I.R. Prigogine: in the case of self-organization, each such system coordinates its internal processes in accordance with its own time. Prigogine called this the relativism of system time and noted that as soon as a dissipative structure is formed, the homogeneity of space and time is violated. Moreover, he believed that living systems are endowed with the ability to sense the direction of time. Psychology also notes this direction of time. We remember the past, but we don't remember the future!
Biological space and time characterize the features of the spatio-temporal parameters of the organization of matter: the biological existence of a human individual, the change of types of vegetation and animals, the phases of their development. Even Aristotle distinguished two essences of time: one - as a parameter that fixes various states of the movement of bodies, and the other - as birth and death, i.e. as a characteristic of the age of the system and, consequently, its direction from the past to the future.
Along with the linear perception of time, a person has a psychological sense of the passage of time, which is also due to its internal organization. This representation is called biological time, or biological clock. The biological clock reflects the rhythmic nature of the processes in a living organism in the form of its reaction to the rhythms of nature and the entire universe in general. The appearance of biological time, which is different for each living system, is due to the synchronization of biochemical processes in the body.
Since a living organism is a hierarchical system, it must measure its functioning with the synchronization of all sublevels and subsystems not only in time, but also in biological space. Such synchronization is associated with the presence of biorhythms in the system. The more complex the system, the more biorhythms it has. The American cyberneticist N. Winner (1894-1964) believed that "it is the rhythms of the brain that explain our ability to sense time."
Most of the physiological processes of growth, development, movement and metabolism in cells are subject to rhythmic changes due to the daily (circadian) rhythm of the external environment. Thus, in plants, the rhythmic cycles of closing flowers and lowering leaves at night and opening them in the daytime are well known. However, this is not always associated only with external exposure to light. Russian biophysicist S.E. Shnol gives a curious example of Maran's beans, the leaves of which fell and rose in the evening and in the morning, even if it was in a completely dark room. The leaves, as it were, “felt” time and determined it with their internal physiological clock. Usually, plants determine the length of the day by the transition of the phytochrome pigment from one form to another when the spectral composition of sunlight changes. The "setting" sun is "red" due to the fact that long-wavelength red light is scattered less than blue. There is a lot of red and infrared radiation in this sunset or twilight light, and plants (and maybe animals) feel it.
A person studying the world is himself a structure that changes in time, and for him the ideas about the past and the future are essentially different. In the past, time acts as a generalized coordinate, and in the future it has properties that depend on how we and other objects behave in the present. If the past is determined, then the future of complex systems is not fully known. As the sociologist I.V. Bestuzhev-Lada, “the past can be known, but cannot be changed, and the future can be changed, but cannot be known.” The more complex the structure, the greater the number of possible states it can take in future moments of time. This is the ambiguity of time. In addition, time for an individual, for its species, genus, class, etc. different (time scale). For man it is less, for mankind it is more. The "sense of time" for a living organism is always subjective: quickly when a person is carried away, slowly - in idleness.
These various forms of time and its impact on the characteristics of a person's life and behavior should be manifested in his appearance and his other properties and qualities. In many psychological studies it has been unequivocally shown that, depending on the functional state of a person, his own subjective time flows differently. The well-known test pilot M.Gallay describes a case of studying the flutter phenomenon during the flight of an aircraft. The pilot estimated the duration of his actions before the destruction of the aircraft and ejection at 50-55s. However, when the “black box” was decrypted, it turned out that only 7 seconds had passed, i.e. for the pilot himself, time slowed down by 7 times! Note that for an individual, time does not act as an independent objective variable (astronomical time), but, on the contrary, as a parameter dependent on the state of the person. It is difficult for a person to perceive (and feel!) time as such (in a sense, it is an abstract concept for him). For living organisms, the passage of absolute time is devoid of reality. We do not perceive time, but the processes and changes that take place during it, including the sequence of events.
The standard of time for a person is often his own internal time. For example, Buddhist monks feel their own time, staying in dark caves for a long time, alone, without astronomical and ordinary earthly time sensors. Psychological research shows that in such cases, people begin to live in their own time, and if this went on long enough, they could create their own historical chronology.
The study and modeling of physiological time should probably be associated with the formation of a new event-oriented biorhythmology, which takes into account the physiological essence of what is an event for a living organism, and its own rhythmic patterns. Our physiological age does not depend on how many sunrises and sunsets we have seen throughout our lives. The intensity of life processes is connected with internal time, biological clock. They also control such processes as the volume of the cell nucleus, the frequency of cell divisions, the intensity of photosynthesis and cellular respiration, the activity of biochemical processes, etc. It is assumed that this biological time can flow differently, unevenly, when compared with physical (astronomical) time. However, we note that so far, such non-uniformity of time as a whole has not been experimentally detected in the Universe.
The synchronized general biorhythm of the organism may not coincide with the rhythm of astronomical time. At a young age, the body cycles more often, and psychologically it seems that astronomical time stretches more slowly, and in old age biological time goes more slowly and therefore it seems that astronomical time goes faster. Now it is clear why time flows differently for a child and an old person. The first is slower, the second is faster. A person's sense of time is associated with the emotional coloring of the events taking place in it. Therefore, in childhood, when emotions are stronger, events seem to last longer. Pain lengthens time, happiness shortens it (“happy hours are not observed”). There is a conflict between physical and biological time. They say that a woman is as old as she looks; and for a healthy person it doesn't matter how old he is, what matters is how and how old he feels. Everything is individual!
In general, the health of an organism is determined by the state and number of its elementary "atoms" - cells. The rate of cell evolution, their growth and death will determine the lifetime of the organism. In youth, the rate of cell renewal is high; in old age, it slows down, the time derivative of the number of new cells is less than zero, as physicists say. Life is characterized by the intensity of cell renewal, and with aging, biological time slows down, programmed by the very evolution of life. The lifespan of cells is determined by the number of their divisions, specific to each species. For living organisms, there are experimental confirmations that the rate of cell division, set by biorhythms, initially increases, reaches its maximum value as the organism develops, and then decreases, down to zero with the natural death of the organism. Cells and organs keep track of time, consistent with the program embedded in the genome.
