Chancellery in the text. Stationery and speech stamps

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Introduction

clericalism speech stamp

An important part of literary activity is stylistics. Even the most interesting literary work can repel the reader with a poor style of presentation. One of the types of stylistic "deformities" is the stationery. What does he represent?

In the age of bureaucracy and business communication, many are "infected" with the official style of speech, and they use it under the most inappropriate circumstances. Remember your friends. People who try to appear more serious resort to business speech and technical terms, often of foreign origin.

Such a defect of speech is called chancellery. This term was introduced by K. I. Chukovsky. Few people know that he was not only a brilliant writer, but also an equally gifted linguist. As a true philologist, he loved his native language and tried to identify speech diseases in order to be able to cure them.

As you can understand, office work is an inappropriate and incorrect use of business speech, the use of speech stamps of the official language. So, often we hear phrases like "I made a guess" instead of a simple phrase "I guessed." People often replace Russian words with foreign ones, for example "electorate" instead of "voters".

All this complicates speech, makes it ugly and angular. The use of bureaucratic tongue-tied tongue is often found in journalism and even in modern literature. Being poorly oriented in literary speech, people use clichés of business communication. It dries up speech, distracts from the meaning of what is written.

In view of this, the topic of our study was "The problem of the clerk in modern public speech".

The fundamental problem of our study was the use of clerical writing in journalism, public speaking, both orally and in writing, regarding the status and features of which there is still no consensus.

The purpose of the study is to study the problem of office work in modern speech.

The object of research is the concept of office worker.

The subject of the research is the use of clerk in public speech.

The purpose of the study is to determine the specifics of the use of stationery in modern speech.

To achieve the goal of our study, we set the following tasks:

Consider the history of the study of office work and office work;

Explore the features of speech stamps and clericalism;

Conduct a practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech.

Research structure. The work consists of an introduction, two chapters - theoretical and practical, conclusion, list of references.

Chapter 1

1.1 Problems of the study of clericalism

Many people think that literary language is the language of fiction. However, this understanding of the term is incorrect.

Literary language is the language of culture; it is the language of cultured people. The modern Russian literary language fulfills both of these purposes. But this is not always the case. For example, in the XVII century. in Russia, the language of written culture was mainly Church Slavonic, and the living language of cultured people, the means of their everyday communication, was Russian.

Artistic works and scientific works are created in the Russian literary language; it is the language of the theater, schools, newspapers and magazines, radio and television. At the same time, it is spoken in the family, at work, among friends, in public places. The fact that the same language performs both functions enriches the culture; it is built with the help of a living, dynamic means of communication, capable of conveying the newest, newly emerging meanings, and conveys their very dynamics, helps them to arise and form. And everyday speech benefits from this: the very everyday communication between people becomes a phenomenon of a nationwide culture. Literary language is lovingly protected from everything that can harm it.

In different eras, the dangers that threaten the language are different. In the 20s and 90s of the twentieth century, this was an influx of borrowed words (moreover, borrowed without need), slang vocabulary, vernacular, i.e. non-normative, phenomena in the field of pronunciation and grammar.

In the 30s of the twentieth century, many cultural figures fought against the excessive influence of dialects on the literary language, against the influx of jargon. Maxim Gorky wrote: “The speech whims of our country are very diverse. The task of serious writers is to weed out, to select from this chaos the most accurate, capacious, sonorous words, and not to get carried away with rubbish like such meaningless words as yelling, basing, shrinking and etc." This danger was overcome in the 1930s precisely because writers, teachers, journalists, and scientists fought against it.

In our time, one of the dangers for literary speech (and, in the end, for language) is the influence of book stamps, especially official business style stamps, on everyday, journalistic, even artistic speech. K.I. was the first to speak about this danger, about the spread of "clerical material". Chukovsky.

In many works of the Soviet and post-Soviet period, chancellery is understood as "Soviet language", "totalitarian language", "newspeak". These studies draw a parallel between the spread of clerical speech beyond the official business style and the ideology of the Soviet state. In other works, chancellery is studied in an orthological aspect. It is interpreted as the use of business style language tools in inappropriate communication conditions. In this aspect, the spread of chancellery can be explained by the development of the literary language of mass culture and the dominance in society of incompletely functional and average literary types of speech culture, the distinguishing feature of which is "possession, apart from colloquial speech, of only one - a maximum of two functional styles".

Thus, there are two understandings of the clerk. In the first case, it is considered in the historical and cultural terms, in the second - as an aspect of the culture of speech.

The problem of the functioning of the clerk in the conditions of the modern speech situation remains relevant. According to some scientists, the cliches of official speech are gradually becoming a thing of the past, speech is becoming free. According to others, clerical writing cannot be considered a phenomenon only of the Soviet totalitarian language. One of the reasons for the existence of the clerk today is the need for official authorities to present any information in a veiled manner.

HELL. Vasiliev and E.A. Zemskaya notes that the bureaucracy is inherent not only in totalitarian societies, it also exists in “democratic” states and performs the functions of political correctness and control, manipulation of the mass audience.

