55,000 people, 45,000 acres of arable land, 9,000 peasant households, 330 settlements, 85 churches, 24 manor estates, plus mills, forges, workshops, metallurgical and potash factories, breweries, taverns, shops, barns, orchards that cannot be accurately accounted for , artificial ponds for breeding fish - in the middle of the 17th century, all this belonged to one person. Boyarin Boris Ivanovich Morozov, educator and closest adviser to Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, as well as the head of his government, was famous for his wealth not only in Russia, but also in Europe. The Austrian envoy in Moscow, Augustin Meyerberg, wrote that he had the same greed for gold, "as usual thirst for drink." Come out in those days of Forbes, Morozov could have topped the list of Russian billionaires.

Service oligarch

If there was a myriad of myths, multiplied by an even greater number of ambiguities, it was in the genealogies and biographies of the old Moscow nobility before Peter I. The Morozov boyars, for example, claimed that they traced their genealogy to a certain Mikhail Prushanin. According to one version, he served Alexander Nevsky and even distinguished himself in the famous battle of 1240 with the Swedes on the Neva. According to another legend, the ancestor of the Morozovs came to Novgorod along with Rurik himself. However, the first person in the family, whose existence is documented, was the boyar Ivan, nicknamed Moroz, who served Dmitry Donskoy in Moscow - one of his sons died on the Kulikovo field.

The exact date of birth of the richest of the Morozovs, Boris Ivanovich, is not in the documents. It is known that he began his service immediately after the Time of Troubles in 1616, and married a year later; The name of his first wife, however, is also unknown. His signature is on the charter of the Zemsky Sobor in 1613 on the election of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov as Tsar.

Apparently, Boris was orphaned quite early and, as the offspring of a noble family, together with his brother was taken to live in the royal palace. The English court physician Samuel Collins claimed that the tsar was personally involved in Morozov's upbringing. In his youthful and young years, Boris undoubtedly enjoyed the patronage of his uncle, the former Kazan governor Vasily Petrovich Morozov, who played a prominent role in the militia of Minin and Pozharsky.

For all his nobility, however, Boris Morozov did not possess any significant fortune. For the first ten years of court service, he was a kravchim - he poured wine at royal dinner parties. Initially, he owned only 400 acres of land (a tithe - 1.0925 hectares) half with his brother Gleb, and this was the beginning of his wealth. After five years of service, Boris was personally given another 500 acres. Over the next decade, he constantly served a little more and more. For example, in 1618, when the Polish king again tried to capture Moscow, but failed, Morozov was given 300 acres of land "for sitting under siege". By the time, when in 1634 Boris Ivanovich was granted the boyar rank, the size of his possessions had grown at least three times. However, all the same, he was still far from the largest land magnates of Muscovy, such as, say, the closest relative of the tsar, the boyar Nikita Ivanovich Romanov, in whose personal possession, in addition to numerous villages, was the whole city of Romanov-Borisoglebsky, now Tutaev, on the Volga.

In that era, however, as in all other times in Russia, in order to become one of the richest, one had to get into the inner circle of the sovereign, and even better - to intermarry with the royal family. To begin with, Morozov became an uncle, he was appointed to lead the upbringing of the prince, the future sovereign of all Russia, Alexei Mikhailovich. And as soon as Alexei became king, in the same 1645 he made his beloved uncle the head of key departments; in those conditions, this actually meant that Boris Morozov became the head of the government. At the same time, from the royal possessions, Morozov was granted two of the richest Volga villages - Murashkino and Lyskovo with 23 villages in the Nizhny Novgorod district. With one stroke of the pen, the newly minted favorite received 3,500 peasant households and about 10,000 male peasant souls.

Next to the new Volga possessions of Morozov was the Makaryevsky Zheltovodsky Monastery, famous for the largest trade fair in Russia. In general, Nizhny Novgorod and the lands adjacent to it in the 17th century were among the economically most developed in the country. Unlike most other parts of the Muscovite kingdom, trade and crafts developed much faster there, the first manufactories appeared, and hired labor was even used in places. Obtaining such a tidbit of property here opened wide prospects for enrichment for Morozov.

However, the growth of the land holdings of the magnate Morozov did not stop there. Soon the boyar strengthened his position at court, becoming a royal relative. He married Anna Miloslavskaya, the sister of the wife of Alexei Mikhailovich Maria, who, a little earlier, a caring uncle personally picked up for his pupil. Now he no longer served the patrimony, but as a private person, the boyar Morozov bought them from the boyar Morozov, the prime minister.

