1) Copper nitrate was calcined, the resulting solid precipitate was dissolved in sulfuric acid. Hydrogen sulfide was passed through the solution, the resulting black precipitate was calcined, and the solid residue was dissolved by heating in concentrated nitric acid.
2) Calcium phosphate was fused with coal and sand, then the resulting simple substance was burned in an excess of oxygen, the combustion product was dissolved in an excess of caustic soda. A solution of barium chloride was added to the resulting solution. The resulting precipitate was treated with an excess of phosphoric acid.
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Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 → P → P 2 O 5 → Na 3 PO 4 → Ba 3 (PO 4) 2 → BaHPO 4 or Ba (H 2 PO 4) 2 Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 + 5C + 3SiO 2 → 3CaSiO 3 + 2P + 5CO |
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3) Copper was dissolved in concentrated nitric acid, the resulting gas was mixed with oxygen and dissolved in water. Zinc oxide was dissolved in the resulting solution, then a large excess of sodium hydroxide solution was added to the solution.
4) Dry sodium chloride was treated with concentrated sulfuric acid at low heating, the resulting gas was passed into a solution of barium hydroxide. A solution of potassium sulfate was added to the resulting solution. The resulting precipitate was fused with coal. The resulting substance was treated with hydrochloric acid.
5) A sample of aluminum sulfide was treated with hydrochloric acid. In this case, gas was released and a colorless solution was formed. An ammonia solution was added to the resulting solution, and the gas was passed through a solution of lead nitrate. The precipitate thus obtained was treated with a solution of hydrogen peroxide.
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Al(OH) 3 ←AlCl 3 ←Al 2 S 3 → H 2 S → PbS → PbSO 4 Al 2 S 3 + 6HCl → 3H 2 S + 2AlCl 3 |
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6) Aluminum powder was mixed with sulfur powder, the mixture was heated, the resulting substance was treated with water, gas was released and a precipitate formed, to which an excess of potassium hydroxide solution was added until complete dissolution. This solution was evaporated and calcined. An excess of hydrochloric acid solution was added to the resulting solid.
7) A solution of potassium iodide was treated with a solution of chlorine. The resulting precipitate was treated with sodium sulfite solution. First, a solution of barium chloride was added to the resulting solution, and after separating the precipitate, a solution of silver nitrate was added.
8) A gray-green powder of chromium (III) oxide was fused with an excess of alkali, the resulting substance was dissolved in water, and a dark green solution was obtained. Hydrogen peroxide was added to the resulting alkaline solution. A yellow solution was obtained, which turns orange when sulfuric acid is added. When hydrogen sulfide is passed through the resulting acidified orange solution, it becomes cloudy and turns green again.
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Cr 2 O 3 → KCrO 2 → K → K 2 CrO 4 → K 2 Cr 2 O 7 → Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 Cr 2 O 3 + 2KOH → 2KCrO 2 + H 2 O |
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9) Aluminum was dissolved in a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. Carbon dioxide was passed through the resulting solution until the precipitation ceased. The precipitate was filtered off and calcined. The resulting solid residue was fused with sodium carbonate.
10) Silicon was dissolved in a concentrated solution of potassium hydroxide. An excess of hydrochloric acid was added to the resulting solution. The cloudy solution was heated. The separated precipitate was filtered off and calcined with calcium carbonate. Write the equations of the described reactions.
11) Copper(II) oxide was heated in a stream of carbon monoxide. The resulting substance was burned in an atmosphere of chlorine. The reaction product was dissolved in water. The resulting solution was divided into two parts. A solution of potassium iodide was added to one part, a solution of silver nitrate was added to the second. In both cases, the formation of a precipitate was observed. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
12) Copper nitrate was calcined, the resulting solid was dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid. The resulting salt solution was subjected to electrolysis. The substance released at the cathode was dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. The dissolution proceeded with evolution of brown gas. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
13) Iron was burned in an atmosphere of chlorine. The resulting material was treated with an excess of sodium hydroxide solution. A brown precipitate formed, which was filtered off and calcined. The residue after calcination was dissolved in hydroiodic acid. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
14) Powder of metallic aluminum was mixed with solid iodine and a few drops of water were added. Sodium hydroxide solution was added to the resulting salt until a precipitate formed. The resulting precipitate was dissolved in hydrochloric acid. Upon subsequent addition of sodium carbonate solution, precipitation was again observed. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
15) As a result of incomplete combustion of coal, a gas was obtained, in the flow of which iron oxide (III) was heated. The resulting substance was dissolved in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting salt solution was subjected to electrolysis. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
16) Some amount of zinc sulfide was divided into two parts. One of them was treated with nitric acid, and the other was fired in air. During the interaction of the evolved gases, a simple substance was formed. This substance was heated with concentrated nitric acid, and a brown gas was released. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
17) Potassium chlorate was heated in the presence of a catalyst, and a colorless gas was released. By burning iron in an atmosphere of this gas, iron scale was obtained. It was dissolved in an excess of hydrochloric acid. To the solution thus obtained was added a solution containing sodium dichromate and hydrochloric acid.
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1) 2KClO 3 → 2KCl + 3O 2 2) ЗFe + 2O 2 → Fe 3 O 4 3) Fe 3 O 4 + 8HCI → FeCl 2 + 2FeCl 3 + 4H 2 O 4) 6 FeCl 2 + Na 2 Cr 2 O 7 + 14 HCI → 6 FeCl 3 + 2 CrCl 3 + 2NaCl + 7H 2 O 18) Iron burned in chlorine. The resulting salt was added to a solution of sodium carbonate, and a brown precipitate fell out. This precipitate was filtered off and calcined. The resulting substance was dissolved in hydroiodic acid. Write the equations for the four described reactions. 1) 2Fe + 3Cl 2 → 2FeCl 3 2) 2FeCl 3 + 3Na 2 CO 3 → 2Fe (OH) 3 + 6NaCl + 3CO 2 3) 2Fe(OH) 3 Fe 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O 4) Fe 2 O 3 + 6HI → 2FeI 2 + I 2 + 3H 2 O |
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19) A solution of potassium iodide was treated with an excess of chlorine water, while observing first the formation of a precipitate, and then its complete dissolution. The iodine-containing acid thus formed was isolated from the solution, dried, and gently heated. The resulting oxide reacted with carbon monoxide. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
20) Chromium(III) sulfide powder was dissolved in sulfuric acid. In this case, gas was released and a colored solution was formed. An excess of ammonia solution was added to the resulting solution, and the gas was passed through lead nitrate. The resulting black precipitate turned white after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
21) Aluminum powder was heated with sulfur powder, the resulting substance was treated with water. The resulting precipitate was treated with an excess of concentrated potassium hydroxide solution until it was completely dissolved. A solution of aluminum chloride was added to the resulting solution, and the formation of a white precipitate was again observed. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
22) Potassium nitrate was heated with powdered lead until the reaction ceased. The mixture of products was treated with water, and then the resulting solution was filtered. The filtrate was acidified with sulfuric acid and treated with potassium iodide. The released simple substance was heated with concentrated nitric acid. In the atmosphere of the resulting brown gas, red phosphorus was burned. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
23) Copper was dissolved in dilute nitric acid. An excess of ammonia solution was added to the resulting solution, observing first the formation of a precipitate, and then its complete dissolution with the formation of a dark blue solution. The resulting solution was treated with sulfuric acid until the characteristic blue color of copper salts appeared. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
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1) 3Cu + 8HNO 3 → 3Cu (NO 3) 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O 2) Cu (NO 3) 2 + 2NH 3 H 2 O → Cu (OH) 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 3) Cu (OH) 2 + 4NH 3 H 2 O → (OH) 2 + 4H 2 O 4) (OH) 2 + 3H 2 SO 4 → CuSO 4 + 2 (NH 4) 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O |
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24) Magnesium was dissolved in dilute nitric acid, and no evolution of gas was observed. The resulting solution was treated with an excess of potassium hydroxide solution while heating. The resulting gas was burned in oxygen. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
25) A mixture of potassium nitrite and ammonium chloride powders was dissolved in water and the solution heated gently. The released gas reacted with magnesium. The reaction product was added to an excess of hydrochloric acid solution, and no gas evolution was observed. The resulting magnesium salt in solution was treated with sodium carbonate. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
26) Aluminum oxide was fused with sodium hydroxide. The reaction product was added to an ammonium chloride solution. The released gas with a pungent odor is absorbed by sulfuric acid. The middle salt thus formed was calcined. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
27) Chlorine reacted with a hot solution of potassium hydroxide. When the solution was cooled, crystals of Berthollet salt precipitated. The resulting crystals were added to a hydrochloric acid solution. The resulting simple substance reacted with metallic iron. The reaction product was heated with a new sample of iron. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
28) Copper was dissolved in concentrated nitric acid. An excess of ammonia solution was added to the resulting solution, observing first the formation of a precipitate, and then its complete dissolution. The resulting solution was treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid. Write down the equations of the described reactions.
29) Iron was dissolved in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting salt was treated with an excess of sodium hydroxide solution. The brown precipitate formed was filtered off and dried. The resulting substance was fused with iron. Write the equations for the four described reactions.
30) As a result of incomplete combustion of coal, a gas was obtained, in the flow of which iron oxide (III) was heated. The resulting substance was dissolved in hot concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting salt solution was treated with an excess of potassium sulfide solution.
31) Some amount of zinc sulfide was divided into two parts. One of them was treated with hydrochloric acid, and the other was fired in air. During the interaction of the evolved gases, a simple substance was formed. This substance was heated with concentrated nitric acid, and a brown gas was released.
32) Sulfur was fused with iron. The reaction product was treated with hydrochloric acid. The resulting gas was burned in an excess of oxygen. The combustion products were absorbed by an aqueous solution of iron(III) sulfate.
Hydrochloric acid.