In our opinion, clerical work is still quite common among native speakers of the Russian language. It is not as noticeable as in the Soviet era, because it is combined with foreign-style vocabulary. This point of view is proved by the survey we conducted, in which university students and high school students took part (72 questionnaires in total). When analyzing the responses, the following results were obtained.

Respondents considered it a mistake to use words and phrases

colloquial nature (reduced and emotionally colored vocabulary, jargon) even in texts that they themselves identified as colloquial. At the same time, the subjects considered it acceptable to use excessive use of speech stamps and stationery (“fencing of landings”, “based on all of the above”), even in a colloquial style, since (according to 60% of the respondents) such book expressions testify to the “richness” of speech.

Chancellery manifests itself at different language levels (the texts of the mass media and the speeches of politicians, recordings of live colloquial speech also served as material for our study). Most clearly, in our opinion, the following features of the office worker are manifested in modern speech:

Nominalization, i.e. replacement of the verb with verbal nouns, participles, compound verb-nominal combinations. Nominalization was one of the features of the Soviet language, focused on the norms of the document.

At the moment, such a replacement of verb forms with nominal ones is found in the speech of professional journalists, politicians, and ordinary people (shooting down an airplane, lifting the blockade and normalizing the situation, carrying carry-on luggage, reducing the cost of a loan).

Verbosity (the term of K.I. Chukovsky). The replacement of simple phrases and words with clerical ones is due to the fact that for many native speakers of the Russian language the use of such expressions is a sign of correct book speech. Now, such turns of speech are found mainly in official texts (persons of uncertain purpose, engaged in labor activities), while in everyday life they have practically ceased to be used.

Lexical stamps of speech. They are easily perceived and assimilated by the listener, because they do not require deep reflection, but at the same time they have a great influence on the formation of the communicant's value orientations (servants of the people, take control of the situation, struggle for seats, rapid pace, advanced positions). Very often phrases with the word problem are used (problems with heating, the problem of the family, the material problems of Russians, the problems of pensioners, the problem of "communal apartments").

Sometimes lexical cliches are used, "borrowed" from the Soviet era (party line, battle for the harvest);

Denominative pretexts (during our meetings with voters; due to the fact that ... due to the fact that Moscow and the region ...; due to their age; in the absence of a shortage; they were interrogated about dachas and income).

Stamping of the logical structure of official texts. The speeches of modern politicians are built according to a pattern (democratic rhetoric, praising the leader of the party, enthusiasm for their program, dissatisfaction with the current government), are devoid of individuality and in this sense differ little from the speeches of politicians of the Soviet era. Such stereotyping is characteristic not only for political speech. This is a “genre-specific feature of mass literature” [Bykov, Kupina: 30].

Thus, as the results of our observations show, the emergence and functioning of chancellery at different levels of the language in the Soviet and post-Soviet times can be explained by the following reasons:

Chancellery exists in information societies, the authorities need it in order to manipulate the audience, to euphemize reality;

Many native speakers of the modern literary language do not know how to distinguish between book language and colloquial speech; when creating texts of oral colloquial speech, they take the linguistic features of book styles as a basis.

Modern native speakers of the literary language are guided by the norms of the mass media, therefore, mistakes in the speech of speakers, public figures are perceived by them as a model.

Chancellery is a common disease, it penetrates everywhere. Translator Nora Gal compares it to a cancerous tumor that grows to unprecedented proportions. Many, even having written a single sentence, manage to embed some kind of stamp, state turnover. As if people have forgotten how to express their thoughts simply and clearly, in a living language.

There are an infinite number of examples of a clerk - from the already quite familiar

he experienced a feeling of joy instead of he rejoiced

moving around the city instead of moving around the city

a large amount of money instead of a lot of money

make comparison instead of compare

· in the process of knitting, I rest instead of when I knit, I rest ...

To real verbal "monsters":

Currently, active work is underway under the strict guidance of...

we are fighting to improve the cleanliness of the streets

due to the impossibility of fulfilling its obligations by the supplier ...

The process of creating a well-functioning dispute resolution mechanism

organization of food production

Official expressions in colloquial speech are especially depressing. To people who use them, it probably seems that this sounds solid, characterizes them as serious, educated people. For example, a young man, when asked by a girl, “What do you do?” replies: "I am currently working as a manager" or even better: "At the moment ..." instead of saying "now" or without a tense at all. He probably believes that in this way he will make an indelible impression on the girl, she will seem smart, businesslike, that such a manner of expression gives him charm. In fact, the word "given" in the meaning of "this" is used only in official papers or in scientific works, neither in a mass magazine or newspaper, nor even in a conversation (there is nothing to say about fiction). The expression “at the present time” sounds just as ridiculous in a conversation.

