Arkady Gaidar school summary. Book Review School - Artistic Analysis

” was published in the October magazine in 1929 under the title “Ordinary Biography”, in the “Experienced” section. (in Nos. 4, 5 and 7) and in 1930 in the publication “Roman-newspaper for children”.

The story was published as a separate book under the title "School" also in 1930 (M., GIZ, 1930).

Obviously, Gaidar wrote "School" from Arkhangelsk, where he lived in 1928-1930 and worked in the newspaper "Pravda Severa". According to his recollections, he read chapters from the story at a literary meeting in Arkhangelsk, calling it "Mauser", perhaps from the title of one of the chapters of the first part of the book, but he intended to change the title in the future.

"School" is an autobiographical story. its hero Boris Gorikov is in many ways similar to the fate of the young Arkady Golikov. Their similarity is also emphasized by the similarity of their surnames.

The autobiographical nature of the "School" is revealed by Gaidar in the preface to its first separate edition, written in the form of an autobiography.

Time spent on the fronts of the civil war, A. ( This material will help to write competently on the topic School book review. The summary does not make it clear the whole meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, short stories, stories, plays, poems.) Gaidar called "a military school in which my best boyhood years passed." The name "School" succinctly and accurately expresses the author's idea.

But "School" is not a fictional autobiography. The fate of a literary hero does not coincide with the fate of his author. Boris is a generalized character, type, artistic image, which embodies the most essential features of a young man of the revolutionary era. The typical fate of the hero is also emphasized in the original title of the story - "An Ordinary Biography". “I don’t have an unusual biography, but an unusual time,” wrote A. Gaidar, explaining the unusual fate of a young man of our era (Pioneer magazine, 1934, No. 5-6, .).

The first sketches related to the work on a work of art based on the material experienced by the author are dated 1923-1924.

It was the time of work on the first story - "In the days of defeats and victories." You can find similarities in the content of this story and the "School", one can guess the closeness of its main literary characters - Sergei Gorinov and Boris Gorikov. The events told in the "School" are the prehistory of the story "In the days of defeats and victories."

In the draft autograph "In the days of defeats and victories" we find the following note by the author:

“Justify Chapter I, expand. Factories [.] 2 change. City school. Delete the form. Increase age. Emphasize Lenin. Describe the revolution in the county. Smaller things. Enter the beginning of the fronts... The beginning of the compressive ring. Sleep on the floor at night with watch. Boyaee sharply and firmly. before leaving for the front. (Emphasized by Gaidar. - F. E.)

It is not difficult to distinguish in this note the intention of both stories: the first work - "In the days of defeats and victories", which Gaidar considered still weak in artistic terms, and his best book - "School".

In terms of the strength of the artistic generalization of the events of the civil war, and the strength of the artistic embodiment of the images of the Bolshevik leaders of the masses and the image of a hero belonging to the younger generation of Soviet people, "School" is on a par with the classic examples of Soviet literature about the civil war. “Chapaev” by D. Furmanov, “Rout” by A. Fadeev, “How the Steel Was Tempered” by N. Ostrovsky.

There is much in common in the personal destinies of the authors of these books. In early youth, participants in the civil war, they then became writers and brought to literature the richest experience experienced at that extraordinary time. It was in their books, scorched by the hot breath of the civil war, that the images of the heroes of the era of the revolution, ordinary people, representatives of the masses, were created.

Gaidar, due to the special nature of his talent, also had a special share: to tell children about the heroic time and about the people of those years. What he saw and experienced in those years left an imprint on the whole creative image of the writer.

The theme of the civil war formed the basis of the books of the first period of his work, but he returned to it later, throughout his life.

The participation of children in the war was a frequent occurrence, and, naturally, it became the subject of depiction in children's books. But the child hero in most books for children of those years, following the old literary traditions, was portrayed as an exceptional hero, on whose actions the fate of an entire battle often depended. Such books were cut off from life, distorted the real history, deviated from the laws of truthful art.

"School" by A. Gaidar was one of the first works where the role and participation of children in the war was not exaggerated and where children are shown deeply truthfully.