In chemical reactions, hydrochloric acid exhibits all the properties of strong acids: it interacts with metals standing in a series of voltages to the left of hydrogen, with oxides (basic, amphoteric), bases, amphoteric hydroxides and salts:
2HCl + Fe \u003d FeCl 2 + H 2
2HCl + CaO = CaCl 2 + H 2 O
6HCl + Al 2 O 3 \u003d 2AlCl 3 + 3H 2 O
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
2HCl + Cu(OH) 2 = CuCl 2 + 2H 2 O
2HCl + Zn(OH) 2 = ZnCl 2 + 2H 2 O
HCl + NaHCO 3 \u003d NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O
HCl + AgNO 3 \u003d AgCl ↓ + HNO 3 (qualitative reaction for halide ions)
6HCl (conc.) + 2HNO 3 (conc.) = 3Cl 2 + 2NO + 4H 2 O
HClO 2 - chloride
HClO 3 - chlorine
HClO 4 - chlorine
HClO HClO 2 HClO 3 HClO 4
strengthening of acidic properties
2HClO 2HCl + O 2
HClO + 2HI \u003d HCl + I 2 + H 2 O
HClO + H 2 O 2 \u003d HCl + H 2 O + O 2
Salt.
Salts of hydrochloric acid are chlorides.
NaCl + AgNO 3 \u003d AgCl ↓ + NaNO 3 (qualitative reaction for halide ions)
AgCl + 2(NH 3 ∙ H 2 O) \u003d Cl + 2H 2 O
2AgCl 2Ag + Cl 2
Salts of oxygen-containing acids.
Ca(ClO) 2 + H 2 SO 4 = CaSO 4 + 2HCl + O 2
Ca(ClO) 2 + CO 2 + H 2 O \u003d CaCO 3 + 2HClO
Ca(ClO) 2 + Na 2 CO 3 \u003d CaCO 3 + 2NaClO
Ca(ClO) 2 CaCl 2 + O 2
4KClO 3 3KClO 4 + KCl
2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O 2
2KClO 3 + 3S 2KCl + 3SO 2
5KClO 3 + 6P 5KCl + 3P 2 O 5
KClO 4 2O 2 + KCl
3KClO 4 + 8Al = 3KCl + 4Al 2 O 3
Bromine. Bromine compounds.
Br 2 + H 2 \u003d 2HBr
Br 2 + 2Na = 2NaBr
Br 2 + Mg = MgBr 2
Br 2 + Cu = CuBr 2
3Br 2 + 2Fe = 2FeBr 3
Br 2 + 2NaOH (diff) = NaBr + NaBrO + H 2 O
3Br 2 + 6NaOH (conc.) = 5NaBr + NaBrO 3 + 3H 2 O
Br 2 + 2NaI \u003d 2NaBr + I 2
3Br 2 + 3Na 2 CO 3 \u003d 5NaBr + NaBrO 3 + 3CO 2
3Br 2 + S + 4H 2 O \u003d 6HBr + H 2 SO 4
Br 2 + H 2 S \u003d S + 2HBr
Br 2 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d 2HBr + H 2 SO 4
4Br 2 + Na 2 S 2 O 3 + 10NaOH \u003d 2Na 2 SO 4 + 8NaBr + 5H 2 O
14HBr + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 \u003d 2KBr + 2CrBr 3 + 3Br 2 + 7H 2 O
4HBr + MnO 2 \u003d MnBr 2 + Br 2 + 2H 2 O
2HBr + H 2 O 2 \u003d Br 2 + 2H 2 O
2KBr + 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 4K 2 SO 4 + 4Br 2 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O
2KBrO 3 3O 2 + 2KBr
2KBrO 4 O 2 + 2KBrO 3 (up to 275°C)
KBrO 4 2O 2 + KBr (above 390°С)
Iodine. iodine compounds.
3I 2 + 3P = 2PI 3
I 2 + H 2 \u003d 2HI
I 2 + 2Na = 2NaI
I 2 + Mg \u003d MgI 2
I 2 + Cu \u003d CuI 2
3I 2 + 2Al = 2AlI 3
3I 2 + 6NaOH (gor.) \u003d 5NaI + NaIO 3 + 3H 2 O
I 2 + 2NaOH (razb) \u003d NaI + NaIO + H 2 O
3I 2 + 10HNO 3 (razb) \u003d 6HIO 3 + 10NO + 2H 2 O
I 2 + 10HNO 3 (conc.) = 2HIO 3 + 10NO 2 + 4H 2 O
I 2 + 5NaClO + 2NaOH \u003d 5NaCl + 2NaIO 3 + H 2 O
I 2 + 5Cl 2 + 6H 2 O \u003d 10HCl + 2HIO 3
I 2 + Na 2 SO 3 + 2NaOH \u003d 2NaI + Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
2HI + Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 \u003d 2FeSO 4 + I 2 + H 2 SO 4
2HI + NO 2 \u003d I 2 + NO + H 2 O
2HI + S = I 2 + H 2 S
8KI + 5H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 4K 2 SO 4 + 4I 2 + H 2 S + 4H 2 O or
KI + 3H 2 O + 3Cl 2 \u003d HIO 3 + KCl + 5HCl
10KI + 8H 2 SO 4 + 2KMnO 4 = 5I 2 + 2MnSO 4 + 6K 2 SO 4 + 8H 2 O
6KI + 7H 2 SO 4 + K 2 Cr 2 O 7 \u003d Cr 2 (SO 4) 3 + 3I 2 + 4K 2 SO 4 + 7H 2 O
2KI + H 2 SO 4 + H 2 O 2 \u003d I 2 + K 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O
2KI + Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 \u003d I 2 + 2FeSO 4 + K 2 SO 4
2KI + 2CuSO 4 + K 2 SO 3 + H 2 O \u003d 2CuI + 2K 2 SO 4 + H 2 SO 4
2HIO 3 I 2 O 5 + H 2 O
2HIO 3 + 10HCl \u003d I 2 + 5Cl 2 + 6H 2 O
2HIO 3 + 5Na 2 SO 3 = 5Na 2 SO 4 + I 2 + H 2 O
2HIO 3 + 5H 2 SO 4 + 10FeSO 4 = Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + I 2 + 6H 2 O
I 2 O 5 + 5CO I 2 + 5CO 2
2KIO 3 3O 2 + 2KI
2KIO 3 + 12HCl (conc.) = I 2 + 5Cl 2 + 2KCl + 6H 2 O
KIO 3 + 3H 2 SO 4 + 5KI = 3I 2 + 3K 2 SO 4 + 3H 2 O
KIO 3 + 3H 2 O 2 \u003d KI + 3O 2 + 3H 2 O
2KIO 4 O 2 + 2KIO 3
5KIO 4 + 3H 2 O + 2MnSO 4 = 2HMnO 4 + 5KIO 3 + 2H 2 SO 4
Halogens.
1. The substance obtained at the anode during the electrolysis of a melt of sodium iodide with inert electrodes was isolated and introduced into interaction with hydrogen sulfide. The gaseous product of the last reaction was dissolved in water, and ferric chloride was added to the resulting solution. The precipitate formed was filtered off and treated with hot sodium hydroxide solution. Write the equations of the described reactions.
2. The substance obtained at the anode during the electrolysis of a sodium iodide solution with inert electrodes was introduced into a reaction with potassium. The reaction product was heated with concentrated sulfuric acid and the evolved gas was passed through a hot solution of potassium chromate. Write the equations of the described reactions.
3. Chlorine water has a chlorine smell. When alkalized, the smell disappears, and when hydrochloric acid is added, it becomes stronger than it was before. Write the equations of the described reactions.
4. Colorless gases are released when concentrated acid is exposed to both sodium chloride and sodium iodide. When these gases are passed through an aqueous solution of ammonia, salts are formed. Write the equations of the described reactions.
5. During the thermal decomposition of salt A in the presence of manganese dioxide, a binary salt B and a gas that supports combustion and is part of the air were formed; when this salt is heated without a catalyst, salt B and a salt of an oxygen-containing acid are formed. When salt A interacts with hydrochloric acid, a yellow-green gas (a simple substance) is released and salt B is formed. Salt B colors the flame purple, and when it interacts with a solution of silver nitrate, a white precipitate forms. Write the equations of the described reactions.
6) When an acid solution A is added to manganese dioxide, a poisonous yellow-green gas is released. By passing the released gas through a hot solution of caustic potash, a substance is obtained that is used in the manufacture of matches and some other incendiary compositions. During the thermal decomposition of the latter in the presence of manganese dioxide, a salt is formed, from which, when interacting with concentrated sulfuric acid, the initial acid A can be obtained, and a colorless gas that is part of atmospheric air. Write the equations of the described reactions.
7) Iodine was heated with an excess of phosphorus, and the reaction product was treated with a small amount of water. The gaseous reaction product was completely neutralized with sodium hydroxide solution and silver nitrate was added to the resulting solution. Write the equations of the described reactions.
8) The gas released when solid salt was heated with concentrated sulfuric acid was passed through a solution of potassium permanganate. The gaseous reaction product was taken up in cold sodium hydroxide solution. After adding hydroiodic acid to the resulting solution, a pungent odor appears and the solution acquires a dark color. Write the equations of the described reactions.
9) A gas was passed through a solution of sodium bromide, which is released during the interaction of hydrochloric acid with potassium permanganate. After completion of the reaction, the solution was evaporated, the residue was dissolved in water and subjected to electrolysis with graphite electrodes. The gaseous reaction products were mixed with each other and illuminated. The result was an explosion. Write the equations of the described reactions.
10) A solution of hydrochloric acid was carefully added to the pyrolusite, and the released gas was passed into a beaker filled with a cold solution of caustic potash. After the end of the reaction, the glass was covered with cardboard and left, while the glass was illuminated by the sun's rays; after a while, a smoldering splinter was brought into the glass, which flared up brightly. Write the equations of the described reactions.
11) The substance released on the cathode and anode during the electrolysis of sodium iodide solution with graphite electrodes react with each other. The reaction product is reacted with concentrated sulfuric acid with the release of gas, which was passed through a solution of potassium hydroxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
12) Concentrated hydrochloric acid was added to lead (IV) oxide while heating. The escaping gas was passed through a heated solution of caustic potash. The solution was cooled, the oxygenated acid salt was filtered off and dried. When the resulting salt is heated with hydrochloric acid, a poisonous gas is released, and when it is heated in the presence of manganese dioxide, a gas that is part of the atmosphere is released. Write the equations of the described reactions.