Or, for example, a teacher of Russian literature (!) says: "I appreciate the presence of a sense of humor in a person." Really, if she said “I appreciate a sense of humor in a person”, someone would not understand that she appreciates the presence of a sense of humor, and not its absence? The word "presence" does not carry any semantic load, and the fact that it is used in relation to a feeling, or in our case rather to a character trait, is completely strange: it's like saying "the presence of love" or "the presence of kindness." Very often in the speech of people there are these “presence” or “absence”, “presence” (“presence of free time”, for example).

Quite often, the word “active” is used today: “actively working”, “actively used”, “actively communicating”, “actively cooperating”, “actively doing something”, “actively fighting”. As if you can work and do something passively. You can say "actively resting" because there is also passive rest, but you can not use the word "actively" in relation to the verb, which in itself means active action. In many cases, it is quite possible to do without a definition: why is it necessary to say “She actively practices yoga” when you can simply say “She practices yoga”? If you still need to emphasize the intensity of the action, you can also express it like this: "widely used", "working hard", "talking a lot", "fighting zealously". But instead of many different synonyms, we have the only option for all occasions - "actively." This is how the language becomes impoverished. When you have to write something, memory helpfully offers you a ready-made cliché - "actively engaged." And there is no need to make an effort, to look for the right word... Perhaps this “actively” reflects modern realities: we can work in such a way that it’s like not working, sort of doing, but sort of not. Therefore, it became necessary to emphasize that it is actively working, that is, a person is working.

How many times, while reading the text, we stumble upon all sorts of “should be noted”, “should be emphasized”, “it is worth mentioning separately”. Before saying something to the point, a person must certainly pile up a bunch of meaningless words.

One of the sources of clogging the literary language is verbal cliches - words and expressions devoid of figurativeness, often and monotonously repeated without regard to context, impoverishing speech, filling it with stereotyped turns, killing a lively presentation. A. N. Tolstoy rightly pointed out: “The language of ready-made expressions, clichés ... is so bad that it has lost the feeling of movement, gesture, image. The phrases of such a language slide through the imagination without touching the intricate keyboard of our brain.

Most often, speech stamps are created using so-called clericalisms - standard formulas for official business speech, in some genres of which their use is justified by the tradition and convenience of formalizing business papers.

Examples of clericalisms: “event”, “if available”, “is hereby certified” “notice”, “shall”; "to assist" (instead of "help"), "hereby brought to your attention"; "according to what" with genus. case instead of the common literary dative; multicomponent nominal constructions with genus. a case like "recovery of property damage from an employee", etc.

Unlike traditional use, when used inappropriately outside the framework of the official business style, the stylistic coloring of clericalism may conflict with its environment; such usage is considered to be a violation of stylistic norms. (Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary).

Such formations are used by writers as a means of characterizing a character in fiction, as a conscious, stylistic device. For example: "Without any agreement, this pig would in no way be allowed to steal paper" (Gogol); "In the same way, it is forbidden to gouge out an eye, bite off a nose ... taking away a head ..." (Saltykov-Shchedrin); "... flying in and breaking glasses with a crow ..." (Pismsky); "The killing happened due to drowning" (Chekhov).

The use of language means assigned to the official business style, outside of this style, leads to clogging of the language - stationery.

Usually transmitted through written contact. It is carried by the Clerical Tick, the main habitat of which is the Bureaucratic Chair. The disease "clerical virus" is mainly characteristic of people involved in paper activities. The adults of Homo Bureaucraticus are most susceptible to infection.

The disease manifests itself in a confused, incomprehensible construction of phrases, in ponderous and unnatural turns of speech. The colloquial speech of the sick loses its simplicity, liveliness and emotionality, becomes gray, monotonous and dry.

Prevention - protection from casual business connections.

Treatment - immersion in a healthy language environment.

1.2 Speech stamps and clericalism

The purity of speech is violated due to the use of the so-called speech stamps of hackneyed expressions with a faded lexical meaning and erased expressiveness, and clericalism - words and expressions characteristic of official business style texts used in live speech or in fiction (without a special stylistic task) .

The writer L. Uspensky in the book "Culture of Speech" writes: "We call stamps different devices that are unchanged in shape and give many identical prints. Linguistics and literary scholars have a "stamp" turn of speech or a word that was once brand new and brilliant, like a coin just issued, and then repeated a hundred thousand times and become captured like a worn nickel": the frost was getting stronger, eyes wide open, colorful (instead of colorful), with great enthusiasm, completely and completely, etc.

The disadvantage of speech stamps is that they deprive speech of originality, liveliness, make it gray, boring, in addition, they create the impression that what is said (or written) is already known. Naturally, such a speech cannot attract and maintain the attention of the addressee. This is the reason for the need to fight stamps.

Widely introduced into speech and clericalism; we often meet them in oral presentations and in print, noting that they are not always necessary. Here is an example from B.N. Golovin "How to speak correctly": "Let's remember what kind of "load" the word "question" in all its variants receives in the speech of some speakers: here and "illuminate the question" and "link the question", and "substantiate the question" and "raise the question" , and "promote the issue", and "think over the issue", and "raise the issue" (and even to the "proper level" and "proper height").

