In addition to the usual changeable words in Russian, there are words without an ending. These words refer to invariable parts of speech, such as gerunds, adverbs. But before going into details, it is necessary to define what an ending is.
The ending is one of the significant parts of the word, a morpheme, with the help of which other forms of the word are formed, under the influence of gender, number, case. Usually the ending is at the end of the word and is a link for sentences and phrases. In some rare cases, the ending may be in the middle. In order to highlight the ending, the word must be changed in number, case, etc. Words that do not change do not have endings.
In Russian, there are two types of parts of speech - these are independent and auxiliary. Interjections, particles, conjunctions and prepositions are service parts of speech, they have no lexical meaning, but only act as an addition and connection to independent parts of speech. That's why they have endings. There are words with a lexical basis without an ending. For example, taxi, coffee, high. They are full-fledged parts of speech, but over the course of historical circumstances they do not change and therefore have no endings. Prepositions complete these words.
To change the meaning of an invariable word, a dependent word is added to it, for example, black coffee - masculine, singular. This definition comes from the adjective (black), which complements the unchangeable word.
Invariable words also include borrowed from other languages, for example, allegretto, rendezvous, mashed potatoes. Adverbs are one of the invariable full-valued words - fast, high. In such words, the last letter "o" is often mistakenly considered the ending, although this is a characteristic suffix for adverbs. The participle, on an equal footing with everyone, is an invariable member of the sentence, because it has the grammatical connotation of the adverb: holding back, reading.
Zero ending words
Another example is words without an ending, which, when changed, form it, for example, night, horse, door. When exposed to a number, a case, the ending appears - night - nights - nights, door - doors - doors. In Russian, philologists call such cases the zero ending. In its original form, there is no ending.
The Old Slavonic language had a letter, which meant that the word had an ending with a modified form, under the influence of cases and numbers. Kol, table. Over time, the letter became obsolete and out of use, and words began to be written without it.
Words without endings in loanwords
Loanwords in many publishing houses are used as native ones, for example, league, safari, madam. But many of these words never became full-fledged parts of the language: taxi, coat, subway. Words have vowels at the end, they are often perceived as an ending. In fact, the whole word is the basis with which we meet almost every day. It is important to remember that such words do not change. It is illiterate to speak: play the piano, grandmother with a coat, a roll with coffee.
Examples of words without ending
The following are words that do not have endings:
- Magneto.
- Veto.
- Sushi.
- Variety.
- Bungalow.
- Balance.
- Libretto.
- Milady.
- Casino.
- Pony.
- Indigo.
Words without a word part of the ending and invariable parts of speech that do not have an ending can be distinguished. To do this, you need to know that words with a zero ending have endings with declensions and changes in number, etc., for example, the word "piano" is unchangeable, it has no endings under any circumstances. And the word - night, with the plural, the ending "and" - nights appears.
Zero endings are widely represented in the language and occur in nouns, adjectives and verbs in the following positions:
1) masculine nouns of the 2nd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: boy - I. p., table - I. / V. p.;
2) feminine nouns of the 3rd declension in I. p. (V. p.) singular: night;
3) nouns of all genders in R. p. plural: countries, soldiers, swamps.
But in this position, non-zero endings can also be represented: night-she - articles-. The correctness of parsing such words is achieved by declining the word. If the sound [th ’] disappears during declination, then it belongs to the ending: noch-her, noch-ami. If [th '] can be traced in all cases, then it refers to the basis: articles - to become [th'-a] - to become [th'-a] mi. As we can see, in these forms the sound [y'] is not expressed at the letter level, it is “hidden” in the iotized vowel. In this case, it is necessary to identify and identify this sound. In order not to clutter up the spelling with transcription brackets, in linguistics it is customary to designate the sound [th ’], “hidden” in an iotized vowel with the help of j, entered without brackets in the right place: articles j-s.
A fairly common mistake is to determine the endings of words ending in -iya, -е, -й. The impression is incorrect that these sound complexes are endings. Two-letter endings in the initial form are present only for those nouns that are substantiated adjectives or participles. Compare:
genius, genij-[i], genij-[yu] - sections-[th], sections-[th], sections-[th]
armyj-[i], armyj-[she] - tables-[th], tables-[oh], etc.
