Grade 10.
Test on the topic: "Biospheric standard of living"
1. The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them:
1) lithosphere 2) biosphere 3) hydrosphere
2 .The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
1) V.I. Vernadsky 2) Ch. Darwin 3) S.G. Navashin
3. Structural components of the biosphere are:
1) populations 2) biogeocenoses 3) classes and types of animals
4. The inert substance of the biosphere includes:
2) coal, oil, gas
3) sand, clay, basalt, granite
5. The bioinert substance of the biosphere includes:
1) the totality of all living organisms
2) coal, oil, gas
3) soil, silt
6. The biogenic substance of the biosphere includes:
1) the totality of all living organisms
2) coal, oil, gas
3) soil, silt
7. In the oceans, biomass decreases with depth, because there:
1) little oxygen 2) little light 3) no soil
8. The highest concentration of living matter is observed in:
1) upper atmosphere
2) in the depths of the oceans
3) at the junction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
9. The ability of organisms to absorb some gases and release others during photosynthesis and respiration is a function of living matter:
10. The ability of organisms to absorb and accumulate chemical elements in bodies is a function of living matter:
1) concentration 2) gas 3) biochemical
11. The "greenhouse effect" on Earth is observed due to:
1) dust content 2) oxygen accumulation 3) carbon dioxide accumulation
12. The ozone screen is located at a height:
1) 5-8 km. 2) 8-10 km. 3) 15-35 km.
13. The doctrine of the leading role of living matter in the existence of the biosphere was created by:
1) N.I. Vavilov 2) V.I. Vernadsky 3) I.P. Pavlov
14. Atmospheric oxygen is:
1) living substance 2) biogenic substance 3) inert substance
15. Thanks to the plants in the atmosphere appeared:
1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) carbon dioxide
16. The sustainability of the biosphere as a global ecosystem is determined:
1) the diversity of its species composition
2) competition between organisms
3) the uniformity of its species composition
17. Global changes in the biosphere associated with the death of organisms due to the appearance of a number of negative mutations in them can lead to:
1) greenhouse effect 2) melting glaciers 3) expansion of ozone holes
18. The upper limit of life passes in the atmosphere at a height:
1) 20 km. 2) 40 km 3) 100 km.
19. Biological cycle - continuous movement of substances between:
1) plants and animals
2) animals and microorganisms
3) soil, plants, animals and microorganisms
20. The role of plants in the circulation of substances is that they are:
1) consumers of organic substances
2) producers of organic substances
3) destroyers of organic substances
Answers to the test No. 1 on the topic: "Biosphere"
1 – 2 11 - 3
2 – 1 12 - 3
3 – 2 13 - 2
4 – 3 14 - 2
5 – 3 15 - 1
6 – 1 16 - 1
7 – 2 17 - 3
8 – 3 18 - 1
9 – 2 19 - 3
10 -1 20 – 2
Grade 10.
Test No. 2 on the topic: "Biogeocenotic standard of living"
1. Somoregulation in biogeocenosis is aimed at:
1) return to normal 2) decrease in species composition 3) increase in species composition
2. Organisms producers, consumers, decomposers - the main structural components:
1) species 2) biogeocenosis 3) biosphere
3. An example of a natural ecosystem is:
1) wheat field 2) greenhouse 3) oak forest
4. Organisms that decompose organic substances to mineral ones are:
1) producers 2) decomposers 3) consumers
5 .Tiered placement of above-ground parts of plants in the forest is an adaptation to the use of:
1) water 2) mineral salts 3) sunlight
6. The initial link in the food chains:
1) predators 2) plants 3) bacteria and fungi
7. Agrocenoses, unlike biogeocenoses:
1) created by man 2) more stable 3) exist without human intervention
8. In agrocenoses, unlike biogeocenoses:
1) no producers 2) food chains are short 3) no consumers
9. Consumers of organic matter in the ecosystem:
1) producers 2) decomposers 3) consumers
10. Consumers include:
1) plants 2) animals 3) mushrooms
11 .Identify the correct power circuit:
1) spruce seeds - hedgehog - mouse - fox
2) spruce seeds - mouse - hedgehog - fox
3) mouse - hedgehog - spruce seeds - fox
12. Biogeocenosis is a combination of:
1) living organisms and components of inanimate nature associated with metabolism and energy transformations
2) living organisms of the same species
3) living organisms of different types
13. Direct food links between organisms, in which some organisms eat other organisms:
14 .The type of interspecies relationship in which both organisms receive mutual benefit:
1) symbiosis 2) competition 3) predation
15. Competition is the relationship between:
1) predators and prey
3) organisms with similar needs
16. A community of living organisms that jointly inhabit a land area or reservoir:
1) Biogeocenosis 2) biotope 3) biocenosis
17. Russian scientist who proposed in 1924 the term biogeocenosis:
1) V.N. Sukachev 2) A.N. Severtsev 3) V.I. Vernadsky
18. Ecological Niche:
1) the territory occupied by the population
2) Community of living organisms
3) A complex of environmental factors necessary for organisms