Everyone understands that the word "question" in itself is not so bad. Moreover, this word is necessary, and it has served and serves our journalism and our business speech well. But when in an ordinary conversation, in a conversation, in a live performance, instead of the simple and understandable word "told", people hear "heard the question", and instead of "offered to exchange experience" "raised the question of the exchange of experience", they become a little sad ". consider such phrases as this opinion (instead of this opinion), due attention, properly, I will dwell on academic performance, dwell on shortcomings, dwell on absenteeism, etc. K. I. Chukovsky believed that clogging speech with such words is his own kind of illness, clerical. Even N.V. Gogol ridiculed expressions like: before reading; tobacco addressed to the nose; to prevent his intention; an event that will happen tomorrow. Often high school students write in essays on the Russian language and literature in such style: Andrei Bolkonsky wants to escape from the environment; Oak played a big role in starting a new life.

Thus, the following conclusion can be drawn. In oral and written speech, phrases with derivative prepositions are used without any measure and need: from the side, by, along the line, in the context, in order, in deed, by virtue, etc. However, in fiction, such constructions can be used with a special stylistic task , act as an artistic device.

Chapter 2. Practical analysis of the use of clericalism in public speech

When analyzing errors caused by the unjustified use of stylistically colored vocabulary, special attention should be paid to words associated with the official business style. Elements of an official business style, introduced into a context stylistically alien to them, are called clericalisms. It should be remembered that these speech means are called clericalisms only when they are used in speech that is not bound by the norms of official business style.

As a rule, you can find many options for expressing thoughts, avoiding clericalism. For example, why should a journalist write: Marriage is the negative side of an enterprise's activity, if one can say: It's bad when an enterprise releases marriage; Marriage is unacceptable at work; Marriage is a great evil that must be fought; It is necessary to prevent marriage in production; It is necessary, finally, to stop the production of defective products!; You can't put up with marriage! A simple and specific wording has a stronger effect on the reader.

The clerical coloring of speech is often given by verbal nouns formed with the help of the suffixes -eni-, -ani-, etc. (identifying, finding, taking, inflating, closing) and non-suffixed (tailoring, stealing, time off). Their clerical shade is exacerbated by the prefixes non-, under- (non-detection, underfulfillment). Russian writers often parodied the syllable "decorated" with such bureaucratic words [The case of the gnawing of the plan by mice (Hertz); The case of flying in and breaking glasses with a crow (Pis.); Having announced to the widow Vanina that she did not stick a sixty-kopeck mark ... (Ch.)].

Replacing a verb with a verbal noun, participle, participle.

Here's an example with a verbal noun: "Are you having beer with friends on a Friday night about algorithms for increasing sales?" It sounds hard, but you can say this: “On a Friday night over beer with friends, talk about how to increase sales?”

The verb is action, dynamics, life itself. The verbal noun is motionless, frozen, dead - accordingly, your text will be dry and dull, tiring for the reader. Verbs will help bring it to life.

The abundance of participles and participles (breathing, admiring, turning around and smiling) make the text dissonant. The use of several participles and gerunds at once in one sentence creates a continuous hiss. Participles are almost never used in colloquial speech, and you should be careful when writing with them: they make the text heavier, make it cumbersome, confusing.

A heap of nouns in oblique cases, in particular a chain of nouns in the genitive case.

So in our example - “algorithms for increasing sales volumes” - there are three nouns in the genitive case. And there is much more! Such constructions complicate reading. The sentence needs to be restructured, in our case it is enough to use the verb again.

Another example: “the reduction in staff is due to increased efficiency through cost reduction and a reorganization of risk management.” Judge for yourself whether such a sentence is easy to read. But its meaning can also be conveyed as follows: “the reduction in staff is explained by the desire to increase efficiency by reducing costs and reorganize risk management.” The use of two verbs instead of verbal nouns ("increase" instead of "increase" and "reorganize" instead of "reorganize") makes the sentence simple and clear.

The use of passive turns instead of active ones.

For example: "We see that the company understands the problems" instead of "We see that the company understands the problems." The passive turnover is more bookish and is perceived more difficult than the active one. Active is alive and natural, and it is impossible to replace it with a passive one without good reasons.

The use of foreign words instead of Russian, complex instead of simple and understandable.

For example, more and more often you hear from educated people the phrase "articulate your position" instead of "express the position", "explain the position".

In a word, not the best, but the worst are chosen from linguistic means. The richness of the language is replaced by a limited number of ready-made stamps. Instead of reflecting life in all its diversity, such language deadens everything it touches.

Examples of a clerk from editorial practice

Consider examples of a clerk from editorial practice, we give with a corrected version so that you can compare and see the difference.

Summing up all that has been said, I would like to focus on how to choose the right insurance conditions and company.

What should you know when choosing insurance terms and company?

Lexus boasts a rare, at the moment, phenomenon - the ability to operate frontal airbags in two modes.

Lexus boasts a rare feature today: frontal airbags can work in two modes.

