In Russian, there are subjunctive, imperative and indicative moods. The beauty for us, as native speakers of the Russian language, is that by name we intuitively understand the essence of these grammatical categories, even if we cannot explain this from the standpoint of linguistics. used when there is a certain condition for an action to take place. we use when we command or order someone to do something, and the indicative mood - when we tell something, express our thoughts. But this is a philistine approach. Let's look at the category of mood from the position of linguistics.

So, any, and not just indicative, mood expresses the relation of action to reality from the position of the one who speaks. Therefore, we can consider inclination as an intentional, that is, depending on the goal of the speaker, category. To determine the mood, the position of the subject is always determined first, since it determines whether the action is desired, possible, or intended.

Reality and the possibility of action in 3 tenses - present, past and future - expresses the indicative mood. Example:

I never thought that Beijing is such a beautiful city.

Looking through old photographs, he involuntarily recalled the past.

It seems that nothing can be returned.

Tiredly leaning on a stick, the old man hobbled along the snow-covered alley.

Next week I'll go and talk to him, and by then you'll have all the documents ready.

Signs of the indicative mood are endings that indicate the person and the indicative mood can be perfect and imperfective and have the form of gender and number.

The indicative mood in English is close to that in Russian. It performs the same functions and also shows that the action can be carried out at different times.

The imperative mood shows the expression of will to the second person, the addressee of the message. Inclination can act as an order, a request. All forms of the imperative mood are used in the 2nd person only in the active voice.

There are verbs from which it is not formed. It is "to be able", "to see", "to want". The fact is that these verbs denote an action that cannot be controlled by a person. Some linguists endure the indicative mood as a kind of imperative, or rather, its forms and combinations with the particle "let". For example:

Leave the kids alone, let them play.

Let it be as it is, no need to change anything.

As well as poetic forms with a particle "yes":

Long live the peaceful sky, happiness and the sun!

The examples described are called synthetic forms of the imperative.

The subjunctive expresses a theoretically possible action. This action
can be realized if certain conditions are met. The mood is formed by adding the particle "by" to the verb, that is, analytically:

If yes, if only mushrooms would grow in your mouth!

Russian verbs can be used in three moods: indicative, conditional and imperative. Let's consider each inclination in more detail.

Indicative

The indicative mood of the verb serves to convey the presence or absence of an action within any time (past, present or future). The main difference between verbs in the imperative mood is that they can change over time. Read more about verb tense in the article. So, if the verb is in the present, past or future tense and conveys a real action, then it is used in the indicative mood.

Example: The cup is (was, will be) on the table.

Conditional mood

Used to express an action that can only be performed under certain conditions. A distinctive feature is the addition of the particle "would" ("b"), which can be placed anywhere in the sentence. Used only in the past tense.

Example: The cup would have been on the table if he had not taken it.

Imperative mood

Serves to convey the will of the speaker (request, advice, order). Most often it is in the second person. The number in this case can be both singular and plural. Example: Put (place) a cup on the table.

If the imperative mood is used in the third person, then it will necessarily have a future tense, and the words “let” (sometimes “yes”) are added to it. Example: Let him put the cup on the table.

If such a verb is used in the first person, then it must be plural. Sometimes the word "come on" is added. Example: [Come on] Put the cup on the table. In the presence of all these signs, we can say that the verb is used in the imperative mood.

Each of the morphological moods has general and particular meanings. General value indicative mood (indicative) - presentation of an action as real, which happened, is happening or will happen: Gradually one thoughttook possession Maria Trofimovna - the thought of how great the world is, how diverse it is, how amazing a person is and how wonderful that sheexists right now anddoes everything in its power to decorate and enrich the earth, so that human existencebecame lighter, smarter, fairer and more beautiful(Paust.).