It was all the easier to do this because even in the middle of the 17th century, almost 30 years after the Time of Troubles, many abandoned lands remained in the central districts, where once there were villages and villages. These lands belonged to the treasury, but did not bring any income. Here is the new head of government and decided to privatize unprofitable assets. As usual, on favorable terms. In a similar way, the village of Kotelniki, in particular, fell into the hands of Morozov; now it is a fairly large village in the near Moscow region between Kapotnya and Dzerzhinsky. Some time later, when after 1654 the war between Russia and Poland began for the Ukrainian lands, the boyar obtained permission to resettle the captured Belarusian peasants on the wastelands belonging to him. By the way, such “privatization”, even with all its obvious corruption, benefited the state: in the same Kotelniki, in the 20 years after the transfer of the village to Morozov, the amount of arable land, which at first was 20 acres, increased by more than 30 times. Another example: in the Vyazemsky district, on the site of 200 wastelands bought from the treasury, 18 villages were rebuilt and settled.

Business in Old Moscow

The growth of Morozov's wealth was not limited to land privatization. The country was recovering after the Time of Troubles. And in Europe there is a steady trend towards the development of the market, entrepreneurship, and monetary relations. New economic trends also reached Russia. It all started with trade - then not only merchants, but also almost all segments of the population were engaged in it. A nobleman of the lower rank, setting off for the sovereign's service in a distant county, took with him at least a piece of cloth for sale - some kind of increase to a meager salary. What then to say about the boyars with their colossal estates and weight at court - here it was impossible not to turn around. The first known trading operation of Boris Morozov was made in 1632, when, during the outbreak of the war with the Poles, he, together with his brother Gleb, supplied 100 quarters of bread, which amounted to 600 pounds, or about 10 tons, for the needs of the Russian army.

In the future, the high official position of the boyar Morozov contributed to the fact that his transactions with the treasury turned into one of the main sources of his personal income. During the next war, already in 1660, he, together with the merchant Guryev, sold 10 thousand quarters of rye to the army. The boyar was especially interested in the grain trade because of his possessions in Nizhny Novgorod. The difference in the price of grain grown here compared to Moscow was three to four times. Such a profit prompted Morozov not only to sell the harvest harvested on his own land, but to start buying it up nearby and reselling it. To store purchased grain in Nizhny Novgorod, three huge grain yards with 38 granaries were built. Where there is bread, bread wine appears - vodka. Moreover, Morozov sold the products of his own distilleries to his own peasants in rural taverns, and supplied the surplus to the market outside the estate. Only in 1651, 10 thousand buckets of wine were sold from his Nizhny Novgorod possessions to Kazan (a bucket - 12, 299 liters).

Morozov's trade was not limited to the domestic market. Part of the goods produced in his economy went abroad. At that time, potash was in special demand in Europe, obtained by repeated burning of wood ash and used, in particular, in the manufacture of soap. In the middle of the 17th century, a Frenchman even suggested a whole scheme for the economic development of Russian resources: first, burn the forest and process it into potash, and then grow bread on the resulting fields - all, of course, for the sake of income on the foreign market.

Morozov, apparently, was aware of this idea and was very fond of potash production. In his possessions there was the largest number of potash enterprises in Russia. Tellingly, not only peasants (mostly the poor who were unable to pay a normal dues) were used in hazardous work, but also special hired workers - "business people", as they were then called. One barrel of potash cost about 35 rubles, and hundreds of them were produced in the Morozov estates. The main foreign partners of the boyar were the Dutch. The Swedish resident in Moscow, Karl Pommerening, not without reason, argued that it was at the suggestion of Morozov, who traded with Europe through the Netherlands, that in 1649 the British were finally squeezed out of Russia under the pretext of fighting the Cromwellian revolution. It is not difficult to guess who immediately took their place.

Andrey Vinius, a Dutchman who converted to Orthodoxy, was both an adviser to the government and a business partner of Boris Morozov, who headed this government. In the 1640s, they tried to build a metallurgical plant in Tula on shares. Then this idea failed, but the boyar did not abandon the idea of ​​​​producing iron in Russia. In 1651, he invited a master from abroad, who was supposed to organize a "mine at a mill" in his village of Pavlovsky near Moscow. Since only the so-called swamp ore (deposits at the bottom of the swamps of brown iron ore - limonite) was used as a raw material at that time, low-quality metal was obtained from it. Nevertheless, the Pavlovsk "iron factories" continued to operate even after Morozov's death.

The boyar started another mine in the Volga region of Lyskovo. But before building a new plant here, he spent a whole year analyzing its possible profitability, studying the experience of the neighboring Makariev Monastery. And in the end I decided not to spare the investment. Other production assets owned by the boyar included a linen "boorish yard" in the village of Staroe Pokrovskoye, Nizhny Novgorod district, where Polish weavers worked. Morozov supplied yuft to the state treasury - specially dressed waterproof leather, which was then used in the manufacture of army boots. In 1661, 76 pounds of yuft were sold from the boyar estates for the amount of 1156 rubles 60 altyns.

Another significant source of boyar income was usury. Of course, Morozov did not have his own banking house, like, say, the Rothschilds, but he very willingly lent various amounts at interest. Small nobles borrowed relatively small amounts - 200, 400, maximum 600 rubles. This is how his clientele was formed among service people. Credits to foreign merchants, usually given at the conclusion of commercial transactions, were ten times more than those taken by poor service nobles. The largest known one-time loan amounted to 8 thousand rubles. The total number of Morozov's debtors could reach 80 people, and the annual amount of interest payments was about 85 thousand rubles. Even members of the royal family fell into his debt networks, as, for example, this happened with the Siberian prince Alexei Alekseevich.