19. The largest biomass in the biocenosis of the meadows are:
1) green plants 2) herbivores 3) decay bacteria
20.Referring to abiotic factors t:
1) locust invasion 2) heavy snowfall 3) fox hunting for mice
Answers to the test No. 2 on the topic: "Biogeocenotic standard of living"
1 – 1 11 - 2
2 – 2 12 - 1
3 – 3 13 - 3
4 – 2 14 - 1
5 – 3 15 - 3
6 – 2 16 - 3
7 – 1 17 - 1
8 – 2 18 - 3
9 – 3 19 - 1
10 – 2 20 – 2
Grade 10
Test No. 3 on the topic: "Population - species standard of living"
1. The leading role in evolution is played by:
1 ) mutational variability
2) group variability
3) non-hereditary variability
2. A large territorial grouping of individuals of the general population of the species:
1) ecological 2) geographical 3) elementary
3. Divergence of signs:
1) divergence 2) convergence 3) idioadaptation
4. Speciation that leads to the formation of new species based on biological isolation:
1) allopatric 2) sympatric 3) ecological niche
5. The basis of natural selection, according to Darwin, is:
1) variability 2) heredity 3) struggle for existence
6. Variability associated with a change in the genes of an individual:
1) hereditary 2) combinative 3) mutational
7. Variability associated with recombination of genes without changing them:
1) hereditary 2) combinative 3) mutational
8. The scientist who developed the doctrine of the stabilizing form of selection:
1) C. Darwin 2) A. Wallace 3)I.I. Schmalhausen
9. Form of selection that preserves certain sizes of ears in hares:
1) stabilizing 2) driving 3) tearing
10. Material for the natural selection of the fittest organisms supplies variability:
1) modification 2) mutation 3) all types
11. Green color in a grasshopper - an example:
1) masking 2) mimicry 3) warning coloration
12. Coloring ladybug - example:
1) 1) disguise 2) mimicry 3) warning coloration
13. Aromorphoses lead to:
14.Degeneration leads to:
1) biological progress 2) biological regression 3) both
15. Social factor of human evolution:
1) heredity 2) variability 3) labor activity
16. Biological factor of human evolution:
1) speech 2) consciousness 3) hereditary variability
17. Thanks to the social way of life of the ancestors of man:
1) the hand was freed 2) speech appeared 3) upright posture appeared
18. The most ancient people belong to the species:
1) a skilled person 2) an upright person 3) a reasonable person
19. A person of the modern type includes:
1) skillful man 2) upright man 3) reasonable man
20. What confirms the relationship between humans and mammals?
1) general plan of structure and reproduction
2) upright posture and arched foot
3) curves of the spine
Answers to the offset
Option 1.
1. The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms and transformed by them:
1) lithosphere 2) biosphere 3) hydrosphere
2
.The doctrine of the biosphere was created:
1) V.I. Vernadsky 2) Ch. Darwin 3) S.G. Navashin
3. Structural components of the biosphere are:
1) populations 2) biogeocenoses 3) classes and types of animals
4. The inert substance of the biosphere includes:
2) coal, oil, gas
3) sand, clay, basalt, granite
5. The bioinert substance of the biosphere includes:
1) the totality of all living organisms
2) oil, gas, air
3) soil, silt
6. The biogenic substance of the biosphere includes:
1) the totality of all living organisms
2) coal, oil, gas
3) soil, silt
7. In the oceans, biomass decreases with depth, because there:
1) little oxygen 2) little light 3) no soil
8. The highest concentration of living matter is observed in:
1) upper atmosphere
2) in the depths of the oceans
3) at the junction of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere
9. The ability of organisms to absorb some gases and release others during photosynthesis and respiration is a function of living matter:
10. The ability of organisms to absorb and accumulate chemical elements in bodies is a function of living matter:
1) concentration 2) gas 3) biochemical
2. Continue the sentence:
BUT. Autotrophs are organisms that __
B. Proponents of biogenesis believe that __
B. Eukaryotes are_G. Consumers are_
Option 2.
11. The "greenhouse effect" on Earth is observed due to:
1) dust content 2) oxygen accumulation 3) carbon dioxide accumulation
12. The ozone screen is located at a height:
1) 5-8 km. 2) 8-10 km. 3) 15-35 km.
13. The doctrine of the leading role of living matter in the existence of the biosphere was created by:
1) N.I. Vavilov 2) V.I. Vernadsky 3) I.P. Pavlov
14. Atmospheric oxygen is:
1) living substance 2) biogenic substance 3) inert substance
15. Thanks to the plants in the atmosphere appeared:
1) oxygen 2) nitrogen 3) carbon dioxide
16. The sustainability of the biosphere as a global ecosystem is determined:
1) the diversity of its species composition
2) competition between organisms
3) the uniformity of its species composition
17. Global changes in the biosphere associated with the death of organisms due to the appearance of a number of negative mutations in them can lead to:
1) greenhouse effect 2) melting glaciers 3) expansion of ozone holes
18. The upper limit of life passes in the atmosphere at a height:
1) 20 km. 2) 40 km 3) 100 km.