4) short singular masculine adjectives: handsome, smart;
5) possessive adjectives in I p. (V. p.) singular; despite the external similarity of the declension, qualitative and possessive have a different morphemic structure in these cases:
units number I. p. blue-[y] fox-
R. p. sin-[his] foxj-[him]
D. p. blue-[him] foxj-[him]
V. p. \u003d and. p. / c. P.
Etc. blue-[im] foxj-[im]
P. p. blue-[em] lisj-[em].
Such a morphemic structure of possessive adjectives is easy to understand, given that possessive adjectives denote a sign of belonging to a person or animal and are always derivative, formed with the help of derivational suffixes -in-, -ov-, -ij- from nouns: mother - mother-in-, fox - fox-y-. In indirect cases, this possessive suffix -ij- is realized in [j], which is "hidden" in an iotized vowel;
6) a verb in the form of the masculine singular in the past tense of the indicative mood and in the conditional mood: dela-l- (by) - cf.: dela-l-[a], dela-l-[and];
7) a verb in the imperative mood, where the zero ending expresses the meaning of the singular: write-and-, write-and-[te];
8) in short participles, the zero ending, as in short adjectives, expresses the meaning of the masculine singular: read-n-.
E. I. Litnevskaya. Russian language: a short theoretical course - M., 2000
Schoolchildren very often have questions about how to distinguish words without an ending from words with a zero ending. The confusion with this comes from a misunderstanding of what an ending is, what role it plays. This question is both simple and complex at the same time. Simple because the understanding of this linguistic term is absolutely accessible to the student. A is difficult because its study requires knowledge of what a word change is, how a word differs from a word form, and therefore, ultimately, knowledge of what the grammatical meaning of a word is.
What is ending
So, let's start with the fact that there are words with an ending and words without an ending. Examples of words with an ending: house-a, cat-a, dad-a, well-a, window-y, beauty-s, earth-e, yam-ah. Examples of words without endings: tasty, fun, not, for, hoping, working.
The first group of words ends in sounds or combinations of sounds that change if you change the form of the word: houses (houses), cats-y, dad-oh, windows-a, beauty-oh, earth-yah, yam-e. More precisely, it is precisely because the ending changes that the form of the word changes. If the word "cat" has -a at the end, then we will understand that we are talking about one cat: "A fat cat is sitting on the fence." If at the end of the word -i, then, depending on the context, we can talk, for example, about the absence of a cat: “There is no more fat cat on the fence”, or about several cats: “All cats love to sit on fences.” In the above sentences, we used three forms of the same word "cat": in the nominative singular (the cat is sitting), in the genitive singular (there is no cat) and in the nominative plural (the cats love).
We can also, for example, change the word “world”: world-a, world-e, world-om, world-s.
Grammatical and lexical meaning of the word
Let us note that this is exactly the same word, since we are talking about the same phenomenon of reality, which is characterized in the same way. If we wanted to characterize this phenomenon differently, we would use the possibilities of numerous affixes of the Russian language: kitty, koshunya, koshulya, koshusya, koshandra ... By adding emotion, assessment to the word, we formed a new word: cat and koshushya are different words, not forms of the same word. These words have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning: nominative case, singular. We can form other forms of these words: cats, koshuses. These are different words in the same form, that is, their lexical meanings are different (we neutrally indicate the animal with the word “cat”, and affectionately call it the word “mowing”), and the grammatical meanings are the same (genitive case, plural).
Similarly, we can do with the word "peace". Forms of the same word: house-a, house-y, house-ohm, house-ami, house-ah. Words derived from it with a different meaning (the same meaning plus an expression of our relationship or specification of the size): house-ik, house-in-a, house-seek-e.
Word-forming and formative morphemes
As you can see, the lexical meaning here is changed with the help of a suffix, and the grammatical meaning with the help of an ending. But this does not mean that the suffix can only change the lexical meaning. For example, in the word “walk-l-a”, the suffix -l- is the past tense suffix of the verb “walk”, that is, with its help a new word is not formed, but its form is formed.
