I decided to equip my new house according to Feng Shui. So. In the north - an office, in the west - a nursery, in the northwest - a sector for storing equipment, in the northeast - a zone of wisdom ... It turned out that everything is not so simple. I'm completely confused with the arrangement of things according to the sides of the horizon. I had to refresh my school knowledge.

How to determine the sides of the horizon of the house

In Feng Shui, there is a special Bagua scheme. It can be downloaded from the Internet. With the help of the table, you can easily navigate the apartment. To do this, you need to draw a plan of the house on a small scale and put a Bagua on it in a mirror image. For example, if the windows look to the north, then in the diagram we connect them to the south.

How to calculate in which direction of the world the windows are located? The surest and easiest way is to find the coordinates of your house on the Internet or get them using a GPS navigator on your phone.
If this is not possible, then the best tool is a compass. But how many of us have such a device at home? Perhaps most housewives, like me, do not have a compass. You can determine the sides of the horizon in the house (however, and not only) using a wristwatch. The main thing is that the sun shines on this day. The accessory must be positioned so that the hour hand looks towards the sun. The median line between 12 o'clock and the hand will show south. Determining the rest of the world is already a matter of technology.
Another way is by the stars. In the starry sky, you need to find the North Star and stand facing it. In this position, you will have west on the left, east on the right.

How to choose a compass

After all the efforts I made to restore order in the house, I still bought a compass. During the purchase, I learned that compasses are:

• liquid;
• magnetic;
• electromagnetic;
• electronic.

I purchased the first one.

In my opinion, he is the best. The operation of the liquid compass does not depend on the battery and satellite communications. At the same time, unlike a conventional magnetic compass, it has no errors. The main thing is to use it carefully so as not to break it.

Definition 1

sides of the horizon(or cardinal directions) in geography are the four main directions (north, south, west and east). Two of which - north and south - are determined by the north and south poles of the Earth, respectively, and the other two are associated with the rotation of the planet Earth around its axis and the apparent movement of heavenly bodies.

In addition to the main division of the circle into 4 parts, for more accuracy, intermediate directions are introduced and more fractional sectors are obtained - rhumbs. The most commonly used systems with the number of points $4$, $8$ and $16$, occasionally $32$:

• by $4$, the rumba corresponds to the sides of the horizon - north, south, west and east;
• on $8$ points - another $4$ extra - northwest, northeast, southwest and southeast;
• along $16$ points - additionally also north-north-east, east-north-east, east-south-east, south-south-east, south-south-west, west-south-west, west-north-west and north northwest. In maritime navigation, they are guided by $32$ points, where, in addition to $16$, the concept of “shadow” is also introduced.

Abbreviated directions indicate the first capital letters of the Latin names of the sides of the horizon - $N$ (nord - north), $S$ (south - south), $W$ (west - west) and $E$ (east - east).

Azimuth

If the direction must be specified exactly, then the concept of azimuth is used.

Definition 2

Azimuth is the angle (in degrees) between north and the desired direction, counted clockwise.

On the ground, the azimuth is determined using a compass. First you need to place the compass with the dark end of the arrow in the north direction. Then a thin oblong object should be placed on the compass towards the object from the center of the compass, the placement of which is to be determined. Further, clockwise, the angle is counted from the dark end of the arrow to the object indicating the direction to the object.

Orientation on the ground

You can navigate the terrain on the sides of the horizon by:

• the sun;
• stars;
• compass
• characteristic features of the area.

The first thing that is done with any way of orienting on the ground is to determine the direction to the north. After the direction to the north is determined, the rest can be determined without difficulty. If you stand with your back to the north, then on the left hand will be the east, on the right - the west, and behind - the south.

Remark 1

In particular, in accordance with the above methods: the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, at the zenith it is in the direction to the south, and, accordingly, the midday shadow from objects is directed to the north.

Orientation on a cartographic image

On the map image(map or topoplana) there is a stable system for orienting the displayed area to the cardinal points. Always the top edge is north, the bottom is south, the left is west, and the right is east. It is also customary to put a compass arrow in the upper left part of the sheet, pointing up to the north. Also, one or more letters indicating the cardinal points can be located next to the arrow.

Example 1

In order to determine in which direction the city of Tver is located relative to Moscow, you need to find the city center relative to which orientation is performed (in this example, this is Moscow) and draw a conditional line to the desired object. In our case, this line will point up a little to the left of the vertical (at $11$ hours on the dial). This direction is north-northwest. Therefore, the city of Tver is located in the north-north-west of the city of Moscow. If it is necessary to determine the direction of extended linear objects (for example, roads or rivers), then they are divided into straight segments and the direction of each of them is determined.

On maps of the starry sky, west and east are located in opposite directions from maps of the Earth, i.e. the map is treated as being above rather than below the observer.

Colors symbolizing the cardinal points

According to tradition, the south end of the compass magnetic needle is painted red, and the opposite north end is black. This color correspondence dates back to the Assyrian calendar, where the black side was called the north, the red side was the south, the green side was the east, and the white side was the west. In addition, the gates of ancient cities, oriented in different directions of the horizon, were painted in the appropriate colors.