And “if life has passed intensively, then it seems useful and interesting” (Russian biologist I. I. Mechnikov (1845-1916)). A similar idea was expressed by the French writer and philosopher A. Camus (1913-1966): “Years in youth run fast because they are full of events, and in old age they drag on slowly because these events are predetermined.” Apparently, this allowed L. Landau to reasonably say before his death: “It seems that I lived my life well.” And for the author, the motto has always been programmatic: "Only an intensive exchange of energy with the environment allows me to remain a creative person." The Russian biologist I. I. Arshavsky noted that the more actively and with greater energy consumption an organism lives, the longer its life span.
We also note that random processes, whose role in quantum statistics and biology is great, can be fully realized only in infinitely large time, and time itself is limited by the existence of the world.
The devices of a biological clock are as different as those of a stopwatch and a sundial. Some of them are accurate and stable, others are not very reliable, some are controlled by planetary cycles, others by molecular...
The mechanism of time measurement is closed through the circuit: cortex - striatum - tolamus - cortex ... injection of dopamine plays an important role in coding the time interval ... Marijuana reduces the level of dopamine and thereby slows down time. Drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine increase dopamine levels and speed up the interval clock. Adrenaline and other stress hormones work in the same way, and therefore, in an unfavorable situation, a second can feel like an hour. In a state of deep concentration or strong emotional arousal, the system can be completely blocked and then it seems that time has stopped or even does not exist at all. The timer is able to work in the subconscious or obey conscious control ... The accuracy of the interval timer is from 5 to 60%.
Fortunately, there is a more accurate clock - circadian (from Latin circa - around and diem - day). They force us to obey the cycles of day and night caused by the rotation of the Earth ... The body temperature regularly rises in the evening and falls a few hours before the morning awakening. Blood pressure begins to rise between 6 and 7 o'clock. In the morning, the secretion of the stress hormone cortisone is 10-20 times higher than at night. Calls to urinate and bowel movements are usually suppressed at night and resumed in the morning ... Daily cycles persist in every cell of our body ... Changes in the cycle are no more than 1%. Light is not needed to establish the circadian cycle, but it is necessary to synchronize these programmed hours with the natural circadian cycle.
Two clusters of 10,000 nerve cells located in the hypothalamus are the location of the clock... these centers are called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Joseph Takahashi of Northwestern University... believes that there are oscillators in our organs that function independently of the oscillators in our brain... Adjustment of circadian rhythms to a sudden change in the time zone can take several days or even weeks... "Owls" ... Even if they can sleep during the day, their deep rhythms continue to be controlled by the SCN, and therefore these rhythms "sleep" at night ... you can arbitrarily adjust your sleep, but it is unrealistic to set the time for changing the level of melatonin and cartisone.
The discrepancy between the regime of the day and its duration can cause seasonal emotional distress. In the United States, from October to March, this disease causes apathy, fatigue, weight gain, irritability for one in twenty ... All our troubles come from the fact that we do not go to bed after dark and do not get up at sunrise ... If the seasonal rhythms are so strongly manifest in animals and if humans have the necessary organs to express them, then why have we lost them? Michael Menaker believes that we didn’t have them at all “because we lived in the tropics, and the change of seasons almost does not affect the behavior of many tropical animals. They do not need them, since the seasons themselves are almost indistinguishable” ... The reason that determines duration of the menstrual cycle is unknown. The fact that it corresponds to the duration of the lunar cycle is just a coincidence.
The natural lifespan cannot be related only to the genetics of the species... A high metabolic rate can shorten life, while it is not necessary that large animals with a slow metabolism outlive small ones... As a chronometer marking the end of life, consider... the mitotic clock . They monitor mitosis, a process in which one cell divides into two ... Cells grown in culture undergo 60 to 100 mitotic divisions, after which the process stops ... In 1997, Sedaivy claimed that he was able to force human fibroblasts make from 20 to 30 extra division cycles due to the mutation of a single gene. This gene (p21) codes for the synthesis of a protein that responds to changes in structures called telomeres that cover the ends of chromosomes. With each division, fragments are split off from telomeres and lost. Biologists believe that cells age when telomeres become shorter than a certain length... Cells that can ignore short telomeres become cancerous. The job of p21 and telomeres is to get cells to stop dividing before they become cancerous. In fact, cell aging may prolong life, not end it. At present, the link between telomere shortening and aging cannot be considered proven. For most cells, there is no need to divide. Infection-fighting white blood cells and sperm precursors are the exception. Many old people die from simple diseases. Frailty... may be related to the aging of the immune system... Loss of telomeres is just one of the many damages cells suffer when dividing... Cells that have undergone multiple divisions contain more genetic errors than young ones... So it's not surprising that the body puts a limit on mitosis. And attempts to cheat the aging process of cells will probably not lead to immortality.
How the biological clock of your body works, few people think about such questions, but knowing this, you can spend the time allotted to you more productively. From this article, you will learn when it is better to eat, when to sleep, and when to talk to other people so as not to experience loneliness. After all, it is most difficult to endure it between 8 and 10 o'clock at night.
Biological clock of the body
Lungs active from 3 to 5 am. Then from 5 to 7 am it's wake up time large intestine. If you wake up during these hours, it is best to drink a glass of water, you can also eat some dried fruits.
Then it starts to work stomach from 7 to 9 in the morning, at this time it is best to have breakfast, porridge or muesli is great. But do not limit your breakfast to this, you can add nuts and fruits. A little later, from 9 to 11 am, the stomach is resting, while pancreas is actively working. It is not worth overloading the stomach with a hearty breakfast at this time, it is best to have a snack with fruit or low-fat yogurt.
