions to independent words, and in a sentence, significant words are members of a sentence.
The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | who? what? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. |
| 2 | Verb | what to do? what to do? | Saw, saw, know, learn. |
| 3 | Adjective | which? whose? | Good, blue, mother's, door. |
| 4 | Numeral | How many? which the? | Five, five, fifth. |
| 5 | Adverb | as? when? where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. |
| 6 | Pronoun | who? which? How many? as? and etc. | I, he, such, mine, so much, so, there. |
| 7 | Participle | which? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. |
| 8 | gerund | as? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding |
Notes.
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of participles and participles. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, others consider them to be special forms of the verb. Participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech as numerals. In particular, in "academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.
3) In different manuals, the composition of pronouns is characterized differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in the "academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
5. Service parts of speech- these are words that do not name either objects, or actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.
It is impossible to put a question to official words.
Service words are not members of the sentence.
Functional words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:
pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
union (and, but, but, however, because, in order to, if);
particle (would, whether, same, not, even, precisely, only).
6. occupy a special position among the parts of speech.
Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words, and do not serve to link words (as auxiliary parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as ah, ooh, ooh; to express feelings of cold - brr, to express fear or pain - oh etc.
7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.
To immutable include all service parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:
adverbs ( forward, always);
gerunds ( leaving, leaving, taking).
Also some of them don't change:
nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);
adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);
pronouns ( then, there).
by using graduation;
Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.
by using endings and prepositions;
Sister - to the sister, with the sister, with the sister.
by using auxiliary words.
1. All words of the Russian language can be divided into groups called parts of speech.
Together with syntax, morphology constitutes a branch of the science of language called grammar.
2. Each part of speech has signs that can be grouped into three groups:
3. All parts of speech are divided into two groups - independent (significant) and official. Interjections occupy a special position in the system of parts of speech.
4. Independent (significant) parts of speech include words that name objects, their actions and signs. You can ask questions to independent words, and in a sentence, significant words are members of a sentence.
The independent parts of speech in Russian include the following:
| Part of speech | Questions | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Noun | who? what? | Boy, uncle, table, wall, window. |
| 2 | Verb | what to do? what to do? | Saw, saw, know, learn. |
| 3 | Adjective | which? whose? | Good, blue, mother's, door. |
| 4 | Numeral | How many? which the? | Five, five, fifth. |
| 5 | Adverb | as? when? where? and etc. | Fun, yesterday, close. |
| 6 | Pronoun | who? which? How many? as? and etc. | I, he, such, mine, so much, so, there. |
| 7 | Participle | which? (what does he do? what did he do? etc.) | Dreaming, dreaming. |
| 8 | gerund | as? (doing what? doing what?) | Dreaming, deciding |
Notes.
1) As already noted, in linguistics there is no single point of view on the position in the system of parts of speech of participles and participles. Some researchers attribute them to independent parts of speech, others consider them to be special forms of the verb. Participle and participle really occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and verb forms. In this manual, we adhere to the point of view reflected, for example, in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
2) In linguistics, there is no single point of view on the composition of such a part of speech as numerals. In particular, in "academic grammar" it is customary to consider ordinal numbers as a special category of adjectives. However, school tradition classifies them as numerals. We will adhere to this position in this manual.
3) In different manuals, the composition of pronouns is characterized differently. In particular, the words there, there, nowhere and others in some school textbooks are classified as adverbs, in others - as pronouns. In this manual, we consider such words as pronouns, adhering to the point of view reflected in the "academic grammar" and in the textbook: Babaitseva V.V., Chesnokova L.L. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades. M., 2001.
5. Service parts of speech- these are words that do not name either objects, or actions, or signs, but express only the relationship between them.
It is impossible to put a question to official words.
Service words are not members of the sentence.
Functional words serve independent words, helping them to connect with each other as part of phrases and sentences.
The official parts of speech in Russian include the following:
pretext (in, on, about, from, because of);
union (and, but, but, however, because, in order to, if);
particle (would, whether, same, not, even, precisely, only).
6. occupy a special position among the parts of speech.
Interjections do not name objects, actions, or signs (as independent parts of speech), do not express relationships between independent words, and do not serve to link words (as auxiliary parts of speech).
Interjections convey our feelings. To express amazement, delight, fear, etc., we use such interjections as ah, ooh, ooh; to express feelings of cold - brr, to express fear or pain - oh etc.
7. As noted, some words in Russian can change, others cannot.
To immutable include all service parts of speech, interjections, as well as such significant parts of speech as:
adverbs ( forward, always);
gerunds ( leaving, leaving, taking).
Also some of them don't change:
nouns ( coat, taxi, blinds);
adjectives ( beige coat, electric blue suit);
pronouns ( then, there).
by using graduation;
Wed: sister - sisters; read - read.
by using endings and prepositions;
Sister - to the sister, with the sister, with the sister.
by using auxiliary words.
§ 67. In Swedish, as well as in Russian, cases of transition from one part of speech to another are often observed.
Such cases include, for example, substantiation- the transition of any significant part of speech or function word to the category of nouns. Substantiation takes place when the given word is used to designate the corresponding concept as the subject of reasoning, thought, etc. Compare, for example, union men but and concept ett men one but as a synonym for a noun with meaning objection, difficulty, snag: Har finns ettmen. (Strindberg) There is one thing here. Acquiring the meaning of a noun (beginning to designate an object in the broad sense of the word), such a substantiated word also receives some formal features of a noun - gender, usually the middle one (except for certain cases of substantiation of adjectives and participles, see § 233), the article, definite and indefinite, etc. e. In terms of its functions in a sentence, a substantiated word no longer differs in any way from an ordinary noun.
Another example of a transition from one part of speech to another is transition of adverbs into prepositions, in particular, cf. av(in phrases av oh an back and forth) and the preposition that arose from it av from; adverb for too much(ex. for mycket too much, for store too big) and preposition for for, for; adverb over over, more (Det hande over hundra år sedan. This happened over 100 years ago.) and preposition over above. On the other hand, some of the adverbs are prepositional constructions in origin, for example. i dag today(from in a day); afterhand gradually(from later by, after and hand hand); till fots on foot(from combination till to, to and fot leg in will give birth. fall).
Similar phenomena take place in the region verb(significant verbs often turn into connectives or auxiliaries, see §§ 279–280).
Finally, an example of a transition from one part of speech to another is the transformation of various parts of speech into modal words and interjections. For example, the modal word tank just think about it is by origin imperative from the verb tanka think, cf. Tank, jag vet inte mer om henne, än hon lever!(Lagerlöf) Come to think of it, I don't know anything about her except that she's alive!. Or the interjection se, se in the following example is in origin a form of the imperative from the verb se see: Se, se, ni vuxna män, här är arbete för er! Härär… plank, foga samman en noddam.(Lagerlöf) Come on, men, here's something for you! Here... boards, put together a temporary dam.