And of course, in the conditions of a patrimonial state, which was the Moscow kingdom, an important source of income was the position held in this state. Or rather, what could be obtained thanks to this position. One salary 900 rubles. (in truth, it was a very considerable amount) the matter, of course, was not limited. Both Russian and foreign sources note an unprecedented increase in bribes in the period 1645-1648, when Morozov, using the unlimited confidence of the new, still very young Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, reached the highest official posts and concentrated almost all the government in his hands. As the foreign traveler Adam Olearius testified, at that time a whole network was formed in Moscow, consisting of clerks and engaged in all sorts of informal extortions from the population. Its links were led by Morozov's proxies placed in the most important positions, and the chain of bribes led to the very top. As a result, for example, only the foreign company that brought "the most gifts" personally to the head of government could enter the Russian market.

In addition, Morozov, apparently, was an unsurpassed master of the development of state funds. Take, for example, the construction of fortifications in the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery, carried out precisely under the Morozov government. It was alleged that the Swedes could supposedly go through this bearish corner to Moscow from the north. Hundreds of kilometers of difficult terrain ran from the then Swedish-Russian border to Kirillov itself. And even if the river route was used for a short summer, the option of a massive invasion here was more hypothetical than real. At least, the Swedes themselves did not dare to do this, and tourists who visit here are still wondering why the largest fortress in Europe was built in the Vologda region, which, like all the largest in Russia, has never been used for appointment. However, Morozov personally came in handy with these walls: in the summer of 1648, he fled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery to hide here from the Salt Riot, when Muscovites who disagreed with his management methods demanded the extradition and execution of the royal favorite.

Costs and risks

The exact dimensions of Morozov's fortune are unknown and difficult to calculate. Apparently, even 350 years ago in Russia it was not customary to show all your income. Morozov's immunity was the "glory and strength" of the richest and most influential person after the tsar and the patriarch. According to Meyerberg, after the death of the boyar, he left "a myriad of silver rubles, gold chervonets and joachimthalers." The true wealth of Morozov can be judged at least by the fact that 10 thousand rubles were spent on only one of the many distributions of alms in memory after his death. Actually, it is precisely by spending, both now and then, that one can indirectly judge real incomes.

But far from all wealth, especially in the 17th century, was measured only in money. Take, for example, the inventories of table stocks preserved in the economic archive of Morozov, intended for his personal use and treating distinguished guests. In January 1652, he wrote to his clerk Andrei Dementyev in the village of Pavlovskoye near Moscow, ordering him to salt and prepare 180 pork carcasses for the solemn reception of the king. The meat was transported in 37 carts from another county, and in the end it turned out that two pounds were missing - one cart was lost along the way. Judging by the surviving documents, the boyar, who was quick to reprisal, did not punish anyone for this "shrinkage-utruska" - apparently, the loss of 32 kg of meat was so insignificant for him. Another inventory, dated December 1650, testifies to the size of the quitrent in kind, which the peasants of only one village of Troitsky in the Nizhny Novgorod district had to put on the boyar table for Christmas: "from each smoke" it was supposed to take one goose, one chicken, and even a pood of "pork meat, good and bread." Only one modest batch of live fish, which, at the whim of Morozov, was taken from the Volga to Moscow, could consist of 7 sterlets, 69 pikes and 163 crucians. According to another inventory, eight barrels of wine were delivered "for boyar use" - again on the occasion of the "sovereign's arrival" on a visit to Boris Ivanovich.

Morozov had at least four personal residences in Moscow and the Moscow suburbs. Some chambers, as expected, right in the Kremlin, next to the royal palace and the Chudov Monastery. Another farmstead was located in the Vorontsov field area; after the death of the boyar, according to his order, an almshouse was set up here. The main suburban residence was the village of Pavlovskoye, now Pavlovskaya Sloboda, where now it is better to go along New Riga, and earlier - in the time of Morozov - they went through Tushino. In Pavlovsk there was a whole agro-city serving the boyar and his crowded court. In addition to the already mentioned ironworks, gardens were laid out here and ponds with fish were arranged, apparently so as not to go to the Volga once again. The king and royal nobles could also come here for dinner parties. Yes, and Patriarch Nikon himself, a native of the Makaryevsky Zheltovodsky Monastery, soon began to build his residence along the same road - in New Jerusalem. The modest estate in Kotelniki served as a hunting lodge - Morozov was a passionate lover of falconry, to which he also taught Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. But in the village of Gorodnya on the Volga near Tver (it is still located behind Zavidovo on the Moscow-St. Petersburg highway), the boyar built a whole wooden castle. It has reached our days in the description of the Dutchman Nicholas Witsen, and it is known that Morozov settled here when in 1648 he decided to move from exile in Kirillov closer to the capital.

