In many works of fiction, pictures of nature play a large role. Writers include descriptions of the landscape in the narrative for different purposes.
In N. Karamzin's story "Poor Liza" picturesque pictures of nature are not random episodes, not a beautiful background for the main action. First of all, the description of the landscape serves to express the author's position.
At the beginning of the story, Karamzin, creating the image of the city, uses the opposition: “a terrible mass of houses and churches”, but “a majestic amphitheater”, “a magnificent picture”. And immediately there is a description of flowering meadows, yellow sands, a bright river, an oak grove. The author is closer to the beautiful and natural in nature, the city is unpleasant to him, despite all its splendor. Thus, here the description of nature serves to express the position of the writer.
Also, the description of the landscape is one of the main means of revealing the emotional experiences of the hero.
Karamzin emphasizes the closeness of his heroine to nature, Lisa is the embodiment of everything natural and beautiful in her. She grew up among meadows and fields, love for the world around her lives in her. Her feelings and experiences resonate in nature, which helps the reader to better understand the state of the heroine of the story.
After meeting with Erast, even before sunrise, she came to the river bank. “The rising luminary of the day awakened all creation”: the birds sang, the mists left, the life-giving rays warmed the earth. “But Liza was still sitting in grief,” because her thoughts were busy: she thought that her beloved was rich, and she was from a poor family.
The heroine is sad, because a new, hitherto unknown feeling is born in her soul, but it is beautiful and natural, like the landscape around. When an explanation takes place between Lisa and Erast, the girl's experiences dissolve in the surrounding nature, they are just as beautiful and pure. And after the parting of the lovers, the girl feels like a sinner, a criminal, and the same changes take place in nature as in Liza's soul. “The light seemed to her dull and sad,” “the turtledove combined its plaintive voice with her moaning.” Here, the picture of nature reveals not only Lisa's state of mind, but also portends the tragic ending of this story.
The landscape in the story "Poor Liza" not only helps to penetrate deeply into the souls of the characters and their experiences, but also contributes to a better understanding of the author's ideological intent. The world of nature, to which the heroine of the story is close, is opposed to the world of people like Erast. The author and readers along with him are on the side of a poor girl who knows how to deeply feel and love.
In L. N. Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace", a description of the landscape is given in relief, accurately, colorfully. Depicting him, Tolstoy convinces the reader of the inseparable unity of man and nature. It is for the writer - a great and powerful source of vitality.
The landscape gives the author the opportunity to more fully convey the experiences of the characters, their mood. Against the backdrop of a spring moonlit night, Natasha's poetry, her love and closeness to nature are revealed. Let us also recall the pages of the novel dedicated to Andrei Bolkonsky. After a serious injury, the death of his wife, he is going through a severe mental crisis. Refused from social activities, is engaged only in his estate and expects nothing more from life. On the way to Otradnoye he sees an old huge oak tree with gnarled branches. Everything around comes to life in spring, and only this oak tree does not give in to spring awakening. Prince Andrei compares himself with this tree, thinks that everything in his life has already passed. After meeting with Natasha in Otradnoye, returning home, he saw that the old oak had been transformed, covered with a tent of dark greenery, came to life and still enjoys life. And in Bolkonsky there was a change. A feeling of joy and renewal flooded over him, he again wants to live, love, find application for his mind and knowledge.
Thus, pictures of nature in a work of art help the reader to penetrate deeply into the souls of the characters and their experiences, understand the author's position, better understand the ideological intent of the writer, and instill in the reader love for their native land.
Man and nature in domestic and foreign literature
Russian literature, be it classical or modern, has always been sensitive to all the changes taking place in nature and the world around us. Poisoned air, rivers, earth - everything is crying for help, for protection. Our difficult and contradictory time has given rise to a huge number of problems: economic, moral and others. However, according to many, among them the most important place is occupied by the environmental problem. Our future and the future of our children depends on its decision. The catastrophe of the century can be called the current ecological state of the environment. Who is guilty? A man who forgot about his roots, who forgot where he came from, a man-predator who sometimes became more terrible than a beast. A number of works by such famous writers as Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev are devoted to this problem.
The name of Rasputin is one of the brightest, most memorable among the writers of the 20th century. My appeal to the work of this writer is not accidental. It is the works of Valentin Rasputin that leave no one indifferent, indifferent. He was one of the first to raise the problem of the relationship between man and nature. This problem is of vital importance, since life on the planet, the health and well-being of all mankind is connected with ecology.
In the story "Farewell to Matyora" the writer reflects on many things. The subject of the description is the island on which the village is located - Matera. Matera is a real island with an old woman Daria, with grandfather Yegor, with Bogodul, but at the same time it is an image of a centuries-old way of life that is now gone - forever? And the name emphasizes the maternal principle, that is, man and nature are closely connected. The island must go under water, because a dam is being built here. That is, on the one hand, this is correct, because the population of the country must be provided with electricity. On the other hand, this is a gross interference of people in the natural course of events, that is, in the life of nature.
Something terrible happened to all of us, Rasputin believes, and this is not a special case, this is not just the history of the village, something very important in the soul of a person is being destroyed, and for the writer it becomes completely clear that if today you can hit the cross with an ax in the cemetery, then tomorrow it will be possible to kick the old man in the face.
The death of Matera is not just the destruction of the old way of life, but the collapse of the whole world order. The symbol of Matera becomes the image of an eternal tree - larch, that is, the king - a tree. And there is a belief that the island is attached to the river bottom, to the common land, with royal foliage, and as long as it stands, Matyora will also stand.