Children are at the center of the story, but they do not decide the outcome of events, but themselves, under the guidance of their fathers and older brothers - communists, go through the school of life. The historical events here are not the backdrop for the extraordinary exploits of the hero, but the content of the story. The writer knew the teenager of his time well and created his character truthfully, vitally. This has also been criticized.

"R. V.S.” and "School" were the first works written by A. Gaidar for children, and they immediately won love and popularity among readers. This popularity can be judged from an entry in the diary of 1931, which the writer kept while living in Artek: “Some guys come across my books. One has an "Ordinary biography" with my portrait, where I was filmed in military uniform 11 years ago. They followed me and looked at ... ”(“ The Life and Works of A.P. Gaidar ”. M., 1954, . The original diary is stored in the State Archive of Literature and Art).

"School" Gaidar considered one of his best books for children (see "Autobiography"). The book was repeatedly published in separate editions during the life of the writer in central and regional publishing houses. The first editions were illustrated by S. Gerasimov, then by D. Daran. The last lifetime edition - L. Golovanov.

In 1940, Gaidar included "School" in the collection "My Comrades", published by the publishing house "Soviet Writer".

In 1930, Gaidar began writing a sequel to The School, also giving it the title Ordinary Biography; however, he did not finish the story, and it remained unknown until recently. For the first time, the beginning of the second book of the "School" was published in the collection "The Life and Work of A.P. Gaidar" (M.-L., 1951.). Reprinted in the 2nd edition of the same collection (M, 1954, pp. 316 - 332).

Its manuscript is stored in the State Archive of Literature and Art.

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The "School" of Arkady Gaidar today is known to everyone as Fadeev's "Rout", as Furmanov's "Chapaev" and Ostrovsky's "How the Steel Was Tempered". It was called differently before. The writer began to work on it in Arkhangelsk, in 1929, when he was already known to the young reader as the author of R. V.S. Gaidar read his new one to his comrades under the name "Mauser", but said that he might change it. But he could have called the story of Boris Gorikov like this: the Mauser, which his father sent him as a gift from the front, caused the hero to flee the city. The author, Arkady Golikov, spent his youth in the same “quiet, in the gardens” of Arzamas, and he had a revolver. ( This material will help to write competently on the subject of the Tale School. The summary does not make it clear the whole meaning of the work, so this material will be useful for a deep understanding of the work of writers and poets, as well as their novels, short stories, stories, plays, poems.) From the diary we learn that he shot at the target: "One dove was shot, 2 were wounded (flew away)." The story has a different title. Why?

Yes, probably because Gaidar (translated from the Turkic -> horseman galloping in front) wrote his piece not about the adventures of a boy like “Makar the Pathfinder”, whose incredible feats decided the outcome of entire battles. He wrote about the fate of those teenage boys who, like the author, fought for Soviet power. “I was stabbed in the chest at a crossroads,” a student of the Arzamas real school Arkady Golikov wrote in his diary, “I was in the Council.”

Probably because it was not exceptional, that it was the fate of many, the author named the story when it was published in the Roman Newspaper for Children (there was such a special edition for children, on plain newsprint, with small print), "The Ordinary Story". And before the work, Gaidar placed his first autobiography and in it spoke about those facts of his own youth that are guessed in the story. And with amazing modesty and utmost accuracy, he outlined this in the words: “When they ask me how it could happen that I was such a young commander, I answer: this is not an unusual biography for me, but the time was unusual. It's just an ordinary "biography at an extraordinary time."

It is not difficult to be convinced that the reader is an autobiographical work. City, school, dislike for calligraphy and French, even the teacher's surname is preserved - Galka. But how the image of a person with this surname has changed! In the story, this is a Bolshevik, a real revolutionary, opening the eyes of Boris, an image that occupies the most important place in this process, which is aptly called "peeling potatoes under a sharp knife from the husk, which my head was still stuffed with." What is expressed in the “Ordinary Biography at an Extraordinary Time” in the words: “And who are the Bolsheviks, it became clearer and clearer to me, especially “after I had been with them in the barracks of refugees, in hospitals, in villages and at the depot workers, ”the story unfolds in artistically convincing pictures as a process of the hero’s political masculinity. Boris Gorikov has to go through many more trials before the commander of the “Special Detachment of the Revolutionary Proletariat”, a former shoemaker, Bolshevik Shebalov, says: “He is not a spoiled guy, everything can be washed off him ... You and I are worn out boots, lined with nails , and he is like a blank: what block you pull on, this will be.