13) Iodine was treated with concentrated nitric acid by heating. The reaction product was gently heated. The resulting oxide reacted with carbon monoxide. The isolated simple substance was dissolved in a warm solution of potassium hydroxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
14) A solution of potassium iodide was treated with an excess of chlorine water, while at first the formation of a precipitate was observed, and then its complete dissolution. The resulting iodine-containing acid was isolated from the solution, dried and gently heated. the resulting oxide reacted with carbon monoxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
15) Iodine was treated with chloric acid. The reaction product was gently heated. the reaction product was gently heated. The resulting oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to form two substances - simple and complex. A simple substance dissolves in a warm alkaline solution of sodium sulfite. Write the equations of the described reactions.
16) Potassium permanganate was treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid solution, a solution formed and gas was released. The solution was divided into two parts: potassium hydroxide was added to the first, and silver nitrate was added to the second. The evolved gas reacted The gas reacted with potassium hydroxide upon cooling. Write the equations of the described reactions.
17) Sodium chloride melt was subjected to electrolysis. The gas released at the anode reacted with hydrogen to form a new gaseous substance with a characteristic odor. It was dissolved in water and treated with the calculated amount of potassium permanganate, and a yellow-green gas was formed. This substance enters upon cooling with sodium hydroxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
18) Potassium permanganate was treated with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The gas released in this case was collected, and a solution of potassium hydroxide was added dropwise to the reaction mass until the precipitation ceased. The collected gas was passed through a hot solution of potassium hydroxide, thus forming a mixture of two salts. The solution was evaporated, the solid residue was calcined in the presence of a catalyst, after which only salt remained in the solid residue. Write the equations of the described reactions.
Halogens.
1) 2NaI 
2Na + I 2
at the cathode at the anode
I 2 + H 2 S = 2HI + S↓
2HI + 2FeCl 3 \u003d I 2 + 2FeCl 2 + 2HCl
I 2 + 6NaOH (gor.) \u003d NaIO 3 + 5NaI + 3H 2 O
2) 2NaI + 2H 2 O 
2H 2 + 2NaOH + I 2
At the cathode At the anode
8KI + 8H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 4I 2 ↓ + H 2 S + 4K 2 SO 4 + 4H 2 O or
8KI + 9H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 4I 2 ↓ + H 2 S + 8KHSO 4 + 4H 2 O
3H 2 S + 2K 2 CrO 4 + 2H 2 O = 2Cr(OH) 3 + 3S + 4KOH
3) Cl 2 + H 2 O ↔ HCl + HClO
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H2O
HClO + NaOH = NaClO + H2O
NaClO + 2HCl \u003d NaCl + Cl 2 + H 2 O
4) H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + NaCl (solid) = NaHSO 4 + HCl
9H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + 8NaI (solid) \u003d 8NaHSO 4 + 4I 2 ↓ + H 2 S + 4H 2 O
NH 4 OH + HCl \u003d NH 4 Cl + H 2 O
NH 4 OH + H 2 S \u003d NH 4 HS + H 2 O
5) 2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O 2
4KClO 3 KCl + 3KClO 4
KClO 3 + 6HCl \u003d KCl + 3Cl 2 + 3H 2 O
KCl + AgNO 3 = AgCl↓ + KNO 3
6) 4HCl + MnO 2 = MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O
3Cl 2 + 6KOH (gor.) = 5KCl + KClO 3 + 3H 2 O
2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O 2
H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + NaCl (solid) = NaHSO 4 + HCl
7) 3I 2 + 3P = 2PI 3
PI 3 + 3H 2 O \u003d H 3 PO 3 + 3HI
HI + NaOH = NaI + H 2 O
NaI + AgNO 3 = AgI↓ + NaNO 3
8) H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + NaCl (solid) = NaHSO 4 + HCl
16HCl + 2KMnO 4 = 5Cl 2 + 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 8H 2 O
Cl 2 + 2NaOH (cold) = NaCl + NaClO + H 2 O
NaClO + 2HI \u003d NaCl + I 2 + H 2 O
9) 16HCl + 2KMnO 4 = 5Cl 2 + 2KCl + 2MnCl 2 + 8H 2 O
Alkali metals easily react with non-metals:
2K + I 2 = 2KI
2Na + H2 = 2NaH
6Li + N 2 = 2Li 3 N (the reaction is already at room temperature)
2Na + S = Na 2 S
2Na + 2C = Na 2 C 2
In reactions with oxygen, each alkali metal exhibits its own individuality: when burned in air, lithium forms an oxide, sodium a peroxide, and potassium a superoxide.
4Li + O 2 = 2Li 2 O
2Na + O 2 \u003d Na 2 O 2
K + O 2 = KO 2
Obtaining sodium oxide:
10Na + 2NaNO 3 \u003d 6Na 2 O + N 2
2Na + Na 2 O 2 \u003d 2Na 2 O
2Na + 2NaOH \u003d 2Na 2 O + H 2
Interaction with water leads to the formation of alkali and hydrogen.
2Na + 2H 2 O \u003d 2NaOH + H 2
Interaction with acids:
2Na + 2HCl \u003d 2NaCl + H 2
8Na + 5H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 4Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 S + 4H 2 O
2Li + 3H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 2LiHSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O
8Na + 10HNO 3 \u003d 8NaNO 3 + NH 4 NO 3 + 3H 2 O
When interacting with ammonia, amides and hydrogen are formed:
2Li + 2NH 3 = 2LiNH 2 + H 2
Interaction with organic compounds:
H ─ C ≡ C ─ H + 2Na → Na ─ C≡C ─ Na + H 2
2CH 3 Cl + 2Na → C 2 H 6 + 2NaCl
2C 6 H 5 OH + 2Na → 2C 6 H 5 ONa + H 2
2CH 3 OH + 2Na → 2CH 3 ONa + H 2
2CH 3 COOH + 2Na → 2CH 3 COOONa + H 2
A qualitative reaction to alkali metals is the coloring of the flame by their cations. Li + ion colors the flame carmine red, Na + ion yellow, K + violet
Alkali metal compounds
Oxides.
Alkali metal oxides are typical basic oxides. They react with acidic and amphoteric oxides, acids, water.
3Na 2 O + P 2 O 5 \u003d 2Na 3 PO 4
Na 2 O + Al 2 O 3 \u003d 2NaAlO 2
Na 2 O + 2HCl \u003d 2NaCl + H 2 O
Na 2 O + 2H + = 2Na + + H 2 O
Na 2 O + H 2 O \u003d 2NaOH
Peroxides.
2Na 2 O 2 + CO 2 \u003d 2Na 2 CO 3 + O 2
Na 2 O 2 + CO \u003d Na 2 CO 3
Na 2 O 2 + SO 2 \u003d Na 2 SO 4
2Na 2 O + O 2 \u003d 2Na 2 O 2
Na 2 O + NO + NO 2 \u003d 2NaNO 2
2Na 2 O 2 \u003d 2Na 2 O + O 2
Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O (cold) = 2NaOH + H 2 O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O (gor.) \u003d 4NaOH + O 2
Na 2 O 2 + 2HCl \u003d 2NaCl + H 2 O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 (razor. Hor.) \u003d 2Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O + O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + S = Na 2 SO 3 + Na 2 O
5Na 2 O 2 + 8H 2 SO 4 + 2KMnO 4 \u003d 5O 2 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2 O + 5Na 2 SO 4 + K 2 SO 4
Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 + 2NaI \u003d I 2 + 2Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O
Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 SO 4 + 2FeSO 4 = Fe 2 (SO 4) 3 + Na 2 SO 4 + 2H 2 O
3Na 2 O 2 + 2Na 3 \u003d 2Na 2 CrO 4 + 8NaOH + 2H 2 O
Bases (alkalis).
2NaOH (excess) + CO 2 = Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
NaOH + CO 2 (excess) = NaHCO 3
SO 2 + 2NaOH (excess) = Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O
SiO 2 + 2NaOH Na 2 SiO 3 + H 2 O
2NaOH + Al 2 O 3 2NaAlO 2 + H 2 O
2NaOH + Al 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O \u003d 2Na
NaOH + Al(OH) 3 = Na
2NaOH + 2Al + 6H 2 O \u003d 2Na + 3H 2
2KOH + 2NO 2 + O 2 = 2KNO 3 + H 2 O
KOH + KHCO 3 \u003d K 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
2NaOH + Si + H 2 O \u003d Na 2 SiO 3 + H 2
3KOH + P 4 + 3H 2 O \u003d 3KH 2 PO 2 + PH 3
2KOH (cold) + Cl 2 = KClO + KCl + H 2 O
6KOH (hot) + 3Cl 2 = KClO 3 + 5KCl + 3H 2 O
6NaOH + 3S \u003d 2Na 2 S + Na 2 SO 3 + 3H 2 O
2NaNO 3 2NaNO 2 + O 2
NaHCO 3 + HNO 3 \u003d NaNO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
NaI → Na + + I –
at the cathode: 2H 2 O + 2e → H 2 + 2OH - 1
at the anode: 2I – – 2e → I 2 1
2H 2 O + 2I - 
H 2 + 2OH - + I 2
2H2O + 2NaI 
H 2 + 2NaOH + I 2
2NaCl 
2Na + Cl2
at the cathode at the anode
4KClO 3 KCl + 3KClO 4
2KClO 3 
2KCl + 3O 2
Na 2 SO 3 + S \u003d Na 2 S 2 O 3
2NaI + Br 2 = 2NaBr + I 2
2NaBr + Cl 2 = 2NaCl + Br 2
I A group.
1. Electric discharges were passed over the surface of the sodium hydroxide solution poured into the flask, while the air in the flask turned brown, which disappears after a while. The resulting solution was carefully evaporated and found that the solid residue is a mixture of two salts. When this mixture is heated, gas is released and only one substance remains. Write the equations of the described reactions.