ORIENTATION IN SPACE AND SIMPLE TERRAIN SHOOTING

Orientation is the determination on the ground by the observer of his location (standing point) relative to the sides of the horizon, surrounding objects, as well as the direction of movement. It is carried out using a compass, map, aerial photographs, as well as light, radio and sound signals (radio beacon, radio compass, etc.). Approximately you can orient yourself by local objects, the Sun, the Moon, the stars.

Orientation can be general and detailed. With general orientation, angles, directions and distances are not exactly taken into account. This method is used during the tour, when the participants, in order not to go astray, it is important to know only the general location of the roads and trails of the area in which they move. Detailed orientation requires an accurate determination of the standing point, the direction of the sides of the horizon and the route. It is necessary when shooting the area. For this reason, the accuracy of drawing up a plan to a large extent depends on the ability to navigate the terrain.

DETERMINING THE SIDES OF THE HORIZON

Determining the sides of the horizon with a compass. The main detail of the compass is a magnetized needle placed on the tip of a steel needle. The needle is fixed in the center of the disc with divisions, which is called the limbus. The sides of the horizon are indicated on the limb and divisions are made in a clockwise direction (from 0° to 360°).

When the compass is inoperative, its arrow is pressed against the cover glass with a special lever. To determine the sides of the horizon, the compass is placed on a horizontal surface, the arrow lever is released, the arrow is allowed to calm down, then the northern end of the arrow is aligned with the letter C (north) on the limb. With this position, the limb designations will correctly show all sides of the horizon.

When working with a compass, the following rules must be observed:

1. Do not use the compass near steel or iron objects, high voltage electrical wires, as they affect the accuracy of the magnetic needle readings.

2. The compass must be protected from sharp shocks, shocks. In the non-working state, the compass needle should be pressed with a lever to the cover glass.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the sun. The first primitive clock in antiquity was a vertically mounted gnomon pole, which cast a shadow in sunlight. The length and direction of this shadow was used to determine the time of day.

In practice, many objects can be gnomons, that is, indicators of the shadow. A sundial makes it possible to navigate only in the daytime, and their principle is based on the so-called noon line drawn at noon in the direction of the shortest shadow from south to north (Fig. 1). In the direction of this shadow, you can determine other sides of the horizon: if you stand facing in the direction of the shadow, then the south will be behind, on the right - east, on the left - west.

At any time of the year, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the sun and the clock. The clock is placed on the palm of the hand so that the hour hand is directed to the Sun. The angle that is formed on the clock between the hour hand and the number 1 (winter time from November to April) or number 2 (summer time from April to November) should be divided in half. The line dividing this corner will be the north-south direction. In this case, the south will be at the end of the line, which is closer to the Sun. You just need to remember that before noon the angle is divided on the left side of the dial, and in the afternoon - on the right (Fig. 2). This method is best used in winter, when the Sun is low above the horizon, but in summer it gives less accurate results with an error of up to 25 °.

When visually orienting by the Sun, one must remember that in our latitudes the Sun rises in the northeast in summer, in the southeast in winter; sets in summer in the northwest, in winter - in the southwest. In spring and autumn, it rises roughly in the east and sets in the west.

Orientation by the North Star. On a clear starry night, the direction of the sides of the horizon is determined by the North Star. It is easily found in the constellation Ursa Major. If you mentally continue in the sky the line connecting the extreme stars of the Ursa Major bucket, and put five times the distance between these stars up on it, then at the end of this straight line there will be the Polar Star. The North Star is the last star in the tail of the constellation Ursa Minor (Fig. 3). If you stand facing the North Star, north will be in front, south in the back, west to the left, east to the right.

Moon Orientation. The sides of the horizon can be roughly determined using the moon. When orienting, it must be remembered that the full moon is located in the eastern part of the sky in the evening, in the south at night, and in the west in the morning. During the first quarter, the Moon is in the evening in the southern part of the sky, at night - in the western. During the last quarter, the Moon is at night in the eastern part of the sky, in the morning - in the south. At the Moon, the first quarter of the "horns" are directed to the left side, the last - to the right (Fig. 4).

Local orientation. For approximate orientation, various local signs can serve. For example, on the southern side of the trunks of coniferous trees, characteristic natural sagging and resin clots are visible. After the rain, the pine trunks on the north side are much darker than those on the south. Anthills are most often located south of the nearest trees, stumps or bushes. The north side of the anthill is steeper than the south. In the spring, when the snow melts, the south-facing slopes are freed of snow earlier. Holes formed during the melting of snow at the base of the trunks are usually more elongated in a southerly direction. In large forest areas, clearings that run from north to south and from west to east serve as an important landmark. For control, it is useful to compare the results of the study of local signs with the readings of the compass.

It must be remembered that if you stand facing north, then on the right hand will be east, on the left - west, respectively, south - behind . To determine the sides of the horizon, the following methods can be recommended:

• by compass;
• by the Sun and analog clock;
• by the Sun and digital clock;
• with the help of improvised means;
• on local facilities;
• by the North Star;
• by the moon.

Let us consider in more detail these ways of determining the sides of the horizon, as well as the recommended sequence of their development in the course of training sessions.