So out of living concrete facts, as is always the case with real great artists, not just an autobiographical story grows, but a work of art about the formation of a person, about the upbringing of a fighter. And the image of Boris Gorikov, who is somewhat close to the author, becomes typical. And it already needs to be called differently, more capaciously. A separate publication in 1930 came out under the name that today seems to us the only possible and only correct one - "School". Interestingly, in the diary for 1918, next to the words: ball, triangle, eruption, altruism, the meaning of which is being specified, Arkady Golikov also writes out the word “school”.

The young reader received a book in which, as “the researcher of Gaidar’s creativity Vera Vasilievna Smirnova writes: “Like Gorky in My Universities, the same thought: the best school of life for a person is life itself, a school of life in which a person receives a“ higher education ", learns the main thing - the ability to live."

A man of great courage and unbending will, who chose such a proud literary pseudonym for himself, he knew the difficulties of the struggle, the bitterness of defeats, and the joy of victories. And after in 1924 the medical commission declared him unsuitable for further service in the army, Gaidar did not lay down his arms, now he fell in love with "a sharply honed sword, forged from flexible steel and a chased line." In general, he did not like beautiful words and false romance, because above all he valued the harsh truth of life, the school of life, and after R. V. S.” he never betrayed his young reader, opening before him the world at the same time heroic and naive, crafty and pure, the world of wonderful poetry of childhood, the memory of which should never disappear. For this, a person must know a lot, and his soul must be tempered. And Gaidar did it with his books. “Probably because I was a boy in the army,” wrote the author of the “School”, “I wanted to tell the new boys and girls what it was like, life, how it all began and how it went on, because I still managed to see a lot ".

World literature does not know many examples when a work has an impact on life and literary heroes turn into reality; "What to do?" Chernyshevsky, "How the Steel Was Tempered" by Ostrovsky, "Timur and His Team" by Gaidar. A soldier of the revolution, he knew how to listen to the pulse of life and foresaw the severe trials that were soon to fall to the lot of yesterday's boys, the readers of his "School", "Military Secrets", "The Fate of a Drummer". And he taught them to be honest and courageous, "to work hard and love and protect this huge" happy land, which is called the Soviet country. For her, on December 26, 1941, saving the lives of his comrades-in-arms, he gave his life, remaining forever in our literature, in the memory of more and more readers.

A. Bulanov, associate professor of Volgograd.

Pedagogical Institute, candidate of philological sciences..

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The author, Arkady Golikov, spent his youth in the same “quiet, in the gardens” of Arzamas, and he had a revolver. From the diary we learn that he shot at the target: "One dove was shot, 2 were wounded (flew away)." The story has a different title. Why?

Yes, probably because Gaidar (translated from the Turkic -> horseman galloping in front) wrote his piece not about the adventures of a boy like “Makar the Pathfinder”, whose incredible feats decided the outcome of entire battles. He wrote about the fate of those teenage boys who, like the author, fought for Soviet power. “I was stabbed in the chest at a crossroads,” Arkady Golikov, a student of the Arzamas Real School, wrote in his diary, “I was in the Council.”

Probably because his fate was not exceptional, that it was the fate of many, the author named the story when it was published in the Roman Newspaper for Children (there was such a special edition for children, on plain newsprint, with small print) , "Ordinary History".

And before the work, Gaidar placed his first autobiography and in it spoke about those facts of his own youth that are guessed in the story. And with amazing modesty and utmost accuracy, he outlined this in the words: “When they ask me how it could happen that I was such a young commander, I answer: this is not an unusual biography for me, but the time was unusual. It's just an ordinary "biography at an extraordinary time."