The work of Chingiz Aitmatov "Slaf" cannot leave the reader indifferent. The author allowed himself to speak on the most painful, topical issues of our time. This is a screaming novel, a novel written in blood, a desperate appeal addressed to everyone and everyone. In "The Scaffold" the she-wolf and the child die together, and
their blood mixes, proving the unity of all living things, despite all the existing disproportions. A man armed with technology often does not think about what consequences his affairs will have for society and future generations. The destruction of nature is inevitably combined with the destruction of everything human in people.
Literature teaches that cruelty to animals and to nature turns into a serious danger for the person himself for his physical and moral health.
Thus, the relationship between man and nature on the pages of books is diverse. Reading about others, we involuntarily try on characters and situations for ourselves. And, perhaps, we also think: how do we ourselves relate to nature? Shouldn't something be changed in this regard? (505 words)
Human and nature
How many beautiful poems, paintings, songs have been created about nature... The beauty of nature around us has always inspired poets, writers, composers, artists, and they all depicted its splendor and mystery in their own way.
Indeed, since ancient times, man and nature have been a single whole, they are very closely interconnected. But, unfortunately, man considers himself superior to all other living beings and proclaims himself the king of nature. He forgot that he himself is a part of wildlife, and continues to behave aggressively towards her. Every year, forests are cut down, tons of waste are dumped into the water, the air is poisoned by the exhaust of millions of cars ... We forget that the reserves in the bowels of the planet will someday run out, and we continue to rapaciously extract minerals.
Nature is a huge treasure trove of wealth, but a person only treats it as a consumer. About this story in the stories of V.P. Astafiev "Tsar-fish". The main theme is the interaction between man and nature. The writer tells how they exterminate white and red fish on the Yenisei, destroy the beast and bird. The dramatic story that once happened on the river with the poacher Zinovy Utrobin becomes the climax. Checking the traps, where the huge sturgeon got into, he fell out of the boat and got tangled in his own nets. In this extreme situation, on the verge of life and death, he recalls his earthly sins, recalls how he once offended his fellow villager Glashka, sincerely repents of his deed, begs for mercy, mentally addressing both Glashka and the king fish, and to the whole wide world. And all this gives him "some kind of liberation not yet comprehended by the mind." Ignatich manages to escape. Nature itself taught him a lesson here. Thus, V. Astafiev returns our consciousness to Goethe's thesis: "Nature is always right."
Ch.T. Aitmatov also tells about the ecological catastrophe that awaits a person in the warning novel “The Block”. This novel is a cry, despair, a call to change your mind, to realize your responsibility for everything that has become so aggravated and thickened in the world. Through the environmental problems raised in the novel, the writer seeks to reach, first of all, the state of the human soul as a problem. The novel begins with the theme of a wolf family, which then develops into the theme of the death of the Mogonkums through the fault of a man: a man breaks into the savannah like a criminal, like a predator. It destroys senselessly and rudely all life that is in the savannah. And this fight ends tragically.
Thus, man is an integral part of nature, and we all need to understand that only with a caring and careful attitude towards nature, towards the environment, a beautiful future can await us. (355 words)
Direction:
What does nature teach man?
(According to the work of V. Astafiev)
So that one day in that house
Before the big road
Say: - I was a leaf in the forest!
N. Rubtsov
In the 70s and 80s of our century, the lyre of poets and prose writers sounded powerfully in defense of the surrounding nature. Writers went to the microphone, wrote articles in newspapers, postponing work on works of art. They defended our lakes and rivers, forests and fields. It was a reaction to the rapid urbanization of our lives. Villages were ruined - cities grew. As always in our country, all this was done on a grand scale, and chips flew with might and main. The gloomy results of the harm done to our nature by those hotheads have now been summed up.
Writers - fighters for the environment were all born near nature, they know and love it. This is the well-known prose writer Viktor Astafiev in our country and abroad. I want to reveal this topic on the example of V. Astafiev's story "Tsar-fish".
The author calls the hero of V. Astafyev's story "Tsar-fish" the "master". Indeed, Ignatich knows how to do everything better and faster than anyone. He is distinguished by frugality and accuracy. The relationship between the brothers was complicated. The commander not only did not hide his dislike for his brother, but even showed it at the first opportunity. Ignatich tried not to pay attention to it. Actually, he treated all the inhabitants of the village with some superiority and even condescension. Of course, the protagonist of the story is far from ideal: he is dominated by greed and a consumerist attitude towards nature. The author brings the main character one on one with nature. For all his sins before her, nature presents Ignatich with a severe test. It happened like this: Ignatich goes fishing on the Yenisei and, not content with small fish, is waiting for the sturgeon. At this moment, Ignatich saw a fish at the very side of the boat. The fish immediately seemed ominous to Ignatich. His soul, as it were, split in two: one half prompted to release the fish and thereby save himself, but the other did not want to miss such a sturgeon in any way, because the king-fish comes across only once in a lifetime. The passion of the fisherman takes precedence over prudence. Ignatich decides to catch the sturgeon at all costs. But through negligence, he finds himself in the water, on the hook of his own tackle. Ignatich feels that he is drowning, that the fish is pulling himto the bottom, but he can do nothing to save himself. In the face of death, the fish becomes for him a kind of creature. The hero, who never believes in God, at this moment turns to him for help. Ignatich recalls what he tried to forget throughout his life: a disgraced girl, whom he doomed to eternal suffering. It turned out that nature, also in a sense a “woman”, took revenge on him for the harm done. Nature took revenge on man cruelly. Ignatich asks for forgiveness for the harm done to the girl. And when the fish releases Ignatich, he feels that his soul is freed from the sin that has weighed on him throughout his life. It turned out that nature fulfilled the divine task: it called the sinner to repentance and for this she absolved him of sin. The author leaves hope for a life without sin not only to his hero, but to all of us, because no one on earth is immune from conflicts with nature, and therefore with his own soul.