2. The substance released at the cathode during the electrolysis of a melt of sodium chloride was burned in oxygen. The resulting product was placed in a gasometer filled with carbon dioxide. The resulting substance was added to a solution of ammonium chloride and the solution was heated. Write the equations of the described reactions.
3) The nitric acid was neutralized with baking soda, the neutral solution was carefully evaporated and the residue was calcined. The resulting substance was introduced into a solution of potassium permanganate acidified with sulfuric acid, and the solution became colorless. The nitrogen-containing reaction product was placed in a sodium hydroxide solution and zinc dust was added, and a gas with a pungent odor was released. Write the equations of the described reactions.
4) The substance obtained at the anode during the electrolysis of a sodium iodide solution with inert electrodes was introduced into a reaction with potassium. The reaction product was heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, and the evolved gas was passed through a hot solution of potassium chromate. Write the equations of the described reactions
5) The substance obtained at the cathode during the electrolysis of a melt of sodium chloride was burned in oxygen. The obtained product was sequentially treated with sulfur dioxide and barium hydroxide solution. Write the equations of the described reactions
6) White phosphorus dissolves in a solution of caustic potash with the release of a gas with a garlic odor, which ignites spontaneously in air. The solid product of the combustion reaction reacted with caustic soda in such a ratio that the resulting white substance contains one hydrogen atom; when the latter substance is calcined, sodium pyrophosphate is formed. Write the equations of the described reactions
7) An unknown metal was burned in oxygen. The product of the reaction interacts with carbon dioxide, forms two substances: a solid, which interacts with a solution of hydrochloric acid with the release of carbon dioxide, and a gaseous simple substance that supports combustion. Write the equations of the described reactions.
8) A brown gas was passed through an excess of caustic potash solution in the presence of a large excess of air. Magnesium shavings were added to the resulting solution and heated, nitric acid was neutralized by the evolved gas. The resulting solution was carefully evaporated, the solid reaction product was calcined. Write the equations of the described reactions.
9) During the thermal decomposition of salt A in the presence of manganese dioxide, a binary salt B and a gas that supports combustion and is part of the air were formed; when this salt is heated without a catalyst, salt B and a salt of a higher oxygen-containing acid are formed. When salt A interacts with hydrochloric acid, a yellow-green gas (a simple substance) is released and salt B is formed. Salt B colors the flame purple, and when it interacts with a solution of silver nitrate, a white precipitate forms. Write the equations of the described reactions.
10) Copper shavings were added to heated concentrated sulfuric acid and the released gas was passed through a solution of caustic soda (excess). The reaction product was isolated, dissolved in water, and heated with sulfur, which dissolved as a result of the reaction. Dilute sulfuric acid was added to the resulting solution. Write the equations of the described reactions.
11) Table salt was treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. The resulting salt was treated with sodium hydroxide. The resulting product was calcined with an excess of coal. The resulting gas reacted in the presence of a catalyst with chlorine. Write the equations of the described reactions.
12) Sodium reacted with hydrogen. The reaction product was dissolved in water, and a gas was formed that reacted with chlorine, and the resulting solution, when heated, reacted with chlorine to form a mixture of two salts. Write the equations of the described reactions.
13) Sodium was burned in an excess of oxygen, the resulting crystalline substance was placed in a glass tube and carbon dioxide was passed through it. The gas coming out of the tube was collected and burned in its atmosphere of phosphorus. The resulting substance was neutralized with an excess of sodium hydroxide solution. Write the equations of the described reactions.
14) To the solution obtained as a result of the interaction of sodium peroxide with water during heating, a solution of hydrochloric acid was added until the reaction was completed. The resulting salt solution was subjected to electrolysis with inert electrodes. The gas formed as a result of electrolysis at the anode was passed through a suspension of calcium hydroxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
15) Sulfur dioxide was passed through a solution of sodium hydroxide until an average salt was formed. An aqueous solution of potassium permanganate was added to the resulting solution. The formed precipitate was separated and treated with hydrochloric acid. The evolved gas was passed through a cold solution of potassium hydroxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
16) A mixture of silicon (IV) oxide and magnesium metal was calcined. The simple substance obtained as a result of the reaction was treated with a concentrated solution of sodium hydroxide. The evolved gas was passed over heated sodium. The resulting substance was placed in water. Write the equations of the described reactions.
17) The reaction product of lithium with nitrogen was treated with water. The resulting gas was passed through a solution of sulfuric acid until the chemical reactions ceased. The resulting solution was treated with barium chloride solution. The solution was filtered and the filtrate was mixed with sodium nitrate solution and heated. Write the equations of the described reactions.
18) Sodium was heated in a hydrogen atmosphere. When water was added to the resulting substance, gas evolution and the formation of a clear solution were observed. A brown gas was passed through this solution, which was obtained as a result of the interaction of copper with a concentrated solution of nitric acid. Write the equations of the described reactions.
19) Sodium bicarbonate was calcined. The resulting salt was dissolved in water and mixed with a solution of aluminum, as a result, a precipitate formed and a colorless gas was released. The precipitate was treated with an excess of nitric acid solution, and the gas was passed through a solution of potassium silicate. Write the equations of the described reactions.
20) Sodium was fused with sulfur. The resulting compound was treated with hydrochloric acid, the evolved gas completely reacted with sulfur oxide (IV). The resulting substance was treated with concentrated nitric acid. Write the equations of the described reactions.
21) Sodium was burned in excess oxygen. The resulting substance was treated with water. The resulting mixture was boiled, after which chlorine was added to the hot solution. Write the equations of the described reactions.
22) Potassium was heated in a nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting substance was treated with an excess of hydrochloric acid, after which a suspension of calcium hydroxide was added to the resulting mixture of salts and heated. The resulting gas was passed through hot copper (II) oxide. Write the equations for the described reactions.
23) Potassium was burned in an atmosphere of chlorine, the resulting salt was treated with an excess of an aqueous solution of silver nitrate. The precipitate formed was filtered off, the filtrate was evaporated and heated carefully. The resulting salt was treated with an aqueous solution of bromine. Write the equations of the described reactions.
24) Lithium reacted with hydrogen. The reaction product was dissolved in water, and a gas was formed that reacted with bromine, and the resulting solution, when heated, reacted with chlorine to form a mixture of two salts. Write the equations of the described reactions.
25) Sodium was burned in the air. The resulting solid absorbs carbon dioxide, releasing oxygen and salt. The last salt was dissolved in hydrochloric acid, and a solution of silver nitrate was added to the resulting solution. As a result, a white precipitate formed. Write the equations of the described reactions.
26) Oxygen was subjected to an electric discharge in an ozonizer. The resulting gas was passed through an aqueous solution of potassium iodide, and a new colorless and odorless gas was released, supporting combustion and respiration. Sodium was burned in the atmosphere of the latter gas, and the resulting solid reacted with carbon dioxide. Write the equations of the described reactions.
I A group.
1. N 2 + O 2 
2NO
2NO + O 2 \u003d 2NO 2
2NO 2 + 2NaOH \u003d NaNO 3 + NaNO 2 + H 2 O
2NaNO 3 2NaNO 2 + O 2
2. 2NaCl 
2Na + Cl2
at the cathode at the anode
2Na + O 2 \u003d Na 2 O 2
Na 2 CO 3 + 2NH 4 Cl \u003d 2NaCl + CO 2 + 2NH 3 + H 2 O
3. NaHCO 3 + HNO 3 \u003d NaNO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
2NaNO 3 2NaNO 2 + O 2
5NaNO 2 + 2KMnO 4 + 3H 2 SO 4 = 5NaNO 3 + 2MnSO 4 + K 2 SO 4 + 3H 2 O
NaNO 3 + 4Zn + 7NaOH + 6H 2 O = 4Na 2 + NH 3
4. 2H2O + 2NaI 
H 2 + 2NaOH + I 2
2K + I 2 = 2KI
8KI + 5H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = 4K 2 SO 4 + H 2 S + 4I 2 + 4H 2 O
3H 2 S + 2K 2 CrO 4 + 2H 2 O = 2Cr(OH) 3 ↓ + 3S↓ + 4KOH
5. 2NaCl 
2Na + Cl2
at the cathode at the anode
2Na + O 2 \u003d Na 2 O 2
Na 2 O 2 + SO 2 \u003d Na 2 SO 4
Na 2 SO 4 + Ba(OH) 2 = BaSO 4 ↓ + 2NaOH