The general meaning of the indicative mood in the conditions of the context acquires certain private values:

1) the meaning of affirmative or negative real modality: Cut and picked flowers in the house almostdidn't keep . Instead of them everywherelay pieces of bark that look like troughs(Paust.);

2) the meaning of subjective-evaluative modality, which is expressed when there are modal words, particles, some conjunctions and adverbs in the sentence: surrounding forestas if in the fogchenille in powder smoke(Lerm.) - a particle with the meaning of unreality, raises doubts about the reality of the action itself; - And what,how I reallyI will marry on her?(N. Ch.) - the value of the assumption about the possibility of real action; Of course , you do not foldhave seen county ladies album(P.) - the value of confidence in the reality of the named action.

A feature of the indicative mood is its obligatory connection with tenses, which is completely uncharacteristic of the imperative and subjunctive moods. Speaking about the means of expressing the meaning of the indicative, we note that it does not have specific suffixes or other indicators. The forms of the indicative mood coincide with the temporary forms and form a paradigm consisting of 26 members: forms 1, 2, 3 persons singular. and many others. numbers of the present and future tense, forms of the past tense units. numbers (masculine, feminine and neuter) and many others. numbers of CB and NSV.

§ 3. Imperative mood (imperative): its general and particular meanings. The question of the composition of the forms of the imperative and the qualification of its affixes.

General value imperative mood - an incentive to action on the part of the speaking person. It is realized in speech in various private values: this is the meaning of a request, advice, warning, prohibition, order, call, in the expression of which intonation plays a decisive role: Lenka danced to the side and shouted in an impudent voice: - Aha! Got!Don't catch, don't catch when you can't!(Paust .); Jamm snorted like a sperm whale and shouted:bathe , boys! Tomorrow we crawl into real hell(Paust.).

All these meanings are determined by the situation of speech, the intention and emotional attitude of the speaker, the means of their expression is intonation. Outside intonation, the imperative mood does not exist. Let us note some other means involved in the expression of the semantics of the imperative. So, for example, the presence of personal pronouns softens the impulse, gives it the character of a request; appeal emphasizes targeting; the presence of a particle -ka brings a familiar touch; use of the particle look" updates the warning: You tell me something, dear, goodbyewish (Isak.); Tell me , uncle, it's not for nothing that Moscow, burned down by fire, was given to the Frenchman?(Lerm.); Youlook do not say mother, - Katya said to Sonya, going to sleep with her(Ch.).

There are two problems associated with the imperative mood in modern linguistics: 1) the question of the composition of the forms of the imperative and 2) the qualification of its affixes.

With a broad approach, which is adopted in a number of university textbooks, the forms of the imperative mood include: 1) forms of the 2nd person singular. and many others. numbers: read, read ; 2) forms of 1 person pl. numbers (forms of joint action): let's go, let's go; let's go, let's go sing ; 3) 3rd person forms (always analytical): let them read, let them read.

Some linguists believe that the form of the imperative mood is only the form of the 2nd person, because the will of the speaker is always addressed to the interlocutor. Type forms let's go, let's talk, let him read are called syntactic analogues of the forms of the imperative mood, only functionally adjacent to them.

In Gr.-80, the imperative mood includes forms of the 2nd person and forms of joint action, in which the meaning of the imperative is expressed by means of a postfix -those:let's go, fly or particles let's combined with the infinitive: let's sing . In the absence of a postfix or a formative particle, the meaning of the impulse is expressed only intonation, and the forms themselves are homonymous with the forms of the 1st person of the present-future tense of the indicative mood: run, respect . Type forms let him read considered as combinations of words.

The basic form of the imperative mood is the form of the 2nd person. It is formed from the basis of the present - future tense with the help of the affix -and, materially expressed or zero: bring sit down , which in some cases qualifies as a suffix, in others as an ending. For education pl. number serves as an affix -those, which is also treated ambiguously: as an ending, postfix, or suffix.