Thus, I want to conclude:indeed, man himself is a part of nature. Nature is the world around us, where everything is interconnected, where everything is important. And a person must live in harmony with the surrounding world. Nature is powerful and defenseless, mysterious and sensitive. You have to live in peace with her and learn to respect her. (517 words)
Man and nature in domestic and world literature
A person comes into this world not to say what he is, but to make it better.
Since ancient times, man and nature have been closely interconnected. There was a time when our distant ancestors not only respected nature, but personified and even deified it. So, fire, and water, and earth, and trees, and air, and thunder and lightning were considered deities. To propitiate them, people performed ritual sacrifices.
The theme of man, as well as the theme of nature, is quite common both in domestic and world literature. K.G. Paustovsky and M.M. Prishvin showed the unity of man and nature as a harmonious coexistence.
Why is this theme so often used in the stories of these particular writers? One reason is that they are the mediators of realism in literature. This topic was considered by many writers, including foreign ones, from various angles, both with sarcasm and with deep regret.
The great Russian writer A.P. Chekhov repeatedly presented the motives of man and nature in his stories. One of the leading themes of his works is the mutual influence of man and nature. It is observed especially in such a work as "Ionych". But this topic was also considered by such writers as Gogol, Lermontov, Dostoevsky.
In the work of B. Vasilyev “Do not shoot at white swans”, the main character Yegor Polushkin loves nature infinitely, always works in good conscience, lives quietly, but always turns out to be guilty. The reason for this is that Yegor could not disturb the harmony of nature, he was afraid to invade the living world. But people did not understand him, they considered him not adapted to life. He said that man is no king of nature, but her eldest son. In the end, he dies at the hands of those who do not understand the beauty of nature, who are used only to conquer it. But the son will grow up. Who can replace her father, who will respect and protect her native land. This topic was also considered by foreign writers.
The wild nature of the North comes to life under the pen of the American fiction writer D. London. Often the heroes of the works are representatives of the animal world (“White Fang” by D. London or stories by E. Seton-Thompson). And even the narration itself is conducted as if from their face, the world is seen through their eyes, from the inside.
The Polish science fiction writer S. Lem in his "Star Diaries" described the story of space vagrants who ruined their planet, dug up all the bowels with mines, sold minerals to the inhabitants of other galaxies. The retribution for such blindness was terrible, but fair. That fateful day came when they found themselves on the edge of a bottomless pit, and the earth began to crumble under their feet. This story is a formidable warning to all mankind, which predatory plunders nature.
Thus, the relationship between man and nature on the pages of books is diverse. Reading about others, we involuntarily try on characters and situations for ourselves. And, perhaps, we also think: how do we ourselves relate to nature? Shouldn't something be changed in this regard?
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Man and nature in domestic and world literature
“Man will destroy the world rather than learn to live in it” (Wilhelm Schwebel)
Not what you think, nature: Not a cast, not a soulless face - It has a soul, it has freedom, It has love, it has a language ...
F. I. Tyutchev
Literature has always sensitively reacted to all changes taking place in nature and the surrounding world. Poisoned air, rivers, earth - everything is crying for help, for protection. Our difficult and contradictory time has given rise to a huge number of problems: economic, moral and others, but, according to many, the environmental problem occupies the most important place among them. Our future and the future of our children depends on its decision.
The catastrophe of the century is the ecological state of the environment. Many areas of our country have long become dysfunctional: the destroyed Aral, which they could not save, the Volga, poisoned by the effluents of industrial enterprises, Chernobyl and many others. Who is guilty? A man who exterminated, destroyed his roots, a man who forgot where he came from, a man-predator who became more terrible than a beast. “Man will destroy the world rather than learn to live in it,” wrote Wilhelm Schwebel. Is he right? Doesn't a person understand that he cuts the branch on which he sits? The death of nature threatens the death of himself.
A number of works by such famous writers as Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev, Sergey Zalygin and others are devoted to this problem.
Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Block" cannot leave the reader indifferent. The author allowed himself to speak on the most painful, topical issues of our time. It is a screaming novel, a novel written in blood, a desperate appeal addressed to each of us. In the center of the work is a conflict between a man and a pair of wolves who have lost their cubs. The novel begins with the theme of wolves, which develops into the theme of the death of the savannah. Through the fault of man, the natural habitat of animals is dying. Akbar's she-wolf after the death of her brood meets with a man one on one, she is strong, and the man is soulless, but the she-wolf does not consider it necessary to kill him, she only leads him away from new cubs.
And in this we see the eternal law of nature: not to harm each other, to live in unity. But the second brood of wolf cubs also perishes during the development of the lake, and again we see the same meanness of the human soul. Nobody cares about the uniqueness of the lake and its inhabitants, because profit, profit is the most important thing for many. And again, the boundless grief of the wolf mother, she has nowhere to find shelter from the flame-spewing colossus. The last refuge of the wolves is the mountains, but even here they do not find peace. There comes a turning point in Akbara's mind: evil must be punished. A sense of revenge settles in her sick, wounded soul, but Akbara is morally higher than a person.
Saving a human child, a pure being, not yet touched by the dirt of the surrounding reality, Akbara shows generosity, forgiving people the harm done to her. Wolves are not only opposed to man, they are humanized, endowed with nobility, that high moral strength that people are deprived of. Animals are kinder than man, because they take from nature only what is necessary for their existence, and man is cruel not only to nature, but also to the animal world. Without any feeling of regret, meat procurers shoot defenseless saigas at close range, hundreds of animals die, and a crime against nature is committed. In the novel "The Scaffold" the she-wolf and the child die together, and their blood mixes, proving the unity of all living things, despite all existing differences.