Determining the sides of the horizon by compass . A magnetic compass is a device that allows you to determine the sides of the horizon, as well as measure angles in degrees on the ground. The principle of operation of a compass is that a magnetized needle on a hinge rotates along the lines of force of the Earth's magnetic field and is constantly held by them in one direction. The most common are various versions of the Adrianov compass and the artillery compass.

Rice. 5.1 Adrianov's compass

1 - cover with stands for sighting; 2 - limb; 3 - reference pointer; 4 - magnetic needle; 5 - brake

Adrianov's compass(Fig.5.1) allows you to measure angles in degrees and divisions of the goniometer. To read the angles, a dial with two scales is used. Degrees are signed through 15 ° (division price 3 °) clockwise, dividing the protractor - through 5-00 (division price 0-50). The reading on the dial is read using a pointer mounted on the inner wall of the compass cover against the front sight. The northern end of the magnetic needle, the reference pointer and divisions on the limb, corresponding to 0°, 90°, 180° and 270°, are covered with a composition glowing in the dark. There is a mechanism that slows down the movement of the arrow.

Rice. 5.2 Artillery compass

1 - compass case; 2 - rotating body of the limb; 3 - limb; 4 - compass cover with a mirror "a", a cutout for sighting "b" and a latch "c"; 5 - magnetic arrow; 6 - protrusion of the brake lever arrows

Artillery compass(Fig. 5.2) thanks to some improvements, it is more convenient to use than Adrianov's compass. Its case is rectangular, which allows you to accurately set the compass along the lines of the map and draw directions. The compass cover with a mirror surface allows you to observe the position of the magnetic needle and at the same time aim at the object. The magnetic needle fixes the direction of the magnetic meridian more steadily; its braking is carried out by closing the cover. The price of division of the scale of the limb is 1-00, their signatures are given after 5-00 clockwise.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the Sun and analog clocks . This rather convenient and accurate method of determining the sides of the horizon is used if the Sun is visible, or it is determined through the clouds.

Rice. 5.3

An analog clock is held horizontally and rotated until the hour hand is aligned with the direction of the sun, the position of the minute hand is not taken into account. The angle between the hour hand and the number "1" of the clock face is divided in half. The line dividing this angle in half will indicate the direction to the south (Fig. 5.3). It is important to remember that before one in the afternoon, the angle that the hour hand has not passed is divided in half, and after one in the afternoon, the angle that it has already passed.

Determining the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock . This method of determining the sides of the horizon is used when the light of the Sun is sufficient for objects to cast a shadow.

On a horizontal surface (on the ground) a circle with a diameter of 25-30 cm is drawn with a dot in the center. Then, from the outer side of the circle from the side of the Sun, a small load (for example, a bunch of keys) is suspended on a string or cord so that the shadow from the string passes through the center of the drawn circle. Further, through the point of intersection of the shadow from the rope with the sunny side of the circle and the center of the circle, a radius is drawn, indicating the hour hand of an imaginary clock. According to the digital clock, the actual time is specified, according to which the divisions of the imaginary dial are drawn in the circle.

Further, as on an analog clock, the angle between the hour of the day and the drawn hour hand is divided in half (before the hour of the day, the angle that the hour hand has not passed is divided in half, and after the hour of the day, the angle that it has already passed). The resulting direction is south (Fig. 5.4).

Rice. 5.4 Determining the sides of the horizon by the Sun and digital clock

Determining the sides of the horizon using improvised means . The situation is complicated when on a cloudy day it is impossible to determine exactly where the Sun is. However, in this case, there are ways to quite accurately determine the sides of the horizon.

Rice. 5.5 Determining the sides of the horizon with a float and a needle

A flat round float with a diameter of 15-20 mm and a thickness of 5-6 mm is made from the bark or a piece of wood. A shallow diametrical incision is made on the float, in which it is necessary to carefully place the needle, lower the float onto the existing water surface (any puddle; water poured into a plastic or wooden container; a small depression in the ground lined with a plastic bag and filled with water from a flask, etc. ). Under the influence of terrestrial magnetism, the needle will surely turn and, swinging between east and west, will settle down with its tip to the north, and its eye to the south, that is, along the Earth's magnetic lines of force (Fig. 5.5).

If there is no needle, then a thin steel nail or steel wire can replace it. But in this case, it is important to remember that the needle turns with its tip to the north due to the peculiarities of the manufacturing technology - the so-called "broaching". For a piece of wire or a nail, the direction of the broach is unknown; accordingly, it is not clear which end of it points to the north, and which one to the south. Therefore, for alignment, it is necessary once near a noticeable landmark (anthill, growth rings, etc.) to do the same operations as with a needle, then mark the end of the wire or nail that will turn to the north. An interesting fact: even an automatic ramrod on a float of the appropriate size can play the role of a compass needle - the ramrod will always turn to the north with a thread (true only for AKs produced before 1984).

Determination of the sides of the horizon by local objects . The sides of the horizon can be determined by local objects, but it must be remembered that the error in this case can be 15-20 °.