19. Biological cycle - continuous movement of substances between:
1) plants and animals
2) animals and microorganisms
3) soil, plants, animals and microorganisms
20. The role of plants in the circulation of substances is that they are:
1) consumers of organic substances
2) producers of organic substances
3) destroyers of organic substances
Continue the sentence:
BUT.Heterotrophs are organisms that _
B. Proponents of abiogenesis believe that __.
C. Prokaryotes are _ D. Decomposers are ___
Answers
1. In the nitrogen cycle in the biosphere, the role of nodule bacteria is
1. Assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen
2. Breakdown of protein compounds
3. Accumulation of essential amino acids
4. Formation of polysaccharides
Explanation: nodule bacteria that are in symbiosis with legumes are nitrogen fixers, that is, they absorb atmospheric nitrogen. The correct answer is 1.
2. The primary source of energy for the circulation of substances in the biosphere is
1. The activity of living organisms
2. Chemical energy
3. Thermal energy
4. Energy of the Sun
Explanation:The primary source of energy is solar energy. Here are two proofs:
1. The first organisms were phototrophs that converted the energy of the Sun into the energy of chemical bonds
2. The first link in any food chain is autotrophs (often phototrophs), which create organic substances from minerals using solar energy. The correct answer is 4.
3. To prevent imbalance in the biosphere, it is necessary
1. Increase the diversity of agro-ecosystems on Earth
2. Create new plant varieties and animal breeds
3. Maintain biodiversity in ecosystems
4. Increase the productivity of agricultural plants and animals
Explanation:The basis of the sustainability of any ecosystem is its diversity, which is why the most sustainable ecosystems are the tropics or mixed forest. The correct answer is 3.
4. Thanks to living matter in the biosphere, the circulation of substances
1. Open
2. Involves a lot of chemical elements
3. Increases the diversity of agrocenoses on Earth
4. Provides accumulation of inert gases in the atmosphere
Explanation:thanks to living organisms (and especially microorganisms), in nature there are cycles of many elements (and complex substances - carbon dioxide, water), such as: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and many others. others and even iron. The correct answer is 2.
5. The ozone layer is necessary for life on Earth, as it
1. Prevents Meteor Showers
2. Absorbs infrared radiation
3. Absorbs ultraviolet radiation
4. Slows down the evaporation of water from the atmosphere
Explanation:Ozone absorbs dangerous ultraviolet rays and protects all living organisms from dangerous ultraviolet radiation. The correct answer is 3.
6. The highest concentration of living matter is observed
1. In the upper atmosphere
2. In the depths of the oceans
3. In the upper layers of the lithosphere
4. On the borders of three habitats
Explanation:in the upper layers of the atmosphere, the lithosphere and in the depths of the oceans, there are very few living organisms, and at the border of the three environments, the highest concentration is observed. The correct answer is 4.
7. What is the function in the biosphere of the microorganisms involved in the formation of chalk, limestone?
1. Gas
2. Transport
3. concentration
4. Redox
Explanation:microorganisms that form calcium carbonate (chalk, limestone) perform a concentration function, since it was thanks to them that limestone deposits (rocks, mountain ranges, etc.) were formed. The correct answer is 3.
8. The cosmic role of plants in the biosphere is
1. Participation in the cycle of substances
2. Solar energy storage
3. The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
4. Absorption of water and minerals
Explanation:plants and space are connected by sunlight absorbed by plants and processed into the energy of chemical bonds (the basis of the photosynthesis process). The correct answer is 2.
9. The circulation of oxygen between various objects of animate and inanimate nature occurs in the process
1. Circulation of substances
2. Energy conversion
3. Changes of biocenoses
4. Self-regulation of ecosystems
Explanation:oxygen circulation occurs with the help of the global oxygen cycle. The correct answer is 1.
4. Homogeneous conditions of existence for organisms
Explanation:An open system is a system that exchanges energy with the environment. In the biosphere, phototrophs use the energy of the sun. The correct answer is 1.
11. What human activity refers to global anthropogenic changes in the biosphere?
1. Trampling plants in the forest
2. Massive deforestation
3. Breeding new plant varieties
4. Artificial breeding of fish
Explanation: breeding activity does not affect the biosphere (breeding of new varieties of plants, animal breeds, etc.), trampling of plants in the forest does not occur on a global scale. But mass deforestation greatly reduces the number of autotrophs, therefore, less oxygen will be produced and less carbon dioxide is fixed. The correct answer is 2.
