All names of chemical elements come from Latin. This is necessary, first of all, so that scientists from different countries can understand each other.

Chemical symbols of elements

Elements are usually designated by chemical signs (symbols). According to the proposal of the Swedish chemist Berzelius (1813), chemical elements are designated by the initial or initial and one of the subsequent letters of the Latin name of a given element; The first letter is always uppercase, the second lowercase. For example, hydrogen (Hydrogenium) is designated by the letter H, oxygen (Oxygenium) by the letter O, sulfur (Sulfur) by the letter S; mercury (Hydrargyrum) - letters Hg, aluminum (Aluminium) - Al, iron (Ferrum) - Fe, etc.

Rice. 1. Table of chemical elements with names in Latin and Russian.

Russian names of chemical elements are often Latin names with modified endings. But there are also many elements whose pronunciation differs from the Latin source. These are either native Russian words (for example, iron), or words that are translations (for example, oxygen).

Chemical nomenclature

Chemical nomenclature is the correct name for chemical substances. The Latin word nomenclatura translates as “list of names”

At the early stage of the development of chemistry, substances were given arbitrary, random names (trivial names). Highly volatile liquids were called alcohols, these included “hydrochloric alcohol” - an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, “silitry alcohol” - nitric acid, “ammonium alcohol” - an aqueous solution of ammonia. Oily liquids and solids were called oils, for example, concentrated sulfuric acid was called “oil of vitriol,” and arsenic chloride was called “arsenic oil.”

Sometimes substances were named after their discoverer, for example, “Glauber’s salt” Na 2 SO 4 * 10H 2 O, discovered by the German chemist I. R. Glauber in the 17th century.

Rice. 2. Portrait of I. R. Glauber.

Ancient names could indicate the taste of substances, color, smell, appearance, and medical effect. One substance sometimes had several names.

By the end of the 18th century, chemists knew no more than 150-200 compounds.

The first system of scientific names in chemistry was developed in 1787 by a commission of chemists headed by A. Lavoisier. Lavoisier's chemical nomenclature served as the basis for the creation of national chemical nomenclatures. In order for chemists from different countries to understand each other, the nomenclature must be uniform. Currently, the construction of chemical formulas and names of inorganic substances is subject to a system of nomenclature rules created by a commission of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Each substance is represented by a formula, in accordance with which the systematic name of the compound is constructed.

Rice. 3. A. Lavoisier.

What have we learned?

All chemical elements have Latin roots. Latin names of chemical elements are generally accepted. They are transferred into Russian using tracing or translation. however, some words have an original Russian meaning, for example, copper or iron. All chemical substances consisting of atoms and molecules are subject to chemical nomenclature. The system of scientific names was first developed by A. Lavoisier.

Instructions

The periodic system is a multi-story “house” containing a large number of apartments. Each “tenant” or in his own apartment under a certain number, which is permanent. In addition, the element has a “surname” or name, such as oxygen, boron or nitrogen. In addition to this data, each “apartment” contains information such as relative atomic mass, which may have exact or rounded values.

As in any house, there are “entrances”, namely groups. Moreover, in groups the elements are located on the left and right, forming. Depending on which side there are more of them, that side is called the main one. The other subgroup, accordingly, will be secondary. The table also has “floors” or periods. Moreover, periods can be both large (consist of two rows) and small (have only one row).

The table shows the structure of an atom of an element, each of which has a positively charged nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons, as well as negatively charged electrons rotating around it. The number of protons and electrons is numerically the same and is determined in the table by the serial number of the element. For example, the chemical element sulfur is #16, therefore it will have 16 protons and 16 electrons.

To determine the number of neutrons (neutral particles also located in the nucleus), subtract its atomic number from the relative atomic mass of the element. For example, iron has a relative atomic mass of 56 and an atomic number of 26. Therefore, 56 – 26 = 30 protons for iron.