6. P 4 + 3KOH + 3H 2 O \u003d 3KH 2 PO 2 + PH 3
2PH 3 + 4O 2 = P 2 O 5 + 3H 2 O
P 2 O 5 + 4NaOH \u003d 2Na 2 HPO 4 + H 2 O
2Na 2 HPO 4 Na 4 P 2 O 7 + H 2 O
7. 2Na + O 2 Na 2 O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 \u003d 2Na 2 CO 3 + O 2
C + O 2 = CO 2
8. 2KOH + 2NO 2 + O 2 = 2KNO 3 + H 2 O
KNO 3 + 4Mg + 6H 2 O \u003d NH 3 + 4Mg (OH) 2 + KOH
NH 3 + HNO 3 \u003d NH 4 NO 3
NH 4 NO 3 N 2 O + 2H 2 O (190 - 245°C)
2NH 4 NO 3 2NO + N 2 + 4H 2 O (250 - 300°C)
2NH 4 NO 3 2N 2 + O 2 + 4H 2 O (above 300°C)
9. 2KClO 3 2KCl + 3O 2
4KClO 3 KCl + 3KClO 4
KClO 3 + 6HCl \u003d KCl + 3Cl 2 + 3H 2 O
KCl + AgNO 3 = AgCl↓ + KNO 3
10. 2H 2 SO 4 (conc.) + Cu \u003d CuSO 4 + SO 2 + 2H 2 O
SO 2 + 2NaOH \u003d Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O
Na 2 SO 3 + S \u003d Na 2 S 2 O 3
Na 2 S 2 O 3 + H 2 SO 4 = Na 2 SO 4 + S↓ + SO 2 + H 2 O
11. NaCl (solid) + H 2 SO 4 (conc.) = NaHSO 4 + HCl
NaHSO 4 + NaOH = Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O
Na 2 SO 4 + 4C Na 2 S + 4CO
CO + Cl2 
COCl2
12) 2Na + H 2 \u003d 2NaH
NaH + H 2 O \u003d NaOH + H 2
H 2 + Cl 2 \u003d 2HCl
6NaOH + 3Cl 2 = NaClO 3 + 5NaCl + 3H 2 O
13) 2Na + O 2 = Na 2 O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 \u003d 2Na 2 CO 3 + O 2
4P + 5O 2 \u003d 2P 2 O 5
P 2 O 5 + 6NaOH \u003d 2Na 3 PO 4 + 3H 2 O
14) 2Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d 4NaOH + O 2
NaOH + HCl \u003d NaCl + H 2 O
2H 2 O + 2NaCl 
H 2 + 2NaOH + Cl 2
2Cl 2 + 2Ca(OH) 2 = CaCl 2 + Ca(ClO) 2 + 2H 2 O
15) 2NaOH + SO 2 = Na 2 SO 3 + H 2 O
3Na 2 SO 3 + 2KMnO 4 + H 2 O \u003d 3Na 2 SO 4 + 2MnO 2 + 2KOH
MnO 2 + 4HCl \u003d MnCl 2 + Cl 2 + 2H 2 O
2NaOH (cold) + Cl 2 = NaCl + NaClO + H 2 O
16) SiO 2 + 2Mg = 2MgO + Si
2NaOH + Si + H 2 O \u003d Na 2 SiO 3 + 2H 2
2Na + H2 = 2NaH
NaH + H 2 O \u003d NaOH + H 2
17) 6Li + N 2 = 2Li 3 N
Li 3 N + 3H 2 O \u003d 3LiOH + NH 3
2NH 3 + H 2 SO 4 \u003d (NH 4) 2 SO 4
(NH 4) 2 SO 4 + BaCl 2 = BaSO 4 + 2NH 4 Cl
18) 2Na + H 2 = 2NaH
NaH + H 2 O \u003d NaOH + H 2
Cu + 4HNO 3 (conc.) = Cu(NO 3) 2 + 2NO 2 + 2H 2 O
2NaOH + 2NO 2 \u003d NaNO 3 + NaNO 2 + H 2 O
19) 2NaHCO 3 Na 2 CO 3 + CO 2 + H 2 O
3Na 2 CO 3 + 2AlBr 3 + 3H 2 O \u003d 2Al (OH) 3 ↓ + 3CO 2 + 6NaBr
Al(OH) 3 + 3HNO 3 = Al(NO 3) 3 + 3H 2 O
K 2 SiO 3 + 2CO 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d 2KHCO 3 + H 2 SiO 3 ↓
20) 2Na + S = Na 2 S
Na 2 S + 2HCl \u003d 2NaCl + H 2 S
SO 2 + 2H 2 S \u003d 3S + 2H 2 O
S + 6HNO 3 \u003d H 2 SO 4 + 6NO 2 + 2H 2 O
21) 2Na + O 2 = Na 2 O 2
Na 2 O 2 + 2H 2 O \u003d 2NaOH + H 2 O 2
2H 2 O 2 2H 2 O + O 2
6NaOH (gor.) + 3Cl 2 = NaClO 3 + 5NaCl + 3H 2 O
22) 6K + N 2 = 2K 3 N
K 3 N + 4HCl \u003d 3KCl + NH 4 Cl
2NH 4 Cl + Ca(OH) 2 = CaCl 2 + 2NH 3 + 2H 2 O
2NH 3 + 3CuO = N 2 + 3Cu + 3H 2 O
23) 2K + Cl 2 = 2KCl
KCl + AgNO 3 \u003d KNO 3 + AgCl ↓
2KNO 3 2KNO 2 + O 2
KNO 2 + Br 2 + H 2 O \u003d KNO 3 + 2HBr
24) 2Li + H 2 = 2LiH
LiH + H 2 O \u003d LiOH + H 2
H 2 + Br 2 \u003d 2HBr
6LiOH (gor.) + 3Cl 2 = LiClO 3 + 5LiCl + 3H 2 O
25) 2Na + O 2 = Na 2 O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 \u003d 2Na 2 CO 3 + O 2
Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl \u003d 2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O
NaCl + AgNO 3 = AgCl↓ + NaNO 3
26) 3O 2 ↔ 2O 3
O 3 + 2KI + H 2 O \u003d I 2 + O 2 + 2KOH
2Na + O 2 \u003d Na 2 O 2
2Na 2 O 2 + 2CO 2 \u003d 2Na 2 CO 3 + O 2
Tasks for the final certification in biology for the course
secondary (complete) school
Option 1
1 hour (60 minutes) is given to complete the examination paper in biology. The work consists of 3 parts, including 37 tasks.
Part 1 includes 30 tasks (A1-A30). Each question has 4 answers. one of which is correct .
Part 2 contains 5 tasks (B1-B5) with multiple choice of correct answers. When performing these tasks in the answer table, you must write down the numbers indicating the elements of the correct answer.
Read each question carefully and the suggested answers, if any. Answer only after you have understood the question and analyzed all possible answers.
Complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. If you have difficulty with any task, skip it and try to complete those for which you are sure of the answers. You can return to missed tasks if you have time.
Evaluation Criteria
· To get a mark "3" it is enough to complete correctly any 15 tasks from the entire work.
· To get the mark "4" it is necessary to complete tasks from parts 1 and 2. Moreover, part 1 must be completed without errors. And in part 2, it is allowed to complete 1 task correctly.
· Grade "5" is given when performing tasks 1,2,3 without errors.
We wish you success!
Part 1 of option 1
When completing tasks (A1-A30), the answer number is recorded on the answer sheet. The answer can only be 1.
A1. What level of organization of living nature is the totality of all ecosystems of the globe in their interconnection?
2) ecosystem
3) population-species
4) biogeocenotic
A2. The similarity of the structure and vital activity of the cells of organisms of different kingdoms of wildlife is one of the provisions
1) theories of evolution
2) cell theory
3) the doctrine of ontogenesis
4) laws of heredity
A3. The nitrogenous base adenine, ribose, and three phosphoric acid residues are
A4. Amino acids are the monomers of which organic molecules?
2) carbohydrates
4) lipids
A5. The plant cell shown in the figure can be recognized by the presence of
2) plasma membrane
3) vacuoles
4) endoplasmic reticulum
A6. The cells of organisms of all kingdoms of living nature have
1) fiber sheath
3) Golgi complex
4) plasma membrane
A7. Determine which process in the cell is depicted using the diagram.
1) dark phase of photosynthesis
2) protein biosynthesis
3) glycolysis reactions
4) the oxidation reaction of substances
A8. Due to what process during mitosis are daughter cells formed with a set of chromosomes equal to the parent?
1) the formation of chromatids
2) spiralization of chromosomes
3) dissolution of the nuclear envelope
4) division of the cytoplasm
A9. Why are bacteria classified as prokaryotes?
1) consist of one cell
2) are small
3) do not have a formalized core
4) are heterotrophic
A10. The AIDS virus can function in cells
1) nervous
2) muscle
3) epithelial
A11. The process of formation of a diploid zygote as a result of the fusion of male and female haploid gametes is called
1) conjugation
2) pollination
3) fertilization
4) crossing over
A12. What is the name of the method, the essence of which is the crossing of parental forms that differ in a number of characteristics, the analysis of their manifestation in a number of generations?
1) hybridological
2) cytogenetic
A13. From hybrids of the first generation in the second generation, 1/4 individuals with recessive traits are born, which indicates the manifestation of the law
1) linked inheritance
2) splitting
3) independent inheritance
4) intermediate inheritance
A14. The use of drugs has a harmful effect on offspring, as they cause
1) mental disorder
2) violation of the liver
3) change in kidney function
4) change in the genetic apparatus of the cell
A15. The discovery of the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants served as the basis for the creation
1) Main Botanical Garden
Part 2 option 1
When completing tasks B1-3 on the answer sheet, write down the numbers of the correct answer no more than 3 digits.
IN 1. What signs characterize the reflex manifested in schoolchildren in response to a call from the lesson? Write down the corresponding numbers.
1) Each student reacts individually.
2) All students react the same way to it.
3) is inherited.
4) Not inherited.
5) Congenital.
6) Acquired during life.
IN 2. What is the importance of the cycle of substances in the biosphere? Write down the corresponding numbers.
1) Provides an influx of energy from the outside.
2) Promotes the formation of the adaptability of organisms to the environment.
3) Supports biological rhythms.
4) Provides multiple use of substances.
5) It is based on food relations between organisms.
6) It is based on territorial relations between organisms.
AT 3. How is meiosis different from mitosis? Write down the corresponding numbers.
1) Four haploid cells are formed.
2) Two diploid cells are formed.
3) Conjugation and crossing over of chromosomes occurs.
4) Chromosome spiralization occurs.
5) Cell division is preceded by one interphase.
6) There are two divisions.
When completing tasks B4.5, establish a correspondence between the contents of the first and second columns. Write the letters of the selected answers on the answer sheet
Establish a correspondence between the signs of variability and its types.
SIGNS OF VARIABILITY
VARIABILITY
due to the emergence of new combinations of genes
mutational
due to changes in genes and chromosomes
offspring develop new traits
combinative
offspring have parental traits
in individuals, the amount or structure of DNA changes
individuals do not change the amount or structure of DNA
Establish a correspondence between the structure and functions of the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column. Transfer the resulting sequence of letters to the answer sheet.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
organelles
ORGANOIDS
consists of a group of cavities with bubbles at the ends
endoplasmic reticulum
consists of a system of interconnected tubules
golgi complex
involved in protein biosynthesis
involved in the formation of lysosomes
participates in the formation of the cell membrane
transports organic matter to different parts of the cell
Part 3 option 1
Part 3 contains 2 tasks С1, С2 where necessary Give an answer in one or two sentences.