• One of the most reliable indicators of the sides of the horizon are forest anthills - they are usually located at the roots of a tree with a dense crown that protects them from rain and always on the south side of this tree. In addition, the south side of the anthill is always flatter than the north.
• The next, though not as reliable indicator as an anthill, is moss on stones and trees. Moss, avoiding direct sunlight, grows on the shady northern sides of rocks and trees. When using this method, one must be careful: since there is no direct sunlight in a dense forest, moss grows around the entire surface of the tree - at its roots and above. The same goes for stones. Accordingly, this method "works" well only on separate trees or stones. Or, in extreme cases, in the woodlands.
• The sides of the horizon can be determined by the annual rings of trees. To do this, you can find a free-standing stump or cut a small, free-standing tree with a diameter of 70-80 mm. Carefully cleaning the cut, we will see that the core, that is, the center of the concentric annual rings, is displaced relative to the geometric center of the stump, and it is necessarily displaced to the north. Drawing a straight line through the geometric center of the stump and the center of concentric annual rings, we get the direction to the north.
• The bark of most trees is rougher on the north side, thinner, more elastic (lighter in birch) - on the south.
• In pine, the secondary (brown, cracked) bark on the north side rises higher along the trunk.
• On the north side, trees, stones, wooden, tiled and slate roofs are covered with lichens and fungi earlier and more abundantly.
• On coniferous trees, resin accumulates more abundantly on the south side.
• In spring, the grass cover is more developed on the northern outskirts of the glades, warmed by the sun's rays, in the hot period of summer - on the southern, darkened ones.
• Berries and fruits acquire the color of maturity earlier (blush, turn yellow) on the south side.
• In summer, the soil near large stones, buildings, trees and bushes is drier on the south side, which can be determined by touch.
• Snow melts faster on the southern sides of the snowdrifts, resulting in the formation of notches in the snow - spikes directed to the south.
• In the mountains, oak often grows on the southern slopes.
• Clearings in the forests, as a rule, are oriented in the north-south or west-east direction.
• The altars of Orthodox churches, chapels and Lutheran churches face east, while the main entrances are located on the west side.
• The altars of Catholic churches (kostels) face west.
• The raised end of the lower crossbar of the churches faces north.
• Kumirni (pagan chapels with idols) face south.
• On Christian graves, the gravestone or cross stands at the feet, that is, on the east side, since the grave itself is oriented from east to west.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the North Star . Recall the remarkable property of the North Star - it is practically motionless during the daily rotation of the starry sky and, accordingly, it is very convenient for orientation - the direction to it practically coincides with the direction to the north (the deviation from the north point does not exceed 3 °).

To find this star in the sky, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major, which consists of seven fairly noticeable stars arranged so that if you connect them with an imaginary line, a bucket will be drawn.

If you mentally continue the line of the front wall of the bucket, approximately 5 distances equal to the length of this wall, then it will rest against the Polar Star (Fig. 5.6).

Being in the mountains, or in the forest, the bucket can not be seen if it is currently under the North Star. In this case, another noticeable constellation will help - the Constellation of Cassiopeia. This constellation is formed by six fairly bright stars and represents the Russian letter "Z" when located to the right of the North Star, and the wrong letter "M" if located above the North Star.

Rice. 5.6 Finding the North Star in the sky

To find the Polar Star, it is necessary to mentally draw a median from the top of the large triangle of the constellation (i.e., a straight line connecting the apex of the triangle with the middle of the opposite side) to its base, which, when continued, rests against the Polar Star (Fig. 5.6).

Determination of the sides of the horizon by the moon . The sides of the horizon are determined on a cloudy night when it is not possible to find the North Star. To do this, you need to know the location of the moon in various phases (table 5.1)

The table shows that it is most convenient to determine the sides of the horizon during the full moon. In this phase, the Moon is always on the opposite side of the Sun.

Table 5.1

Movement in azimuths

Movement along azimuths is a way of maintaining the intended path (route) from one point (landmark) to another along known azimuths and distances. Movement along azimuths is used at night, as well as in the forest, desert, tundra and in other conditions that make it difficult to navigate the map.

Determining the direction on the ground at a given azimuth by Adrianov's compass . By rotating the compass cover, the pointer is set to the reading corresponding to the value of the given azimuth. Then, having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass so that the zero stroke of the dial is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. At the same time, they become facing in the right direction and, raising the compass to about shoulder level, sight along the slot-front sight line and notice some landmark on the ground in this direction. This direction will correspond to the given azimuth.

Determining the direction on the ground according to a given azimuth with an AK artillery compass . The compass cover is set at an angle of 45 ° and by rotating the dial, the given reading is combined with the pointer at the slot of the cover. The compass is raised to eye level and, observing in the mirror of the cover, they turn until the zero stroke of the limb is aligned with the northern end of the arrow. In this position of the compass, they sight through the slot and notice some landmark. The direction to the landmark will correspond to the specified azimuth.

Measuring the magnetic azimuth with the Adrianov compass . Having released the magnetic needle, turn the compass to bring the zero stroke under the northern end of the arrow. Without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the ring, the sighting device is directed with the fly in the direction of the object to which the azimuth is to be measured. Aiming the front sight on an object is achieved by repeatedly shifting the gaze from the sighting device to the object and back; for this purpose, the compass should not be raised to eye level, since in this case the arrow may move away from the zero stroke of the limb and the accuracy of the azimuth measurement will sharply decrease. By aligning the sight line of the slit-front sight with the direction to the object, the countdown is taken at the pointer of the front sight. This will be the azimuth of the direction to the subject. The average error in measuring the azimuth with the Adrianov compass is 2-3°.