A man armed with technology often does not think about what consequences his affairs will have for society and future generations. The destruction of nature is inevitably combined with the destruction of everything human in people. Literature teaches that cruelty to animals and to nature turns into a serious danger for the person himself to his physical and moral health. Nikonov's story "On the Wolves" is about this. She talks about a huntsman, a man whose profession is to protect all living things, but in reality, a moral monster who causes irreparable harm to nature.
Feeling burning pain for the perishing nature, modern literature acts as its defender. Vasiliev's story "Don't Shoot the White Swans" evoked a great public response. For the forester Egor Polushkin, the swans he settled on the Black Lake are a symbol of pure, lofty and beautiful.
Rasputin's story "Farewell to Matera" raises the theme of the extinction of villages. Grandmother Daria, the main character, takes the news that the village of Matera, where she was born, has lived for three hundred years, is living out her last spring. A dam is being built on the Angara, and the village will be flooded. And here grandmother Daria, who worked for half a century without fail, honestly and selflessly, receiving almost nothing for her work, suddenly resists, defending her old hut, her Matera, where her great-grandfather and grandfather lived, where every log is not only hers, but also hers. ancestors. The village is also pitied by her son Pavel, who says that it does not hurt to lose it only to those who "did not water every furrow afterwards." Pavel understands today's truth, he understands that a dam is needed, but grandmother Daria cannot come to terms with this truth, because the graves will be flooded, and this is a memory. She is sure that "the truth is in the memory, whoever has no memory has no life." Daria is grieving at the cemetery at the graves of her ancestors, asking their forgiveness. The farewell scene of Daria in the cemetery cannot but touch the reader. A new village is being built, but it does not have the core of that village life, that strength that a peasant gains from childhood, communicating with nature.
Against the barbaric destruction of forests, animals and nature in general, the pages of the press constantly sound the appeals of writers who seek to awaken in readers the responsibility for the future. The question of attitude to nature, to native places is also a question of attitude to the Motherland.
There are four laws of ecology, which were formulated more than twenty years ago by the American scientist Barry Commoner: "Everything is interconnected, everything has to go somewhere, everything costs something, nature knows this better than we do." These rules fully reflect the essence of the economic approach to life, but, unfortunately, they are not taken into account. But it seems to me that if all the people of the earth thought about their future, they could change the environmentally dangerous situation in the world. Otherwise, a person really "... will destroy the world rather than learn to live in it." It's all up to us!
925 words
Man and nature in domestic and world literature
It is impossible to imagine a person without nature.
Indeed, this connection cannot be overlooked. Great writers and poets admired and admired nature in their works. Of course, nature served as a source of inspiration for them. Many works show the dependence of man on his native nature. Away from the Motherland, native nature, a person fades, and his life loses its meaning.
Also society as a whole is connected with nature. I think thanks to her it gradually develops. Despite the fact that man exists due to nature, he is also a threat to it. After all, under the influence of man, nature develops, or vice versa, is destroyed. V.A. Soloukhin is right in saying that “for the planet, a person is a kind of disease, every day causing irreparable harm to it.” Indeed, sometimes people forget that nature is their home, and it requires careful treatment.
My point of view is confirmed in the novel by I.S. Turgenev “Fathers and Sons”. The protagonist of the novel, Yevgeny Bazarov, adheres to a rather categorical position: "Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it." It seems to me that with such an attitude to nature, Yevgeny Bazarov shows his indifference to the nature in which he lives. Using everything that he needs, Eugene forgets about what consequences this can lead to.
In the story of V. G. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" the attitude of man to nature is clearly manifested. The main theme of the story is the history of the small village of Matera. For many years the village lived its calm, measured life. But one day, on the Angara River, on the banks of which Matera is located, they begin to build a dam for a power plant. It becomes clear to the villagers that their village will soon be flooded.
From this story it follows that a person can control nature as he pleases. In an attempt to improve life, people are building various power plants. But they do not think about the fact that this small village has stood in this place for many years and it is dear to mankind as a memory. And because of the buildings, people destroy their memory and value.
It seems to me that for a long time man perceived nature as a pantry from which one can draw indefinitely. Because of this, unfortunately, more and more environmental disasters began to happen. An example of this is the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant on April 26, 1986. The destruction was explosive, the reactor was completely destroyed, and a large amount of radioactive substances was released into the environment.
Thus, we can say that the impact of man on nature in most cases is deplorable. But, fortunately, modern society has begun to realize the importance of caring for nature. Environmental problems that arise under the influence of man on nature, and which the writers so want to convey in their works, make a person think about the well-being of nature. After all, nature is a home for every inhabitant of the planet and, I am sure, for literature, this is the main value that the great masters of the word urge to preserve. 426 words
Nature: trees, flowers, river, mountains, birds. This is everything that surrounds a person every day. Familiar and even boring ... What is there to admire? What to admire? This is how a person thinks, who from childhood was not taught to notice the beauty of a dew drop on rose petals, to admire the beauty of a newly blossomed white birch, to listen to the conversation of waves running ashore on a quiet evening. And who should teach? Probably a father or mother, grandmother or grandfather, the one who himself has always "been captured by this beauty."