The usual lunch time is from 11:00 to 13:00. Active at this time a heart It means you shouldn't overeat. During these hours, it is better to limit yourself to one dish, preferably soup or salad. Actively open from 13:00 to 15:00 colon.
Kidneys and bladder They start their intensive work from 15:00 to 19:00. At this time, you need to drink a lot! For dinner, chicken, fish, shrimp are suitable, plus a side dish of stewed vegetables.
From 19 to 21 hours, the kidneys begin to rest, so at this time you need to drink less and try not to eat. And here circulation this time is intense! This is the best time for an evening walk.
From 21:00 to 23:00, you can do whatever you like, and do it.
From 23 to 01 am starts its work gallbladder. No fatty foods! You can eat fruit. Open from 1 am to 3 am liver.
In rational nutrition, regular meals are important at the same time of day, the fragmentation of food intake, its distribution between breakfast, lunch, dinner, second breakfast, afternoon tea.
With 3 meals a day, the first two meals make up 2/3 of the daily energy value ("calorie") of food and dinner - '/z. Often the daily diet for energy value is distributed as follows: breakfast - 25-30%, lunch - 45-50%, dinner - 20-25%. The time between breakfast and lunch, lunch and dinner should be 5-6 hours, between dinner and going to bed - 3-4 hours.
These periods provide for the height of activity of digestive functions, digestion and absorption of the main amount of food taken. More rationally 5 - 6 meals a day.
With 5 meals a day, the first breakfast should account for about 25% of the calories of the daily diet, for the second breakfast - 5-10% (light snack - fruits, tea), for lunch - about 35%, for afternoon tea - 25%, for dinner - ten %. With a 4-time meal, the first breakfast should account for 20-25%, for the second breakfast - 10-15%, for lunch - 35-45%, for dinner - 20-25% of the calories of the daily diet. Exchange
The actual distribution of the daily ration has significant differences due to climatic conditions, work, traditions, habits and a number of other factors.
biological clock of the body
If you learn to adjust to the schedule of your body's biological clock, you can regulate not only your behavior, but also your mood.
Numerous studies have proven that we all live according to certain biological clocks. And although for different people these hours may rush or lag a little, nevertheless, the average values \u200b\u200bwill be true for most people on the planet. So, which of our organs rest at what time of the day or vice versa, become hyperactive?
Hour of blindness- visual acuity in a person decreases most of all at 2 am, which is especially important for motorists to know.
Hour of birth and death Most babies are born between 0000 and 4000 at night. In the early hours of the morning (around 4), heart attacks and strokes most often occur in people suffering from cardiovascular diseases.
Sluggish hour- The lowest blood pressure is observed between 4 and 5 o'clock in the morning.
Hour of love- the greatest secretion of sex hormones is observed from 8 to 9 o'clock in the morning.
Pain relief hour- from 9 to 10 am a person has the lowest pain sensitivity.
Creativity Hour- the hemisphere of the brain responsible for creative and abstract images works most actively from 10 to 12 noon.
Physical Education Hour- our muscles demonstrate the greatest return from 12 to 13:30.
The hour of digestion- most of all gastric juice is formed from 12:30 to 13:30.
Mastery Hour- from 15 to 16 hours the fingers work best, which is important for those whose activities are associated with fine motor skills and tactile sensations.
Growth Hour- Hair and nails grow fastest between 4:30 pm and 5:30 pm.
Running hour- the lungs breathe most intensively between 16:30 and 18 hours.
The Hour of the Senses- gustatory sensations, hearing and smell are aggravated between 17 and 19 hours.
alcohol hour The liver breaks down alcohol most efficiently between 6 and 8 pm.
beauty hour- the skin is most permeable to cosmetics between 18 and 20 hours.
Communication hour- Loneliness is most difficult to bear between 20 and 22 hours.
Hour of Immunity- the most effective immune system protects the body from various infections from 21:30 to 22:30.
Usually our daily life is painted literally by the minute. Man is a living biological being whose own body maintains its own individual daily routine, in no way connected with our plans. And we rarely think about the fact that our body also lives according to a clear schedule - the human biological clock. This clock is very accurate and unchangeable.
The biological clock in the human body runs rhythmically and the cells constantly adjust to each other, thereby synchronizing their work and therefore their pulsation is the same. Such a phenomenon is comparable to the swinging of a clock pendulum, but these processes proceed quite quickly, but the biological processes that occur in the human body are equal to days. Such processes are called circadian or circadian fluctuations. In humans, many functions, and not just sleep, are subject to the daily rhythm, this is an increase and decrease in blood pressure, fluctuations in body temperature, i.e. at night it is reduced by one degree, sweating of the palms and other changes.
The formation of biological rhythms occurs gradually. In newborns, they are still unstable, when the period of sleep, wakefulness, nutrition alternate asymptomatically, but gradually the brain begins to obey the change of day and night, and at the same time all hormonal and other organs begin to obey such rhythms, such systems in the body are called endogenous clocks. Such programmed cyclical changes in the body begin to suggest the time of day, year, and thus prepare the human body for upcoming changes, which may be accompanied by an increase in body temperature or the release of hormones that prepare the body for wakefulness, and at the same time, the gastrointestinal tract and other organs begin to activate. especially the hypothalamus.
Hypothalamus, is an internal endocrine organ, which is located in the brain, and this gland regulates the rhythm of the work of all organs and is responsible for maintaining the constancy of the internal environment and it communicates with other organs that perform all the necessary functions in a given period of time. The internal biological clock does not fade even when the habitual environment changes. For example, in a specially isolated from light, sounds and other external phenomena, the human body obeys the biological clock, and even in those conditions, sleep and awakening will occur rhythmically.
Such clocks are also preserved during flights over long distances, through a large number of time zones, and in this case, this biological clock fails in a person, which leads to a change in the functioning of the body. At the same time, he feels the weakness and fatigue of the whole organism, he wants to sleep, although it will be daytime, dry mouth appears, headaches, dizziness, and these phenomena disappear when the person’s biological clock does not adjust to the desired rhythm.