Measuring the magnetic azimuth with an AK artillery compass . Putting the compass cover at an angle of approximately 45?, sight on the subject. Then, without changing the position of the compass, by rotating the dial, observing in the mirror, the zero stroke of the dial is brought to the northern end of the magnetic needle and the reading is taken from the pointer. The average error in measuring the azimuth with an AK artillery compass is approximately 0-25.

Preparing data for moving along azimuths . On the map, a route is planned with clear landmarks on turns and the directional angle and length of each straight section of the route are measured. The directional angles are converted into magnetic azimuths, and the distances are converted into a couple of steps if the movement is made on foot, or into the speedometer readings when marching in cars. Data for movement in azimuths is drawn up on the map, and if there is no map on the way, then they draw up a route diagram (Fig. 5.7) or a table (Table 5.2).

Rice. 5.7 Route scheme for moving along azimuths

Table 5.2

The order of movement in azimuths . At the original (first) landmark, the direction of movement to the second landmark is determined by azimuth using a compass. In this direction, they notice some remote landmark (auxiliary) and start moving. Having reached the intended landmark, the direction of movement is again indicated by the compass to the next intermediate landmark, and so they continue to move until they reach the second landmark.

In the same order, but already along a different azimuth, they continue to move from the second landmark to the third, and so on. On the way, taking into account the distances traveled, they look for landmarks at the turns of the route and thereby control the correctness of the movement.

To make it easier to maintain the direction, one should use celestial bodies and various signs: the straightness of the walking column or one’s own track when skiing, the direction of ripples in the sand and sastruga in the snow (sastruga is a long and narrow snow bank swept by the wind), wind direction, etc. According to the celestial bodies, you can confidently maintain the direction of movement, specifying it with a compass approximately every 15 minutes.

The accuracy of reaching the landmark depends on the accuracy of determining the direction of movement and measuring the distance. Deviation from the route due to the error in determining the direction of the compass usually does not exceed 5% of the distance traveled. If the direction of movement is specified by the compass often enough, then the deviation from the route will be about 3% of the distance traveled.

obstacle avoidance . If there are obstacles on the route, then the bypass routes are marked on the map and the necessary data are prepared for this - azimuths and distances. Obstacles not taken into account when preparing data for movement are bypassed in one of the following ways.

Rice. 5.8

First way applied when the obstacle is visible to the end. In the direction of movement, a landmark is marked on the opposite side of the obstacle. Then they bypass the obstacle, find the noticed landmark and from it continue to move in the same direction; the width of the obstacle is estimated by eye and added to the distance traveled to the obstacle.

Second way. An obstacle, the opposite side of which is not visible, is bypassed in directions forming a rectangle or parallelogram, the azimuths and lengths of the sides of which are determined on the ground. An example of such a bypass is shown in Figure 5.8. from point BUT go along the obstacle in the chosen direction (in the example - along the azimuth of 280 °). Having passed to the end of the obstacle (to the point AT) and having measured the resulting distance (200 pairs of steps), they continue to move along a given azimuth (in the example, along an azimuth of 45 °) to the point With. from point With enter the main route along the reverse azimuth of the direction AB(in the example - in azimuth 100 °, since the reverse azimuth is equal to the direct ± 180 °), measuring 200 pairs of steps in this direction (distance CD, equal AB). Here the line length sun added to the distance traveled from point No. 2 to point BUT, and continue to move to point number 3.

North, south, east and west are the main sides of the horizon. Between them are intermediate sides of the horizon. The ability to determine one's location relative to the sides of the horizon, prominent objects is called orientation.

Ways of orientation on the ground

You can navigate the terrain in different ways: by the sun, by the stars, with the help of a compass, by some features of the surrounding local objects, that is, by local signs. When using all these methods, the direction to the north is determined. The polar star is always above the north side of the horizon, the midday shadow from objects is directed north, the lichens that cover the trees grow thicker from the darkened north side. If you face north, then the south will be behind, the east to the right, and the west to the left.

Azimuth

In order to determine the exact direction of an object, it is not enough to know which side of the horizon it is on. In such cases, the azimuth to the object is determined by the compass.

When determining the azimuth, first set the compass so that the dark end of its needle points north. Then a thin stick is placed on the compass in the direction from the center of the compass to the object. Azimuth is counted from the dark end of the arrow to the stick clockwise.

Determination of directions but a plan

When depicting directions on the plan, the upper edge of the sheet of paper is conventionally considered northern, the lower edge is southern, the right is eastern, and the left is western. On the sheet on the left, an arrow is drawn with the point up, the letter C (north) is written above it, and Yu (south) is written below it.

If you put a point on the plan and draw a line up from it, you will get an image of the direction to the north; a line drawn down will show the direction to the south; right - east, left - west. Intermediate directions can also be shown between these lines. Knowing how directions are determined, it is possible to determine directions to objects, indications. On the plan. For example, in what direction from the village of Elagino is the wooden bridge across the ravine?