Thus, there are such parts of the word with the help of which new words are formed - these are word-forming morphemes, and those with the help of which they change, the forms of the word are formed - these are form-forming morphemes. The ending (inflection) is a formative morpheme.
What words can have an ending
From this we can draw the following logical conclusion. If the ending is a formative morpheme, that is, a part of a word that changes its forms, then it can only be in those words that change. Going through a random series of words in search of words with endings is irrational. They need to be looked for among the words of certain categories, namely, among certain parts of speech. Say, nouns are mostly inflected, which means they have endings.
Words without ending. Examples
However, there are words that do not change their form. So, these are words without an ending. Examples should be looked for among the words of certain grammatical groups. For example, these are adverbs. As you know, this is an invariable part of speech, which means that adverbs have no endings: cheerfully, patiently, resourcefully (the dog cheerfully ran after us; mother patiently listened to her daughter; in disputes, this person always dodged resourcefully).
Adverbs should be distinguished from short forms of neuter adjectives: "This sentence was resourceful and witty." Here the final -o is the ending indicating the neuter and singular.
Checking for termination
It is easy to prove that in short adjectives -o is the ending. We need to change the word: "This remark was resourceful and witty." The final -o was replaced by the final -a, which indicates the feminine gender. The adjective has changed its form to agree in gender with the noun.
Accordingly, there is only one way to define words without an ending. If it is impossible to form the forms of a word, then the word has no ending.
Zero ending
It is just as easy to “calculate” words with a zero ending. The rule here is simple: if the word has forms (changes), and an ending expressed by sounds appears in place of the “silent” ending, then the apparent absence of inflection is a zero ending.
Let's say the word "world" ends with the consonant of the root R, after it nothing sounds in the word. However, it is worth changing this word: worlds, worlds, worlds, worlds, as we see that a sounding ending appears after the root. This means that its absence in the nominative case of the singular is imaginary, in fact, instead of pronounced sounds, there is an empty window, an empty cell, which can be filled at any moment. Moreover, it is precisely by the fact that it is not filled that we determine the case and number. This is an example of a minus sign. The silence of the ending in this case is no less significant than its specific sound.
There are many examples of such significant absences in life. For example, a sign with its name can be lit up above the entrance of a cafe during business hours. Then, if the lights are off (silent), for potential visitors, this means that the cafe is closed. If the green light of a traffic light is not on, this does not mean that it does not exist at all, its "silence" is significant.
A dash or gap at the place where the price is indicated in the restaurant may mean that the specified dish is not in the assortment.
If you enter the house and shout: “Who is at home?”, then silence will be a sign for you that the family is still absent. A dark window can also indicate this.
Zero termination and no termination
Thus, the null ending is a kind of "off" morpheme. It was turned off in order to express its "silence" a certain meaning. In the words “hands-(-)”, “legs-(-)”, “heads-(-)”, “clouds-(-)”, this empty, “non-burning” window means the genitive plural. In the verbs "walked-(-)", "spoke-(-)", "sang-(-)" - the masculine singular. In all these word forms there is an ending, but it is expressed by zero sound.
Therefore, it would be wrong to say, for example, that “ruk” is a word without a suffix and an ending. There really is no suffix here, but there is an ending. The sound of the word ends with the sound "k", and its composition, the actual boundaries - with a morpheme expressed by zero sound.
The absence of an ending, in contrast to the presence of a null, is a place beyond the boundaries of a word. It is not opposed to the “on” ending, since the grammatical nature of this word does not imply an ending at all. Well, fearfully, under, with, deepening are all examples of words without an ending.
Thus, in the morphemic analysis of a word, it is necessary to distinguish words without an ending from words with a null ending. Variable lexical units will have an ending, albeit expressed by zero sound, and the composition of invariable words does not imply an ending, including zero.
1. The ending is a morpheme that usually stands at the end of a word and which indicates the connection of this word with other words. The ending expresses the meanings of gender, number, case, person.
The ending is often called the inflected part of the word.