Electrons are located at different distances from the nucleus, forming electron levels. To determine the number of electronic (or energy) levels, you need to look at the number of the period in which the element is located. For example, aluminum is in the 3rd period, therefore it will have 3 levels.

By the group number (but only for the main subgroup) you can determine the highest valence. For example, elements of the first group of the main subgroup (lithium, sodium, potassium, etc.) have a valence of 1. Accordingly, elements of the second group (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, etc.) will have a valence of 2.

You can also use the table to analyze the properties of elements. From left to right, metallic properties weaken, and non-metallic properties increase. This is clearly seen in the example of period 2: it begins with the alkali metal sodium, then the alkaline earth metal magnesium, after it the amphoteric element aluminum, then the non-metals silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and the period ends with gaseous substances - chlorine and argon. In the next period, a similar dependence is observed.

From top to bottom, a pattern is also observed - metallic properties increase, and non-metallic properties weaken. That is, for example, cesium is much more active compared to sodium.

Bess Ruff is a graduate student from Florida working toward a PhD in geography. She received her Master's degree in Environmental Science and Management from the Bren School of Environmental Science and Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016.

Number of sources used in this article: . You will find a list of them at the bottom of the page.

If you find the periodic table difficult to understand, you are not alone! Although it can be difficult to understand its principles, learning how to use it will help you when studying science. First, study the structure of the table and what information you can learn from it about each chemical element. Then you can begin to study the properties of each element. And finally, using the periodic table, you can determine the number of neutrons in an atom of a particular chemical element.

Steps

Part 1

Table structure

The periodic table, or periodic table of chemical elements, begins in the upper left corner and ends at the end of the last row of the table (lower right corner). The elements in the table are arranged from left to right in increasing order of their atomic number. The atomic number shows how many protons are contained in one atom. In addition, as the atomic number increases, the atomic mass also increases. Thus, by the location of an element in the periodic table, its atomic mass can be determined.

1. As you can see, each subsequent element contains one more proton than the element preceding it. This is obvious when you look at the atomic numbers. Atomic numbers increase by one as you move from left to right. Because elements are arranged in groups, some table cells are left empty.

   • For example, the first row of the table contains hydrogen, which has atomic number 1, and helium, which has atomic number 2. However, they are located on opposite edges because they belong to different groups.

2. Learn about groups that contain elements with similar physical and chemical properties. The elements of each group are located in the corresponding vertical column. They are typically identified by the same color, which helps identify elements with similar physical and chemical properties and predict their behavior. All elements of a particular group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell.

   • Hydrogen can be classified as both alkali metals and halogens. In some tables it is indicated in both groups.
   • In most cases, the groups are numbered from 1 to 18, and the numbers are placed at the top or bottom of the table. Numbers can be specified in Roman (eg IA) or Arabic (eg 1A or 1) numerals.
   • When moving along a column from top to bottom, you are said to be “browsing a group.”

3. Find out why there are empty cells in the table. Elements are ordered not only according to their atomic number, but also by group (elements in the same group have similar physical and chemical properties). Thanks to this, it is easier to understand how a particular element behaves. However, as the atomic number increases, elements that fall into the corresponding group are not always found, so there are empty cells in the table.

   • For example, the first 3 rows have empty cells because transition metals are only found from atomic number 21.
   • Elements with atomic numbers 57 to 102 are classified as rare earth elements, and are usually placed in their own subgroup in the lower right corner of the table.

4. Each row of the table represents a period. All elements of the same period have the same number of atomic orbitals in which the electrons in the atoms are located. The number of orbitals corresponds to the period number. The table contains 7 rows, that is, 7 periods.

   • For example, atoms of elements of the first period have one orbital, and atoms of elements of the seventh period have 7 orbitals.
   • As a rule, periods are designated by numbers from 1 to 7 on the left of the table.
   • As you move along a line from left to right, you are said to be “scanning the period.”

5. Learn to distinguish between metals, metalloids and non-metals. You will better understand the properties of an element if you can determine what type it is. For convenience, in most tables metals, metalloids, and nonmetals are designated by different colors. Metals are on the left and non-metals are on the right side of the table. Metalloids are located between them.