12. The formation of deposits of coal in the bowels of the Earth is associated mainly with the development of ancient
1. Algae
2. Angiosperms
3. Bryophytes
4. Ferns
Explanation:deposits of coal were formed from the remains of the decomposition of various ancient plants, mainly ferns. The correct answer is 4.
13. "Blossoming" of fresh water is caused
1. The appearance of white water lily flowers and yellow capsules
2. Growth along the banks of reeds
3. Rapid reproduction of brown algae
4. The development of a large number of cyanobacteria
Explanation:as a rule, the flowering of the reservoir is caused by the active division of cyanobacteria. The correct answer is 4.
14. The most significant transformations in the biosphere are caused
2. weather conditions
4. Change of seasons
Explanation:the biosphere is a living shell, the largest transformations are caused by biotic factors, that is, the factors of living beings - the vital activity of organisms. The correct answer is 3.
15. The absence of what gas in the Earth's primary atmosphere limited the development of life?
1. Hydrogen
2. Oxygen
3. Nitrogen
4. Methane
Explanation:before the widespread occurrence of green plants in the Earth's primary atmosphere, there was not much oxygen, which severely limited the development of aerobic (oxygen-breathing) organisms. The correct answer is 2.
16. In accordance with the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky, bioinert bodies of nature include
1. soil
2. Minerals
3. Gases of the atmosphere
4. Animals
Explanation: according to the theory of V.I. Vernadsky bioinert bodies are bodies created simultaneously by living and inanimate bodies. For example, soil. It has both a living component (bacteria, fungi, protozoa) and an inanimate one (earth, sand, etc.). The correct answer is 1.
Tasks for independent solution
1. What method of combating mouse-like rodents in agriculture belongs to biological methods?
1. Use of pesticides
2. Filling holes with water
3. Attract birds of prey
4. Loosening the soil
The correct answer is 3.
2. In the biogeocenosis of the ocean, the highest productivity is
1. Organisms that form phytoplankton
2. Fish that eat zooplankton
3. Predatory fish
4. Zooplankton crustaceans
The correct answer is 1.
3. The circulation of substances and the transformation of energy in the ecosystem are carried out
1. As a result of seasonal changes in nature
2. In the presence of three functional groups of organisms
3. With the accumulation of humus in the soil
4. As a result of a change in biocenoses
The correct answer is 2.
4. The appearance of ozone holes leads to
1. Strengthening the greenhouse effect
2. Increasing air temperature
3. Reducing the transparency of the atmosphere
4. Increase UV radiation
The correct answer is 4.
5. All biogeocenoses in the biosphere are interconnected due to
1. Circulation of substances
2. The presence of consumers in them
3. Activities of producers
4. The action of the anthropogenic factor
The correct answer is 1.
6. The role of plants in the biosphere is
1. Release energy
2. Absorption and use of solar energy
3. Destruction of primary products
4. The transformation of organic substances into inorganic
The correct answer is 2.
7. The role of plants in the cycle is in the formation of organic substances from inorganic substances using light energy.
1. Nitrogen
2. Phosphorus
3. Magnesium
4. Carbon
The correct answer is 4.
8. Reserves are
1. Ecosystems withdrawn from economic activity
2. Territories used in breeding
3. Territories reserved for people's recreation
4. Landscapes temporarily withdrawn from economic use
The correct answer is 1.
9. Strengthening the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere contributes to
1. Increasing radiation levels
2. Increase in carbon dioxide content
3. Drainage of swamps
4. Land desertification
The correct answer is 2.
10. The biosphere is an open system, since in it
1. Solar energy is used
2. Organisms are united by biotic bonds
3. Biogeocenoses are interconnected
4. Participate in the cycle of matter
The correct answer is 1.
11. The most significant and permanent transformations in the biosphere cause
1. Climatic conditions
2. Natural disasters
3. Seasonal changes in nature
4. Living organisms
The correct answer is 4.
12. Accumulation of iodine in the cells of kelp algae - an example of the function of living matter
1. Gas
2. Biochemical
3. Redox
4. concentration
The correct answer is 4.
13. The most significant transformations in the biosphere are caused
1. Sea tides
2. weather conditions
3. Life activity of organisms
4. Change of seasons
The correct answer is 3.
14. In reserves, people limit the growth of predator populations, since their increase can lead to
1. Reducing the number of herbivorous animals
2. Reducing the number of plants
3. An increase in the number of herbivorous animals
The correct answer is 1.
15. The appearance of numerous negative mutations in organisms is caused by
1. Greenhouse effect
2. Melting glaciers
3. Deforestation
4. Expansion of ozone holes
The correct answer is 4.
16. The continuous flow of chemical elements from inanimate nature to living nature and vice versa, carried out as a result of the vital activity of organisms, is called
1. Power circuits
2. Nutritional ties
3. Biogenic migration of atoms
4. The rule of the ecological pyramid
The correct answer is 3.