A number of verbs have features in the formation of forms of the 2nd person of the imperative mood:

Verbs with suffix -va- in the basis of the infinitive and without it, in the basis of the present tense, this suffix is ​​retained in the imperative mood: give out - give out - give out ;

Verbs rooted in -and- and all their prefix derivatives ( beat - knock out, nail etc.) form an imperative mood with a base on -her:beat - beat, beat , which does not coincide with either the stem of the infinitive or the stem of the present tense: compare: beat - bj-ut - beat ;

Verbs form the imperative mood in a special way: eat (eat), ride (ride), lie down (lie down).

Note the variability of the forms of the imperative mood from some verbs: pour out - pour out and pour out, climb - climb and climb, clean - clean and clean out and etc.

Each member of the species pair has its own form of the imperative mood: do - do, do - do, decide - decide, decide - decide etc.

Some verbs do not form imperative forms, such as hear, see, want, be able, rot, hurt ( feel pain ), resist; impersonal tokens unwell, evening, sick and others. The reasons for their insufficiency are most often semantic: these verbs denote such actions that are carried out without the will of the subject.

Joint action forms are plural forms. numbers; the impulse they denote always refers to two or more persons, including the speaker himself. The meaning of the imperative mood is expressed by them with the help of:

1) postfix -those attached to the forms of 1 person pl. numbers of indicative mood of verbs CB and unidirectional verbs of motion NSV: let's go, decide, let's go ;

2) using a particle let's ) + form 1 person pl. numbers of the indicative mood (SV) or + infinitive (NSV): let's decide, let's decide .

The impulse related to the 3rd person is expressed only in an analytical way: with the help of a particle let (let) which joins the forms of the 3rd person unit. and many others. present and future numbers. In this case, the interlocutor is not an executor of the will of the speaker, but only a person who transmits it: They have enough of their princes,let yourself in the kings of anywill elect (P.). Forms of the 3rd person of the imperative usually include formations with a particle Yes:Yes it will you know,” said the doctor triumphantly, “that miracles can happen in the twentieth century(Paust.).

Thus, the means of expressing the meaning of the imperative mood are varied: it is a suffix -and(or zero suffix), inflection -those, postfix -those(in irregular forms of joint action), particles come on (those), let .

The imperative paradigm consists of 12 forms:

2 person	Forms of joint action	3 person
		Let him read
		Let them read
read	Let's read	Let him read
read	Let's read	In Russian, there are three types of mood of verbs: indicative, imperative and conditional. The latter is also called the subjunctive. This is a very important classification, because each listed form helps to determine how the sentence mentioned is related to reality. The chosen mood of the verb may imply a request or command that the action has happened, is happening or will happen in reality, and also that it is only desired or will take place if some conditions necessary for this are met. The first type is indicative, which is also called "indicative". This form means that the action has happened, is happening or will actually happen. Verbs in the indicative mood change with tenses. Moreover, for imperfective verbs, all three tenses take place: past, present and complex future (for example: I thought - I think - I will think, I did - I do - I will do, I searched - I search - I will search), and for the perfect form - only two: the past and the simple future (for example: figured out - figured out I did - I will do, I found - I will find). In the future and present tenses, the vowel at the end of the stem of the infinitive disappears in some cases (for example: hear - hear, see - see). The second type is conditional or subjunctive mood, which is also called the "subjunctive". This form means that the action did not actually happen, but only is desired, planned in the future, unrealizable, or will be carried out if some necessary conditions are met. (For example: I would fly into space to study distant stars. In a year I would like to go to the sea. I would read other people's minds. I would go for a walk if the rain stopped.) Verbs in the present and future tense are not used to form the conditional mood. It is composed exclusively with the help of the past tense verb (that is, the basis of the infinitive, adding the suffix “-l-” to it), as well as the particle “by” or “b”. These particles can be both before the verb and after it, and also be separated from it by other words. (For example: I would go to the museum. I would love to go to the museum). Verbs in the conditional mood change by number, and in the singular also by gender, but never change by person and, as already mentioned, by tense. (For example: I would look, I would look, I would look). The third type is imperative mood, which is also called "imperative". This form means a request, advice, order, or a call to action. Imperative verbs are most often used in the 2nd person. In this case, they have the zero ending in the singular and the ending "-te" in the plural. They also don't change over time. The imperative mood is formed with the help of the stem of the verb in the present or simple future tense, to which the suffix "-and-" is added, or in some cases a zero suffix. (For example: Remember, you must do it! Stop doing nonsense! Watch this movie!) The use of the 1st person plural forms is also possible. It is used to encourage joint action, in which the speaker will also participate. Then the imperative mood is formed using the infinitive of the imperfective verb or the perfective verb in the future tense, before which the following words are placed: come on, come on. (For example: Let's go to the cinema. Let's make breakfast. Let's try this dish.) Forms of the 3rd person singular and plural are used to form the imperative mood when it is necessary to express the motivation for action of people who are not participating in the dialogue. In this case, it is formed using a verb in the form of the present or simple future tense and the following particles: yes, let, let. (For example: Let him buy bread. Let them come to me. Long live the king!) From time to time, to soften the order, the particle "-ka" is added to the verbs of the imperative mood (for example: Go to the store. Show me the diary. Bring me a book.) In some cases, there are exceptions when mood forms are used in a figurative sense, namely in a meaning that is usually characteristic of another mood. So a verb in the form of the imperative mood can take on the meaning of the conditional mood (for example: Without his will, nothing would have happened. If he had not noticed the loss in time, trouble would have happened.) or the indicative mood (for example: And she suddenly once and say that she had already seen this man. And he take it and do it your way!) A verb in the indicative mood can take on the meaning of an imperative. (For example: Get up quickly, you'll be late! Let's go dig potatoes.) The verb in the conditional mood can also take on the meaning of the imperative. (For example: I'd say it like it is. Would you help your friend in need.) All for study » Russian language » Mood of the verb: imperative, indicative, conditional To bookmark a page, press Ctrl+D. Link: https://website/russkij-yazyk/naklonenie-glagola Mood forms 1) Verbs in the indicative mood denote an action that is happening, has happened and will happen. From the very name - "indicative" - ​​it follows that the action takes place in reality, in reality. A verb in the indicative mood can change over tenses: for example, I play, I played, I will play. 2) Verbs in the conditional mood denote an action that could occur under certain conditions. The conditional mood is formed using the particle "would", as well as the form of the past tense: learn, read. 3) Verbs in the imperative mood denote an action that someone asks or orders to perform. Such verbs in most cases are used in the form of the second person (sit down, stand up), as well as with the particle "-ka" (read-ka, run-ka). Imperative verbs are often accompanied by an exclamation point. Rules: indicative mood To determine what mood the verb is, you need to look at the sentence in which it is used, pay attention to the presence of the particle "would" or the fact of a request, an order. Most often there are verbs of the indicative mood - this is the form that we use in everyday life. Indicative verbs can be seen in narrative, descriptive and reasoning texts, since this form is almost universal. Verbs in the indicative mood can be in any tense - past, present or future. This is due to the fact that the indicative mood does not carry almost any emotional coloring (unlike, for example, the imperative, which is possible only in the future tense). Also, the verb in the indicative mood can change according to the category of the person, as well as the category of the aspect - to be perfect or imperfective. It must be remembered that in some cases, verbs of the indicative mood can be used in the meaning of the imperative mood: "Go, go!", "And bring me kvass" - as a rule, such a choice is made so that the appeal sounds polite, and not like an order. An indicative verb can contain an interrogative intonation. But the reverse connection is also possible: the use of the verb of the imperative mood in the meaning of the indicative - "Someone and whisper in my ear ..." - to create the effect of description. This choice, as a rule, is explained by the desire of the author to give his text a brighter stylistic coloring. In neutral speech, such techniques are usually not used. RELATED ARTICLES Feedback site `s map About the site