It is difficult to imagine a rich person without a means of transportation befitting his status. Bentley had not yet been invented, so the boyar had to be content with the carriage, which Alexei Mikhailovich personally presented to him on the occasion of the wedding. The interior of the carriage was upholstered in gold brocade lined with expensive sables, and the wheel rims and other external decorations were made of pure silver. It is a pity that the boyar could not use the luxurious gift for long: in June 1648, the participants in the Salt Riot turned the carriage into a pile of chips in a matter of minutes. In general, the entire richly furnished house of Morozov in the Kremlin turned out to be destroyed. With the words "this is our blood," everything that was there, the rebels "chopped, smashed and plundered, and what they could not carry away, they spoiled." The boyar himself, in order to save his life, had to, forgetting about the chic departure, run at full speed on horseback.

However, wealth and luxury were soon restored and became even greater. Having left official state posts, the boyar, albeit to a lesser extent than before, still retained influence on the king. He was still able to "deal with issues" at the highest level. Only now Morozov had much more time to take care of his own household. The greatest prosperity of his patrimonial empire falls precisely on the 1650s.

Abnormal feudal lord

According to history textbooks, we are accustomed to believing that the boyar is the one who, with a belly and a long beard, in a high throated hat and a long caftan, sits next to the tsar on a bench in the Faceted Chamber and with all his might opposes everything new and progressive. As Grigory Kotoshikhin, the clerk of the Posolsky Prikaz, who was recruited by Swedish intelligence and fled to the West, informed his customers, “and other boyars, tired of their brothers, do not answer, because the tsar favors many in the boyars not according to their intelligence, but according to their great breed, and many of they are not literate and not scholars". Such a description, however, does not always agree with reality. Yes, there were quite a few exceptions. Among Morozov's consumer spending, for example, along with luxury goods, the purchase of books also occupied a prominent place. In his home library, along with publications in Russian, which were issued by the Moscow Printing House, there were also books in Latin ordered from Lithuania, including the political writings of Cicero and historical ones - Tacitus.

Unlike many other large landowners, the boyar Morozov personally managed his huge farm. He corresponded with the clerks, controlled their activities, resolved internal disputes that arose, extinguished conflicts, punished and complained, intervened in any trifle. If not every day, then certainly several times a week, letters came out from under his pen with more and more new orders and instructions. In his colossal possessions, there was a rigid centralized control system that copied the vertical that existed at the state level. To coordinate the activities of individual sectors of the economy in Moscow, a special private order was created, the apparatus of which collected information on the state of affairs on the ground, carried out general control and accounting, prepared regular reports to the owner and sent out correspondence. Morozov's clerks had great power, they made up a single team and had significant weight not only in the boyar patrimony, but also beyond. The main executors were local clerks and bailiffs subordinate to them. Their functions were determined in special orders. The clerk was responsible for the boyar economy and crafts, collected peasant dues, monitored the execution of corvée duties, and performed the functions of a court of first instance. The local administration had to report all the more or less significant details to the center.

And here's another thing that was interesting: for all his unconditional rigidity and authoritarianism, Morozov was not a feudal lord. On the contrary, he even strongly resisted the introduction of serfdom. Judge for yourself: peasant dues did not constitute a decisive share in his income. Most of the money, as far as one can judge, came from trade and crafts. In addition, with so many peasants, it was possible to take from them much less than other feudal lords collected. It is known that, luring homely owners into his possessions, Morozov even for some time provided them with complete exemption from dues and other duties. Some neighboring small landowner with his miserable ten households could sometimes turn out to be poorer than a peasant who lived behind a "strong man." Yes, and collecting dues from ten people is not at all the same as from ten thousand. It was clearly better to live in the patrimony of such a magnate as Morozov: you need to pay less, and you can easily get a loan, if anything, and there will also be protection from other strong or simply dashing people. So the peasants fled - not so much to the Don, but to the large boyar latifundia. In turn, the nobles, who formed the basis of the militia in the Moscow kingdom, constantly demanded that the state prohibit this transition, that is, in fact, introduce serfdom. As a result, under pressure from the nobility, the magnates were forced to give in, such was the price for the loyalty of the troops in the conditions of the rebellious age. But even after the adoption of the Council Code of 1649, which formally completed the establishment of serfdom in Russia, specific mechanisms for detecting and returning fugitives to their former owners were not spelled out for at least another decade. And here, of course, it could not have done without Morozov.

At the end of his life, one of the richest people in Russia suffered from gout and water sickness. At his service, of course, were the best foreign doctors from the Pharmaceutical Order, but, alas, everything has its limit. Boris Morozov died in 1661. Even in the last year of his life, rarely getting out of bed, he tried to control the affairs of his own huge household. And not only because he could no longer live differently. There was no one to hand over the management of the huge economy - the boyar Morozov never had children. As one of his contemporaries wrote, "he saw himself as a father many times," but the children, apparently, died in infancy.