17. Botanical gardens contribute to the conservation of the biological diversity of the biosphere, as they work to
1. Reproduction and resettlement of rare plants
2. Creation of new varieties of agricultural plants
3. Creation of artificial biocenoses
4. Changing the conditions for the existence of rare species
The correct answer is 1.
18. Nodule bacteria on the roots of leguminous plants have the ability to absorb atmospheric molecular nitrogen, performing the function
1. Gas
2. concentration
3. Redox
4. Biogeochemical
The correct answer is 1.
19. In accordance with the ideas of V.I. Vernadsky, bioinert bodies of nature include
1. soil
2. Minerals
3. Gases of the atmosphere
4. Animals
The correct answer is 1.
20. Factors that have played a leading role in the reduction of fish stocks in the world's oceans
1. Anthropogenic
2. Abiotic
3. Biotic
4. Climate
The correct answer is 1.
21. The circulation of nitrogen between non-living bodies and living organisms in the community is called
1. The rule of the ecological pyramid
2. Circulation of substances
3. Self-regulation
4. Metabolism and energy
The correct answer is 2.
22. The reason for the reduction in the species diversity of plants in the modern era is
1. Their short lifespan
2. Seasonal changes in plant life
3. Their death from pests
4. Human modification of their habitat
The correct answer is 4.
23. Acceleration of the biogenic migration of atoms in the biosphere contributes
1. Expansion of human economic activity
2. Development of plant and animal breeding
3. Use of various methods of genetics
4. Application of artificial selection
The correct answer is 1.
24. The accumulation of silicon in horsetail cells is attributed to the function
1. Redox
2. Biochemical
3. concentration
4. Gas
The correct answer is 3.
25. An indicator of the biodiversity of an ecosystem is
1. A small number of species with a high abundance
2. A large number of plant and animal species
3. Small number of dominant species
4. Large number of dominant species
The correct answer is 2.
26. The release of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere leads to
1. Depletion of the ozone layer
2. Acid rain
3. Salinization of the oceans
4. Increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide
The correct answer is 2.
27. Deep changes in the ecosystem of the steppe leads
1. Death of above-ground parts of plants in summer
2. Change in the activity of animals during the day
3. Plowing up the steppes
4. Rapid development of vegetation in winter
The correct answer is 3.
28. Plant biomass in the ocean decreases with depth due to
1. Lowering the water temperature
2. Light reduction
3. Increasing water salinity
4. Nutrient Reductions in Water
The correct answer is 2.
29. The biosphere is
1. A complex of species living in a certain area
2. The shell of the Earth inhabited by living organisms
3. Hydrosphere inhabited by living organisms
4. The totality of terrestrial biogeocenoses
The correct answer is 2.
30. The greatest role in increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is played by
1. Plant respiration
2. Vital activity of microorganisms
3. The work of industrial enterprises
4. Animal breath
The correct answer is 3.
31. Indicate the environmental problem that is considered global for modern mankind.
1. Construction of hydroelectric power plants
2. Continuous growth of the population of the Earth
3. Acclimatization of plants and animals
4. Drying up of shallow water
The correct answer is 2.
32. How is biological wastewater treatment carried out?
1. Breakdown of organic substances by microorganisms
2. Deposition of organic matter on the bottom of reservoirs
3. Use of chemicals
4. Prolonged settling
The correct answer is 1.
33. The upper boundary of the biosphere is located in the atmosphere at the height of the ozone layer, since life is limited above
1. Low air humidity
2. High temperature
3. Ultraviolet radiation
4. Low pressure
The correct answer is 3.
34. The emergence of photosynthesis on Earth contributed to
1. Enrichment of the atmosphere with oxygen
2. The emergence of angiosperms
3. Accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
4. The appearance of the sexual process
The correct answer is 1.
35. The basis for the stable existence of the biosphere provides
1. Biological cycle of substances
2. Heredity of organisms
3. Change in the gas composition of the atmosphere
4. Creation by man of treatment facilities
The correct answer is 1.
36. The total amount of matter of the entire population of organisms in the biocenosis and biosphere is
1. Ecological pyramid
2. Ecological niche
3. Primary biological production
4. Biomass of living matter
The correct answer is 4.
37. The basis for the stable existence of the biosphere provides
1. Change in the gas composition of the atmosphere
2. Human creation of treatment facilities
3. Increase in the area of agrocenoses
4. Biological circulation of substances
The correct answer is 4.
38. Organisms play a leading role in the transformation of substances on Earth, as they provide
1. The cycle of substances in nature
2. The process of self-regulation
3. Accumulation of chemical elements
4. Transfer of hereditary information
The correct answer is 1.
39. What impact did the intensive hunting of ancient people have on the biodiversity of the planet?
1. Natural landscapes have been eroded
2. The number of predators has increased
3. Expanded range of herbivorous animals
4. Reduced species diversity and abundance of ungulates
The correct answer is 4.