To complete this task, you need to find the center of the village. The bridge is located below and to the right of the center, that is, to the southeast of the village of Elagino.

How to determine the direction of curved lines, such as a river, a road, a field boundary? To do this, they must be divided into straight segments and determine the direction of these segments.

sides of the horizon. Orienteering wikipedia
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Job: Orientation 2

Abstract on the topic:

"LAND ORIENTATION"

I've done the work

10M class student

Samirkhanov Ranis

THE ESSENCE OF TERRAIN ORIENTATION

SIMPLE WAYS TO DETERMINE THE SIDES OF THE HORIZON

WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTIONS TO THE SUBJECT

DISTANCE MEASUREMENT ON THE TERRAIN

MOVEMENT IN AZIMUTHS

LITERATURE

1. THE ESSENCE OF ORIENTING THE TERRAIN

The essence of orientation consists of 4 main points:

determination of the sides of the horizon;

determine your location relative to surrounding local objects;

finding the right direction of movement;

maintain the chosen direction on the way.

You can navigate the terrain using a topographic map and without it. The presence of a topographic map facilitates orientation and allows you to understand the situation in a relatively large area. In the absence of maps, they are guided by a compass, by celestial bodies and in other simple ways.

Topographic orientation is carried out in the following sequence: directions to the sides of the horizon are determined and clearly visible local objects (landmarks) are noticed in these directions. Local objects, forms and details of the relief, with respect to which they determine their location, are called landmarks.

Directions to several local objects are determined relative to the sides of the horizon, the names of these objects are indicated and the distances to them are determined.

The selected landmarks are numbered from right to left. For ease of remembering, each landmark is given a conventional name in addition to the number (landmark 1 is an oil rig, landmark 2 is a green grove).

To indicate your location (standing point) relative to known landmarks, you need to name them and report in which direction the standing point is from them. For example: “I am at an altitude of 450 m south of the oil rig. To the left 500 m "green grove", to the right 300 m - ravine.

2. SIMPLE WAYS TO DETERMINE THE SIDES OF THE HORIZON

The sides of the horizon when orienting usually determine:

by magnetic compass;

by heavenly bodies;

on the basis of some local items.

Figure 1 shows the relative position of the sides of the horizon and the intermediate directions enclosed between them. Looking at the figure, it is easy to understand that to determine the directions on all sides of the horizon, it is enough to know only one thing. Intermediate directions are used to clarify the orientation if the direction to the object does not strictly coincide with the direction to one of the sides of the horizon.

Determining the sides of the horizon with a compass.

With the help of a compass, you can determine the direction to the sides of the horizon at any time of the day and in any weather.

First, I note that when orienting on the ground, the Adrianov compass is widely used. Then I tell with the help of a compass its device.

Handling rules. To make sure that the compass is working, you need to check the sensitivity of its needle. To do this, the compass is set motionless in a horizontal position, a metal object is brought to it, and then removed. If, after each shift, the arrow is set to the previous reading, the compass is in good order and suitable for work.

To determine the sides of the horizon using a compass it is necessary to release the brake of the arrow and set the compass horizontally. Then turn it so that the northern end of the magnetic needle coincides with the zero division of the scale. With this position of the compass, the signatures on the scale N, S, B, 3 will be respectively facing north, south, east, and west.

Determination of the sides of the horizon by celestial bodies

By the position of the sun. The tables show the time of day at which the Sun is in the east, south, west in the northern hemisphere of the Earth at different times of the year.

April, August, September, October, May, June, July, January

in the east

not visible not visible

on South

at 13.00 at 13.00

in the West

Sun and clock. With a mechanical watch, the sides of the horizon in cloudless weather can be determined by the Sun at any time of the day. To do this, you need to set the clock horizontally and turn it so that the hour hand is directed to the Sun (see figure); the angle between the hour hand and the direction from the center of the dial to the number "1" is divided in half. The line dividing this angle in half will indicate the direction to the south. Knowing the directions to the south, it is easy to determine other directions.

By the North Star. At night, with a cloudless sky, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the North Star, which is always in the north. If you stand facing the North Star, then the north will be ahead; from here you can find other sides of the horizon. The position of the North Star can be found in the constellation Ursa Major, which has the shape of a bucket and consists of seven bright stars. If you mentally draw a straight line through the two extreme stars of the Big Dipper, set aside five segments on it equal to the distance between these stars, then at the end of the fifth segment there will be the Polar Star.

By the Moon. If the North Star is not visible due to cloudiness, but the Moon is visible at the same time, it can be used to determine the sides of the horizon. So, knowing the location of the moon in various phases and time, you can approximately indicate the directions to the sides of the horizon.

Based on local items.

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When working out this educational question, I distribute task cards with drawings of local objects to students. Students determine the signs of local objects, with the help of which it is possible to determine directions to the sides of the horizon. I convince them that this method is less reliable than those outlined above. However, in certain circumstances it can be useful, and sometimes the only possible one.