One hour
At this time, the performance of the body is minimal. The body is in deep sleep. There is an active release of the sleep hormone melatonin. The liver is actively involved in the process of metabolism that enters the body during dinner, so after midnight the body tolerates alcohol much worse. If you wake a sleeping person around 1 a.m., it will be difficult for him to leave the bed, as his blood pressure and body temperature are lowered.
It takes six years of a human life to sleep. Without sleep, a person will not live even two weeks. From 1.30 to 3.30 the meridian of the small intestine is active.
Two hours
Drivers behind the wheel respond slowly to optical stimuli. The number of accidents is rising sharply. Most people begin to feel feverish, during these hours the body is extremely sensitive to cold. The liver decomposes alcohol drunk the day before.
Three hours, three o'clock
People who are prone to depression often wake up at this time, their mood deteriorates sharply - gloomy thoughts oppress them. At this hour, the suicide curve rises sharply. Spiritual mood reaches its lowest point. This is a consequence of the effects of melatonin, which makes the body sluggish and relaxed. Daylight inhibits the production of melatonin, so during the day a person is active and is mostly in a good mood. From 3.30 to 5.30 the bladder meridian is active.
Four o'clock
The body receives a dose of the stress hormone cortisone, as if it had drained its batteries during sleep, and this dose is necessary for the body to be operational after waking up. However, this "injection" of activity is fraught with consequences: in the early morning hours, the risk of a heart attack is great. Patients with asthma also have a hard time enduring it - at this time the bronchi are extremely narrowed. Time of maximum liver activity. Insulin-dependent diabetics should know that at this time, as well as at 16.00, the body responds best to insulin. Given this, you can spend it more economically.
Five hours
The body of men produces the maximum amount of the sex hormone testosterone. The production of the hormone cortisone by the adrenal glands also reaches a maximum. The concentration of cortisone in the body is six times higher than during the day, so doctors familiar with chronobiology advise taking the main dose of drugs in the early hours, and, taking into account the natural release of hormones, question the standard "three times a day." From 5.30 to 7.30 the meridian of the kidneys is active.
Six o'clock
Cortisone acts as an internal alarm clock. It's time to wake up from sleep: the general metabolism is activated, the level of sugar and amino acids in the blood rises, all other substances necessary for the construction of new tissue cells, the energy necessary for the body during the day is prepared. At this time, drugs that lower blood pressure, as well as beta-blockers, are especially effective. But the body tolerates food poisons and nicotine much worse than at other times of the day. Early hours are unfavorable for smokers: a cigarette on an empty stomach narrows the blood vessels to the extreme, much more than a cigarette smoked in the evening. Drinking in the morning doubles the level of alcohol in the blood compared to the result of an evening feast.
Seven o'clock
After waking up and having a morning exercise, breakfast follows. Popular wisdom - "eat breakfast yourself, share lunch with a friend, and give dinner to the enemy" - is absolutely true. The reason is in the internal clock of the digestive organs: before lunch, they convert carbohydrates into energy, and in the evening - into fats. The activity of the colon is activated. It is at this time that bowel movement should occur, resulting in an increase in the efficiency and endurance of the body. From 7.30 to 9.30 the pericardial meridian is active.
Eight hours
The glands produce a large number of hormones. The preparation of the body for the working day continues. The sensation of pain is sharply aggravated - attacks in chronically ill patients, for example, with rheumatism, intensify.
Nine o'clock
The arrows of the biological clock point to the stomach. If injections are prescribed for you, it is better to do them in the morning - this will save you from fever and swelling. Vaccinations given at this time cause fewer complications than those given during the day. Radiation therapy carried out at this time is also tolerated by cancer patients much easier. At this time, a person is maximally resistant to x-ray radiation. From 9.30 to 11.30 the meridian of the triple heater is active.
Ten o'clock
Body temperature and performance reach their peak. Short-term memory functions especially well, while afternoon hours are optimal for long-term memory. A text read at about nine in the morning is remembered faster than one read at 3 pm, but it is also quickly erased from memory - about a week later, which cannot be said about a text read in the afternoon. The lesson learned at 10 am must be repeated in the afternoon. And Chinese scientists also point out that at this time our right limbs are charged with a large amount of energy. This is probably why morning handshakes are so energetic. Calculating abilities, which reached their peak during this period, will gradually decrease.
Eleven o'clock
Before lunch, exceptional performance is manifested, especially in calculations. Mathematics is much easier for schoolchildren between 9 and 12 in the morning, then between 16.30 and 18 hours. The heart is also in such excellent shape that if it is examined at this time, some heart diseases may go unnoticed. At the same time, it becomes much more sensitive and beats more often in stressful situations than in the evening. Nevertheless, this is the most suitable time for gymnastics. From 11.30 to 13.30 the gallbladder meridian is active.
Twelve o'clock.
Increased acid production in the stomach. The feeling of hunger is difficult to suppress. Brain activity decreases as the body sends blood to the digestive organs. After the morning activity, there is a need for rest. According to statistics, those who can afford an afternoon nap have a heart attack 30% less likely than those who continue to work. The need for short sleep is caused by a weakening of the blood supply to the brain. At this time, most of the blood is needed by the stomach to digest food.
Thirteen hours
The activity of the gallbladder is activated. During this period, choleretic agents work especially well, colic in the gallbladder is extremely rare. Efficiency compared to the average per day is reduced by 20%. From 13.30 to 15.30 the liver meridian is active.