As a result, the circle of heirs turned out to be small. A year later, brother Gleb died, and after some time, the widow of Boris Ivanovich, Anna Morozova-Miloslavskaya, also died. Immediately after her death, the lion's share - the villages of Pavlovskoye, Murashkino and Lyskovo - was taken by Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. For their management at the state level, the Order of Secret Affairs was created.

A considerable part of the rest of the possessions passed to the widow of Gleb - the famous activist of the church schism Feodosia Morozova-Sokovnina and her son Ivan. But soon they were both thrown into prison, where they ended their lives. Moreover, some still believe that the reason for this was not so much religious disputes as too much of a piece of wealth that went to a rather young widow. All property of those arrested was confiscated. So the economic empire of the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, which grew due to the closeness of this head of government to the treasury of the state, turned out to be absorbed by the state.

MOROZOV BORIS IVANOVICH (baptized Ilya) - Russian statesman, close boy-rin (1645).

From the old-ro-mo-skov-go-bo-yar-sko-go ro-da Mo-ro-zo-vyh.

Na-cha-lu kar-e-ry spo-sob-st-in-shaft of his kind-st-ven-nick boy-rin V.P. Mo-ro-call.

Stol-nick, was among the persons who signed the U-ver-waited charter of 1613 about the election of Mi-hai-la Fe-do-ro-vi -cha on the kingdom. Soon, together with his brother G.I. Mo-ro-zo-vym was taken by the ma-ter-ryu of the tsar-rya old-ri-tsey Mar-foy to the palace in ka-che-st-ve room-at-no-go so-no.

Teaching-st-in-shaft in Russian-Persian (1628) and Russian-Swedish (1631) re-go-in-rah.

Su-dya of the royal Mas-ter-sky pa-la-you (1633).

Pol-zo-val-sya dis-po-lo-same-ni-em pat-ri-ar-ha Fi-la-re-ta.

Since 1633, vo-pi-ta-tel tsa-re-vi-cha, bu-du-sche-th tsar Aleksey Mi-hi-lo-vi-cha. Until the end of life, there remains for him, in the king’s own words, “received instead of the father of the kind.” In 1634 B.I. Morozov became a boy-ri-nom, passing the rank of nothing. After the wedding to the kingdom of Aleksey Mi-hi-lo-vi-cha (1645) B.I. Morozov, in a degree-pen-but with-medium-to-that-chil in his hands, significant power, becoming in fact the head of the pra-vi-tel-st-va.

Ru-ko-vo-dil pri-ka-za-mi - Big kaz-na, Stre-lets-kim, Ino-zem-skim, Ap-te-kar-skim, New quarter (1646-1648). In 1646, according to the collective of the che-lo-bit-noy nobles and children of the boy-yar-skys, on “strong people” he led a race ne evil-use-reb-le-niy in p-ka-zah, in re-zul-ta-te, someone-ro-go strengthened his influence on state affairs, -in-vav-to-know-the-order-of-the-mi-judge-I-mi close to me people, in-kro-vi-tel-st-in-their pro- from-in-lu (for example, the head of the Zem-sko-go-pri-ka-for L.S. Ple-shche-va).

Ru-ko-vo-dil pro-ve-de-ni-em in the country of fi-nan-co-y reforms with the aim of pre-ado-le-niya de-fi-qi-ta budget same. According to the plan, once-ra-bo-tan-no-mu with the participation of B.I. Morozov, introduced new kos-ven-nye on-logs (including on salt in 1646-1647), was-la us-ta-nov-le-on the state mo- but-po-liya on the pro-da-zhu ta-ba-ka (1646), from-me-not-us to-lo-go-vye benefits of the English Mo-s-kov-sky com-pa- nii, which led to the strengthening of the influence of the Dutch merchants (1646), reduce the same pity for the servant people (not -some of them, it didn’t you-cry-chi-va-moose), in a number of cities, are there white words-bo- dy, os-in-bo-zh-den-nye from up-la-you on-lo-gov, and so on. B.I. Morozov ini-tsi-ro-val creation-da-pri-ca-call - Dra-gun-sko-go system (1646) and Barrel-no-go, ve-da-she-go pro-from-water -st-vom mush-ke-tov (1646/1647).

Co-de-st-in-the-shaft of the marriage of Aleksey Mi-hi-lo-vi-cha and Mary Il-and-nich-na Mi-lo-slav-sky, at their wedding-be- affairs "in the father-in-place"; soon-re same-nil-sya on the se-st-re of the tsar-ri-tsy An-ne (1648).

Re-form-we, pro-di-mye under the leadership of B.I. Morozov, asking-in-tsi-ro-wa-li in Mo-sk-ve So-la-noy rebellion of 1648. B.I. Morozov, during the rebellion, remained alive b-go-da-rya for the steps-no-che-st-vu of the tsar (it was better to kill him than B .I. Morozov), then in exchange for the guarantee of personal security from the authorities and uh-hal under oh-ra-noy convoy to the Kiril-lo-Be-lo-zer-sky monastery. In the autumn of the same year, for participation in the tor-st-wah on the occasion of the birth of tsa-re-vi-cha Dmitry Alek-see-vi-cha return of the tsa-rem to Mo-sk-vu.