From long-term observations it has been established that:

the bark of trees on the north side is usually coarser and darker than on the south;

moss and lichen cover tree trunks, stones, rocks on the north side;

anthills are located on the south side of trees, stumps, bushes; their south side is flatter than the north;

on coniferous trees, resin accumulates on the south side;

berries and fruits during the ripening period acquire a mature color on the south side;

the branches of the tree are usually more developed, denser and longer on the south side;

near isolated trees, poles, large stones, the grass grows thicker on the south side;

clearings in large forests, as a rule, are cut strictly along the line

North South West East;

at the ends of the pillars numbering blocks of forests from west to east;

the altars and chapels of Orthodox churches face east, the bell towers face west;

the lower bar of the cross on the church is raised to the north;

on south-facing slopes, snow melts faster in spring than on north-facing slopes; the concave side of the moon, on the minaret of Muslim mosques, faces south.

3. WAYS OF DETERMINING DIRECTIONS TO THE SUBJECT

When orienting on the ground, the value of the horizontal angle is determined approximately by eye or with the help of improvised means.

Most often, when orienting on the ground, magnetic azimuth is used, since the direction of the magnetic meridian and the magnitude of the magnetic azimuth can be easily and quickly determined using a compass. If you need to set the angle value, you first need to find the initial direction. This will be the magnetic meridian.

magnetic meridian the direction (imaginary line) indicated by the magnetic needle and passing through the standing point is called.

magnetic azimuth called the horizontal angle, counted from the north direction of the magnetic meridian in a clockwise direction to the direction of the object.

Magnetic azimuth (Am) has a value from 00 to 3600 .

How to determine magnetic azimuths on a subject?

In order to determine the magnetic azimuth of an object using a compass, you need to face this object and orient the compass. While holding the compass in an orientated position, set the sighting device so that the sighting line of the slotted fly coincides with the direction of the local object.

In this position, the reading on the limb against the pointer at the front sight will show the magnitude of the magnetic (direct) azimuth (direction) to the object.

4. DISTANCE MEASUREMENT ON THE TERRAIN

When performing various tasks in reconnaissance, when observing the battlefield, when targeting and orienting on the ground, etc. there is a need to quickly determine distances to landmarks, local objects, targets and objects.

There are various methods and devices for determining the distance.

Here are some simpler measurements.

Eye gauge. The main methods of visual determination are by segments of the terrain, by the degree of visibility of the object.

By segments of the area lies in the ability to mentally represent the usual distance on the ground, for example, 50,100,200 m. In this case, it must be borne in mind that with increasing distance, the apparent value of the segment is constantly decreasing.

The degree of visibility. To determine distances by degree of visibility and the apparent magnitude of objects, a table is recommended.

Name of objects (objects) and their parts (details)

Distance from which objects become visible, m

detached houses

Chimneys on roofs, individual trees

Windows in houses, tree trunks

The movement of the legs and arms of a walking person

Bindings of frames in windows

Determination of distance by angular dimensions.

If the size is known (height, width or length), it can be determined by the thousandth formula,

Where the distance to the object is equal to the height (width, length) of the object in meters multiplied by 1000 and divided by the angle at which the object is visible in thousandths.

The angular values ​​of the targets are measured in thousandths using field glasses, as well as improvised means.

(see fig. 2)

The "thousandth" formula is widely used in orienteering and in firefighting. With their help, many tasks are quickly and easily solved, for example:

1. A person whose average height is 1.7 m. Seen at an angle of 0-07. Determine the distance to the person. Solution D=W*1000/U=1.7*1000/7=243m

2. Enemy tank, height 2.4m, visible at an angle of 0-02.

Determine the range to the tank.

Decision. D=W*1000/U=2.4*1000/2=1200m.

Measuring distances in steps. When measuring distances, steps are counted in pairs. After every hundred pairs of steps, the counting starts again. In order not to go astray in the calculation, it is recommended to mark every hundred pairs of steps passed on paper or in some other way. In order to convert the distance measured by steps into meters, you need to know the length of the step. If it is sufficient to determine the distance traveled approximately, then it is assumed that the distance in meters is equal to the number of pairs of steps increased by one and a half times, since a pair of steps is on average 1.5 m.

For example, a person walked 450 pairs of steps.

The distance traveled is approximately 450*1.5= 675m.

To automatically count the number of steps taken, a special pedometer device can be used.

5. MOVEMENT IN AZIMUTHS

The essence of movement along azimuths is the ability to find and maintain with the help of a compass the desired or given direction of movement and accurately reach the intended point, i.e. you need to know the data for movement - magnetic azimuths from one landmark to another and the distance between them. This data is prepared and presented in the form of a traffic route scheme or table.

Scheme for moving along azimuths

Landmark number and name

Magnetic azimuth

Distance to azimuths, m

Pair of steps

1-separate coniferous tree

2-road bend

3-bush

4-mound

5-water tower

When moving along azimuths, intermediate (auxiliary) landmarks are used. In open areas without landmarks, the direction of movement is maintained along the alignment. For control, periodically check the direction of movement along the reverse azimuth and along the celestial bodies.

To bypass obstacles, they notice a landmark in the direction of movement on the opposite side of the obstacle, determine the distance to it and add this value to the length of the path traveled, bypass the obstacle and continue moving, determining the direction of the interrupted path by the compass.