It is not difficult to be convinced that the reader is an autobiographical work. City, school, dislike for calligraphy and French, even the teacher's surname is preserved - Galka. But how the image of a person with this surname has changed! In the story, this is a Bolshevik, a real revolutionary, who opens Boris' eyes, an image that occupies the most important place in this process, which is aptly called "peeling potatoes under a sharp knife from the husk with which my head was still stuffed." What is expressed in the “Ordinary Biography at an Extraordinary Time” in the words: “And who are the Bolsheviks, it became clearer and clearer to me, especially “after I had been with them in the barracks of refugees, in hospitals, in villages and at the depot workers, ”the story unfolds in artistically convincing pictures as a process of the hero’s political masculinity. Boris Gorikov has to go through many more trials before the commander of the “Special Detachment of the Revolutionary Proletariat”, a former shoemaker, Bolshevik Shebalov, says: “He is not a spoiled guy, everything can be washed off him ... You and I are worn out boots, lined with nails , and he is like a blank: what block you pull on, this will be.

So out of living concrete facts, as is always the case with real great artists, not just an autobiographical story grows, but a work of art about the formation of a person, about the upbringing of a fighter. And the image of Boris Gorikov, who is somewhat close to the author, becomes typical. And it already needs to be called differently, more capaciously. A separate publication in 1930 came out under the name, which today seems to us the only possible and only correct one - "School". Interestingly, in the diary for 1918, next to the words: ball, triangle, eruption, altruism, the meaning of which is being specified, Arkady Golikov also writes out the word “school”.

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AT the first story was published in the magazine "October" for 1929 (No 4-7) under the heading "Experienced". This heading, as well as the very title under which the story was published - "An Ordinary Biography" - emphasized the autobiographical nature of the work. With the same name, the story was published in 1930 in two issues of the Roman Newspaper for Children.

The quiet town of Arzamas, a real school, children's games, the news of the revolution that excited the city ... All this and much more really turned into a story right from the writer's boyhood years. Like the hero of the story, he quickly matured, spent the day and night in the Arzamas club of the Bolsheviks, his mother worked as a paramedic, his father was at the front. In the image of the Bolshevik "Galka" in the story, the teacher of a real school, Nikolai Nikolaevich Sokolov, is brought out. When Arkady Golikov (Gaidar) went to the civil war in 1919, he, like the hero of the story, Boris Gorikov, was barely fifteen years old.

But, of course, one should not look for a complete coincidence of the fates of the writer and the hero of his story. So, for example, in the story, the father of Boris Gorikov was shot by the verdict of the military court of the tsarist army, and the father of the writer Pyotr Isidorovich Golikov became the commissar of the regiment in the Red Army. The path of the writer himself to the front was different than that of Boris Gorikov.

Wanting to point out that the image of Boris Gorikov is collective, that it combines the features of many young men who were called to serve the people by the Great October Socialist Revolution, the writer first gave his story the title "Ordinary Biography". On "ordinary", i.e. the typicality of his life path, as well as the path of the hero of the story, Arkady Gaidar pointed out later. “This is not an unusual biography for me, but the time was extraordinary,” he wrote in 1934. "It's just an ordinary biography in an extraordinary time."

Interestingly, before the name "Ordinary Biography" there was another version of it - "Mauser". This is the name of the story in the contract concluded by the writer with the State Publishing House in June 1928.

However, after the story was published, the writer continued to look for the most accurate, capacious title for it. In 1930, the story was published in the State Publishing House as a separate book called "School". With this “name” she remained in Soviet literature, telling more and more new generations of young readers about that great school of life, the school of struggle, the school of revolution, through which their peers had a chance to go through during the years of the formation of Soviet power.

"School" was conceived in 1923-1924 in Siberia, when Gaidar, the young commander of the Red Army, took up his pen for the first time. He began working on the story in 1928, while living in Kuntsevo, near Moscow, and finished in Arkhangelsk in 1928-1930, simultaneously contributing to the newspaper Volna (Pravda Severa). In the literary supplement to the newspaper Pravda Severa, a small excerpt from the story, then called Mauser, appeared for the first time.

Arkady Gaidar worked very hard on this story, continuing to hone his style, that special Gaidar intonation, about which S. Ya. warmth and fidelity of tone that excite the reader ... "

T.A. Gaidar

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