C 1. Name at least 3 features of terrestrial plants that allowed them to be the first to master the land. Justify the answer.
C 2. To combat insect pests, a person uses chemicals. Indicate at least 3 changes in the life of an oak forest if all herbivorous insects in it are chemically destroyed. Explain why they will happen.
Answers to the questions of option 1
Part 1
job number
Answer
job number
Answer
job number
Answer
Part 2 option 1
job number
Answer
BAABAB
BAABBA
Answer C1
Response elements:
1) the appearance of integumentary tissue - the epidermis with stomata, which contributes to protection from evaporation;
2) the appearance of a poorly developed conducting system that ensures the transport of substances;
3) development of mechanical tissue that performs a supporting function;
4) the formation of rhizoids, with the help of which they are fixed in the soil.
Answer C2
Response elements:
1) the number of insect pollinated plants will decrease sharply, since herbivorous insects are pollinators of plants;
2) the number of insectivorous organisms (consumers of the second order) will sharply decrease or disappear due to disruption of food chains;
3) part of the chemicals used to kill insects will enter the soil, which will lead to disruption of plant life, death of soil flora and fauna, all violations can lead to the death of oak forests.
2017 Federal Service for Supervision in Education and Science
Russian Federation
The test work includes 16 tasks. 1 hour 30 minutes (90 minutes) is allotted to complete the work in biology.
Write down the answers to the tasks in the space provided for this in the work. If you write down an incorrect answer, cross it out and write down a new one next to it.
When performing work, it is allowed to use a calculator.
When completing assignments, you can use a draft. Draft entries will not be reviewed or graded.
We advise you to complete the tasks in the order in which they are given. To save time, skip the task that you can't complete right away and move on to the next one. If after completing all the work you have time left, you can return to the missed tasks.
The points you get for completed tasks are summed up. Try to complete as many tasks as possible and score the most points.
We wish you success!
OPTION 1
1. Choose from the list of systematic taxa three taxa that are common when describing the depicted organisms.
List of taxa:
1) class Dipartite
2) non-cellular empire
3) the kingdom of Prokaryotes
4) plant kingdom
5) subkingdom Multicellular
6) Floral department
ANSWER
All plants that exist on our planet are combined into one kingdom, which is called Plants.
Plants are divided into two sub-kingdoms - higher and lower.
Algae belong to the lower plants.
And higher plants are divided into Spore and Seed. The spore divisions include Mosses, Horsetails, Club mosses and Ferns. And to the seed - the Gymnosperms department and the Angiosperms (Flowering) department.
Gymnosperms do not have herbaceous forms, and since we see that the plants given to us are definitely not trees or shrubs, they belong to department Flowering(the same conclusion could be drawn from the presence of flowers and fruits).
Garden cabbage is a plant of the Cruciferous (Cabbage) family, peas belong to the legume family, and potatoes belong to the Solanaceae family. The plants of these families belong to class Dicotyledonous.
So the correct answers are 1 , 4 ,6 .
Let's rule out the rest of the answers.
These plants do not belong to the Non-Cellular empire, because they have a cellular structure, i.e. are made up of cells. They do not belong to the superkingdom of Prokaryotes, since prokaryotes are organisms that do not have a nucleus in the cell, while plants have a nucleus. They do not belong to the sub-kingdom Multicellular, since in the taxonomy of plants there are sub-kingdoms Higher and Lower, and there are no sub-kingdoms Multicellular at all.
2. Allen's rule states that among related forms of warm-blooded animals, similar lifestyles, those that live in colder climates have relatively smaller protruding body parts :
ears, legs, tails, etc.
1. Write in the table the appropriate sequence of numbers that indicate
Photo.
2. Using knowledge of thermoregulation, explain Allen's rule.
ANSWER
Answer to 1 question : 312 Answer to question 2 : The larger the body surface of a warm-blooded animal, the more intense the heat transfer. Large ears contribute to this.
Answering question 1 is not difficult at all. It is worth considering that it is required to arrange the animals, starting from the northernmost one, and according to Allen's rule, protruding parts of the body are smaller in northern animals. This means that we must arrange the animals, starting with the one with the smallest ears.
A decrease in the protruding parts of the body in animals leads to a decrease in the surface of the body, and, consequently, to a decrease in heat transfer. This helps animals living in cold environments conserve heat. This should be the answer to question 2.
1. Sort the organisms according to their position in the food chain.
In each cell write
the name of one of the proposed organisms.
List of organisms: grasshoppers, plants, snakes, frogs, eagle.
food chain
2. The rule says:"no more than 10% of the energy comes from each previous trophic level to the next." Using this rule, calculate the amount of energy (in kJ) that is transferred to the second order consumer level for a net annual primary ecosystem production of 10,000 kJ.
ANSWER
1. plants - grasshoppers - frogs - snakes - eagle
4. Study the drawing. By what process was such a variety of depicted organisms formed?
ANSWER
artificial selection,
OR mutational variability,
OR genetic variation
5. Study the graph showing the dependence of the rate of the reaction catalyzed by the enzyme, on the dog's body temperature (the x-axis shows the dog's body temperature (in °C), and the y-axis shows the rate of the chemical reaction (in arb. units)).
It is known that the body temperature of a healthy dog is in the range of 37.5–38.5 °C. How will the rate of chemical reactions in a dog's body change if its body temperature is higher than normal?
ANSWER
The rate of chemical reactions will decrease (fall)
6. Fill in the empty cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select and write down the number of the desired element in the table.
Missing items:
1) DNA
2) anatomy
3) organismic
4) chloroplast
5) molecular genetic
6) cytology
ANSWER
7. Cholesterol plays an important role in metabolism and the functioning of the nervous system. It enters the body from animal products. It is practically non-existent in plant products. The amount of cholesterol that enters the body with food should not exceed 0.3-0.5 g per day.
1. Using the data in the table, calculate the amount of cholesterol in the breakfast of a person who ate 100 g of low-fat cottage cheese, 25 g of Dutch cheese, 20 g of butter and two sausages.
2. What danger to human health is an excess of cholesterol in the human body?
ANSWER
2. damage to blood vessels,
OR development of atherosclerosis,
OR ischemic heart disease
8. Sergey came to the doctor because he was not feeling well. The doctor gave him a referral for an analysis, the results of which showed that the number of leukocytes is 2.5 × 108, while the norm is 4–9 × 109. What analysis did the doctor suggest and what diagnosis did he make based on the results? Select answers from the following list and write down their numbers in the table.
List of answers:
1) violation of carbohydrate metabolism
2) oxygen deficiency
3) blood test
4) decreased immunity
5) stool analysis
ANSWER 34
Record the number of each of the diseases in the list in the appropriate cell of the table. Table cells can have
several numbers are recorded.
List of human diseases:
1) chicken pox
2) Down syndrome
3) myocardial infarction
4) dysentery
5) malaria
ANSWER
10. Medical genetics is widely used genealogical method. It is based on the compilation of a person's pedigree and the study of the inheritance of a particular trait. In such studies, certain notations are used. Study a fragment of the family tree of one family, some members of which have deaf-mutism.
Fragment of family tree
Using the proposed scheme, determine:
1) this trait is dominant or recessive;
2) this trait is not linked or linked to the sex chromosomes.
ANSWER
recessive trait
2. the trait is not sex-linked
11. Sveta always wanted to have the same “dimples” on her cheeks as her mother (the dominant trait (A) is not sex-linked). But Sveta did not have "dimples", like her father. Determine the genotypes of family members based on the presence or absence of "dimples". Record your answers in the table.
ANSWER
Mother - Aa; father - aa; daughter - a
12. The court considered the claim to establish the paternity of the child. A blood test was made of the child and his mother. In the child, it turned out to be II (A), and in the mother - I (0). Analyze
table data and answer the questions.
1. The mother of the child stated in court that the father of her son is a man with IV (AB) blood type. Could he be the father of the child?
2. Based on the rules for blood transfusion, decide if the child can be a blood donor for his mother.
3. Using the data in the table "Blood groups according to the AB0 system" explain your decision.
* Note.
An antigen is any substance that the body perceives as foreign or potentially dangerous and against which it usually begins to produce its own antibodies.
Antibodies are blood plasma proteins formed in response to the introduction of bacteria, viruses, protein toxins and other antigens into the human body.
ANSWER
Answer to 1 question: yes
Answer to question 2: no
Answer to question 3: as a result of the simultaneous presence in the mother’s bloodstream, during transfusion, of the child’s A antigens of the same name and α (mother’s) antibodies, erythrocytes will stick together, which can lead to the death of the mother
13. In a biochemical laboratory, the nucleotide composition of a fragment of a wheat DNA molecule was studied. It was found that the proportion of adenine nucleotides in the sample is 10%.
Using the Chargaff rule, which describes the quantitative relationships between different types of nitrogenous bases in DNA (G + T = A + C), calculate the percentage of nucleotides with cytosine in this sample.
ANSWER 40%
1. Consider the image of a two-membrane organoid of a eukaryotic cell. What is it called?
2. Violation of what process will occur in the cell in case of damage (malfunctions) of these organelles?
ANSWER
1. mitochondrion
2. energy metabolism,
OR the breathing process,
OR biological oxidation
15. The genetic code is a way inherent in all living organisms encoding the sequence of amino acid residues in proteins using
nucleotide sequences in a nucleic acid.
Study the table of the genetic code, which demonstrates the correspondence of amino acid residues to the composition of codons. Using the example of the amino acid serine (Ser), explain the following property of the genetic code: the code is triplet.
Table of the genetic code
ANSWER
1) each amino acid corresponds to a combination of three nucleotides
(triplets, codons);
2) coding for the amino acid serine (Ser) can occur with
using one of the following codons (triplets): TCT, TCC,
TCA, TCH, AGT, AGC
16. The figure shows Archeopteryx, an extinct animal that lived 150–147 million years ago.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, set the era and period in which the given organism lived, as well as its possible ancestor at the level of the class (superorder) of animals.