Entered into a narrow circle of near-them duma-tsev.

The student of the composition of the So-bor-no-go-law of 1649 of the year (his signature under the code of the same-no-it is the first among the sub- pi-this bo-yar), perhaps, precisely according to the ini-tsia-ti-ve B.I. Morozov, with the introduction of the im-urgent-no-sti of the system of running cross-st-yan, was not pre-du-watch-ren-ren-me-ha-nism of his os-sche-st-in-le- niya.

In 1651-1653, during the Os-in-bo-di-tel-noy war of the Ukrainian-ra-in-sko-go and white-Russian-go-for-rod-dov 1648- 1654, not-one-time-but-be-chal from the het-ma-on B.M. Hop-nice-to-th-letter with a request to ho-da-tai-st-to-wat before the tsar about the eye-for-nii of the Russian military help.

Together with V.V. Bu-tour-li-nym, I.D. Mi-lo-Slavsky and G.G. Push-ki-nym co-vet-nick of Tsar Aleksey Mi-hi-lo-vi-cha at the ob-su-zh-de-nii of the hundred March articles 1654. The first courtyard of the military during the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667 during the capture of Smolensk (1654) and Vil-no (1655). Instead of Aleksey, Mi-hi-lo-vi-cha led on Palm Sunday “os-la” under Patriarch Nikon (1658) and mi-tro-po- Li-tom Sarsky and Podon-sky Pi-ti-ri-mom (1659).

One of the largest in the country (along with the boy-ri-n N.I. Ro-ma-no-ym) zem-le-vla-del-tsev and du-she-vla -del-tsev (330 in-country points in 19 counties, over 27.4 thousand male souls).

According to A. Mei-er-ber-ga, he gave the same “greed for gold, as usual, but-ven-but thirsty to drink ". Us-pesh-but for-no-small different-but-about-different economic activities. Po-ku-fell ka-zen-nye, like right-vi-lo empty-tuyu-shchie, zem-whether, for-se-lyal them pe-re-ma-ni-va-niya fortress -yan of other lands-le-vlad-del-tsev, then in-la-ka-mi, for-hva-chen-us-mi captured during the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667; use-pol-zo-shaft also on-yom-ny labor.

I-stav-lyal for the army pro-to-vol-st-vie and so on. Na-la-dil then-var-noe production of bread, as well as in-ta-sha (village of Mu-rash-ki-no of Ni-zh-rod-ko-go county, we - not the village of Bol-shoe Mu-rash-ki-but of the Ni-zhe-go-rod-region), yuf-ti, vi-na, etc., led a wide external (mainly with Ni-der-lan-da-mi and Ang-li-ey) and internal (including with the treasury) trade-gov-lyu.

In the 1650s, the or-ga-ni-zo-val-le-zo-de-la-tel-nye-for-waters in the village. Pav-lovskoye, Moscow district (now not the village of Pav-lov-skaya Slo-bo-da, Is-t-rin-sky district of the Moscow region) and in the village (now-not a city) of Lys-ko -in, where they built the same vi-no-ku-ren-nye and pi-vo-va-ren-nye for-vo-dy. Kre-di-to-val before-hundred-vi-te-lei ari-hundred-kra-tii (prince-zey I.P. Bar-rya-tin-sko-go, F.F. Ku-ra-ki -na, F.S. Sha-khov-sko-go, etc.), Russian and foreign merchants, for-zh-toch-ny kre-st-yan, etc.

He took a library, someone-paradise co-der-zha-la books on re-li-gy, phil-lo-so-fi, military de-lu, me-di-qi-ne, is-to-rii, including co-chi-non-niya of Roman is-to-ri-kov and capes-li-te-ley (Ta-qi-ta, Qi-tse-ro-na, etc. .).

On their own, they built the Church of the Blessing of the Pre-Holy Bo-go-ro-di-tsy in the village. Pavlovskoye (os-vya-sche-on in 1663).

Historical sources:

Ak-you are the owner of the battle-ri-on B. I. Mo-ro-zo-va. M.; L., 1940-1945. Ch. 1-2.