The car has a pronounced tendency to skid.

Car lifts easily.

I wanted more comfort and that was one of the driving factors for changing cars.

I wanted more comfort, and this was one of the reasons to change the car.

This is partly due to the emergence and awareness of the many risks associated with our livelihoods.

The reason for this was the realization of the many risks to which we are exposed.

Often, many clients are not interested in the terms of payment of compensation when concluding an insurance contract, which subsequently leads to various kinds of conflicts between the client and the company.

When concluding an insurance contract, clients are often not interested in the terms of compensation, which subsequently leads to conflicts between the client and the company.

However, despite the significant power reserve of the accelerator pedal and the tachometer needle, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

However, although the accelerator pedal was not pressed all the way down and the tachometer needle did not go off scale yet, we did not accelerate the car to a maximum of 197 km / h.

I am serviced at a Nissan workshop, but, like most owners of this brand, I encounter a number of problems.

I am serviced at a Nissan workshop, but, like most owners of this brand, I endure inconvenience.

However, a significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for clients to service their debt to banks.

However, a significant devaluation of the national currency at the end of 2008 made it difficult for customers to service their debt to banks.

For now, we remain optimistic about improvements in NPLs by the end of the year.

By the end of the year, we expect improvements in non-performing loans

This significant staff reduction is attributed to efficiency gains through cost reduction and a reorganization of risk management, while continuing to provide loans to customers.

This significant reduction in staff is driven by a desire to increase efficiency through cost reduction and reorganize risk management, while the bank continues to lend to customers.

Although such a factor as the quality of the loan portfolio has not reversed its downward trend over the past two years...

Although the quality of the loan portfolio has not stopped deteriorating over the past two years...

This assumption can be supported by the relatively stable economic situation last year and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine, which showed a significant slowdown in the growth of bad loans in the banking system of Ukraine as a whole.

This assumption is based on the fact that last year the economic situation was relatively stable, and the latest data from the National Bank of Ukraine showed that the growth rate of bad loans in the Ukrainian banking system as a whole has significantly decreased.

Let's compare two more versions of the sentences:

1. Over the past ten years, achievements have been made in Ethiopia in the eradication of such eternal enemies of mankind as ignorance, disease, poverty.

1. Over the past ten years, Ethiopia has made significant progress in the fight against ignorance, disease, and poverty.

2. Hans Weber crashed on the line of a high-speed race as part of a motorcycle competition.

2. Hans Weber crashed in a motorcycling competition during a high-speed race.

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The use of speech stamps is usually associated with the influence of the official business style. Words and expressions with erased semantics and faded emotional coloring, which are becoming widespread, become speech clichés. So, in a variety of contexts, the expression get a residence permit begins to be used in a figurative sense (Each ball that flies into the goal net receives a permanent residence permit in the tables; Petrovsky's muse has a permanent residence permit in the hearts; Aphrodite has entered the permanent exhibition of the museum - now it is registered in our city ).

Any frequently repeated speech means, for example, stereotyped metaphors, definitions that have lost their figurative power due to constant reference to them, even hackneyed rhymes (tears - roses) can become a stamp. However, in practical stylistics, the term "speech stamp" has received a narrower meaning: this is the name for stereotypical expressions that have a clerical coloring.

Among the speech clichés that arose as a result of the influence of the official business style on other styles, one can first of all single out stereotyped turns of speech: at this stage, at a given period of time, today, emphasized with all sharpness, etc. As a rule, they do not contribute anything to the content of the statement, but only clog up the speech: At this period of time, a difficult situation has developed with the liquidation of debts to supplier enterprises; At present, the payment of wages to miners has been taken under unremitting control; At this stage, the crucian spawning is normal, etc. Deleting the highlighted words will not change anything in the information.

Speech stamps also include universal words that are used in a variety of, often too broad, indefinite meanings (question, event, series, conduct, expand, separate, specific, etc.). For example, the noun question, acting as a universal word, never indicates what is being asked (nutrition issues in the first 10-12 days are of particular importance; issues of timely tax collection from enterprises and commercial structures deserve great attention). In such cases, it can be painlessly excluded from the text (cf .: Nutrition in the first 10-12 days is especially important; It is necessary to collect taxes from enterprises and commercial structures in a timely manner).

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

1. It is very important to use chemicals for this purpose.

1. For this purpose it is necessary to use chemicals.

2. A significant event is the commissioning of a production line in the Vidnovsky shop.

2. The new production line in the Vidnovsky workshop will significantly increase labor productivity.

The unjustified use of linking verbs is one of the most common stylistic flaws in professional literature. However, this does not mean that linking verbs should be banned, their use should be appropriate, stylistically justified.

Speech stamps include paired words, or satellite words; the use of one of them necessarily suggests the use of the other (cf .: the event is held, the scope is wide, criticism is sharp, the problem is unresolved, overdue, etc.). The definitions in these pairs are lexically defective, they give rise to speech redundancy.

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity.