Era: ________________________________________________________________
Period:___________________________________________________________
Possible ancestor:_________________________________________________
ANSWER
Era: Mesozoic era;
Period: Jurassic;
Possible ancestor: ancient reptiles, OR
reptiles OR reptiles OR dinosaurs
OPTION 2
List of taxa:
1) plant kingdom
2) class Ferns
3) class Bryophytes
4) Department Ferns
5) Department Gymnosperms
6) sub-kingdom Lower plants
Write down the numbers of the selected taxa.
ANSWER
The drawings depict plants (there are plant organs - leaves, stems); class Fern-like department Fern-like - Fern-like have roots and shoots (stems with leaves), reproduce by spores.
The leaves grow at the apex (like shoots), young leaves form curls at the apex - "snails" that protect the apical meristem. Because of these features, which are not characteristic of leaves, they are called fronds. Adventitious roots form on the rhizome. Figure 2 shows a water fern.
Answer: 142.
2. The law of the limiting factor states that the most important factor for the survival of a species is the factor that deviates more from its optimal values. Factors that hinder the development of organisms due to a lack or excess of them compared to needs are called limiting (limiting).
The drawings depict various natural ecosystems. Arrange these ecosystems in the sequence in which the value of the limiting factor (lack of heat) decreases.
Write in the table the corresponding sequence of numbers that denote ecosystems.
2. A clear illustration of the law of the limiting factor is Liebig's barrel. What does the limiting factor represent in the figure?
ANSWER
2.1: 231
2.2: the short board symbolizes the limiting factor; its length determines the level to which the barrel can be filled, and the length of other boards no longer matters
2.1. The figures show natural areas: 1 - steppe; 2 - tundra; 3 - deciduous forest.
According to the assignment value limiting factor (lack of heat) declining, i.e. mean annual temperature rising: tundra → broadleaf forest → steppe
2.2. There are different formulations of this law. But the essence of the law of the minimum (or the law of the limiting factor) can be formulated as follows:
The life of an organism depends on many factors. But, the most significant at any given time is the factor that is most vulnerable.
In other words, if any of the factors in the body significantly deviates from the norm, then this factor is the most significant, the most critical for the survival of the organism at a given moment in time.
It is important to understand that for the same organism at different times, such critically important (or otherwise limiting) factors can be completely different factors.
In this half-broken barrel, the limiting factor is the height of the board. Obviously, the water will overflow over the smallest plank in the barrel. In this case, the height of the remaining boards will no longer be important to us - it will still be impossible to fill the barrel.
The smallest board is the very factor that deviated the most from the normal value.
1. Sort the organisms according to their position in the food chain. In each cell, write down the name of one of the proposed organisms. List of organisms: weasel, leaf litter, mole, earthworm.
food chain
2. "Rule of 10%": when moving from one trophic level to another, 90% of the energy is dissipated. Using the “Rule of 10%”, calculate the mass of earthworms (in kg) necessary for the normal life of one weasel weighing 102 g, in the food chain leaf litter → earthworms → mole → weasel
ANSWER
1. leaf litter → earthworm → mole → weasel
Detrital food chains (decomposition chains) - food chains that begin with detritus - dead plant remains, corpses and animal excrement. Heterotrophic organisms that feed directly on detritus are called detritophages. Followed by consumers (secondary consumers)
The amount of plant matter that serves as the basis of the food chain is about 10 times greater than the mass of herbivorous animals, and each subsequent food level also has a mass 10 times less. This rule is known as the Lindemann rule, or the 10 percent rule.
When calculating mass and energy from the bottom up, we remove one zero at the transition to each level, and if we move from top to bottom, we add one zero.
Actually, the food chain: leaf litter → earthworms → mole → weasel
Moles 102 g * 10 = 1020 g
Worms 1020 g * 10 = 10200 g or 10 kg 200 g
4. Study the drawing. What process resulted in the formation of such a variety of living organisms depicted in the figure?
ANSWER
artificial selection OR mutational variation OR hereditary variation.
The variety of breeds of pigeons is the result of artificial selection - this is a selection made by humans on the basis of mutational (hereditary) variability.
Man led the selection in a certain direction: the size of the goiter, the beak, the tail.
5. Study the graph that shows the survival rate of the species as a function of temperature.
Determine how many (in %) of individuals will survive in the temperature range from 15 to 25 °C.
ANSWER 75-100%.
| biology method | Description of the method | Example |
| Observation | ||
| Possibility to ignore a number | ||
| centrifugation, |
Missing items:
1) abstraction
2) discovery of new species
3) evolutionary processes
4) use of special devices
5) instrumental
6) gathering facts
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
ANSWER
1. Fats are an essential part of the human diet.
Sergey is 12 years old (weight 36 kg). In winter, on vacation, he visited the city of Kislovodsk. After a long walk through the Kurortny Park, he dined in a cafe. The order included the following dishes: a complex hot sandwich with pork, vegetable salad, ice cream with chocolate filling, waffle cone and Coca-Cola. Using the data in tables 1 and 2, determine the amount of fat that came with food during lunch, and their relationship to the daily allowance.
Daily nutritional norms and energy needs of children and adolescents
| Age, years | Energy | Proteins, g/kg | Fats, g/kg | Carbohydrates, g |
| 16 and older |
Table of energy and nutritional value of ready meals
| Dishes and drinks | Energy | Protein (g) | Fat (g) | Carbs (g) |
| Complex hot sandwich | ||||
| Complex hot sandwich | ||||
| Complex hot sandwich | ||||
| Omelet with ham | ||||
| Vegetable salad (fresh tomatoes, | ||||
| Caesar salad (chicken, salad, | ||||
| Rustic potatoes | ||||
| Small portion of potatoes | ||||
| Standard serving of potatoes | ||||
| Ice cream with chocolate | ||||
| Waffle cone | ||||
| "Coca Cola" | ||||
| Orange juice | ||||
| Tea without sugar | ||||
| Tea with sugar (two teaspoons) |
2. Fats are an essential part of the human diet.
Why do dietitians for weight loss advise to reduce the amount of fat in the diet, and not completely abandon them?
ANSWER
1. The amount of fat in lunch \u003d 33 + 0 + 11 + 4 + 0 \u003d 48 g; the ratio of dietary fat to the daily norm \u003d 48: 61.2 (daily fat requirement - 36 kg x 1.7) 0.78 (or 78%)
2. It is impossible to completely exclude fats from the diet, since fats are components of cell structures (membranes) and are part of hormones, promote the absorption of certain vitamins.
8. At the appointment with the therapist, the patient complains of increased excitability, rapid pulse, bulging eyes, trembling hands, sweating, weight loss with good appetite, mood swings. What diagnosis will the doctor make? To which specialist will the patient be sent to clarify the diagnosis? Select answers from the following list and write down their numbers in the table.
List of answers:
1) bronze disease
2) Graves' disease
3) violation of protein metabolism
4) neurologist
5) endocrinologist
ANSWER
Graves' disease, also known as Graves' disease (medical name - diffuse toxic goiter) is a disease associated with the deviation of the thyroid gland (its increase in size and excessive production of hormones).
Graves' disease begins for an ordinary person almost imperceptibly. Its first signs may be: excessive sweating, frequent trembling of the upper limbs, insomnia, mood swings. The patient's skin becomes darker over time, in the area of \u200b\u200bhis lower extremities, small permanent edema can be seen.
Endocrinologist - a doctor of this specialization monitors the state of the endocrine system of the body. An endocrinologist deals with the diagnosis and treatment, as well as the prevention of hormonal regulation problems in our body.
9. Determine the origin of the diseases listed. Record the number of each of the diseases in the list in the appropriate cell of the table. Table cells can contain multiple numbers.
List of human diseases:
1) hepatitis
2) tuberculosis
3) angina
4) scoliosis
5) flu
ANSWER
10. Study the fragment of the pedigree.
Set the nature of inheritance of the trait highlighted in black in the diagram.
1) Is this trait dominant or recessive?
2) Is this trait sex-linked or not?
ANSWER
1. The trait is dominant autosomal, since it manifests itself in every generation.
2. It is equally likely to occur in both men and women - it is not linked to the X chromosome.
11. Parents have brown eyes. Their daughter has blue eyes. Determine the genotypes of family members on the basis of "brown / blue eyes". Record your answers in the table.
ANSWER mother - Aa, father - Aa, child - aa.
12. The mother has the fourth (AB) blood type, the father has the first (00). Analyze the data in the table and answer the questions.
1. What type of blood does their daughter have?
2. Based on the rules for blood transfusion, decide if a father can donate blood for his daughter.
3. Using the data in the table "Classification of blood by groups", explain your decision.
* Note.
An antigen is any substance that the body perceives as foreign or potentially dangerous and against which it usually begins to produce its own antibodies.
Antibodies are blood plasma proteins formed in response to the introduction of bacteria, viruses, protein toxins and other antigens into the human body.
ANSWER
Response elements:
12.1. Answer: II (A) or III (B)
Let's use a table. We find the column with the father's blood group I (0), we are looking for the line - IV (AB) the mother's blood group. At the intersection we find the blood group of possible children - II (A), III (B)
12.2. Answer: yes.
Let's use the "blood transfusion" scheme. POSSIBLE, BUT - when transfusing large amounts of blood, only single-group blood should be used.
12.3. Answer: a person with the first blood group (father) is a “universal donor”, → his blood can be transfused into the blood of any group.
13. When studying the nucleotide composition of a crayfish DNA molecule fragment, it was found that the proportion of nucleotides with guanine in the sample is 18%. Using the Chargaff rule, which describes the quantitative ratios between different types of nitrogenous bases in DNA (G + T = A + C), calculate the percentage of nucleotides with thymine in this sample.
ANSWER
According to the rule of complementarity, the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine; the number of nucleotides with thymine is equal to the number of nucleotides with adenine.
18% cytosine = 18% guanine according to the rule of complementarity,
64% for thymine and adenine, and since they are equal in number, then
32% adenine = 32% thymine.