In 1634 he was elevated to the boyars and appointed "uncle" to Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich. Mikhail Fedorovich entrusted his son with his care even at his death. Since then, M., in the words of the chronicler, "stayed relentlessly in the royal house, leaving his house and belongings and every will and peace." He became even closer to the young king when he married A.I. Miloslavskaya, sister of the queen. Contemporaries point out that the very marriage of Alexei Mikhailovich with M.I. Miloslavskaya took place according to the plan of M., who in advance had in mind to intermarry with the tsar and for the sake of this he allegedly tried to upset the proposed marriage of the tsar with his first bride from the Vsevolzhsky family. Until the end of his life, M. remained the closest and most influential person at the royal court, successfully defending his position against the hostile party of the boyars N.I. Romanova and Ya.K. Cherkassky. Contemporaries and foreigners recognize his great intelligence and experience in public affairs; some of them (for example, Olearius) also note his interest in Western enlightenment. It is suggested that he managed to instill this interest in his pupil. A dark spot on M.'s memory remains the abuse of government, which was one of the causes of the popular revolt of 1648. At this time, M. was the head of several important orders (the Big Treasury, the Streltsy Order and the New Chet). To what extent he was personally guilty of the abuses is impossible to ascertain; but obviously unscrupulous people used his patronage, and therefore popular indignation was directed against him. The tsar was forced to promise the people to remove his favorite, and M. was expelled from Moscow to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery. All this did not in the least change the attitude of Alexei Mikhailovich to M. In his own letters, the tsar punishes the hegumen of the monastery "to protect Boris Ivanovich from every bad thing", and very soon returns him to Moscow, taking advantage of the petition about this from the Moscow archers, the idea of ​​which was inspired by him "from above ". Upon his return, M. did not occupy an official position in the internal administration, probably because the king wanted to fulfill his promise to the people in this way; but M. was always with the tsar, invariably accompanying him on his "near campaigns" through villages and monasteries near Moscow. According to Meyerberg, when his unhealthy health did not allow him to come to court, the tsar often visited him secretly and consulted with him on the most important matters. During the military campaigns of the king, M. each time received the highest military appointment - the yard governor of the right hand. When he died, in 1662, the tsar "personally gave the last debt to the deceased in the church, together with others" (Meyerberg) and distributed large sums to the monasteries for his remembrance. According to Collins, M. after the Moscow rebellion "became more indulgent towards the people, and died, seeing the successful effect of his advice, loved by the sovereign and mourned by the people, except for the nobility." - M. was one of the largest landowners of his time. According to Zabelin, he began his service as not a particularly sufficient nobleman; in 1628, he already had 500 acres of manorial land, and this salary was increased when he was appointed uncle to Alexei Mikhailovich. Subsequently, he was granted the richest Nizhny Novgorod villages Lyskovo and Murashkino, in which there were up to 17 thousand acres. In the year of M.'s death, there were up to 8 thousand households in his possessions, or, according to Zabelin's calculation, up to 80 thousand acres. The surviving documents on the management of the Morozov estates depict M. as an exemplary owner - administrator and are a precious source for studying the economic life of Moscow Russia. - See Yakubov "Russia and Sweden in the 17th century" (Pommering's reports); Zabelin "A great boyar in his patrimonial economy" ("Bulletin of Europe", 1871 - 1872, January).

In 1615, Morozov was taken "to live" in the palace. In 1634 he was elevated to the boyars and appointed "uncle" to Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich. He became even closer to the young tsar when he married the tsarina's sister Anna Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Until the end of his life, Morozov remained the closest and most influential person at the royal court. Contemporaries characterized him as an intelligent and experienced person in public affairs, showing an interest in Western enlightenment. He probably managed to instill this interest in his pupil.

He owned 55,000 peasants and a number of iron, brick and salt industries.

A dark spot in Morozov's biography is the abuse that served as one of the causes of the Salt Riot of 1648. At this time, Morozov was the head of several important orders (Big Treasury, Pharmacies and Taxes).

The patronage of unworthy relatives, the introduction of new taxes and farming out caused indignation against Morozov among the Muscovite people. In an effort to increase the revenues of the treasury, Morozov cut the salaries of employees and introduced a high indirect tax on salt. These measures caused popular uprisings in May 1648. The rebels demanded the head of Morozov, his closest assistants. Trakhaniotov and Larionov were killed, he himself barely escaped in the royal palace.

The tsar was forced to remove his favorite - Morozov was exiled to the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery. This, however, did not change the attitude of Alexei Mikhailovich to Morozov. Morozov returned to Moscow four months later.

Upon his return, Morozov did not occupy an official position in the internal administration, probably because the tsar wanted to fulfill his promise to the people. At the same time, in 1649, Morozov took an active part in the preparation of the Cathedral Code, the Code of Laws, which lasted until the 19th century.

Morozov was with the tsar all the time. When he set out on a campaign against Lithuania in 1654, the tsar granted Morozov the highest military rank - yard governor, head of the "sovereign's regiment".

When Morozov died in 1661, the tsar personally paid his last debt to the deceased in the church along with others.

Inheritance

Morozov had no heirs, and after his death, the entire fortune passed to his brother Gleb, who, however, also died soon after. The entire joint fortune went to the young son of Gleb, and in fact, it passed into the hands of his mother, the boyar Feodosia Morozova, known for her Old Believer activities.