The writer V. Krupin has a wonderful story with an intriguing title "Drop the bag." It is about how the father taught the daughter, “blind” to the beauty of nature, to notice the beautiful. One day, after the rain, when they were loading the barge with potatoes, the father suddenly said: “Varya, look how beautiful it is.” And the daughter has a heavy bag on her shoulders: how do you look? The father's phrase in the title of the story seems to me a kind of metaphor. After Varya throws off the "bag of blindness", a beautiful picture of the sky after the rain will open before her. A huge rainbow, and above it, as if under an arc, the sun! The father also found figurative words describing this picture, comparing the sun with a horse harnessed to a rainbow! At that moment, the girl, having known beauty, "as if she had washed herself", she "became easier to breathe." Since then, Varya began to notice the beauty in nature and taught her children and grandchildren, as she had once adopted this skill from her father.
And the hero of V. Shukshin's story "The Old Man, the Sun and the Girl", an old village grandfather, teaches a young city artist to notice the beautiful in nature. It is thanks to the old man that she notices that the sun that evening was unusually large, and the river water in its setting rays looked like blood. Gorgeous and mountains! In the rays of the setting sun, they seemed to move closer to people. The old man and the girl also admire how between the river and the mountains “the dusk was quietly fading away”, and a soft shadow was approaching from the mountains. What will be the astonishment of the artist when she finds out that the beautiful was opened before her by a blind man! How much one must love one's native land, how often one must come to this bank to see all this, already blind! And not just to see, but to reveal this beauty to people...
We can conclude that we are taught to notice the beauty in nature by people endowed with a special flair and a special love for their native land. They themselves will notice and tell us that one has only to look at any plant, even the simplest stone, and you will understand how majestic and wise the world around us is, how unique, diverse and beautiful it is.
(376 words)
"Relationship between man and nature"
What role does nature play in human life? People have been thinking about this since ancient times. This problem became especially urgent in the 20th century.Icentury, which resulted in global environmental problems. But I think that mankind would not have survived even to the present time, if writers and poets did not constantly remind us that man and nature cannot exist separately, if they did not teach us to love nature.Nature is a big and interesting world that surrounds us.
The story "Do not shoot white swans" is an amazing book about the beauty of the human soul, about the ability to feel the beauty of nature, understand it, give all the best that is in man, mother nature, without demanding anything in return, only admiring and enjoying the wonderful appearance of nature .This work depicts different people: thrifty owners of nature, and those who treat it consumerly, doing terrible things: burning an anthill, exterminating swans. This is the "gratitude" of tourists for the rest, enjoying the beauty. Fortunately, there are people like Yegor Polushkin, who sought to preserve and preserve the natural world and taught this to his son Kolka. He seemed strange to people, those around him did not understand him, they often scolded him, even beat his coven friends for Yegor's excessive, in their opinion, honesty and decency. But he did not take offense at anyone and responded to all occasions in life with a good-natured remark: “It must be so, since it is not like that.” But we get scared, because people like the Buryanovs are not uncommon in our lives. Striving for profit, enrichment, Fedor becomes stale in soul, becomes indifferent to work, nature, people. AndB. Vasiliev warns: indifferent people are dangerous, they are cruel. Destroying nature, the forest, harassing tons of fish, killing the most beautiful swan birds, Buryanov is not far from raising his hand against a person. What he did at the end of the story. In Buryanov's soul there was no place for kindness, love for people, for nature. Spiritual, emotional underdevelopment is one of the reasons for the barbaric attitude to nature. A person who destroys nature destroys himself first of all, cripples the life of his loved ones.
Thus, in Russian literature, nature and man are closely interconnected. The writers show that they are part of one whole, live by the same laws, mutually influence each other. The narcissistic delusions of a person who imagines himself to be the master of nature lead to a real tragedy - the death of all living things and people, in the first place. And only attention, care and respect for the laws of nature, the Universe can lead to the harmonious existence of man on this Earth.
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Nature in the works of Russian writers.
Nature has always occupied a special place in literature.
Writers of the 20th century did not bypass this topic. But if earlier nature was sung and admired, then in the works of contemporary writers there is a clear call to save what we are losing.
The 20th century with its moral and environmental problems was reflected in the works of Chingiz Aitmatov, Valentin Rasputin, Viktor Astafiev and many other writers.
The work of V. Rasputin is closely connected with the theme of nature.
The writer, who grew up in Siberia, gave his heart to this region. The majestic Siberian expanses, the extraordinary world of Baikal nature, taiga forests forever bind a person to themselves.
And the soul of the writer cannot help but get sick, seeing how nature is being destroyed, how powerfully and thoughtlessly a person disposes of it, without thinking about the future of his children.
Such an invasion of nature is destructive, and first of all - for the person himself. Entire villages are dying out.
And this is a tragedy for those who are connected by blood ties with their native land. Grandmother Daria from the story "Farewell to Matera" selflessly protects the village, which is subject to flooding.
Her ancestors lived here, she was born here and lived a difficult life.
And now her native land will be flooded. A new village has been built with new houses and a new life. But it will never be the same, native, bloodland. This land has been given life.
For Daria and other old people, this is a tragedy. Like a tree without soil, so the soul of a person without a native land withers. Barbarously destroying nature, we destroy our soul. A person who destroys his roots commits a crime not only against nature, he is responsible to people, to his future.
The theme of nature and man is touched upon in his works by another Siberian writer Viktor Astafiev.
In the novel "Tsar Fish" a person also goes against nature. This problem is especially clearly and sharply touched upon in one of the main chapters. Man and nature are one. And you can not break this connection.
But how often in our life, because of greed, a person is lost in a person.
Fisherman Ignatich caught a huge sturgeon - "king-fish", as the people called it. Blinded by greed, he does not want to release the fish, but he cannot cope with it either. As a result, man and fish, hunter and prey die together. Ignatich remembers his whole life, all his sins, and takes what is happening for a "deserved punishment." How often in modern literature a person is shown as a soulless being, a real barbarian. This is the main idea of Chingiz Aitmatov's novel "The Block".