Percentage of nucleotides with thymine 100% - (18% C + 18% G) = 64%:2=32
1. Consider the image of the organoid. What is it called?
2. View the image of the organoid. What processes does the depicted organoid provide?
ANSWER
1. In the figure, the Golgi apparatus. It is a stack of disk-shaped membrane sacs (cistern), a system of tubules and vesicles at the ends (lysosomes are formed)
2. Accumulation and chemical modification (processing) of substances that are synthesized in the channels of the EPS (endoplasmic reticulum) in an inactive form; transport of modified chemicals; the formation of lysosomes.
15. Genetic code - a method of encoding the sequence of amino acids in the composition of proteins using the sequence of nucleotides in the composition of the nucleic acid in all living organisms. Study the table of the genetic code, which demonstrates the correspondence of amino acid residues to the composition of codons. Using the amino acid methionine (MET) as an example, explain such a property of the genetic code as unambiguity (specificity).
Genetic code
| First | Second base | Third |
||||
| hair dryer | Ser | Tyr | cis | U(A) |
||
| Lei | Pro | gis | Arg | U(A) |
||
| ile | Tre | Asn | Ser | U(A) |
||
| Shaft | Ala | Asp | gli | U(A) |
||
ANSWER
Unambiguity - one triplet cannot code for more than one amino acid.
The amino acid methionine (MET) is encoded by only one triplet. According to mRNA AUG; by DNA TAC
16. The figure shows psilophytes - extinct plants.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, set the era and period in which these organisms appeared, as well as a possible ancestor at the plant division level.
Geological table
| ERA, age | Period | Vegetable world |
| Mesozoic, 240 | Angiosperms appear and spread; ferns and gymnosperms are reduced |
|
| Triassic | ||
| Paleozoic, 570 | Permian | |
| Carbon | The flourishing of tree ferns, club mosses and horsetails (formed "coal forests"); seed ferns appear; psilophytes disappear |
|
| Devonian | Development and then extinction of psilophytes; the emergence of the main groups of spore plants - lycopods, horsetails, ferns; the appearance of the first primitive gymnosperms; occurrence of fungi |
|
| Silurus | dominance of algae; the emergence of plants on land - the appearance of rhinophytes (psilophytes) |
|
| Ordovician | algal bloom |
|
| Cambrian | Divergent evolution of algae; appearance of multicellular forms |
|
| Proterozoic, 2600 | Blue-green and green unicellular algae and bacteria are widespread; red algae appear |
ANSWER
Let's use the table, in the third column we will find psilophytes; we determine from the second and first columns the era and period when the psilophytes lived
Answer: Era: Paleozoic
Period: Silurus
The ancestors of psilophytes are multicellular green algae.
OPTION 3
1. Choose from the given list of systematic taxa three taxa that are common in the description of the depicted organisms.
List of taxa:
1) Animal kingdom
2) class Ciliary worms
3) class Flukes
4) Flatworm type
5) type annelids
6) Nematode type
Write down the numbers of the selected taxa.
2. Bergman's rule states that among related forms of warm-blooded animals, leading a similar way of life, those that live in areas with prevailing low temperatures, as a rule, have larger body sizes compared to the inhabitants of warmer zones and regions.
Consider photographs of representatives of three closely related species of mammals. Arrange these animals in the order in which their natural ranges are located on the surface of the Earth from north to south.
1. Write down in the table the corresponding sequence of numbers that indicate the photographs.
2. Using knowledge of thermoregulation, explain Bergman's rule.
3.1. Arrange the organisms in the correct sequence according to their place in the water meadow food chain. In each cell, write down the name of one of the proposed organisms.
List of organisms: earthworm, falcon, snake, shrew, humus.
food chain
_________ → _________ → _________ → _________ → _________
3.2. The rule says: "no more than 10% of the energy comes from each previous trophic level to the next." Using this rule, calculate the amount of energy that goes to the level of consumers of the first order with a net annual primary production of the ecosystem of 200 kJ.
4. Study the drawing. What type of relationship does the picture illustrate?
5. Analyze the graph of the rate of reproduction of lactic acid bacteria and answer the following question: how will the rate of reproduction of bacteria change within the temperature range from 24°C to 34°C?
6. Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each gap marked with a letter, select and write down the number of the desired element in the table.
Missing items:
1) protein biosynthesis;
2) ecology;
3) organismic;
4) food chains;
5) conduction of a nerve impulse;
6) cytology;
7.1. Below is a table showing the content of vitamins in some fruit juices (according to the Popular Medical Encyclopedia). The bottom line shows the average daily requirement for these substances (in mg). Using the table, answer the questions, when calculating, use the maximum data indicator (for example, 2-8 - use 8).
Is it enough to drink 250 ml of a citrus mix consisting of orange (100 ml), lemon (50 ml) and tangerine juice (100 ml) to meet the daily requirement for vitamin A?
7.2. Anya, 14 years old, weight 55 kg, vegetarian. Why does Julia need to pay special attention to the protein content in the ordered dishes?
8. During the examination, Anastasia (19 years old) was diagnosed with a sugar level of 12 mmol/l at a rate of 3.2-5.5 mmol/l. What analysis did Anastasia take? What diagnosis will the doctor presumably make based on the results? Choose an answer from the list and write down the number of the answer in the table.
1) blood test
2) urinalysis
3) violation of carbohydrate metabolism
4) inflammatory process
5) allergic reaction
Write down the numbers in response, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
9. Determine which organs from those listed in the list got their development from which germ layers. Write down the number of the organ in the list in the corresponding cell of the table. Table cells can contain multiple numbers.
List of human organs:
1) nails
2) biceps
3) lungs
4) femur
5) brain
10.1. According to the pedigree shown in the figure, set the nature of the manifestation of the trait (dominant, recessive), indicated in black. Determine the genotype of parents and children in the first generation.
10.2. Study the scheme of crossing chickens.
Establish the nature of inheritance of black plumage in chickens.
Is this trait inherited according to the principle of complete or incomplete dominance?
11. In humans, glaucoma is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait (a). The wife suffers from glaucoma, and the husband is heterozygous for this trait. Determine the genotypes of the parents and the probability of having a healthy child. Record your answers in a table.
| Probability of birth |
||
12. The forensic medical examination is tasked with finding out: whether the boy in the family of spouses P 1 is native or adopted. A study of the blood of the husband, wife and child showed: the wife - IV blood type, the husband - I, the child - I blood group. Analyze the data and answer the questions.
1. What conclusion should the expert give?
2. What blood type can a child of these parents have?
3. Explain the expert's decision.
13. What is the number of amino acids in a protein if its coding gene consists of 600 nucleotides? Write ONLY the corresponding number in your answer.
14.1. Consider the drawing of a plant part, what structure is shown in the drawing. What is it called?
14.2. What is the function of this structure?
15. Genetic code- a method of encoding the sequence of amino acids in the composition of proteins using the sequence of nucleotides in the composition of the nucleic acid in all living organisms.
Study the table of the genetic code, which demonstrates the correspondence of amino acid residues to the composition of codons.
Using the amino acid glutamine (GLN) as an example, explain which triplets can encode this amino acid on messenger RNA (mRNA), indicate all possible combinations of triplets. Explain such a property of the genetic code as degeneracy or redundancy.
16. The figure shows a belemnite - an extinct animal that lived 440-410 million years ago.
Using a fragment of a geochronological table, set the era and period in which this organism lived, as well as the “close relatives” of this animal in the modern fauna (the answer is at the genus level)
Geological table
ANSWERS:
213; Heat production (heat generation by the cells of the body) is proportional to the volume of the body. Heat transfer (heat loss, its transfer to the environment) is proportional to the surface area of the body. With an increase in volume, the surface area increases relatively slowly, which makes it possible to increase the “heat production / heat loss ratio” and thus compensate for heat loss from the body surface in cold climates.
1. humus → earthworm → shrew → snake → falcon; 2.20
rises
A - 2, B - 4, C - 3, D - 5, D - 6, E - 1.
1. No; 2. Protein is the main building material for the body, and with a vegetarian diet, protein may not be enough in food.
Ectoderm - 15, endoderm - 3, mesoderm - 24.
The trait is recessive, because there is a “jump” through the generation.
Genotypes of parents: mother - aa, father - AA or Aa;
Genotypes of children: son and daughter of heterozygotes - Aa
2. Incomplete dominance
Mother - aa, father - Aa, probability - 50.
1. Let's use the table. We find a column with the father's blood type II (A), we are looking for a line - the 2nd blood type of the mother. At the intersection we find the blood group of possible children - two answers II (A) and I (0).
3. When transfusing large amounts of blood, only one-group blood should be used. With the blood of a donor, a large amount of agglutinins enter the blood of children, which can cause hemolysis of the recipient's own erythrocytes. As a result of gluing of erythrocytes of antigen A (father) and plasma antibodies α (in children), children may die.
1. Shoot, OR stem with leaves and buds;
2. The figure shows chromosomes. Dense elongated or filamentous formations that can only be seen during cell division. They contain DNA - the carrier of hereditary information that is transmitted from generation to generation.
The function of chromosomes is the storage of hereditary information, OR the regulation of all life processes.
1) coding for the amino acid glutamine (GLN) can occur using one of the following triplets: CAA, CAG;
2) degeneracy, or redundancy - one amino acid can be encoded by several triplets.
In the Silurian period (440-410 million years ago), large animals first appeared in the seas, before that their size did not exceed a few centimeters. The largest marine animals of the Silurian were cephalopods with an outer shell the size of a telegraph pole, its length sometimes reaching 4-5 meters.
Belemnites are very similar to modern squids and like them were good swimmers. On their heads were large eyes and ten arms with suction cups - two long and eight shorter. Like some squids, belemnites had a shell inside the body - these shells are often found in Mesozoic deposits and are called "devil's fingers". In shape and size, they really look like pointed fingers. Most scholars believe that the shell was calcareous, like those of other mollusks, but some think that living belemnites had soft, cartilaginous shells that were fossilized after death. Ammonites and belemnites completely died out at the end of the Mesozoic era.
ERA: Paleozoic
Period: Silurian
Possible "relative": squid