Fourteen hours
Energy is concentrated in the small intestine. Blood pressure and hormone levels drop. At this time, fatigue is most noticeable, but ten minutes of rest is enough to overcome it. It is better to take a nap than to cheer up your body with tea or coffee. The best time for students to do their homework. Long-term memory works best, so it's a good idea to revise everything you've learned in the morning. With painful medical procedures, local anesthesia lasts longer and is easier to tolerate at this particular hour. At 2 pm, our teeth and skin are almost insensible to pain, and anesthetics work three times better than in the morning.
fifteen o'clock
The second peak of performance begins. A healthy desire to work, regardless of whether there was a pause for rest or not. From 15.30 to 17.30 the lung meridian is active.
Sixteen hours.
The blood pressure rises and intensifies. Athletes at this time show the best results. The return on training is great, while in the morning they are less effective. It is no coincidence that the final athletics competitions are held at this time in order to achieve the best results. Very effective drugs that affect acidity.
seventeen o'clock
A noticeable influx of vitality. The kidneys and bladder are active. Between 4 and 6 pm, hair and nails grow faster than at other times. From 17.30 to 19.30 the large intestine meridian is active.
eighteen o'clock
The pancreas is active. The liver is more tolerant of alcohol. Respiratory organs work intensively.
Nineteen hours.
The pulse is very slow, at this time it is dangerous to take drugs that lower blood pressure. Effective drugs recommended for disorders of the central nervous system and peptic ulcers of the digestive system. Kidney activity reaches its peak. From 19.30 to 21.30 the meridian of the stomach is active.
twenty hours
twenty one hours
The body is preparing for the night's rest. It is harmful to fill the stomach with food - it will remain almost undigested until the morning, and that part of it that will be processed will be converted into body fat. From 21.30 to 23.30 the meridian of the spleen - pancreas is active.
twenty two hours
The performance drops sharply. The number of leukocytes in the blood increases - more than 12,000 white blood cells per millimeter, while in the morning there are about 5,000 per millimeter. You should not use medicines with side effects, since the danger of intoxication is great, at night it is especially difficult for the body to decompose poisons and fight poisoning.
twenty three hours
Metabolism is reduced to a minimum, along with it, blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature decrease, the ability to concentrate and work decreases. Cortisone production stops. Management of the body's activity passes to the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. From 23.30 to 1.30 the meridian of the heart is active.
Twenty four hours
There is an intensive restoration of the skin - cell division at night is much more intense than during the day. In conditions of vigorous activity of the parasympathetic department of the nervous system, hepatic and biliary colic occur more often. As a result of a decrease in blood pressure and pulse rate against the background of local blood circulation disorders, strokes can occur. In women, hormones that regulate labor pains are especially intense. For this reason, twice as many children are born at night as during the day.
Table of optimal food intake
Milk products
Spices
| Asafoetida | (11:00-14:00) |
| star anise | (5:00-17:00) |
| Vanilla | (5:00-17:00) |
| Carnation | (11:00-18:00) |
| mustard yellow | (11:00-14:00) |
| black mustard | (11:00-14:00) |
| Ginger | (10:00-17:00) |
| Kaliji | (11:00-18:00) |
| cardamom green | (7:00-21:00) |
| Coriander | (11:00-16:00) |
| Cinnamon | (6:00-17:00) |
| Cumin | (10:00-16:00) |
| Turmeric | (10:00-17:00) |
| Bay leaf | (10:00-15:00) |
| Poppy Black | (10:00-15:00) |
| Mango (powder) | (10:00-17:00) |
| Nutmeg | (11:00-16:00) |
| Allspice | (11:00-19:00) |
| Pepper red medium | (11:00-14:00) |
| paprika pepper | (11:00-14:00) |
| Black pepper | (11:00-15:00) |
| Chilli | (11:00-16:00) |
| Caraway | (7:00-18:00) |
| Fennel | (5:00-21:00) |
| Shambhala (fruits) | (10:00-14:00) |
Fruits, dried fruits, berries and honey
| Apricot | (7:00-16:00) |
| A pineapple | (9:00-15:00) |
| Orange | (10:00-15:00) |
| Watermelon | (11:00-17:00) |
| Banana | (7:00-20:00) |
| Hawthorn | (10:00-21:00) |
| Grape | (7:00-18:00) |
| Cherry | (8:00-16:00) |
| Garnet | (10:00-18:00) |
| Grapefruit | (11:00-15:00) |
| Pear | (8:00-19:00) |
| Melon | (9:00-16:00) |
| strawberries | (8:00-18:00) |
| Raisin | (6:00-21:00) |
| viburnum | (10:00-18:00) |
| Strawberry | (10:00-16:00) |
| Gooseberry | (6:00-18:00) |
| Dried apricots | (7:00-16:00) |
| Lemon | (11:00-16:00) |
| Raspberry | (8:00-19:00) |
| Mandarin | (9:00-16:00) |
| Honey | (6:00-18:00) |
| Sea buckthorn | (8:00-18:00) |
| Peach | (7:00-15:00) |
| Plum | (7:00-16:00) |
| Red currants | (11:00-16:00) |
| Black currant | (7:00-20:00) |
| Date fruit | (6:00-19:00) |
| Persimmon | (7:00-19:00) |
| Prunes | (6:00-17:00) |
| Rose hip | (8:00-18:00) |
| Apples | (7:00-19:00) |
Vegetable oils and herbs
Nuts and seeds
Vegetables, melons and greens
cereals
In contact with
Artyunina Alina Anatolievna 2012UDC 81.00 BBK 81.00
A.A. Artyunin
BIOLOGICAL TIME AND SUBJECTIVE TIME: COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
The article considers the category of time from the point of view of system analysis, distinguishes time into physical, biological and internal, separates the concepts of objectivity of time and subjective consciousness of time, describes the mechanism of time perception by a person. Time has dual characteristics: on the one hand, it is experienced, on the other hand, it is measured and quantified.
Keywords: category of time; sequence and duration of time; spatialization of time; physical time; biological time; biological rhythms; objectivity of time; subjective perception of time; felt and perceived time; internal time; phenomenological consciousness of time
ON COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL AND SUBJECTIVE TIME
The category of time has been for a long time discussed in physics, biology and philosophy. The author examines the difference between the objective time and the subjective time perception. Time appears double-natured: on the one hand it is experienced and on the other one it can be measured. The phenomenological-structural opposition of time perception has come under scrutiny in the article.