For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

The set of speech stamps changes over the years: some are gradually forgotten, others become "fashionable", so it is impossible to list and describe all the cases of their use. It is important to understand the essence of this phenomenon and prevent the emergence and spread of stamps.

Conclusion

The problems of studying bureaucracy are not new. However, it also attracts the attention of modern linguists who are stubbornly fighting for the purity of Russian speech.

The term "clerk" was introduced by Korney Chukovsky. He defined it as the style of the language of officials and lawyers. The main task of bureaucrats is to create the appearance of vigorous activity, hence these loud, verbose expressions, behind which in reality there is nothing. They only fill in the fog so that no one guesses what exactly is hidden behind these words, and often the bad is hidden, what is harmful to society. For bureaucrats, there are no living people, they think abstractly, which is reflected in their speech.

Only the clerk has long gone beyond the bureaucratic environment and penetrated into all spheres. Very often on the websites of companies there is a text saturated with official expressions. According to those who wrote, this should probably give the impression of solidity, reliability, they say, we do not knit brooms, but we are engaged in serious activities. But in reality, the reader gets bogged down in heavy constructions and cannot master even a short text.

In conclusion, it must be said that, in themselves, speech stamps, business vocabulary and phraseology are needed in certain types of speech, but you must constantly ensure that their use is appropriate so that stylistic errors do not occur.

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19. Textbook under the general. ed. L.A. Novikova, "Modern Russian language", St. Petersburg: Ed. "Lan", 1999.

20. Textbook, ed. V.D. Chernyak, "Russian language and culture of speech", M .: Higher school; St. Petersburg: Publishing house of RGPU named after A.I. Herzen, 2005

21. Fedorov A. V. Essays on general and comparative stylistics. M., 1971.

22. Chukovsky K.I. Alive as life About the Russian language // K.I. Chukovsky Works in 2 vols. T. 1.M., 1990.

24. Schwarzkopf B. S. Official business language // Culture of Russian speech and communication efficiency. M., 1996.

25. Shmelev D. N. Russian language in its functional varieties. M., 1971.

Application

Glossary of clerks

abroad, from abroad

imported (meaning foreign)

cultural (person)

Food)

young man, woman (as a title)

order table

mutual aid fund

quality mark

hero city

farce

commission

branded, firmA (about "imported" things)))

white death, black gold

at the forefront

staging (of a film, performance)

car enthusiast (about the owner of the car)

intellectual

overseas hosts

American (and any other) military

spiritual ideals, spirituality

Our values

welfare of the people

cooperative

plant

meeting

citizen

policeman (in the 90s there was already a cop, garbage, etc.)

friendly

decent

acquire

health resort

About Language Styles

In linguistics, there are several styles of speech:

scientific;
journalistic;
colloquial;
art;
official business.

Each of them has distinctive features. In a scientific text, it is undesirable to abuse colloquial words or means of artistic expression. And in ordinary speech, the use of official business terminology should be avoided.

What is office work?

Chancellery are words, constructions and stable expressions of the official business style, but also used in other styles of speech. Often these expressions can be found in journalism and scientific papers. It looks strange when such words are used in colloquial speech. The use of clericalism gives it inappropriate formality, pomposity, pretentiousness. She ceases to be alive and begins to resemble a clerk's report. Therefore, it is desirable to avoid the use of clericalism in ordinary speech.

There are several groups of clericalisms in the Russian language.

Verbal nouns

A large layer of clericalisms are nouns formed from verbs. Usually they have suffixes -ani-, -eni-. Examples of clericalisms in the language: retention, consideration, coercion, presentation, provision, oppression, etc.

Suggestion examples:

Consideration of this issue is the main task of the meeting.
The article requires a summary of the abstracts.
Identification of the features of the process serves to ensure its safety.
Writing reports is the main part of this work.

Among clericalisms, there are also non-suffixal verbal nouns, for example, “hijacking”, “time off”, etc. Example:

The car theft case is pending.

denominative prepositions

Among clericalisms, this is a very wide group, by which the official business style is immediately recognizable. Examples of such suggestions:

in connection with;
depending on the;
by virtue of;
with the aim of;
to the address;
in terms of;
at the expense, etc.

This group of clericalisms is connected in use with the previous one. Examples of such proposals:

Due to changing weather conditions, it was decided to reschedule the meeting.
In order to improve the quality of service, the company conducts regular inspections.
Due to the emergence of new circumstances in the case, the final decision was revised.

Verb splitting

This group of clerical words includes the division of one verb into two words. Its meaning does not change from this, but the text becomes heavier, becomes more cumbersome. Examples of splitting: make a decision (decide), exercise control (control), provide support (support), show interest (be interested), express sympathy (sympathize), etc.

The countries of the Western bloc expressed their sympathy to the USSR in connection with the catastrophe.
The government has decided to provide financial support to small businesses.
It is necessary to constantly monitor changes in the composition of the environment.

Stringing the genitive

Another common feature of the official business style.