   Part 2

   Element designations

   1. Each element is designated by one or two Latin letters. As a rule, the element symbol is shown in large letters in the center of the corresponding cell. A symbol is a shortened name for an element that is the same in most languages. Element symbols are commonly used when conducting experiments and working with chemical equations, so it is helpful to remember them.

      • Typically, element symbols are abbreviations of their Latin name, although for some, especially recently discovered elements, they are derived from the common name. For example, helium is represented by the symbol He, which is close to the common name in most languages. At the same time, iron is designated as Fe, which is an abbreviation of its Latin name.

   2. Pay attention to the full name of the element if it is given in the table. This element "name" is used in regular texts. For example, "helium" and "carbon" are names of elements. Usually, although not always, the full names of the elements are listed below their chemical symbol.

      • Sometimes the table does not indicate the names of the elements and only gives their chemical symbols.

   3. Find the atomic number. Typically, the atomic number of an element is located at the top of the corresponding cell, in the middle or in the corner. It may also appear under the element's symbol or name. Elements have atomic numbers from 1 to 118.

      • The atomic number is always an integer.

   4. Remember that the atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in an atom. All atoms of an element contain the same number of protons. Unlike electrons, the number of protons in the atoms of an element remains constant. Otherwise, you would get a different chemical element!

      • The atomic number of an element can also determine the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom.

   5. Usually the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. The exception is the case when the atom is ionized. Protons have a positive charge and electrons have a negative charge. Because atoms are usually neutral, they contain the same number of electrons and protons. However, an atom can gain or lose electrons, in which case it becomes ionized.

      • Ions have an electrical charge. If an ion has more protons, it has a positive charge, in which case a plus sign is placed after the element symbol. If an ion contains more electrons, it has a negative charge, indicated by a minus sign.
      • The plus and minus signs are not used if the atom is not an ion.

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Some who died from cholera in the Middle Ages did not die from it. Symptoms of the disease are similar to those arsenic poisoning.

Having realized this, medieval businessmen began to offer the trioxide of the element as a poison. Substance. The lethal dose is only 60 grams.

They were divided into portions, given over several weeks. As a result, no one suspected that the man did not die from cholera.

The taste of arsenic is not felt in small doses, being, for example, in food or drinks. In modern realities, of course, there is no cholera.

People don't have to worry about arsenic. Rather, it is the mice who need to be afraid. A toxic substance is a type of poison for rodents.

By the way, the element is named in their honor. The word “arsenic” exists only in Russian-speaking countries. The official name of the substance is arsenicum.

Designation in – As. The serial number is 33. Based on it, we can assume a complete list of the properties of arsenic. But let's not assume. We'll look into the issue for sure.

Properties of arsenic

The Latin name of the element translates as “strong”. Apparently, this refers to the effect of the substance on the body.

When intoxicated, vomiting begins, digestion is upset, the stomach turns, and the functioning of the nervous system is partially blocked. not one of the weak ones.

Poisoning occurs from any of the allotropic forms of the substance. Alltropy is the existence of manifestations of the same thing that are different in structure and properties. element. Arsenic most stable in metal form.

Steel-gray rhombohedral ones are fragile. The units have a characteristic metallic appearance, but upon contact with moist air they become dull.

Arsenic - metal, whose density is almost 6 grams per cubic centimeter. The remaining forms of the element have a lower indicator.

In second place is amorphous arsenic. Element characteristics: - almost black color.

The density of this form is 4.7 grams per cubic centimeter. Externally, the material resembles.

The usual state of arsenic for ordinary people is yellow. Cubic crystallization is unstable and becomes amorphous when heated to 280 degrees Celsius, or under the influence of simple light.

Therefore, yellow ones are soft, like in the dark. Despite the color, the aggregates are transparent.