Literature

1.docs.google.com

When there were no compasses, navigators and maps, people were guided by the terrain by the nature around them. In ancient times, the most popular method was orienteering by the stars and the sun. At night, they determined the sides of the horizon with the help of stars and the Moon, and during the day with the help of the Sun. Today, these methods are often used by tourists who love hiking. In order to navigate by the Sun, you need to know the sides of the horizon.

So, the East is the side of the world where the celestial body appears in the morning to replace the stars. South is the side of the horizon where the sun is most of the time. There is no Sun in the North - this is the side that is opposite to the South. Well, the West is the side of the horizon where the Sun marks the end of the day. You can always find out on the ground the sides of the horizon by the sundial, namely by sunset, as well as by the rising of the celestial body.

If you woke up at dawn, you see the rising Sun, then you need to face him. On this side will be East, and on the opposite side - West. South will be to your right and North to your left. Remember that this rule applies to all geographic areas. If you stood facing the Sun at noon, then the south side is in front of you, and the north side is behind you. To your left is East, to your right is West. But only this truth is true if you are in the Northern Hemisphere. For the Southern Hemisphere, the rule is: behind - South, in front - North, on the left - West, on the right - East.

You also need to know that in winter in the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets in the Southwest, and already rises in the Southeast. But in the summer, the opposite is true: the sun sets in the North-West. It rises in the Northeast. Twice a year, namely on September 23 and March 21 (equinoxes), the Sun sets in the West and rises in the East.

You can also determine the sides of the horizon by the noon line. To determine the north direction, use a special device - a gnomon. Since such a device may not be at hand, an ordinary stake or a long stick can be used instead. The object must cast a shadow.

Install the stake vertically into the ground. At noon, the shadow will show the north direction. Mark the top of the cast shadow. Make a notch and wait two hours for the Sun to pass a little across the sky. Then once again mark the top of the shadow. Connect the marks with a line. You have an East-West direction.

In the Northern Hemisphere, the side of the world, which is closer to the notch, is the West, but the opposite is already the East. Where the Sun is located will be South, and on the opposite side North. Things are changing a bit in the Southern Hemisphere. West and East are defined in the same way, while North and South are reversed. Another very easy way. Stand at noon with your back to the sun. Extend your arms to the sides. The shadow will indicate where the north side is. Behind will be the South. On the left side will be the West, but on the right - the East.

You can also determine all sides of the horizon with an ordinary wristwatch at hand. You need to set them to local time and set them in a horizontal direction. The hour hand must be directed towards the sun. Now you need to bisect the angle between this hour hand, as well as the direction to the number one. Divide in half with a line. This line will show us the South. Note that before noon the arc is divided in half, which the arrow passes until thirteen o'clock in the afternoon. After noon, the arc is divided, which it passes after thirteen hours.

Since six in the morning. It is not necessary to use this method after six in the evening, it will not be correct. A small error is also inevitable, especially in autumn and spring. In winter, the error is the least. In summer, the error can be large - up to twenty-five degrees. We also note that in the northern latitudes this method more accurately determines the sides of the horizon. But the error in the southern latitudes is much greater.

Definition of the sides of the horizon.

When orienting on the ground, it is first necessary to determine the sides of the horizon.

The sides of the horizon can be determined by the compass, celestial bodies and various local features.

In order to determine the sides of the horizon using a compass, you must perform the following steps:

1) put the compass in a horizontal position;

2) release the brake;

3) let the arrow calm down, which will indicate the direction to the north;

4) choose a well-visible landmark in this direction, which will subsequently be used as the direction to the north;

5) turn around and mark a landmark in the south;

6) after that, outline a landmark in the west and east.

In the absence of a compass, the sides of the horizon can be determined by the luminaries.

By the position of the sun.

For mid-latitudes, you can use the following data:

By sun and clock(see fig. 17). Holding the clock in front of you, turn it in a horizontal plane so that the hour hand is directed to that place on the horizon over which the Sun is located; then the straight line, dividing in half the angle between the hour hand and the number I on the dial, will indicate with its end the direction to the south; the opposite direction will be north, and the directions to the east and west are determined by them.

To improve accuracy, you can apply a slightly modified technique:

a) the clock is given not a horizontal, but an inclined position at an angle of 40-50 ° to the horizon; at the same time, the watch must be kept, as shown in Fig. 17;

b) finding on the dial the middle of the arc between the number 1 and the hour hand, apply a match as shown in the figure;

c) without changing the position of the clock, they turn with them in relation to the Sun so that the shadow of the match passes through the center of the dial.

At this point, the number 1 will be in the south direction.

Fig. 17. Determining the sides of the horizon by the sun and the clock.

By the polar star(see fig. 18). At night, the direction of the true meridian can be determined by the North Star, which is always in the north direction.

To find this star in the sky, located in the constellation Ursa Minor, you must first find the constellation Ursa Major: it is represented as a bucket of seven bright stars; then mentally continue the straight line passing through the two extreme stars of Ursa Major, as shown in the figure, to a distance equal to five times the distance between them. At the end of this straight line, it is easy to find the North Star.

By the Moon. The cardinal directions can also be determined by the moon. Data for mid-latitudes are shown in the table.

Determining the sides of the horizon according to local features. This method is less reliable than the methods discussed above. Therefore, the signs listed below should be used carefully, checking the results of orientation by other signs.