40. The accumulation of sulfur oxides in the atmosphere leads to
1. Expansion of ozone holes
2. Greenhouse effect
3. Increasing the ionization of the atmosphere
4. Acid rain
The correct answer is 4.
Biosphere- this is a special shell of the Earth, containing the totality of organisms and that part of the planet that is in continuous exchange with these organisms.
The biosphere is a global ecosystem. As noted earlier, the biosphere is divided into geobiosphere, hydrobiosphere and aerobiosphere. The geobiosphere has divisions in accordance with the main environmental factors: terrabiosphere and lithobiosphere - within the geobiosphere, marinobiosphere (oceanobiosphere) and aquabiosphere - as part of the hydrobiosphere. These formations are called sub-spheres.
Structure of the biosphere:
The area in which living organisms regularly meet is called the eubiosphere (actually the biosphere). The total thickness of the eubiosphere is ≈ 12-17 km.
Aerobiosphere- includes the lower part of the atmosphere. The aerobiosphere includes:
a) tropobiosphere - up to a height of 6...7 km;
b) altobiosphere - to the lower boundary ozone shield(20...25 km).
The ozone layer is a layer of the atmosphere with a high content of ozone. The ozone screen absorbs the harsh ultraviolet radiation of the Sun, which has a detrimental effect on all living organisms. In recent decades, "ozone holes" have been observed in the polar regions - areas with a low ozone content.
hydrobiosphere- includes the entire hydrosphere. The lower boundary of the hydrobiosphere is ≈ 6...7 km, in some cases - up to 11 km. The hydrobiosphere includes:
a) aquabiosphere - rivers, lakes and other fresh waters;
b) marinobiosphere - seas and oceans.
In the hydrobiosphere, there are also layers associated with the intensity of light. Three layers are distinguished: the photosphere is relatively brightly lit, the disphotosphere is always very twilight (up to 1% of solar insolation), the aphotosphere is absolute darkness, where photosynthesis is impossible.
Terrabiosphere- land surface. The terrabiosphere includes:
a) phytosphere - the habitat of terrestrial plants;
b) pedosphere - a thin layer of soil.
Lithobiosphere. The lower boundary of the lithobiosphere is ≈ 2...3 km (rarely up to 5...6 km) on land and ≈ 1...2 km below the ocean floor. Living organisms in the composition of the lithobiosphere are rare, however, sedimentary rocks in the composition of the biosphere arose under the influence of the vital activity of organisms.
The biosphere, covering the entire globe, has certain boundaries. They are determined by the distribution of living matter. In Antarctica, at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level, lichens are found, in the Dead Sea, where the salt concentration reaches 270-300 g / l, there are living organisms in the form of bacteria. In the equatorial, tropical and temperate latitudes, life is ubiquitous, because there are the most favorable conditions. We can assume that life exists throughout the globe, although the concentration and diversity of living matter in different territories is not the same.
The upper limit of the spread of life is determined mainly not by low temperature, but by the destructive effect of cosmic radiation, primarily UV radiation. Plant pollen, spores of fungi, mosses, ferns and lichens and microorganisms are constantly present in the air, but their number decreases with height. Hard ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 200-320 nm, absorbed by the ozone screen, kills all life.
The lower limit is determined by the depth of distribution of microorganisms in the earth's crust. Many scientists believe that it is determined by the 100 °C isotherm. Academician I. A. Shilov writes: “The burrows and passages of rodents, some insects and worms penetrate the soil to a depth usually no more than 5-7 m. This practically limits the spread of life in the Earth’s stone shell - the lithosphere.” The upper boundary of the biosphere is limited by such a factor as UV radiation.
Thus, the biosphere extends into hydrosphere, upper layers lithosphere and lower layers atmosphere. The shell of the planet at the boundary of the tropo-, hydro- and lithospheres is called biogeosphere . It contains the highest concentration of living matter. Here the most favorable living conditions - temperature, humidity, oxygen content and chemical elements necessary for the nutrition of organisms, are optimal. In the rest of the biosphere, living matter is in a rarefied state.
Hydrosphere - this is the water shell of the Earth, the totality of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. Often, the hydrosphere includes atmospheric water and water contained in living organisms. In our opinion, the inclusion of atmospheric water in the hydrosphere does not contradict the definition of the biosphere, since living organisms can exist in it. Water in living organisms is an integral part of the organisms themselves, and not the area of their existence, therefore there are no sufficient grounds to include it in the hydrosphere. It should also be noted that there is no clear boundary between the hydrosphere, lithosphere and troposphere, since in the waters of rivers, for example, there are always suspended solid particles and air bubbles in which microorganisms live.
The main volume of water, which is 1.4610 9 km 3 , is concentrated in the World Ocean. This is 94% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. The World Ocean occupies most of the Earth's surface - 70.8%. The remaining 6% of the volume of the hydrosphere is distributed as follows: groundwater - about 4%, ice and snow cover - about 1.6%, the rest - the waters of lakes, rivers, reservoirs, swamps, soils and water vapor in the atmosphere.