Keywords: time category; time sequence and duration; to space the time; physical time; biological time;, biological rhythms; objective character of time; subjective time perception; time sensed and perceived; inner time; phenomenological time consciousness
Definition of time from a general philosophical point of view. In the conditions of modernity, science cannot be limited to a separate analysis of the spatial aspect separately from the temporal one, they are connected together. According to Timofeev-Ressovsky, any definition that we are trying to formulate for the concept of a system must include time, history, continuity, otherwise everything loses its meaning, and the concept of "system" is completely identified with the concept of "structure"... Also, just as the elementary components of a given system are links of this particular system and are inseparable from the point of view of this system, so time is one of these inseparable elementary, component parts [Biological time, 2009].
In physics, time is a conditional comparative measure of the motion of matter, as well as one of the coordinates of space-time, along which the world lines of physical bodies are stretched. This means that this or that state of the spatial organization of living systems (in three-dimensional space) always refers to some specific moment (before, after). The deployment of a structure in space is inseparable from its deployment in time, which becomes the fourth dimension for the system. Space in natural science expresses the extent, order and nature of the placement of a material object, their relative position. Time in natural science reflects the sequence of processes of change and the duration of the existence of an object.
Time is a manifestation of being from the point of view of the past, present and future and the relations “earlier”, “later”, “at the same time” resting on them. Time is inextricably linked to change. No change, i.e. without processes there is no time. But time is not identical with change and change. It is relatively independent of them in the sense that time is indifferent to what is changing.
Time represents the unity (integrity) of the past, present and future and is characterized, first of all, by duration, flow, openness. Time lasts - this means that the present exists. The meaning of the concepts "past", "present", "future" contains two components. One (abstract), which remains the rigid, unchanging core of the concept, is purely temporary, i.e. concerns existence. The second (concrete) refers to the events that fill the past, present, future, i.e. ongoing processes. If there are changes in the specific content of the present, then they say - time flows. Time flows into the future, events go into the past. Unlike the past that has already come true and the present filled with events, the future is not filled with them and is open for creation. This property of time is called openness.
Time is woven into all spheres of being, therefore a certain interpretation of time enters into different areas of spiritual culture: natural language grammar, mythology, philosophy, theology, art and literature, science, everyday consciousness. There are different ways to measure it: the movement of celestial bodies, psychological perception, the change of seasons, biological rhythms, historical epochs, the process of counting, clocks. The procedure for measuring time is carried out by mentally stopping the flow of time, which is necessary in order to be able to apply the standard to the measured time. This technique is called the spaceing of time, or its geometrization, if it was about physics, where highly abstract models of time appeared, which are far removed from the concrete existence of both nature and man. In them, time is represented by a set of moments, and a certain system of relations between moments is superimposed on this set. All moments have the same existence status, i.e. they cannot be characterized by the concepts of "present, past, future". As a result, the gap between the physical and mathematical models of time and the time of human existence is widening [Philosophical Dictionary, 2001, p. 103].
The problem of "biological time". The concept of temporal organization is closely related to the problem of the specificity of the flow of time in living systems, or, as it is called, the problem of biological time.
Most authors emphasize that time is one in the Universe, there is no special (for example, biological time), it is legitimate to speak only about the subjective assessment of time. However, there is also an opposite position, which has a considerable number of supporters. The problem of biological time was posed more than 100 years ago by K. Baer, the founder of embryology [Baer, 1861]. The scientifically substantiated idea of biological time belongs to V.I. According to Leconte de Nup, biological time is irregular because the underlying changes are irregular. This is different from physical time. F. Cizek draws attention to the fact that different ages require different amounts of physical time to perform equal physical work.
An example of the difference between physical and biological time is the calendar and biological age of a person. According to V.A. Mezherin, the two forms of time (physical and biological) are not identical; when biological time is reduced to physical time, the idea of the specifics of biological systems is lost. In modern scientific literature, there is a lot of evidence of a rather significant variability of time scales in the psychophysical perception of its flow by a person. This is especially true in stressful situations, when time is “compressed” or “stretched” [Biological time, 2009].
The existence of biological time is not recognized by everyone. Some scientists, starting with I. Newton and ending with S. Hawking, believe that time has all the properties of physical time:
unidirectionality (irreversibility);
one-dimensionality (if there is a reference point, any moment of time can be set using only one number, and one time parameter is required to fix any event);
orderliness (points of time are located in relation to each other in a linear order);
continuity and connectedness (time consists of an uncountable set of moments, it cannot be divided into parts so that in one of them there would not be a moment of time infinitely close to the second part).
However, the studies of G. Backman, T. A. Detlaf, G. P. Eremeev, D. A. Sabinin and many others speak of the dissimilarity of physical and biological time.
biological time:
1. Unevenly, irregularly, since the underlying changes are irregular (physical and biological time is not the same, since there is a biological and calendar age of a person).
2. Live time scales are different from physical time scales (this is especially true for a person in stressful situations, when time is compressed or stretched).
3. Biological time is multiscale (living systems oppose themselves to the external environment and exist simultaneously both as individually discrete individuals and as units of more complex systems).
The temporal organization of biological systems is a central problem in the field of biology, called chronobiology (from the Greek words chronos - time, bios - life and logos - doctrine, science).
Any changes in living systems are detected only when comparing the states of the system at least at two time points separated by a larger or smaller interval. However, their nature may be different. One speaks of phase changes in a system when the stages of a biological process are successively swept away in the system. An example is the change in the stages of ontogeny, i.e. individual development of the organism. Changes of this type are characteristic of the morphophysiological parameters of the body after exposure to some factor. These changes characterize both the normal course of processes in the body and the reaction to influences. There is a special class of periodic changes in the activity and behavior of living systems - biological rhythms. The doctrine of biological rhythms (in the narrow sense) was called biorhythmology, since today it is recognized that biological rhythm is one of the most important tools for studying the role of the time factor in the activity of living systems and their temporal organization.