This novel can not leave anyone indifferent, it touches a nerve.
Our century with its vices has found a real reflection in "The Scaffold".
Man goes against nature, forgetting that he himself is a part of it.
Destroying nature, he thereby dooms himself to death, to the chopping block. On the first pages of the novel, we meet a pair of wolves - the blue-eyed she-wolf Akbar and the strong beautiful wolf Tashchainar. Their life flowed in "an endless pursuit through the endless expanses of Moyunkum. Aitmatov reveals to the readers the life of the great savannah. Everything goes on as usual, everything is subject to the laws of nature.
Everything in nature is interconnected: "the persecuted and persecuting - one thing is to be a cruel being."
Everything has its own harmony, which a person destroys.
Man invades nature, violating the eternal laws.
The scene of the extermination of saigas is shown very brightly with all the cruelty. For the sake of his own gain, for the sake of fulfilling the plan for meat delivery, a person shoots herds of animals. Against the background of all the atrocities committed by man, wolves look much more humane and generous than the people themselves.
There is more human in Tashchainar and Akbar. Wolves, saving themselves and their cubs, are forced to leave their native places, but there is no salvation for them anywhere. All wolf cubs die at the hands of humans. The man in "The Scaffold" is presented in all his baseness and lack of spirituality.
One of the main characters of the novel - Obadiah, a former seminarian, is trying to stand up for the fight for the souls of people.
Driven by a sincere desire to preach eternal values, to save lost souls, Obadiah finds himself in the world of drug addicts and alcoholics.
But his words, stories about God, desperate calls to repentance have no effect.
And Avdiy Kalistratov dies at the hands of those whom he wanted to save. The end of the novel is tragic: both people and wolves perish. To each his own scaffold.
Aitmatov makes it clear that man is not the king of nature, but an integral part of it.
The issues raised by the writers concern each of us.
Their works make it clear that it is time for a person to stop and think again.
What do we lose by cutting down forests, polluting rivers and air, exterminating animals.
Nature asks for help, and only in our power to stop the catastrophe.
Works about nature are an element without which it is difficult to imagine music and literature. From time immemorial, the unique beauties of the planet served as a source of inspiration for outstanding writers and composers, and were sung by them in immortal creations. There are stories, poems, musical compositions that allow you to recharge with the energy of wildlife, literally without leaving your own home. Examples of the best of them are given in this article.
Prishvin and his works about nature
Russian literature is rich in stories, novels, poems, which are an ode to the native land. Mikhail Prishvin can be called a striking example of a person who is especially successful in works about nature. Not surprisingly, he earned a reputation as her singer. The writer in his works encourages readers to establish a relationship with her and treat her with love.
An example of his work about nature is "The pantry of the sun" - a story that is one of the author's best creations. The writer in it shows how deep the connection between people and the world that surrounds them is. The descriptions are so good that the reader seems to see groaning trees, a gloomy swamp, ripe cranberries with his own eyes.
Creativity Tyutchev
Tyutchev is a great Russian poet, in whose work a huge place is given to the beauties of the surrounding world. His works about nature emphasize its diversity, dynamism, and diversity. By describing various phenomena, the author conveys the process of the flow of life. Of course, he also has a call to take responsibility for the planet, addressed to all readers.
Tyutchev is especially fond of the theme of the night - the time when the world is plunged into darkness. An example is the poem "A veil has descended on the daytime world." The poet in his works can call the night a saint or emphasize its chaotic character - it depends on the mood. The description of the sunbeam, which "perched on the bed," in his creation "Yesterday" is also excellent.
Pushkin's lyrics
Listing works about the nature of Russian writers, one cannot fail to mention the work of the great Pushkin, for whom she remained a source of inspiration throughout her life. It is enough to recall his poem "Winter Morning" to conjure up the features of this season in your imagination. The author, apparently in an excellent mood, talks about how beautiful the dawn is at this time of the year.
A completely different mood is conveyed by his “Winter Evening”, which is part of the compulsory school curriculum. In it, Pushkin describes a snowstorm in a slightly gloomy and frightening way, comparing it to a furious beast, and the oppressive sensations that it causes in him.
Many works about the nature of Russian writers are devoted to autumn. Pushkin, who values this time of the year above all else, is no exception, despite the fact that in his famous work “Autumn” the poet calls it “a dull time”, however, immediately refuting this characteristic with the phrase “glamor of the eyes”.
Bunin's works
The childhood of Ivan Bunin, as is known from his biography, passed in a small village located in the Oryol province. It is not surprising that even as a child the writer learned to appreciate the charms of nature. His creation “Leaf fall” is considered one of the best. The author allows readers to smell the trees (pine, oak), see the “painted tower” painted with bright colors, and hear the sounds of foliage. Bunin perfectly shows the characteristic autumn nostalgia for the past summer.
Bunin's works about Russian nature are just a storehouse of colorful sketches. The most popular of them is "Antonov apples". The reader will be able to feel the fruity aroma, feel the atmosphere of August with its warm rains, breathe in the morning freshness. Many of his other creations are also permeated with love for Russian nature: “River”, “Evening”, “Sunset”. And in almost every one of them there is a call to readers to appreciate what they have.
How to describe nature, like the classics?
Textbooks, monographs, articles have been written on this topic, which provide examples, talk in detail about language tools, techniques, ways of depicting nature in literature, but the authors continue to ask the question. Why? Because in practice it is not so easy to understand, but HOW does it all work?