The water of the World Ocean is a solution of salts with an average concentration of 35 g/l. Basically it is sodium chloride (77.7%). The surface waters of land (lakes, rivers, etc.) are rather heterogeneous in their chemical composition. At the same time, the vast majority of these waters are fresh with a salt concentration of up to 0.5 g/l. It is obvious that fresh water as a habitat for living organisms differs significantly from sea water, so plants and animals that can live in both fresh and sea water are extremely rare.
In the hydrosphere they secrete euphotic and aphotic zones. Euphotic zone- the production zone, as it receives enough solar energy for photosynthesis. The depth (about 200 m) in which the illumination is 1% of the illumination on the surface is taken as the lower boundary of this zone. Below 200 m is located aphotic zone,in which sunlight practically does not penetrate, and photosynthesis does not occur there.
Tolithosphererefer to the outer solid layer of the Earth, including the earth's crust and the upper part of the earth's mantle. The thickness of the lithospheric layer varies from several kilometers under the rift valleys of the mid-ocean ridges to 100 km under the periphery of the oceans. On land, it reaches 300-350 km. In the lithosphere, with a change in depth, there is a change in temperature. In this case, three temperature zones are distinguished: variable temperatures, constant temperatures and increasing temperatures.
In the zone of variable temperatures, the range of fluctuations largely depends on the climate of the area. Daily fluctuations are practically not recorded already at a depth of 1.5 m, and annual fluctuations - at depths of 20-30 m. Approximately at a depth of 30-40 m there is a zone of constant temperature. In this zone, the temperature corresponds to the average annual temperature of the area. Below is a zone of increasing temperatures.
The lower boundary of the biosphere descends 2–3 km from the surface on land and 1–2 km below the ocean floor. The lower limit of the spread of life is associated with an increase in temperature in the bowels of the earth. The limiting temperature for the existence of most living organisms is about 80–100 ◦ C; temperatures above this interval are more likely to be survival limits (extreme conditions) than normal life activity.
Lithospheric organisms are concentrated mainly in the soil layer, the depth of which is several meters. The chemical composition of soils is mainly inherited from the parent rocks, so different land areas are characterized by the predominance of some elements and the lack of others.
The soil is a component of the biosphere and performs a number of important functions in it. The first and most important function is to ensure the existence of life on Earth, since all living organisms (some directly and others indirectly) receive mineral nutrients and water through the soil to create their biomass. Thus, soils provide the plant community with nutrients necessary for life (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, water, etc.), and the organic matter created by plants serves as food for other organisms. Cultivated soils provide 95-97% of food resources for the world's population. The second function is to ensure the constant interaction of large geological and small biological cycles of substances, and the soil here acts as an important link, since the cycles of biogenic elements (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, etc.) close on the soil. Other global soil functions include regulation of the chemical composition of the atmosphere and hydrosphere; regulation of biospheric processes of distribution of living organisms on land; accumulation of active organic matter and associated chemical energy on the earth's surface.
Atmosphere- this is the air shell of our planet, the gaseous habitat of living matter. Atmospheric air is a source of respiration for almost all living organisms, a raw material for the processes of combustion, decomposition and synthesis of chemical compounds. Gaseous wastes of vital activity of organisms and anthropogenic devices and systems (factories, vehicles, etc.) are thrown here. The atmosphere protects living organisms from the harmful effects of solar short-wave ultraviolet radiation and other hard cosmic radiation. Biogenic and abiogenic cycles of substances pass through the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, in addition to gases, there are particles of dust and water that are in suspension.
Through the atmosphere, the Earth exchanges matter and energy with the Cosmos. Cosmic dust and meteorites fall on the Earth, gases such as helium and hydrogen go into space. The atmosphere is permeated through with powerful solar radiation, while the most dangerous part of the solar radiation spectrum for living organisms (hard X-ray and ultraviolet) is absorbed by the ozone layer located in the stratosphere at an altitude of 22-24 km. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, ozone and other gases of the atmosphere delay the infrared radiation of the Earth, increasing the warming effect of the Earth's air cover and protecting the biosphere from the cold of outer space, that is, the atmosphere ensures the thermal balance of the biosphere. Without an atmosphere, life on Earth would be impossible. Thus, the atmosphere performs an ecological protective function, protecting the biosphere from harsh solar radiation and the absolute cold of the Cosmos, creating conditions suitable for life.
Troposphere called a layer of the atmosphere with a height of about 8-18 km, in which more than 80% of the total air mass is concentrated and basically all weather phenomena occur. The height of the troposphere depends on the intensity of ascending and descending air flows. The intensity is determined by the heating of the earth's surface, therefore, at the equator, the troposphere extends to a height of 16-18 km, in temperate latitudes - up to 10-12 km, and at the poles - up to 8 km.