Rhythmic changes - when biological phenomena or states of biological systems are reproduced at approximately equal time intervals (cycle). Why reproduction and not repetition? Each new cycle of changes is only similar to the previous one, its parameters are necessarily different from the old cycle. This makes biological rhythm different from mechanical oscillation. The new cycle reproduces the general structure, the form of rhythm. This new cycle, similar in form to the old one, differs in content from
different from him. This very deep and important regularity makes it possible to understand how a new content arises in the remaining former structure and why the process of development of any function, morphological formation or the organism as a whole is irreversible. Figuratively, we can say that the biological rhythm in this case divides the development process into separate segments (quanta), i.e. makes development quantized; this achieves the unity of continuity and discreteness. The quantization of changes occurring in a living system is directly related to the problem of dimension (natural units of biological time). Biological rhythms are found at all levels of organization of living nature - from unicellular to complex multicellular organisms of plants and animals, including humans, and from molecular and subcellular structures to the biosphere. This indicates that biological rhythm is one of the most common properties of living systems. Biological rhythms are recognized as the most important mechanism for regulating body functions, which embodies the principle of negative feedback and ensures homeostasis, dynamic balance and adaptation processes in biological systems. Due to the fact that the processes in the body experience fluctuations, the integrity of the system is maintained when external conditions change, for example, a person’s blood pressure changes rhythmically throughout the day, month, year. In the surviving structure of the nervous tissue, rhythms of oxygen consumption are observed with periods of 1-4 minutes, 2 hours, 24 hours and 5 days [Biological time, 2009].
subjective time. Time belongs not only to the outer world, but also to the inner world of man. Man not only cognizes time, but also experiences its existence [Philosophical Dictionary, 2001, p. 103].
The issues of the relationship between subjective and objective time are considered in detail in the works of prominent philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. E. Husserl and A. Bergson. E. Husserl, the founder of the phenomenological school, in many of his works studied in detail the mechanism of time perception by a person and even devoted a separate book to this problem, “The Phenomenology of the Internal Consciousness of Time”. In this work, E. Husserl clearly separates the objective time, measured by chronometers, and the immanent time of the flow of consciousness. This is not about the time of the world, not about the existence of the duration of a thing, but about “appearing time, about duration as such” [Molchanov, 2009, p. 86].
The concept of subjective consciousness of time is introduced by E. Husserl in the first edition of the second volume of "Logical Investigations" in an attempt to free the experience from subject dependence. Defining the first concept of consciousness as a "bundle" or "weaving of mental experiences" [Husserl, 2001, p. 396], E. Husserl distinguishes between experience in the ordinary and phenomenological sense. This difference required the following, paradigmatic for his further reasoning, the difference between perception and sensation, which
E. Husserl demonstrates on the example of color: if the perceived object does not exist, but is a deception or a hallucination, then its perceived color, as its property, also does not exist; but still there is a sense of color. This approach then extends to time: Husserl distinguishes between sensed and perceived time. This distinction is made as an example from the phenomenology of space, and then, by analogy with perceived color, internal time is introduced as sensed time: “If we call the sensed phenomenological datum, which, through grasping, makes conscious the objective in the living datum, which is then called objectively perceived, then we must also then, in the same sense, distinguish between the sensed temporal and the perceived temporal. The latter means objective time. The former, however, is not objective time itself (or a place in objective time), but a phenomenological datum through whose empirical grasp the relation to objective time is constituted. Temporal data, if you will, temporal signs are not témpora themselves” [Husserl, 1994, p. nine]. Temporal sensations are ideal sensations in the sense that they do not correlate with any objectivity and are not required to correlate with it [Molchanov, 2009, p. 88].
The system of reproducing acts of remembrance and imagination constitutes a model of the phenomenological consciousness of time. Making a distinction between the act as the content of grasping and the grasped object, E. Husserl discovers the properties of time, sequence and duration, at both levels. The decisive factor is the analysis of the properties of acts, which makes it possible in principle to answer the question of how consciousness of time is possible, and not time as an objective quantity. If, according to Husserl, the generally accepted concept of experiencing implies perceptions, judgments, and other acts related to objects, then the phenomenological concept of experiencing deals with experiencing “in the inner sense”: certain contents are constituent parts in the unity of consciousness, in the “experiencing” mental subject. These parts coexist with each other, follow each other, pass into each other; accordingly, they require unity and sustainability. The basis of their unity, essentially the unity of sensations, a stable element and a mediator between the parts of the immanent is the consciousness of time. This consciousness, however paradoxical it may sound, is an all-encompassing form of consciousness of the moment, that is, a form of experiences coexisting at some objective point in time. Perhaps the analysis of temporality is the most authentic part of Husserl's phenomenology. This issue has been considered by him for several decades and occupies an important position in the task of substantiating the phenomenological method as a whole [Litvin, 2010, p. 153]
In philosophy A. Bergson, the fundamental principle of everything is duration - a pure non-material essence. Time is one of the manifestations of duration in our view. Cognition of time is accessible only to intuition. A. Bergson emphasizes: “After all, our duration is not successive moments: then only the present would constantly exist, there would be no continuation of the past in the present, no evolution, no specific duration. Duration is the continuous development of the past, which absorbs the future and swells as it moves forward” [Bergson, 2007, p. 126].
A. Bergson, like E. Husserl, prefaces the introduction of time with the study of feelings and sensations. The starting point of this study is the distinction between qualitative and quantitative characteristics and, accordingly, between extensive, directly measurable quantities and intensive, only indirectly measurable quantities. He wrote: “Some states of the soul appear to us, rightly or not, as self-sufficient: for example, deep joy or sadness, conscious passions, aesthetic emotions. Pure intensity manifests itself more easily in these simple cases, where, apparently, there are no extensive elements” [Molchanov, 2009, p. 91]. So, he connects joy with the future, and sadness with the past.