Wed: book - books - book.
This means that changing the ending does not change the lexical meaning of the word.
Endings do not participate in word formation. These are always formative morphemes. They are used in the formation of forms of the same word.
2. Endings express grammatical meanings:
gender, number, case- in nouns ( book- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular, nominative), adjectives ( the big Book- the ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), participles ( written book- the ending - and I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some pronouns ( my book- the ending - I indicates feminine, singular, nominative), some numerals ( one book- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular, nominative);
case- some pronouns ( no one- the ending - wow indicates the genitive case) and numerals ( no five- the ending - and indicates the genitive case);
faces and numbers- for verbs in the present and future tense ( think- the ending - Yu indicates 1 person, singular);
gender and number- for verbs in the past tense ( read- the ending - a indicates feminine, singular).
3. The ending can be expressed by one or more sounds.
No knife, cut with a knife.
But the end may be zero. The zero ending is not expressed by sound and is not indicated by a letter in writing, however, it is the absence of a materially expressed ending that has a certain grammatical meaning, for example: knife□ - zero ending indicates masculine, singular, nominative.
Zero terminations are found in the following forms:
nouns in the form of the nominative case, singular, masculine (2 declensions) and feminine (3 declensions);
Table□ , daughter□ .
part of the nouns in the form of the genitive case, plural;
No forces□ , no cases□ , no soldiers□ .
for short adjectives in the singular, masculine;
Vesel□ , happy□ .
verbs in the past tense, singular, masculine;
Was reading□ , sang□ .
for possessive adjectives with the suffix -iy.
fox□ , wolf□ .
Note!
1) Final sounds (and letters) in the form of the genitive case, plural, 1 declension and 2 declension are not endings - armies□ , foothills□ , saucer□ . This is part of the base, and the ending here is zero. For verification, you can compare the data of the form with the forms of the nominative case, singular.
Yes, noun army[arm’ij b] has the ending -i (sound [b]), and [j] is included in the stem [arm’ij]. In order to prove this, you can decline the word: in army[j] Yu, army[j] her etc. In all these forms, [j] is preserved. This means that [ j ] is part of the stem, because the ending is the variable part of the word. Only in the form of the genitive case is this sound graphically expressed using the letter й ( armies), and in other forms it does not receive a special designation.
In forms like foothills, saucer we are seeing a similar phenomenon. Only here there is also fluency of vowels ( i, e).
Wed: foothills[pr'i e dgor'j b] - foothills[pr'i e dgor'ij]; saucers[bl'utts b] - saucer[bl'udts].
2) In the form of the nominative, singular, masculine, qualitative and relative adjectives -i is the ending (this is the inflected part of the word, cf.: blue - blue). In the same forms of possessive adjectives ( fox, wolf) -th is a suffix. It persists when tilted. Only in other forms the suffix is presented in a truncated form - [j], and in writing it is not graphically expressed. The presence of this suffix is signaled by the separating b.
Wed: wolf - wolf[j] his, fox - fox[j] his.
4. The ending is usually at the end of a word.
Exceptions are:
endings before postfixes -sya (for reflexive verbs, participles), -te (in the plural imperative), something, something, something(for indefinite pronouns);
Studying, studying, let's go, those, someone, someone, someone.
endings in compound numbers, where endings follow each root.
In three hundred, there is no five ten.
Note!
Indeclinable and non-conjugated words: adverbs (for example: always, very), service parts ( under, and, as if, not), immutable nouns (for example: coat, coffee), invariable adjectives (for example: beige, marengo) have no endings! Don't confuse no endings with zero endings!
The spelling of the endings is determined by the part-of-speech attribution of the word and therefore will be considered when characterizing the corresponding parts of speech.
5. The foundation is a part of a word without an ending. The basis is the carrier of the lexical meaning of the given word.
6. With declension and conjugation, the stem can change - decrease or increase.
For example: leaf □ and leaf [ j ]- I- in the plural, the stem increased due to the suffix -j-. Such changes in the stem are typical, as a rule, for the verb: in most verbs, the stem of the infinitive and the stem of the present tense do not coincide.