In my opinion, a “step-by-step” comparison, which I will resort to in my article, can help.
I must say right away that writers, like artists, can be portrait painters, battle painters, landscape painters, from landscape painters - marine painters, etc. Conditionally, of course.
Perhaps you are good at battle scenes, then you should not get hung up on landscape descriptions, it is quite possible to get by with accurate and understandable characteristics: “the sky darkened”, “it started to rain”, “sunny morning” and so on. With a few strokes, indicate the time of year, time of day, place of action, weather conditions and follow their changes as the story progresses. As a rule, this is enough for the reader to understand what, where and under what circumstances is happening.
If you want the landscape to be not just a background, but a “speaking” background, a special character of the work (perhaps the main one), who can play a special role and occupy a special place in the plot, then, of course, you need to learn from the classics.
I want to offer you a study game, you will understand the principle and then you can do a step-by-step comparison yourself.
So, we have three small excerpts from the stories of famous landscape writers - Turgenev, Prishvin, Paustovsky.
The passages have three important things in common:
1. The story is told from the 1st person.
2. The same theme: the autumn morning begins.
3. All or some attributes of autumn: a feature of light, sky, leaf fall, breeze, birds.
Let's just read them carefully. As you read, you can note something special, in your opinion, for each author.
№ 1
I was sitting in a birch grove in autumn, about half of September. From the very morning a fine rain fell, replaced at times by warm sunshine; the weather was erratic. The sky was now all clouded over with loose white clouds, then it suddenly cleared in places for an instant, and then from behind the parted clouds a azure appeared, clear and tender, like a beautiful eye. I sat and looked around and listened. The leaves rustled a little over my head; one could tell from their noise what season it was then. It was not the cheerful, laughing thrill of spring, not the soft whispering, not the long talk of summer, not the timid and cold babble of late autumn, but barely audible, drowsy chatter. A light wind blew a little over the tops. The inside of the grove, damp from the rain, was constantly changing, depending on whether the sun shone or was covered by a cloud; she then lit up all over, as if all of a sudden everything in her smiled: the thin trunks of not too frequent birches suddenly took on a delicate reflection of white silk, the small leaves lying on the ground suddenly became full of color and lit up with pure gold, and the beautiful stems of tall curly ferns, already painted in their autumn color , similar to the color of overripe grapes, they shone through, endlessly confused and intersecting before my eyes; then suddenly everything all around again turned slightly blue: the bright colors instantly went out, the birches stood all white, without shine, white, like freshly fallen snow, which the coldly playing ray of the winter sun had not yet touched; and furtively, slyly, the tiniest rain began to sow and whisper through the forest. The foliage on the birch trees was still almost all green, although it had noticeably turned pale; only in some places stood alone, young, all red or all gold, and one had to see how she flared brightly in the sun, when its rays suddenly made their way, sliding and variegated, through a frequent network of thin branches that had just been washed away by the sparkling rain. Not a single bird was heard: everyone took shelter and fell silent; only occasionally did the mocking voice of the tit tinkle like a steel bell.
№ 2
Leaf after leaf falls from the linden onto the roof, which leaf flies like a parachute, which moth, which cog. And meanwhile, little by little, the day opens its eyes, and the wind lifts all the leaves from the roof, and they fly to the river somewhere along with migratory birds. Here you stand on the shore, alone, put your hand to your heart and fly somewhere with your soul, along with the birds and leaves. And so it is sad, and so good, and you whisper softly: - Fly, fly!
It takes so long for the day to wake up that by the time the sun comes out, we've already had dinner. We rejoice at a good warm day, but we are no longer waiting for the flying cobweb of Indian summer: everyone has scattered, and the cranes are about to fly, and there the geese, rooks - and everything will end.
№ 3
I woke up on a gray morning. The room was filled with a steady yellow light, as if from a kerosene lamp. The light came from below, from the window, and illuminated the log ceiling most brightly.
The strange light, dim and motionless, was unlike the sun. It was the shining autumn leaves. During the windy and long night, the garden shed dry leaves, they lay in noisy piles on the ground and spread a dull glow. From this radiance, the faces of people seemed tanned, and the pages of the books on the table seemed to be covered with a layer of wax.
This is how autumn began. For me, it came right away this morning. Until then, I hardly noticed it: there was still no smell of rotten leaves in the garden, the water in the lakes did not turn green, and the burning hoarfrost did not yet lie in the morning on the plank roof.
Autumn has come suddenly. This is how a feeling of happiness comes from the most inconspicuous things - from a distant steamboat whistle on the Oka River or from a random smile.
Autumn came by surprise and took possession of the land - gardens and rivers, forests and air, fields and birds. Everything immediately became autumnal.
Every morning in the garden, as on an island, migratory birds gathered. Whistling, screeching and croaking, there was a commotion in the branches. Only during the day it was quiet in the garden: restless birds flew south.
The leaf fall has begun. Leaves fell day and night. They then flew obliquely in the wind, then lay down vertically in the damp grass. The forests were drizzling with a rain of falling leaves. This rain has been going on for weeks. Only towards the end of September the copses were exposed, and through the thicket of trees the blue distance of the compressed fields became visible.
Surely you have noticed interesting comparisons, vivid epithets, something else ...
Note that although the descriptions are in 1st person, the narrators are fulfilling their task. Compare:
This is a good technique, not only to understand - from what person you need to write - but also to set the author's task for the narrator in order to convey the idea.
For some reason, many people believe that there is no special idea in the description of nature, except for the transfer of nature itself, but our example shows that it does not just exist, but should be, which distinguishes one text from another.