For example:

Due to the impossibility of ensuring the safety of the research object, a decision was made to terminate its funding.
Due to the growth in consumption of this product, an increase in supplies will be made.
This is a necessary measure to maintain the stability of the situation.

Use of the passive voice

In this style of speech, the passive voice often replaces the active voice. Examples of clericalism:

we took into account - we took into account;
they used - they were used;
you decided - you made a decision, etc.

We have decided to increase prices for this category of goods.
During the meeting, the participants concluded that urgent measures were needed.
A series of weapon tests were conducted, showing its destructive potential.

Speech stamps

A typical example of clericalism is the use of speech stamps and clichés. This is the name of expressions with a "hackneyed" meaning that have lost their brightness and expressiveness. Stamp examples:

white gold (cotton);
leaves much to be desired;
put a pig, etc.

Stamps are divided as follows:

Political-economic: unsurpassed quality, mutually beneficial cooperation, social values, market environment, unique offer, loss of credibility.
General clerical: in this regard, at the current moment, today, at the current moment of time, there is a place to be, raise a question, draw appropriate conclusions, eat, create inconvenience.
Journalistic: yellow press, newspaper duck, black gold, law enforcement agencies, numerous victims, an urgent problem, time will tell.

In the field of journalism, the use of clichés is acceptable, even if they have already lost their originality and originality. But in colloquial speech, their use should be avoided.

A few more words and expressions that are interpreted as clericalism: comprehensive, given, significant, important, provide, pay attention, respectively, necessary, implement, provide, as a result, implement, ongoing activities, etc.

What does the use of clericalism lead to?

Each speech style has its own scope of use. Chancery in speech is recommended to be used only in an official business style.

The consequences of their inappropriate use include a mixture of speech styles:

In view of this circumstance, I decided not to go for a walk today.
The entire entrance is stained with whitewash due to repairs.

Syllable weighting:

It is important to provide young professionals with jobs.
The activities carried out allowed us to draw the appropriate conclusions.

Semantic redundancy:

We currently have the following information message.

Blurring, fuzziness of the main idea:

The law enforcement agencies have taken appropriate measures to eliminate this problem.

Difficulty to understand:

According to information departments, it can be concluded that the measures taken to date have shown their inefficiency.

Dryness and lack of expressiveness of speech:

Increasing sales is the most important task of the company at this point in time.

From the above, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Chancellery is the use of formal business style means in other styles of speech.
Frequent manifestations of clericalism: denominative prepositions, verbal nouns, heaps of cases, speech stamps.
The use of clericalism is inappropriate in most other speech styles.

Lexical and phraseological clericalisms include words and phrases that have a coloring typical for official business style (presence, in the absence of, in order to avoid, live, withdraw, the above takes place, etc.). Their use makes speech inexpressive (If there is a desire, much can be done to improve the working conditions of workers; At present, there is an understaffing of teaching staff).

Verbal nouns do not have the categories of tense, aspect, mood, voice, person. This narrows their expressive possibilities in comparison with verbs. For example, such a sentence is lacking in accuracy: On the part of the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk was shown a negligent attitude towards milking and feeding cows. One might think that the head of the farm milked and fed the cows poorly, but the author only wanted to say that the head of the farm, V.I. Shlyk did nothing to facilitate the work of milkmaids, to prepare fodder for livestock. The impossibility of expressing the meaning of the pledge by a verbal noun can lead to ambiguity in constructions such as the statement of the professor (does the professor approve or is he approved?), I love singing (I like to sing or listen when they sing?).

In sentences with verbal nouns, the predicate is often expressed in a passive form of participle or a reflexive verb, this deprives the action of activity and enhances the clerical coloring of speech [At the end of familiarization with the sights, tourists were allowed to take pictures of them (better: Tourists were shown the sights and allowed to take pictures of them)].

However, not all verbal nouns in the Russian language belong to the official business vocabulary, they are diverse in stylistic coloring, which largely depends on the characteristics of their lexical meaning and word formation. Verbal nouns with the meaning of a person (teacher, self-taught, confusion, bully), many nouns with the meaning of action (running, crying, playing, washing, shooting, bombing) have nothing to do with bureaucracy.

Verbal nouns with book suffixes can be divided into two groups. Some are stylistically neutral (meaning, name, excitement), for many of them -nie changed into -ne, and they began to denote not an action, but its result (cf .: baking pies - sweet cookies, cherry jam - cherry jam). Others retain a close relationship with verbs, acting as abstract names for actions, processes (acceptance, non-detection, non-admission). It is precisely such nouns that are most often characterized by clerical coloring; only those that have received a strict terminological meaning in the language (drilling, spelling, adjoining) do not have it.

The use of clericalisms of this type is associated with the so-called "splitting of the predicate", i.e. replacing a simple verbal predicate with a combination of a verbal noun with an auxiliary verb that has a weakened lexical meaning (instead of complicating, it leads to complication). So, they write: This leads to complication, confusion of accounting and an increase in costs, but it is better to write: This complicates and confuses accounting, increases costs.