Literature

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See what "Morozov, Boris Ivanovich" is in other dictionaries:

- (1590 1661), Russian statesman, boyar; headed the Russian government (since 1645), educator ("uncle") of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (see ALEXEY Mikhailovich). At the peak of his political career, Morozov led the orders of the Bolshoi ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

- (1590 1661) boyar, tutor of Alexei Mikhailovich. The actual head of government in 1645 48. His financial reforms caused the Moscow uprising of 1648. He was exiled from October 1648 in Moscow. Until con. 50s retained political influence... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Morozov, Boris Ivanovich Boyar. A peer of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, M. was taken in 1615 to live in the palace. In 1634 he was elevated to the boyars and appointed uncle to Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich. Mikhail Fedorovich entrusted his son with his care and with ... ... Biographical Dictionary

- (1590 1661), statesman, headed Russian. government in the middle of the 17th century, boyar. He was the tutor ("uncle") of Alexei Mikhailovich. Supervised the orders of the Great Treasury, Streletsky, Aptekarsky, New Chet. Looking to increase revenue... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Boris Ivanovich Morozov (1590-1662) Russian boyar, one of the largest landowners of his time, tutor of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In 1615, Morozov was taken "to live" in the palace. In 1634, he was elevated to the boyars and appointed "uncle" to ... ... Wikipedia

- "uncle", teacher and friend of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (about 1590 1661). In 1645, in the rank of a close boyar, he became the chief leader of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in management, was present in the orders of the archer, the large treasury and ... ... Big biographical encyclopedia

Uncle, tutor and friend of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (circa 1590-1661). In 1645, in the rank of a close boyar, he became the main leader of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in management, was present in the orders of the archer, the big treasury and foreign, was ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Morozov ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people with that surname, see Morozov. Morozov, Boris Afanasyevich (b. 1944) actor, People's Artist of Russia. Morozov, Boris Ivanovich (1590 1661) Russian boyar, educator of the sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich ... Wikipedia

Wikipedia has articles about other people named Boris Morozov. Boris Morozov Birth name: Boris Afanasyevich Morozov Date of birth: November 20, 1944 (1944 11 20) (68 years old) ... Wikipedia

Boris (Ilya) Ivanovich Morozov(1590 - November 1, 1661) - Russian boyar, one of the largest landowners of his time, tutor of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The eldest son of Ivan Vasilyevich Morozov and Agrafena Elizarovna Saburova.

Biography

In 1615, Morozov was taken "to live" in the palace. In 1634 he was elevated to the boyars and appointed "uncle" to Tsarevich Alexei Mikhailovich. He became even closer to the young tsar when he married the tsarina's sister, Anna Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Until the end of his life, Morozov remained the closest and most influential person at the royal court. Contemporaries characterized him as an intelligent and experienced person in public affairs, showing an interest in Western enlightenment. He probably managed to instill this interest in his pupil.

He owned 55,000 peasants and a number of iron, brick and salt industries.

A dark spot in Morozov's biography is the abuse that served as one of the causes of the Salt Riot of 1648. At this time, Morozov was the head of several important orders (the Big Treasury, Pharmacies and Taxes).

The patronage of unworthy relatives, the introduction of new taxes and farming out caused indignation against Morozov among the Muscovite people.

In an effort to increase the revenues of the treasury, Morozov cut the salaries of employees and introduced a high indirect tax on salt. These measures caused popular uprisings in May 1648. The rebels demanded the head of Morozov. His closest assistants (the roundabout P.T. Trakhaniotov and the clerk G. Larionov), as well as the judge of the Zemsky order L.S. Pleshcheev, were killed, he himself barely escaped in the royal palace.

The tsar was forced to remove his favorite, - Morozov was sent to the Kirillo-Belozersky monastery. This, however, did not change the attitude of Alexei Mikhailovich to Morozov.

Morozov returned to Moscow four months later.

Upon his return, Morozov did not occupy an official position in the internal administration, probably because the tsar wanted to fulfill his promise to the people.

At the same time, in 1649, Morozov took an active part in the preparation of the Cathedral Code, a code of laws that lasted until the 19th century.

Morozov was with the tsar all the time. When he set out on a campaign against Lithuania in 1654, the tsar granted Morozov the highest military rank - yard governor, head of the "sovereign's regiment".

When Morozov died in 1661, the tsar personally paid his last debt to the deceased in the church along with others. He was buried in the Miracle Monastery, the grave was lost.

Inheritance

Morozov had no heirs, and after his death, the entire fortune passed to his brother Gleb, who, however, also died soon after. The entire joint fortune went to the young son of Gleb, and in fact, it passed into the hands of his mother, the boyar Feodosia Morozova, known for her Old Believer activities.

Literature

• Acts of the economy of the boyar B. I. Morozov. In 2 vols. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1940-1945.
• Zharkov V.P. Boyarin Boris Ivanovich Morozov - statesman of Russia of the 17th century. - M., 2001.
• Petrikeev D. I. Large-scale serfdom of the 17th century. Based on materials from the patrimony of the boyar B. I. Morozov. - L., 1967.
• Smirnov P. P. The government of B. I. Morozov and the uprising in Moscow in 1648 - Tashkent, 1929.