Wed: zhd-a - be and zhd - at- the basis in the present tense has been reduced (the suffix is lost - a); chit-a - be- chit-aj - ut- in this case, the basis in the present tense, on the contrary, increased due to the sound [j], which is part of the suffix of the present tense and the imperative mood (cf.: chit-ai).
Note!
1) In feminine nouns with final (final letters) -iya ( army, sandal, revolution etc.) and the neuter gender with the final -ie ( being, tension, retribution etc.) is a vowel and refers to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns.
Wed: army - I, army - and, army - her; be-e, be-I, be-eat.
2) In masculine nouns with the final -й ( proletarian, sanatorium, region etc.) this consonant also belongs to the stem, since it is preserved during the declension of nouns, cf .: edge, edge[j]- i, kra[j] -yu, kra[j]- eat. In indirect cases, [ j ] is not graphically indicated by a special sign. Its presence is indicated by vowels. i, e, yu after another vowel (see paragraph 1.5).
Thus, these nouns in the nominative case, singular, like the others ( table□ , horse□ and similar), have a zero ending:
edge□ , proletarian□ , sanatorium□ .
7. Since there are several postfixes in Russian, that is, suffixes that can be located after endings, then the foundation some forms of words can be torn.
How wow-to - ending - wow, basis as.. then ; uch it sya - ending - it, basis uch..sya .
It is necessary to distinguish between the basis of a particular form of a word and the basis of a word (in word formation).
The basis of a particular form of a word is represented by a part of the word without an ending.
Recording - be, wrote down - a, write down - at.
The stem of a word is determined by the initial form of the word. It includes the root, prefixes and derivational suffixes and postfixes. Formative suffixes and postfixes will not be included in the word-formative stem.
For example, in order to identify the basis of the word in the verb form, he wrote down - a, you must first indicate the initial form of the verb (infinitive) write down and discard the ending (in other concepts - a formative suffix) of an indefinite form - be: record- .
Note!
1) The derivational basis of the verb is determined by the form of the infinitive. This is especially important to take into account, since, as noted, the verb: a) the stems of the present tense and the infinitive often do not coincide, b) a fairly large number of formative suffixes (-l - in the past tense, -i - in the imperative mood).
2) Verbal reflexive postfix -sya (learn be xia, we be xia) is not formative, therefore it must be included in the stem of the word.
3) As noted, in some cases, the forms of nouns in the singular and plural differ not only in endings, but also in formative suffixes. In this case, the basis of the word (for word formation) is also determined by the initial form - singular, nominative case, cf .: son□ /sons- the basis of the word (for word formation) - son-.
4) As noted, participles and gerunds occupy an intermediate position between independent parts of speech and special forms of the verb. Since in this manual they are considered as independent parts of speech, the participle suffixes ( -om / -em / -im; -usch / -yushch / -ashch / -box, -nn / -n / -enn / -en / -t, -sh / -sh) are classified as part of the derivational basis of the word.I'll start with the second part of the question. There are no first, second and third endings.
Remember: the first, second and third can only be declension for nouns and person for verbs.
A null ending is an ending that occurs on a number of modified words. Its difference from other endings is that it is not expressed by any sounds or letters. Consider the words: table, horse. Zero endings in these words are indicated by empty rectangles.
Zero endings in these words are the same indicator of grammatical form as are the "ordinary" endings for the same words in other forms, for example: table, horse.
Compare:
- Table: zero ending for masculine nouns 2 cl. - this is the indicator I.p.
- Table a: the ending a for inanimate masculine nouns 2 cl. - this is the indicator R.p.
- Horse: zero ending for feminine nouns 3 dec. - this is the indicator I.p. or V.p.
- horses and:the ending and feminine nouns have 3 cl. - this is an indicator of R.p., D.p. or P.p.
Attention:
In different forms of one word, the stem will be the same. In our examples, these are the basics: table and horse.
It is a gross mistake to think that words table, horse there are no endings. Only invariable words, for example, adverbs, do not have endings.
The last vowels in adverbs are suffixes, for example: tomorrow a, in excess of at, left a.