From a number of modifications of the element it is clear that it is only half a metal. The obvious answer to the question is: “ Arsenic is a metal or non-metal", No.

Chemical reactions serve as confirmation. The 33rd element is acid-forming. However, being in acid itself does not give.

Metals do things differently. In the case of arsenic, they do not work out even upon contact with one of the strongest.

Salt-like compounds are “born” during the reactions of arsenic with active metals.

This refers to oxidizing agents. The 33rd substance interacts only with them. If the partner does not have pronounced oxidizing properties, the interaction will not take place.

This even applies to alkalis. That is, arsenic is a chemical element quite inert. How then can you get it if the list of reactions is very limited?

Arsenic mining

Arsenic is mined as a by-product of other metals. They are separated, leaving the 33rd substance.

In nature there are compounds of arsenic with other elements. It is from them that the 33rd metal is extracted.

The process is profitable, because together with arsenic there are often , , and .

It is found in granular masses or cubic crystals of tin color. Sometimes there is a yellow tint.

Arsenic compound And metal Ferrum has a “brother”, in which instead of the 33rd substance there is . This is an ordinary pyrite with a golden color.

The aggregates are similar to the arsenic version, but cannot serve as arsenic ore, although they also contain arsenic as an impurity.

Arsenic, by the way, also happens in ordinary water, but, again, as an impurity.

The amount of element per ton is so small, but even by-product mining makes no sense.

If the world's arsenic reserves were evenly distributed in the earth's crust, it would be only 5 grams per ton.

So, the element is not common; its quantity is comparable to , , .

If you look at the metals with which arsenic forms minerals, then this is not only with cobalt and nickel.

The total number of minerals of the 33rd element reaches 200. A native form of the substance is also found.

Its presence is explained by the chemical inertness of arsenic. Forming next to elements with which reactions are not provided, the hero remains in splendid isolation.

In this case, needle-shaped or cubic aggregates are often obtained. Usually, they grow together.

Use of arsenic

The element arsenic belongs to dual, not only exhibiting properties of both metal and non-metal.

The perception of the element by humanity is also dual. In Europe, the 33rd substance has always been considered a poison.

In 1733, they even issued a decree prohibiting the sale and purchase of arsenic.

In Asia, the “poison” has been used by doctors for 2000 years in the treatment of psoriasis and syphilis.

Modern doctors have proven that the 33rd element attacks proteins that provoke oncology.

In the 20th century, some European doctors also sided with the Asians. In 1906, for example, Western pharmacists invented the drug salvarsan.

It became the first in official medicine and was used against a number of infectious diseases.

True, immunity to the drug, like any constant intake of arsenic in small doses, is developed.

1-2 courses of the drug are effective. If immunity has developed, people can take a lethal dose of the element and remain alive.

In addition to doctors, metallurgists became interested in the 33rd element and began adding it to produce shot.

It is made on the basis which is included in heavy metals. Arsenic increases the lead and allows its splashes to take a spherical shape when casting. It is correct, which improves the quality of the fraction.

Arsenic can also be found in thermometers, or rather in them. It is called Viennese, mixed with the oxide of the 33rd substance.

The compound serves as a clarifier. Arsenic was also used by glassblowers of antiquity, but as a matting additive.

Glass becomes opaque when there is a significant admixture of a toxic element.

Observing the proportions, many glassblowers fell ill and died prematurely.

And tannery specialists use sulfides arsenic.

Element main subgroups Group 5 of the periodic table is included in some paints. In the leather industry, arsenicum helps remove hair from.

Arsenic price

Pure arsenic is most often offered in metallic form. Prices are set per kilogram or ton.

1000 grams costs about 70 rubles. For metallurgists, they offer ready-made, for example, arsenic and copper.

In this case, they charge 1500-1900 rubles per kilo. Arsenic anhydrite is also sold in kilograms.

It is used as a skin medicine. The agent is necrotic, that is, it numbs the affected area, killing not only the causative agent of the disease, but also the cells themselves. The method is radical, but effective.