Epithets, comparisons, etc. are a must. It is widely believed that the autumn landscape, its colors should be conveyed by "color" epithets, imitating Pushkin's "forests dressed in crimson and gold."
But what about the classics? And they have this:
How so? In Paustovsky, colors do not play a special role at all, although the color is included in the title. Prishvin does not have them at all. Even in Turgenev, where the hero is a contemplative and must convey all the beauty, only ten times the color is mentioned, and out of ten - four times white, two times the color conveys the action, one is expressed by a noun, two are very conditional and only "red" does not cause any doubt.
At the same time, the reader clearly feels and "sees" all the colors of autumn.
Each classic has its own reception.
Turgenev loves "cross-cutting" indirect and direct comparisons:
● "...because of the parted clouds, azure appeared, clear and gentle, like a beautiful eye."
● "... thin trunks of not too frequent birches suddenly took on a gentle reflection of white silk ..."
● "...beautiful stalks of tall curly ferns, already painted in their autumn color, similar to the color of overripe grapes, could be seen through, endlessly confused and intersecting before my eyes..."
In Paustovsky, direct comparisons often bring the object closer to the subject, that is, the attribute of autumn to the attributes of human life:
● "The room was filled with a steady yellow light, as if from a kerosene lamp."
● "From this radiance, people's faces seemed tanned, and the pages of books on the table seemed to be covered with a layer of wax."
However, for Paustovsky it is more important to show the suddenness of what is happening, the unexpected happiness of the autumn space, as a new horizon for a person.
Prishvin, on the other hand, chooses a certain “center”, “core”, around which the picture of the autumn morning is formed. In this passage, it is "flight". Words with the same root sound nine times, not being a tautology at all, but drawing, creating a pattern of autumn fast time.
Let's look at other, familiar to everyone, autumn attributes of the classics. You will see that the above techniques are repeated here.
| I.S. Turgenev | MM. Prishvin | K.G. Paustovsky | |
| Leaves | The foliage on the birch trees was still almost all green, although it had noticeably turned pale; only in some places stood alone, young, all red or all gold, and one had to see how she flared brightly in the sun, when its rays suddenly made their way, sliding and variegated, through a frequent network of thin branches that had just been washed away by the sparkling rain. | Leaf after leaf falls from the linden onto the roof, which leaf flies like a parachute, which moth, which cog. | Leaves fell day and night. They then flew obliquely in the wind, then lay down vertically in the damp grass. The forests were drizzling with a rain of falling leaves. This rain has been going on for weeks. |
| Birds | Not a single bird was heard: everyone took shelter and fell silent; only occasionally did the mocking voice of the tit tinkle like a steel bell. | We rejoice at a good warm day, but we are no longer waiting for the flying cobweb of Indian summer: everyone has scattered, and the cranes are about to fly, and there the geese, rooks - and everything will end. | Tits were bustling about in the garden. Their scream was like breaking glass. They hung upside down on the branches and peered through the window from under the maple leaves. |
The classics see the same thing that all people see in autumn, they always take this general (even standard), but convey it in their own way.
You can, of course, not use the general, but then be prepared for the fact that not all readers will perceive your autumn, if they recognize it at all.
However, if everything was limited only to this, we would not recognize the author by style.
Style is made by special features (there may be several), which are repeated from story to story, loved by the authors, filled with a special meaning - this is already a talent.
In Paustovsky, these are constructions with “not”, you yourself can calculate how many particles and prefixes “not” in the text: “The strange light - dim and motionless - was unlike the sun.”
Another oxymoron: "burning frost."
And, of course, contrasts: leaf fall / rain, the arrival of autumn / unexpected happiness, etc.
For Prishvin, this is an internal dialogue, a fusion of nature and man: “... put your hand to your heart and fly somewhere with your soul, along with birds and leaves.”
“Speaking” details, personifications: “flying cobweb of summer”, “day opens eyes”, leaf “flies like a parachute” ...
Turgenev has a “matryoshka” technique, when images are layered and create a picture:
1) The foliage is still green... → 2) it has turned pale somewhere... → 3) one of them is an autumn tree... → 4) it flares up from the beam... etc.
Even Turgenev often uses the “shifter” technique unpredictably, but accurately.
Here it is expressed by comparison: “... the birch trees were all white, without shine, white, like freshly fallen snow, to which the coldly playing ray of the winter sun had not yet touched ...”
And here, with an aptly found word: “The foliage on the birches was still almost all green, although it had noticeably turned pale; just stood alone somewhere young, all red or all gold, and it was necessary to see how it flashed brightly in the sun ... ”, - many would say this about a spring birch, and here about an autumn one - young, radiant.
So let's sum it up:
1. If you need nature only as a background, mark the time of year, time of day, place of action, weather conditions with a few strokes and follow their changes as the story progresses.
2. It is important not only to understand from what person nature should be written, but also to set the author's task for the narrator in order to convey only his own idea.
3. It is important to know the attributes, a general idea of autumn, but to convey them using observational methods, associations, linguistic means, filling the images with your own vision and meaning.
4. The choice of the “center”, “core”, around which the picture of nature unfolds, helps.
5. Nothing human is alien to anything and no one - the landscape too. Do not be afraid of man in the description of nature.
6. Look for your chips, do not forget about them, immediately write down the words, phrases that suddenly came to mind when you were walking in the forest.
7. Read, without it - in any way!
Of course, there are a great many techniques and ways to convey nature in a work. We have considered only three passages. The ability to see a beautiful comparison, epithet, personification in a book, appreciate it, admire it is good, but not enough. It is also important to learn how to compare, explore and, on this basis, look for your own. Good luck.
© Almond 2015