However, in the stylistic assessment of this phenomenon, one should not go to extremes, rejecting any cases of the use of verb-nominal combinations instead of verbs. In book styles, such combinations are often used: they took part instead of participated, gave instructions instead of indicated, etc. In the official business style, verb-nominal combinations have become fixed: to declare gratitude, to accept for execution, to impose a penalty (in these cases, the verbs to thank, to fulfill, to exact are inappropriate), etc. The scientific style uses such terminological combinations as visual fatigue occurs, self-regulation occurs, transplantation is performed, etc. The expressions used in the journalistic style are the workers went on strike, there were clashes with the police, an assassination attempt was made on the minister, and so on. In such cases, verbal nouns are indispensable and there is no reason to consider them clericalisms.

The use of verb-nominal combinations sometimes even creates conditions for speech expression. For example, the combination to take an ardent participation is more capacious in meaning than the verb to participate. The definition with a noun allows you to give the verb-nominal combination an exact terminological meaning (cf.: help - provide emergency medical care). The use of a verb-nominal combination instead of a verb can also help eliminate the lexical polysemy of verbs (cf .: give a beep - buzz). The preference for such verb-nominal combinations over verbs is naturally beyond doubt; their use does not damage the style, but, on the contrary, gives greater effectiveness to the speech.

In other cases, the use of a verb-nominal combination introduces a clerical coloring into the sentence. Let's compare two types of syntactic constructions - with a verb-nominal combination and with a verb:

As you can see, the use of turnover with verbal nouns (instead of a simple predicate) in such cases is inappropriate - it generates verbosity and makes the syllable heavier.

The influence of the official business style often explains the unjustified use of denominative prepositions: along the line, in the context, in part, in business, by virtue of, in order, to the address, in the area, in terms of, at the level, at the expense, etc. They received a lot distribution in book styles, and under certain conditions their use is stylistically justified. However, often their passion is detrimental to the presentation, weighing down the style and giving it a clerical coloring. This is partly due to the fact that denominative prepositions usually require the use of verbal nouns, which leads to stringing of cases. For example: By improving the organization of repayment of wage and pension arrears, improving the culture of customer service, the turnover in state and commercial stores should increase - the accumulation of verbal nouns, many identical case forms made the proposal heavy, cumbersome. To correct the text, it is necessary to exclude the denominative preposition from it, if possible, replace verbal nouns with verbs. Let's assume the following editing option: In order to increase the turnover in state and commercial stores, you need to pay salaries on time and not delay the pension of citizens, as well as improve the culture of customer service.

Some authors use denominative prepositions automatically, without thinking about their meaning, which is still partly preserved in them. For example: Due to the lack of materials, the construction is suspended (as if someone foresaw that there would be no materials, and therefore the construction was suspended). Incorrect use of denominative prepositions often leads to illogical statements.

Let's compare the two versions of the sentences:

The exclusion of denominative prepositions from the text, as we see, eliminates verbosity, helps to express the thought more concretely and stylistically correctly.

The word appear, as universal, is also often superfluous; this can be seen by comparing two wordings of sentences from newspaper articles:

Speech stamps, relieving the speaker from the need to look for the right, exact words, deprive the speech of specificity. For example: The current season was held at a high organizational level - this proposal can be inserted into the report on hay harvesting, and on sports competitions, and on preparing the housing stock for winter, and harvesting grapes ...

Language standards should be distinguished from speech stamps. Language standards are ready-made, reproducible in speech means of expression used in a journalistic style. Unlike a stamp, "the standard ... does not cause a negative attitude, as it has clear semantics and economically expresses an idea, contributing to the speed of information transfer." Language standards include, for example, such combinations that have become stable: Public sector workers, employment service, international humanitarian aid, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, branches of Russian government, according to informed sources, phrases such as household service (food, health , rest, etc.). These speech units are widely used by journalists, since it is impossible to invent new means of expression in each specific case.

Comparing the journalistic texts of the period of "Brezhnev's stagnation" and the 1990s, one can note a significant reduction in clericalism and speech stamps in the language of newspapers and magazines. The stylistic "companions" of the command-bureaucratic system left the stage in the "post-communist time". Now clericalism and all the beauties of the bureaucratic style are more easily found in humorous works than in newspaper materials. This style is wittily parodied by Mikhail Zhvanetsky:

Decree to further deepen the expansion of constructive measures taken as a result of consolidation to improve the state of all-round interaction of all structures of conservation and ensure even greater intensification of the punishment of the working masses of all masses on the basis of the rotational priority of the future normalization of relations of the same workers according to their own order.

The accumulation of verbal nouns, chains of identical case forms, speech clichés firmly “block” the perception of such statements that cannot be comprehended. Our journalism has successfully overcome this "style", and it "decorates" only the speech of individual speakers and officials in state institutions. However, while they are in their leadership positions, the problem of combating clericalism and speech stamps has not lost its relevance.

Portal for the student. Self-training

Chancellery in the text. Stationery and speech stamps

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