If E. Husserl refers first to sensations, and then to feelings when introducing time, freeing both the first and second ones from objectivity, then A. Bergson has a different order: first, we are talking about feelings as states of pure intensity, then about states that accompanied by "physical symptoms", and only then about sensations that have a direct connection with their external causes. The relationship of states and their bodily manifestations indicates how quantity falls into the sphere of intensity. A. Bergson considers muscular effort to be a phenomenon that can directly appear to consciousness in the form of quantity or magnitude.
The introduction of true time is carried out by A. Bergson by contrasting it with homogeneous space and by appealing to qualitative, intense states. If material objects are external to each other and to us, then the states of consciousness, the French philosopher argues, are characterized by interpenetration, and the whole soul can be reflected in the simplest of them.
As for pure duration, in the descriptions of A. Bergson it also appears as space, but no longer homogeneous, but alive: “the essence of time lies in the fact that it passes, none of its parts remain in place when it appears different” [Bergson, 2007, p. 126].
Thus, the introduction of time by A. Bergson and E. Husserl occurs through a distraction from the spatially oriented human existence, through such special states and intense feelings as joy or grief, through sensations devoid of objective meaning.
Summarizing the above, we can state the fact that people have long measured time, and not only experienced it. Measurement is one of the ways to obtain empirical knowledge, a precursor and a necessary element of the later scientific knowledge of time. And the feasibility of this procedure was already surprising in Augustine. When time is measured, one cannot have all the values (states) of the clock and the measured process, their past, present and future at the same time, and one cannot attach them to each other, like a rod to the edge of a table. In the measurement procedure, there is always only "now", the present of both the object of measurement and the measuring clock. Yes, humanity measures time, but does it measure time, and does it measure time? This duality of time, as experienced, on the one hand, and as measured, quantified, on the other, has stimulated the process of cognition in many branches of scientific knowledge throughout human culture.
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Biological rhythms (biorhythms)(from Greek βίος - bios, "life" and ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any repetitive movement, rhythm") - periodically recurring changes in the nature and intensity of biological processes and phenomena. They are characteristic of living matter at all levels of its organization - from molecular and subcellular to the biosphere. They are a fundamental process in nature. Some biological rhythms are relatively independent (for example, heart rate, respiration), others are associated with the adaptation of organisms to geophysical cycles - daily (for example, fluctuations in the intensity of cell division, metabolism, animal motor activity), tidal (for example, opening and closing of shells in marine molluscs associated with the level of sea tides), annual (changes in the number and activity of animals, growth and development of plants, etc.)
The science that studies the role of the time factor in the implementation of biological phenomena and in the behavior of living systems, the temporal organization of biological systems, the nature, conditions for the occurrence and significance of biorhythms for organisms is called biorhythmology. Biorhythmology is one of the directions that was formed in the 1960s. section of biology - chronobiology. At the junction of biorhythmology and clinical medicine is the so-called chronomedicine, which studies the relationship of biorhythms with the course of various diseases, develops treatment and prevention schemes for diseases taking into account biorhythms and explores other medical aspects of biorhythms and their disorders.
Biorhythms are divided into physiological and ecological. Physiological rhythms, as a rule, have periods from fractions of a second to several minutes. These are, for example, the rhythms of pressure, heartbeat and blood pressure. Ecological rhythms coincide in duration with any natural rhythm of the environment.
Biological rhythms are described at all levels, from the simplest biological reactions in the cell to complex behavioral reactions. Thus, a living organism is a collection of numerous rhythms with different characteristics. According to the latest scientific data, about 400 [ ] circadian rhythms.
The adaptation of organisms to the environment in the process of evolutionary development went in the direction of both improving their structural organization and coordinating the activities of various functional systems in time and space. The exceptional stability of the frequency of changes in illumination, temperature, humidity, geomagnetic field and other environmental parameters, due to the movement of the Earth and the Moon around the Sun, allowed living systems in the process of evolution to develop stable and resistant to external influences time programs, the manifestation of which are biorhythms. These rhythms, sometimes referred to as environmental, or adaptive (for example, diurnal, tidal, lunar and annual) are fixed in the genetic structure. Under artificial conditions, when the body is deprived of information about external natural changes (for example, with continuous lighting or darkness, in a room with humidity, pressure maintained at the same level, etc.), the periods of such rhythms deviate from the periods of the corresponding rhythms of the environment, showing that very own period.
History reference
People have known about the existence of biological rhythms since ancient times.
The theory of "three rhythms"
Academic researchers have rejected the "three biorhythm theory". Theoretical criticism is set forth, for example, in a popular science book by Arthur Winfrey, a recognized specialist in chronobiology. Unfortunately, the authors of scientific (not popular science) works did not consider it necessary to specifically devote time to criticism, however, a number of publications (in Russian, for example, a collection edited by Jurgen Aschoff, a book by L. Glass and M. Mackie and other sources) allow to conclude that the "theory of three biorhythms" is devoid of scientific grounds. Much more convincing, however, is the experimental critique of the "theory". Numerous experimental tests in the 1970s and 80s completely refuted the "theory" as untenable. Currently, the "theory of three rhythms" is not recognized by the scientific community and is considered as a pseudoscience.
Due to the widespread use of the "three rhythm theory", the words "biorhythm" and "chronobiology" are often associated with pseudoscience. In fact, chronobiology is an evidence-based discipline that lies in the traditional academic mainstream of research, and confusion arises due to the misuse of the name of the scientific discipline in relation to pseudoscientific theory.
see also
Notes
- βίος (indefinite) . A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.
- Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott. ῥυθμός (indefinite) . A Greek-English Lexicon. Perseus.