Since the 1920s, Vernadsky has been writing about the impact on the development of earthly processes, not just wildlife, but purposeful human activity. Ever since the 19th century, technological progress has made it possible to transform the Earth. And not always to her advantage. Man's activity, imperceptibly for himself, gradually turned into a powerful geological force. And Vernadsky introduces the concept noosphere.
IN AND. Vernadsky used the concept of "noosphere" in different senses:
as the state of the planet when man becomes a transforming geological force;
as an area of active manifestation of scientific thought;
as the main factor in the qualitative restructuring of the biosphere.
Noosphere(from the Greek noos - mind) is the modern biosphere, of which humanity is a part. “Humanity, taken as a whole,” wrote Vernadsky, “becomes a powerful geological force. And before him, before his thought and work, the question of restructuring the biosphere in the interests of free-thinking humanity as a whole becomes. This is a new state of the biosphere, to which we, without noticing This, we are approaching, is the noosphere. A person can and must rebuild the area of his life with his work and thought, rebuild in a radical way in comparison with what was before. "
in the upper atmosphere
in the depths of the oceans
in the upper layers of the lithosphere
on the borders of three habitats
37. Are the following judgments about the evidence for evolution correct?
A. In humans, at a certain stage of development, the tail section and gill slits are formed, which serve as paleontological evidence of evolution.
B. Findings in Central Africa of primitive tools and human skeletal remains provide paleontological evidence for evolution.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
38. What processes occur in the prophase of the first division of meiosis?
1) the formation of two nuclei
2) divergence of homologous chromosomes
3) formation of a metaphase plate
4) convergence of homologous chromosomes
5) exchange of sections of homologous chromosomes
6) spiralization of chromosomes
In insects with incomplete metamorphosis
1) three stages of development
2) external fertilization
3) the larva looks like an annelids
4) the larva is similar in external structure to the adult insect
5) the larval stage is followed by the pupal stage
6) the larva turns into an adult insect
40. What examples illustrate the achievement of biological progress in plants by aromorphoses?
1) the presence of double fertilization in flowering plants
2) the formation of roots in ferns
3) reduction of evaporation by the formation of a wax coating on the leaves
4) increased pubescence of leaves in angiosperms
5) protection of seeds in fruits in angiosperms
6) reduction of the growing season in plants growing in a harsh climate
41. Establish a correspondence between the sign of plants and the department to which they belong. Write your answer as a sequence of numbers.
SIGN OF PLANTS
A) can't stand drought conditions
B) life form - trees and shrubs
B) the egg matures in the ovule
D) form small dry pollen
D) there is a sprout in the development cycle
THE DEPARTMENT
Establish a correspondence between the function of the human nervous system and the department that performs this function. Write your answer as a sequence of numbers.
FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A) directs impulses to skeletal muscles
B) innervates the smooth muscles of organs
B) provides movement of the body in space
D) regulates the work of the heart
D) regulates the functioning of the digestive glands
DEPARTMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1) somatic
2) vegetative
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the exchange and its type. Write your answer as a sequence of numbers.
CHARACTERISTIC
A) oxidation of organic substances
B) the formation of polymers from monomers
B) breakdown of ATP
D) storage of energy in the cell
D) DNA replication
E) oxidative phosphorylation
TYPE OF EXCHANGE
1) plastic
2) energy
Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the functional group to which they belong. Write your answer as a sequence of numbers.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANISMS
A) they are the first link in the food chain
B) synthesize organic substances from inorganic
B) use the energy of sunlight
D) feed on ready-made organic substances
D) return minerals to ecosystems
E) break down organic matter into minerals
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
1) producers
2) decomposers
Indicate the sequence of processes of geographic speciation.
1) the distribution of the trait in the population
2) the appearance of mutations in new living conditions
3) spatial isolation of populations
4) selection of individuals with beneficial changes
5) the formation of a new species
Part 3
1) What is the role of bacteria in the cycle of substances?
2) Using the picture, determine what form of selection it illustrates and under what conditions of life this selection will manifest itself. Will the size of the ears of hares change during evolution under the action of this form of natural selection? Justify the answer.
3) What is the neurohumoral regulation of the work of the heart in the human body, what is its significance in the life of the body?
4) Why is a mixed forest ecosystem considered more sustainable than a spruce forest ecosystem?
5) What chromosome set is characteristic for the cells of the embryo and endosperm of the seed, leaves of a flowering plant. Explain the result in each case.
6) When a pea plant with smooth seeds and tendrils was crossed with a plant with wrinkled seeds without tendrils, the entire generation was uniform and had smooth seeds and tendrils. When crossing another pair of plants with the same phenotypes (peas with smooth seeds and antennae and peas with wrinkled seeds without antennae), the offspring produced half of the plants with smooth seeds and antennae and half of the plants with wrinkled seeds without antennae. Make a diagram of each cross. Determine the genotypes of parents and offspring. Explain your results. How are dominant traits determined in this case?
